Kha hc LTH KIT-1: Mn Ha hc (Thy V Khc Ngc)

Dung dch, s in li

DUNG DCH, S IN LI
(TI LIU BI GING)
(Ti liu dng chung cho cc bi ging s: 14, 15, 16 thuc chuyn ny)

Gio vin: V KHC NGC

y l ti liu tm lc cc kin thc i km vi bi ging Dung dch, s in li thuc Kha hc LTH KIT-1:
Mn Ha hc (Thy V Khc Ngc) ti website Hocmai.vn. c th nm vng kin thc phn Dung dch, s
in li, Bn cn kt hp xem ti liu cng vi bi ging ny.

I. DUNG DCH
1. nh ngha.
Dung dch l h ng th gm hai hay nhiu cht m t l thnh phn ca chng c th thay i trong mt gii
hn kh rng.
Dung dch gm: cc cht tan v dung mi.
Dung mi l mi trng phn b cc phn t hoc ion cht tan. Thng gp dung mi lng v quan trng
nht l H2O.
2. Qu trnh ho tan.
Khi ho tan mt cht thng xy ra 2 qu trnh.
- Ph hu cu trc ca cc cht tan.
- Tng tc ca dung mi vi cc tiu phn cht tan.
Ngoi ra cn xy ra hin tng ion ho hoc lin hp phn t cht tan (lin kt hiro).
Ngc vi qu trnh ho tan l qu trnh kt tinh. Trong dung dch, khi tc ho tan bng tc kt tinh, ta
c dung dch bo ho. Lc cht tan khng tan thm c na.
3. tan ca cc cht.
tan c xc nh bng lng cht tan bo ho trong mt lng dung mi xc nh. Nu trong 100 g H2O
ho tan c:
>10 g cht tan: cht d tan hay tan nhiu.
<1 g cht tan: cht tan t.
< 0,01 g cht tan: cht thc t khng tan.
4. Tinh th ngm nc.
Qu trnh lin kt cc phn t (hoc ion) cht tan vi cc phn t dung mi gi l qu trnh sonvat ho. Nu
dung mi l H2O th l qu trnh hirat ho.
Hp cht to thnh gi l sonvat (hay hirat).
V d: CuSO4.5H2O ; Na2SO4.10H2O.
Cc sonvat (hirat) kh bn vng. Khi lm bay hi dung dch thu c chng dng tinh th, gi l nhng
tinh th ngm H2O. Nc trong tinh th gi l nc kt tinh.
Mt s tinh th ngm nc thng gp:
FeSO4.7H2O, Na2SO4.10H2O, CaSO4.2H2O.
5. Nng dung dch
Nng dung dch l i lng biu th lng cht tan c trong mt lng nht nh dung dch hoc dung
mi.
a) Nng phn trm (C%). Nng phn trm c biu th bng s gam cht tan c trong 100 g dung dch.

Trong : mt, mdd l khi lng ca cht tan v ca dung dch.

V l th tch dung dch (ml), D l khi lng ring ca dung dch (g/ml)
b) Nng mol (CM). Nng mol c biu th bng s mol cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch. K hiu l M.

c) Quan h gia C% v CM.

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Kha hc LTH KIT-1: Mn Ha hc (Thy V Khc Ngc)

Dung dch, s in li

V d : Tnh nng mol ca dung dch axit H2SO4 20%, c D = 1,143 g/ml
Gii : Theo cng thc trn ta c :

II. S IN LY
1. nh ngha.
- S in li l qu trnh phn li cht tan thnh cc ion di tc dng ca cc phn t dung mi (thng l
nc) hoc khi nng chy.
Ion dng gi l cation, ion m gi l anion.
- Cht in ly l nhng cht tan trong nc to thnh dung dch dn in nh phn ly thnh cc ion.
V d: Cc cht mui axit, baz.
- Cht khng in li l cht khi tan trong nc to thnh dung dch khng dn in.
V d: Dung dch ng, dung dch ru,
- Nu cht tan cu to t cc tinh th ion (nh NaCl, KOH,) th qu trnh in ly l qu trnh in li l qu
trnh tch cc ion khi mng li tinh th ri sau ion kt hp vi cc phn t nc to thnh ion hirat.
- Nu cht tan gm cc phn t phn cc (nh HCl, HBr, HNO3,) th u tin xy ra s ion ho phn t v
sau l s hirat ho cc ion.
- Phn t dung mi phn cc cng mnh th kh nng gy ra hin tng in li i vi cht tan cng mnh.
Trong mt s trng hp qu trnh in li lin quan vi kh nng to lin kt hiro ca phn t dung mi (nh
s in li ca axit).
2. S in li ca axit, baz, mui trong dung dch nc.
a) S in li ca axit
Axit in li ra cation H+ (ng hn l H3O+) v anion gc axit.

HCl + H 2 O

H 3O + + Cl -

n gin, ngi ta ch vit

HCl

H+ + Cl-

Nu axit nhiu ln axit th s in li xy ra theo nhiu nc, nc sau yu hn nc trc.

b) S in li ca baz.
Baz in li ra anion OH- v cation kim loi hoc amoni.

NaOH

Na + + OH-

NH 4 OH NH 4 + OHNu baz nhiu ln baz th s in li xy ra theo nhiu nc, nc sau yu hn nc trc.

c) S in li ca mui.
Mui in li ra cation kim loi hay amoni v anion gc axit, cc mui trung ho thng ch in li 1 nc.

K 2 SO 4

2K + + SO 42

Mui axit, mui baz in li nhiu nc :

Mui baz :

d) S in li ca hiroxit lng tnh.

Hiroxit lng tnh c th in li theo 2 chiu ra c ion H+ v OH-.
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Kha hc LTH KIT-1: Mn Ha hc (Thy V Khc Ngc)

Dung dch, s in li

3. Cht in li mnh v cht in li yu.

a) Cht in li mnh.
Cht in li mnh l nhng cht trong dung dch nc in li hon ton thnh ion. Qu trnh in li l qu
trnh mt chiu, trong phng trnh in li dng du
. V d:

KCl

K+ + Cl-

Nhng cht in li mnh l nhng cht m tinh th ion hoc phn t c lin kt phn cc mnh.
l:
- Hu ht cc mui tan.
- Cc axit mnh: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4,
- Cc baz mnh: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2,
b) Cht in li yu
- Cht in li yu l nhng cht trong dung dch nc ch c mt phn nh s phn t in li thnh ion cn
phn ln tn ti di dng phn t, trong phng trnh in li dng du thun nghch
V d:

Nhng cht in li yu thng gp l:

- Cc axit yu: CH3COOH, H2CO3, H2S,
- Cc baz yu: NH4OH,
- Mi cht in li yu c c trng bng hng s in li (Kl) - l hng s cn bng ca qu trnh in li.
V d:

Trong : [CH3COO-], [H+] v [CH3COOH] l nng cc ion v phn t trong dung dch lc cn bng. Kl l
hng s, khng ph thuc nng . Cht in li cng yu th Kl cng nh.
Vi cht in li nhiu nc, mi nc c Kl ring. H2CO3 c 2 hng s in li:

4. in li a.
- in li a ca cht in li l t s gia s phn t phn li thnh ion Np v tng s phn t cht in li tan
vo nc Nt.

V d: C 100 phn t cht tan trong nc c 25 phn t in li th in li a bng:

- T s ny cng chnh l t s nng mol cht tan phn li (Cp) v nng mol cht tan vo trong dung dch
(Ct).

- Gi tr ca a bin i trong khong 0 n 1

0a1
Khi a = 1: cht tan phn li hon ton thnh ion. Khi a = 0: cht tan hon ton khng phn li (cht khng in
li).
- in li a ph thuc cc yu t : bn cht ca cht tan, dung mi, nhit v nng dung dch.
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Kha hc LTH KIT-1: Mn Ha hc (Thy V Khc Ngc)

Dung dch, s in li

5. Quan h gia in li a v hng s in li.

Gi s c cht in li yu MA vi nng ban u Co, in li ca n l , ta c:

Hng s in li:

Da vo biu thc ny, nu bit ng vi nng dung dch Co, ta tnh c Kl v ngc li.
V d: Trong dung dch axit HA 0,1M c a = 0,01. Tnh hng s in li ca axit (k hiu l Ka).
Gii: Trong dung dch, axit HA phn li:

6. Axit - baz.
a) nh ngha
Axit l nhng cht khi tan trong nc in li ra ion H+ (chnh xc l H3O+).
Baz l nhng cht khi tan trong nc in li ra ion OH-.
- i vi axit, v d HCl, s in li thng c biu din bng phng trnh.
Nhng thc ra axit khng t phn li m nhng proton cho nc theo phng trnh.
V H2O trong H3O+ khng tham gia phn ng nn thng ch ghi l H+
- i vi baz, ngoi nhng cht trong phn t c sn nhm OH- (nh NaOH, Ba(OH)2) Cn c nhng baz
trong phn t khng c nhm OH (nh NH3) nhng nhn proton ca nc to ra OHDo nu ln bn cht ca axit v baz, vai tr ca nc (dung mi) cn nh ngha axit - baz nh sau:
Axit l nhng cht c kh nng cho proton.
Baz l nhng cht c kh nng nhn proton.
y l nh ngha ca Bronstet v axit - baz.
b) Phn ng axit - baz.
- Tc dng ca dung dch axit v dung dch baz.
Cho dung dch H2SO4 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH, phn ng ho hc xy ra to nhit lm dung dch nng
ln.
H2SO4 cho proton (chuyn qua ion H3O+) v NaOH nhn proton (trc tip l ion OH-).
Phn ng ca axit vi baz gi l phn ng trung ho v lun to nhit.
- Tc dng ca dung dch axit v baz khng tan.
dung dch HNO3 vo Al(OH)3 , cht ny tan dn. Phn ng ho hc xy ra.
HNO3 cho proton, Al(OH)3 nhn proton.
- Tc dng ca dung dch axit v oxit baz khng tan.
dung dch axit HCl vo CuO, un nng, phn ng ho hc xy ra, CuO tan dn:
Kt lun:
Trong cc phn ng trn u c s cho, nhn proton - l bn cht ca phn ng axit - baz.
c) Hiroxit lng tnh.
C mt s hiroxit khng tan (nh Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3) tc dng c c vi dung dch axit v c vi dung
dch baz c gi l hiroxit lng tnh.
V d: Zn(OH)2 tc ng c vi H2SO4 v NaOH.
Km hiroxit nhn proton, n l mt baz.
Km hiroxit cho proton, n l mt axit.
Vy: Hiroxit lng tnh l hiroxit c hai kh nng cho v nhn proton, ngha l va l axit, va l baz.
7. S in li ca nc
a) Nc l cht in li yu.
Tch s nng ion H+ v OH- trong nc nguyn cht v trong dung dch nc mi nhit l mt hng
s.

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Kha hc LTH KIT-1: Mn Ha hc (Thy V Khc Ngc)

Dung dch, s in li

Mi trng trung tnh : [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 mol/l

Mi trng axit: [H+] > [OH-]
[H+] > 10-7 mol/l.
Mi trng baz: [H+] < [OH-]
[H+] < 10-7 mol/l
b) Ch s hiro ca dung dch - pH
- Khi biu din nng ion H+ (hay H3O+) ca dung dch di dng h thc sau:
th h s a c gi l pH ca dung dch
V d: [H+] = 10-5 mol/l th pH = 5,
V mt ton hc th pH = -lg[H+]
Nh vy:
Mi trng trung tnh: pH = 7
Mi trng axit: pH < 7
Mi trng baz: pH > 7
pH cng nh th dung dch c axit cng ln, (axit cng mnh); pH cng ln th dung dch c baz cng
ln (baz cng mnh).
- Cch xc nh pH:
V d 1: Dung dch HCl 0,02M, c [H+] = 0,02M. Do pH = -lg2.10-2 = 1,7.
V d 2: Dung dch NaOH 0,01M, c [OH-] = 0,01 = 10-2 mol/l. Do :

c) Cht ch th mu axit - baz.

Cht ch th mu axit - baz l cht c mu thay i theo nng ion H+ ca dung dch. Mi cht ch th
chuyn mu trong mt khong xc nh.
Mt s cht ch th mu axit - baz thng dng:

8. S thu phn ca mui.

Chng ta bit, khng phi dung dch ca tt c cc mui trung ho u l nhng mi trng trung tnh (pH
= 7). Nguyn nhn l do: nhng mui ca axit yu - baz mnh (nh CH3COOHNa), ca axit mnh - baz yu (nh
NH4Cl) khi ho tan trong nc tc dng vi nc to ra axit yu, baz yu, v vy nhng mui ny khng tn ti
trong nc. N b thu phn, gy ra s thay i tnh cht ca mi trng.
a) S thu phn ca mui to thnh t axit yu -baz mnh. V d: CH3COONa, Na2CO3, K2S,
Trong dung dch d ion OH-, do vy pH > 7 (tnh baz).
Vy: mui ca axit yu - baz mnh khi thu phn cho mi trng baz.
b) S thu phn ca mui to thnh t axit mnh - baz yu. V d: NH4Cl, ZnCl2, Al2(SO4)3.
Trong dung dch d ion H3O+ hay (H+), do vy pH < 7 (tnh axit).
Vy mui ca axit mnh - baz yu khi thu phn cho mi trng axit.
c) S thu phn ca mui to thnh t axit yu - baz yu. V d: Al2S3, Fe2(CO3)3.

9. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch in li.

Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch in li ch xy ra khi c s to thnh hoc cht kt ta, hoc cht bay
hi, hoc cht t in li (in li yu).
a) Phn ng to thnh cht kt ta.
Trn dung dch BaCl2 vi dung dch Na2SO4 thy c kt ta trng to thnh. xy ra phn ng.
b) Phn ng to thnh cht bay hi.
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Kha hc LTH KIT-1: Mn Ha hc (Thy V Khc Ngc)

Dung dch, s in li

Cho axit HCl tc dng vi Na2CO3 thy c kh bay ra. xy ra phn ng.
c) Phn ng to thnh cht t in li.
- Cho axit H2SO4 vo mui axetat. Phn ng xy ra to thnh axit CH3COOH t in li
- Hoc cho axit HNO3 tc dng vi Ba(OH)2. Phn ng trung ho xy ra to thnh cht t in li l nc.
Ch : Khi biu din phn ng trao i trong dung dch in li ngi ta thng vit phng trnh phn t v
phng trnh ion. phng trnh ion, nhng cht kt ta, bay hi, in li yu vit di dng phn t, cc cht in
li mnh vit di dng ion (do chng in li ra). Cui cng thu gn phng trnh ion bng cch lc b nhng ion
nh nhau 2 v ca phng trnh.
Gio vin: V Khc Ngc
Ngun:
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