HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

C S TI THNH PH H CH MINH

KHOA VIN THNG II

_______________

N
TT NGHIP I HC
CHUYN NGHNH: IN T - VIN THNG
H I HC CHNH QUY
NIN KHO: 2008-2013
ti:

NGHIN CU K THUT M HO TING

NI TRONG DI NG
M s ti: 12 408160072

NI DUNG:
- CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC V X L TN HIU TRONG DI NG
- CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI
- CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S M HO TING NI
- CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM
- CHNG 5: M PHNG

Sinh vin thc hin:

MSSV:
Lp:
Gio vin hng dn:

Nguyn i Ho
408160072
08VTA2
Phm Thanh m

MC LC
LI M U .................................................................................................................... 1
CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC V X L TN HIU TRONG DI NG . 2
1.1 S ho v m ho ting ni .................................................................................... 2
1.2 M ho knh .......................................................................................................... 3
1.3 T chc cm .......................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Ghp xen ................................................................................................................ 5
1.5 Mt m ho ............................................................................................................ 6
1.6 iu ch ................................................................................................................. 7
CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI........................................................... 9
2.1 Chui thoi ............................................................................................................ 9
2.2 Pht m ................................................................................................................ 10
2.2.1 Kch thch ..................................................................................................... 11
2.2.2 Vocal tract .................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3 m v ............................................................................................................ 13
2.2.3.1 Nguyn m ............................................................................................. 13
2.2.3.2 Ph m xt ............................................................................................. 15
2.2.3.3 Ph m dng .......................................................................................... 17
2.2.3.4 Ph m mi ............................................................................................ 18
2.3 Dng b lc ngun ............................................................................................... 18
2.3.1 Vocal tract .................................................................................................... 18
2.3.2 Kch thch ..................................................................................................... 18
2.3.3 Dng b lc ngun tng qut........................................................................ 19
CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S M HO TING NI..................... 20
3.1 Cc phng php c s m ho ting ni ............................................................ 20
3.1.1 Phng php m ho ting ni dng sng .................................................... 21
3.1.1.1 PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) ............................................................ 21
3.1.1.2 DM (Delta Modulation) ......................................................................... 22
3.1.1.3 DPCM (Differential PCM) .................................................................... 22
3.1.1.4 ADPCM (Adaptive Differential PCM)-G.726 ...................................... 23
3.1.2 Phng php m ha ting ni kiu Vocoder ............................................... 23
3.1.3 Phng php m ha lai (Hybrid) ................................................................ 24
3.1.3.1 M ho phn tch AbS ........................................................................... 25
a, D on ngn hn STP (Short Term Predictor) ................................................... 26
b, D on di hn LTP (Long Term Predictor)...................................................... 32

3.2. ng dng cc phng php c s m ha m thanh trong truyn thng . .......... 33

3.2.1 . Cc yu c u i vi mt b m ha m thoa i ............................................ 33

3.2.2. Cc tham s lin quan n ch t lu ng thoa i ................................................ 34

3.2.3. Cc phu ong php nh gi ch t lu ng thoa i co ban ................................... 34
3.2.3.1. Phng php nh gi chu quan (MOS) .............................................. 35
3.2.3.2. Cc phu ong php nh gi khch quan ................................................ 35
CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM .. 36
4.1 Cc b m ho ting ni d tuyn cho h thng GSM ........................................ 36
4.1.1 SBC- APCM ................................................................................................. 36
4.1.2 SBC-ADPCM ............................................................................................... 36
4.1.3 MPE-LTP ..................................................................................................... 36
4.1.4 RPE-LTP ...................................................................................................... 36
4.2 B m ho ting ni RPE-LTP ............................................................................ 37
4.2.1 Tin x l...................................................................................................... 37
4.2.2 Lc phn tch STP ........................................................................................ 39
4.2.3 Lc phn tch LTP ........................................................................................ 41
4.2.4 Tnh ton RPE .............................................................................................. 43
4.3B gii m ting ni RPE-LTP ............................................................................. 45
4.3.1Gii m RPE .................................................................................................. 46
4.3.2Lc tng hp LTP.......................................................................................... 46
4.3.3Lc tng hp STP .......................................................................................... 47
4.3.4Hu x l ....................................................................................................... 47
CHNG 5:

M PHNG ............................................................ 50

KT LUN ...................................................................................................................... 52
TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................. 53
CH VIT TT ............................................................................................................... 54

MC LC HNH
Hnh 1.1 Qu trnh bin i tn hiu trong GSM ............................................................. 2
Hnh 1.2 Bin i A/D ..................................................................................................... 3
Hnh 1.3 M ho thoi ..................................................................................................... 3
Hnh 1.4 M ho knh ..................................................................................................... 4
Hnh 1.5 Ghp xen tn hiu ting ni............................................................................... 6
Hnh 2.1 Qu trnh to thoi ............................................................................................ 9
Hnh 2.2 Pht m cua vocal tract ................................................................................... 10
Hnh 2.3 Dng sng ting ni cua on thoi (m hu thanh) ngn ............................. 11
Hnh 2.4 Log cng ph cua mt on thoi (m hu thanh) ngn ......................... 12
Hnh 2.5(a) Dng sng thi gian cua /I/ trong t bit .................................................. 14
Hnh 2.5(b) Log cng ph cua /I/ trong t bit .................................................... 14
Hnh 2.6(a) Dng sng thi gian cua /U/ trong t foot .............................................. 15
Hnh 2.6(b) Log cng ph cua /U/ trong t foot................................................. 15
Hnh 2.7(a) Dng sng thi gian cua /sh/ trong m bt u t shop.......................... 16
Hnh 2.7(b) Log cng ph cua /sh/ trong m bt u t shop ............................ 16
Hnh 2.8 Dng sng thi gian cua /t/ khi pht m t tap ........................................... 17
Hnh 2.9 Dng b lc ngun tng qut .......................................................................... 19
Hnh 3.1 M hnh chung b m ho phn tch bng tng hp AbS .............................. 25
Hnh 3.2 th hm mt xc sut cua 8 h s LAR u tin................................... 30
Hnh 3.3 Mi quan h gia khung, khung con v ca s Hamming ............................. 31
Hnh 4.1 B m ho RPE-LTP ...................................................................................... 38
Hnh 4.2 B lc phn tch ngn hn .............................................................................. 41
Hnh 4.3 p ng xung (tri) v p ng tn s (phi) cua b lc trng s ................. 44
Hnh 4.4 V tr cc mu trong 4 chui con .................................................................... 44
Hnh 4.5 B gii m RPE-LTP ...................................................................................... 46
Hnh 5.1 Giao din chng trnh m phng .................................................................. 50

MC LC BNG
Bng 2.1 co tht v v tr li cua cc nguyn m trong ting Anh ........................ 13
Bng 2.2 V tr co tht v ph m xt trong ting Anh.................................................. 17
Bng 2.3 V tr co tht v ph m dng trong ting Anh .............................................. 17
Bng 2.4 V tr co tht i vi ph m mi trong ting Anh......................................... 18
Bng 4.1 ......................................................................................................................... 37
Bng 4.2 Lng t cc h s LARc(i) ........................................................................... 40
Bng 4.3 Ni suy cc tham s LAR (J=khi hin ti) ................................................... 40
Bng 4.4 Bng lng t cho tham s khuch i LTP .................................................. 42
Bng 4.5 V tr bit cc tham s ng ra cua b m ho ting ni RPE-LTP trong khung
thoi 20ms ............................................................................................................. 48

LI M U

Li m u
Ngy nay, khi cc phu o ng tin truy n thng pht tri n v s lu ng ngu i s du ng
cc phu o ng ti n lin la c ngy cng tang ln th m ha ting ni c nghin cu v
ng dng cng rng ri trong cc cuc go i in thoa i truy n th ng , gi in thoi qua
mng di ng, qua Internet hay qua v tinh, ... Mc d vi s pht tri n cua cng ngh
truy n thng qua cp quang lm cho bang thng khng cn l v n ln trong cc
cuc go i i n truy n th ng . Tuy nhin, bang thng trong cc cu c go i u ng di , cc
cuc go i qu c t , cc cuc go i qua v tinh hay cc cuc go i di ng th cn phi duy tr
bang thng m t mc nh t inh
. Chnh v th vi c m ha ti ng ni l r t c n thi t ,
gip giam thi u s lu ng tn hi u c n truy n i trn u ng truy n nhu ng vn am bao
ch t lu ng cuc go i.
Xu t pht t nhng yu c u trn , vi mc ch tm hiu su hn v k thut m
ho ting ni, em quyt nh thc hin ti Nghin cu k thut m ho ting ni
trong di ng.
Ni dung ti bao gm 4 chng chnh:
- Gii thiu s lc v x l tn hiu trong di ng.
- Qu trnh to ting ni.
- Cc phng php c s m ho ting ni.
- M ho v gii m ting ni trong h thng GSM.
tang tnh thc t cua ti, em thc hin chng trnh m phng m ho
ting ni chy trn PC bng Matlab.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy Phm Thanh m hng dn, tn tnh gip
em hon thnh ti ny. Nhng do thi gian v kin thc c hn nn lun van
thc hin cn nhiu thiu st. Em rt mong s nhn xt, nh gi, ng gp t thy c
v bn b.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC V X L TN HIU TRONG DI NG

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC V X L TN HIU TRONGDI

NG
Qu trnh bin i v x l tn hiu GSM c m t nh sau:

S ho v
m ngun

M ho
knh

Ghp xen

Mt m ho

T chc
cm

iu ch

Gii m
ngun

Gii m
knh

Gii ghp
xen

Gii mt
m

iu chnh

Gii iu
ch

Ting ni

Ting ni

Hnh 1Hnh 1.1 Qu trnh bin i tn hiu trong GSM

1.1 S ho v m ho ting ni
u tin, ting ni c microphone bin i sang tn hiu in dng tng t.
Microphone bao gm mt mn mng v mt cun dy t trong khe t trng cua mt
nam chm. gim lng d liu cn thit tng ng vi sng m, ta cho tn hiu qua
b lc thng di trong khong tn s t 300 Hz n 3.4 kHz. Sau , tn hiu ny c
bin i sang tn hiu s bng b bin i A/D dng k thut iu xung m PCM vi
tn s ly mu l 8kHz v m ho mi mu bng 13 bit. Do , lung tn hiu s sau
khi c bin i c tc 104 kbps.
Tn hiu s ng ra cua b bin i A/D c tc 104 kbps c nn li bng
b m ho ting ni. M ho ting ni l phng php nn tn hiu thoi dng s.
Yu cu cua m ho ting ni l phi m bo thi gian thc v cht lng c th chp
nhn c. Trong GSM, ngi ta s dng m Vocoder. Nguyn tc cua k thut ny
l thay v truyn i lung s t ting ni th ta s truyn i thng s cua c quan pht
m ti thi im pht ra ting . Nh vy, chui bit truyn i s ngn hn nn tc
s gim xung.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC V X L TN HIU TRONG DI NG

8000 ln/s
13 bit/mu
104kbps

B chuyn i
A/D

B lc thng
di
Lc tn hiu trong
khong t

Tn hiu s

(300Hz 3.4kHz)

Hnh 2Hnh 1.2 Bin i A/D

Tn hiu s ng ra cua b bin i A/D c tc 104 kbps c chia thnh
tng on c chiu di 20 ms, nh vy mi on cha 2080 bit (tng ng 160 mu).
truyn i chui bit ny, ngi ta s thay th thng s cua b lc c chiu di 260
bit. Nh vy, 260 bit mi 20ms tng ng vi tc truyn tht s l 13 kbps.

104kbps

LPC

B chuyn
i A/D

RPE
Tn hiu s

L
T
P

B m ho thoi

20 ms block

Hnh 3Hnh 1.3 M ho thoi

1.2 M ho knh
M knh l thm vo mi t m cn truyn mt s bit d tha lm tang
khong cch Hamming cua b t m, nhm mc ch l gip cho u thu pht hin v
sa c nhiu li hn.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC V X L TN HIU TRONG DI NG

B m ho ting ni a cc khi 260 bit/20ms n b m ho knh. Cc bit ny

c chia thnh 182 bit loi I (cc bit c bo v) v 78 bit loi II (cc bit khng
c bo v), da theo tm quan trng cua cc bit nhn c t cc th nghim chu
quan. Cc bit loi I c chia thnh 2 loi, Ia v Ib.
50 bit u cua loi I c bo v bi m CRC pht hin li v to thnh 53
bit. Cc bit thm vo ny c tnh da trn a thc to m g(x)= 1+x+x3 . Sau , cc
bit loi I cng vi cc bit chn l (185 bit) c b sung thm 4 bit ui bng 0 v
c m ho xon theo hai a thc: g1(x)=1+x3+x4 vg2(x)=1+x+x3+x4 to thnh 378
bit. Cc bit nhm II khng c bo v. Nh vy, u ra cua m ho knh s l 456 bit
tng ng vi 22,8 kbps.

50 bit
CRC3
456 bit

Convolution
coder

132 bit

78 bit

Hnh 4Hnh 1.4 M ho knh

1.3 T chc cm
Khi MS cn truy xut vo mng th s c h thng cung cp cho mt khe thi
gian. Mi khe thi gian c di 0,577 ms nhng thng tin truyn i trong khe ny l
ch chim c 0,546 ms. Thng tin trong khong thi gian ny c gi l cm v
khong thi gian cn li hai u l thi gian bo v di 0,031 ms.
Tu theo mi loi tn hiu khc nhau m cc t chc cm trong GSM khc nhau.
C 5 loi cm trong thng tin di ng GSM:
Cm thng (Normal Burst)
TB
3

57 bit thng tin

F
1

Chui hng dn
26 bit

F
1

57 bit thng tin

TB
3

GP
8.25

Cm thng (NB)

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC V X L TN HIU TRONG DI NG

TB: Tail bit (3 bit), l cc bit ui, t u v cui cm.

Chui hng dn: 26 bit, dng xc nh khe thi gian v gip my thu iu
chnh tn hiu thu.
Mi cm thng cha 114 bit thng tin v c chia thnh hai gi, mi gi 57
bit, xen gia hai gi l mt chui hng dn chiu di 26 bit. hai u cm s
dng bit ui cho mi u.
Cm iu chnh tn s (Frequency Correction Burst)
Cm ny cha 142 bit c nh lm tn hiu iu khin, cc bit khi to v kt
thc cm l 3 bit, c s dng cho knh FCCH.
142 bit thng tin

TB
3

TB
3

GB
8.25

Cm iu chnh tn s (FC)
Cm ng b (Synchronization Burst)
c s dng ng b thi gian cho trm di ng. Cm cha 78 bit c
mt m ho mang thng tin v FN (s khung) cua TDMA v cua BSIC (m
nhn dng trm gc). Cm SB c s dng truyn knh SCH.
TB
3

39 bit thng tin

Chui ng b
64 bit

39 bit thng tin

TB
3

GB
8.25

Cm ng b (SB)
Cm truy xut (Access Burst)
c s dng cho cc knh iu khin 1 chiu cn li.
Chui ng b
41

TB
3

Cc bit thng tin

36

TB
3

GP
68.25

Cm truy xut (AB)

Cm gi (Dummy Burst)
Cm DB c t chc ging nh cm NB nhng thng tin trong cm DB l thng
tin gi, s dng cc bit hn hp. c s dng trong cc khe thi gian ri.
TB
3

Cc bit hn hp
58

Chui hng dn
26 bit

Cc bit hn hp
58

TB
3

GP
8.25

Cm gi (DB)

1.4 Ghp xen

thng tin di ng, do tc ng cua fading nn cc li bit thng xy ra tng
cm di. Tuy nhin, m ho knh t bit l m ho xon ch hiu qu nht khi pht
hin v sa cha cc li ngu nhin n l v cm li khng qu di. i ph vi
vn ny ngi ta chia khi bn tin cn gi thnh cc cm ngn ri hon v cc cm

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC V X L TN HIU TRONG DI NG

ny vi cc cm cua khi bn tin khc. Do , khi xy ra cm li di mi bn tin ch

mt i mt cm nh, phn cn li cua bn tin vn cho php cc dng m ho knh khi
phc li c ng sau khi sp xp li cc cm cua bn tin theo th t nh pha
pht. Qu trnh ni trn c gi l ghp xen.
Cc bit sau khi m ho c chiu di 456 bit c t chc li v c ghp xen
theo 8 na cm. Mi na cm cha 57 bit. Vic ghp xen lu lng c thc hin
theo cc bc sau:
B1: Chia 456 bit thnh 8 nhm
Nhm 0: 1, 9 , 17 .. 449
Nhm 1: 2, 10, 18 .. 450
Nhm 2: 3, 11, 19 .. 451
Nhm 3: 4, 12, 20 .. 452
Nhm 4: 5, 13, 21 .. 453
Nhm 5: 6, 14, 22 .. 454
Nhm 6: 7, 15, 23 .. 455
Nhm 7: 8, 16, 24 .. 456
B2: Sau , cc nhm ni trn c ghp xen mc th 2. ghp xen ny ta
thy bn nhm u cua mt t m (c th l nhm 0, 1, 2, 3) c t vo v tr u
tin cua bn cm, bn nhm cn li c t vo v tr sau cua bn cm tip theo.
Phn cn li cua cc cm ny c dng ghp tn hiu cua cc t m ln cn. Nh
vy, truyn i ht mt t m 456 bit th phi cn 8 cm lin tip.
-

Hnh 5Hnh 1.5 Ghp xen tn hiu ting ni

1.5 Mt m ho

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC V X L TN HIU TRONG DI NG

Mc ch cua mt m ho l bo mt tn hiu trn ng truyn v tuyn. Khi

MS v BTS giao tip vi nhau th gia chng c chung mt mt m. Mi cuc gi
khc nhau th c mt m khc nhau.
Trong GSM, thc hin mt m, u pht to ra mt chui tn hiu gi ngu
nhin kt hp vi chui tn hiu cn truyn. u thu mun khi phc li tn hiu
th my thu phi bit chui ngu nhin u thu, do vy chui ngu nhin c gi l
mt m.
Mt m ho tn hiu t c bng cng XOR gia chui ngu nhin vi 114 bit
cua cm bnh thng. gii mt m, ngi ta thc hin thao tc XOR gia tn hiu
thu vi chui ngu nhin ging u pht.

1.6 iu ch
iu ch l php ton chuyn i t mt tn hiu mang tin tc sang mt tn hiu
khc m khng lm thay i v tin tc mang theo.
iu ch s l qu trnh trong cc d liu s c m ho vo trong sng
mang hnh sin thch hp vi cc c tnh knh truyn. K thut truyn tn hiu iu
ch s cn gi l k thut truyn tn hiu dy thng.
Dng tng qut cua sng mang hnh sin s(t) l:
s(t) = A(t).cos[0(t) + (t)]

(1.1)

Trong , A: bin
0=2f :tn s gc
: gc pha
Gii iu ch s l qu trnh ngc li vi iu ch s nhm phc hi cc lung
bit t dng sng thu c cng t li cng tt, mc d tn hiu s c th mo dng hoc
nhiu.
GSM s dng phng php iu ch kho chuyn pha cc tiu GMSK (Gaussian
Minimum Shift Keying). y l phng php iu ch bang hp da trn k thut
iu ch dch pha. gii thch GSMK, trc ht chng ta xt MSK bng cch so
snh n vi PSK. Ta c th trnh by sng mang c iu ch i vi PSK v
MSK nh sau:
s(t) = A.cos[0(t) +(t) + 0]

(1.2)

Trong : A l bin khng thay i.

0=2f (rad/s) l tn s gc cua sng mang
(t) l gc pha ph thuc vo lung s mang ln iu ch
0 l gc pha ban u

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC V X L TN HIU TRONG DI NG

i vi iu ch pha bn trng thi, ta c gc pha (t) nh sau: (t) = n/2

vi n= 0, 1, 2, 3 tng ng vi cc cp bit c a ln iu ch l {00, 01, 11, 10}.
i vi iu ch MSK ta c gc pha (t) nh sau:

y t = kifi (t - iT)

(1.3)

Trong , chui bit a ln iu ch l {di-1, di, di+1,)

ki = 1 nu di= di-1
ki = -1 nu di di-1
fi (t)=

p
2Tb

t , Tb l khong thi gian cua bit

Ta thy, MSK nu bit iu ch thi im xt ging nh bit thi im trc

, (t) s thay i tuyn tnh t 0 n /2, ngc li nu bit iu ch thi im xt
khc vi bit trc th (t) s thay i tuyn tnh t 0 n -/2.
S thay i gc pha iu ch MSK cng dn n thay i tn s theo quan h
sau = d(t)/dt. Trong : (t) = (0(t) + (t) + 0)
Nu chui bit a ln iu ch khng i (ton s 1 hoc s 0) ta c tn s sau:
1 = 2f1 = 0+ /(2Tb)
Nu chui bit a ln iu ch thay i lun phin (1, 0 , 1, 0, 1, 0, ) th ta c
tn s sau : 2 = 2f2 = 0- /(2Tb)
thu hp ph tn cua tn hiu iu ch, lung bit a ln iu ch c a
qua b lc Gauss. GSM, b lc Gauss c s dng tch di thng chun ho
BT=0.3 , trong , B l rng bang tn.
Mc ch dng GMSK l to ra tn hiu bang thng nh, dch tn nh.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang

CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI

CHNG 2:

QU TRNH TO TING NI

hiu c cc phng php m ho thoi, iu u tin l ta cn phi hiu

cu trc c quan pht m v c quan thnh gic cua con ngi, hiu v ngn ng, sinh
l, cc mc m thanh cng nh vic ng dng n vo trong cc k thut m ho thoi
hin nay.
M ho thoi c u im l c to ra da vo cu trc vocal tract (tuyn m)
cua con ngi. c im ny cng xc nh v gii hn cu trc cua tn hiu thoi.

2.1 Chui thoi

r hn ta xt qu trnh hai ngi hi thoi vi nhau, mt ngi ni v mt
ngi nghe. Chui thoi c to ra v truyn n tai ngi nghe nh trong hnh 2.1.
u tin, ngi ni s sp xp cc suy ngh cua mnh, xc nh xem th anh ta mun
ni g v t nhng suy ngh vo trong mt dng ngn ng bng cch chn cc t,
cm t, nhm t chnh xc v t chng vo ng cu trc ng php cua ngn ng
mnh ni.

Hnh 6Hnh 2.1 Qu trnh to thoi

Qu trnh ny kt hp vi no ngi ni, ni s a ra cc lnh di dng cc
xung. Cc xung ny theo cc dy thn kinh iu khin c v c quan pht m nh
li, mi, quai hm v dy thanh chuyn ng lm p sut khng kh xung quanh thay

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang

CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI

i to ra sng m truyn trong khng kh. Sng m ny truyn n tai ngi nghe v
kch hot c quan th gic. C qua thnh gic cng to ra cc xung thn kinh a n
no ngi nghe v no s gip nhn bit, hiu c cc thng tin t ngi ni.
Cc dy thn kinh thnh gic cua ngi ni cng c hi tip li no. No s
tip tc so snh vi m thanh ni c nhng iu chnh thch hp. S hi tip ny
l rt cn thit gip cho ngi ni c th d on c ngi nghe c nghe r rng
v chnh xc hay khng ?

2.2 Pht m
Do hot ng v v tr cua c quan pht m nn m thanh cua mi ngi khc
nhau. Khi chng ta ni kh t phi s i qua vocal tract v ra ngoi to thnh ting ni.
Tn hiu thoi l tn hiu ng c dng sng rt phc tp. Bng cch phn tch tn
hiu, ngi ta thy rng phn b nang lng theo tn s trong mt on thoi ngn c
nhiu dng khc nhau. Nang lng phn b theo tn s c gi l ph cng sut. Ph
cng sut c th tp trung tn s cao, tn s thp hoc hai bn mt di tn s no
. Cu trc cua ph c th ngu nhin hoc xc nh iu ho. Ph cua cua thoi lun
thay i lm cho m ho cng thm phc tp. khc phc iu ny, ngi ta sp xp
thnh cc mc vt l khc nhau. Bng cch nghin cu c quan pht m v hot ng
cua n, cc dng tn hiu thoi khc nhau c xt ring l.
Hnh 2.2 cho thy s n gin hot ng cua vocal tract. Khng kh t phi
y vo kh qun, i qua dy thanh v cui cng vo hc mi v ming. Thanh mn
cho php mt lng khng kh va u t phi i qua hoc c th ngt lung khng kh
thnh cc xung tun hon.

Hnh 7Hnh 2.2 Pht m ca vocal tract

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI

2.2.1 Kch thch

Tn hiu thoi l do khng kh t phi c bin i thnh dng nang lng kch
thch vocal tract rung v ta xem y l tn hiu kch thch trong b m ho. Dy thanh
rung to ra cc xung truyn n mi v ming. V vy, nang lng kch thch nhiu
tn s v cng cua cc tn s ny ph thuc vo tc chuyn ng cua vocal
tract.
Tng qut, kch thch c chia lm hai dng: hu thanh (voice) v v thanh
(unvoice). m thanh to ra do s rung ng cua dy thanh c gi l hu thanh. Tt
c cc nguyn m v mt s ph m l m hu thanh. m thanh c to ra khng
phi do s rung cua cc dy thanh m do khng kh b vocal tract co tht th c gi
l m v thanh, v d nh m s, p. c im cua m hu thanh v m v thanh
ph thuc vo:
- Kch thc chia nh lung khng kh t phi to thnh cc xung ta tun hon.
Nang lng thc hin iu ny l kch thch m hu thanh nh l cc nguyn m.
- Lung khng kh t phi n mi, ging nh l nhiu lon to ra do s co tht
vocal tract. Nang lng thc hin qu trnh ny l kch thch m v thanh nh m
s.
Ngoi hai dng trn cn c mt dng hn hp cua n v d nh z. Tuy nhin, ta
ch xt hai loi l hu thanh v v thanh da vo s c mt hay vng mt cua kch
thch tun hon. Do , z cng c xem l m hu thanh.
Pich
Tn s cua kch thch tun hon (hoc ta tun hon) c gi l pitch. Khong
thi gian gia im bt u cng nh im kt thc cua dy thanh n im tng ng
trong chu k k tip c gi l chu k pitch.

Hnh 8Hnh 2.3 Dng sng ting ni ca on thoi (m hu thanh) ngn

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI

Hnh 2.3 cho ta dng sng thi gian cua mt on thoi di 40 ms cua m hu
thanh. Trc x l trc thi gian (ms). Trc y l bin . Gi tr bin cao im bt
u xung pitch, chu k pitch l 10 ms v tn s pitch l 1/10ms bng 100 Hz.
2.2.2 Vocal tract
Kch thch l mt trong hai h s quan trng tc ng n ting ni. Cho kch
thch l m hu thanh hoc m v thanh, khi vocal tract thay i s cho cc m thanh
khc nhau. Khi hnh dng v v tr cua vocal tract thay i th s lm cho tn s cng
hng cua vocal tract thay i theo.
Cc tn s cng hng ny cho cc nh ph nm cc tn s ng vi tng dng
vt l cua vocal tract. Tn s cng hng c gi l formant v v tr tn s cua
chng c gi l tn s formant.

Hnh 9Hnh 2.4 Log cng ph ca mt on thoi (m hu thanh) ngn

Hnh 2.4 cho ph trong mt on ngn cua tn hiu m hu thanh. Trc x t 0
n 4000 Hz. Trc y l log cng cua p ng tn s. nh hp cch u nhau 120
Hz l ho m hc pitch. Ba formant u tin v tr 400, 900, 2600 Hz.
Cch pht m
Trong vocal tract, s co tht v ng dn khng kh s to nn cch pht m.
to ra cc m khc nhau th kch thch c to ra bi vocal tract phi khc nhau. V
d nguyn m c to ra bi kch thch tun hon v lung khng kh i qua vocal
tract c tc khng b hn ch. Tuy nhin, tc ny khng u, n cn ph thuc
vo tn s formant. Ngc li, m v thanh khng c cc thnh phn tun hon v
c to ra do mt s s co tht.
SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI

Ph m dng hay cn gi l m bt, c to ra do p sut lung khng kh b

chn t ngt. Ph m dng c th l m hu thanh nh b hoc m v thanh nh m
p.
Ph m mi c to ra do lung khng kh qua vm ming, mi b gim
chuyn sang mi nh cc m m, n.
V tr pht m
Cch pht m xc nh nhm m thanh v v tr pht m xc nh chnh xc im
co tht. V tr chnh xc cua vocal tract s to nn m thanh c trng cua tng ngi.
Nguyn m c phn bit nh li to nn s co tht, v d:
- Mt nguyn m trc nh trong t beet
- Mt nguyn m gia nh trong t bet
- Mt nguyn m sau nh trong t boot
Trong t beet li s chm ln phn trn cua ming v phn sau cua rang, cn
boot th li li li pha sau gn quai hm to ra s co tht. Cc m p, t, k
c to ra do v tr khc nhau trong vocal tract ni s co tht c thc hin dng
lung khng kh trc khi ni.
p: ng mi.
t: li gia hai hm rang.
k: li sau ming
2.2.3 m v
Cht lng cua kch thch, v tr v cch pht m s to nn c im cua m v.
V vy, mc ch cua m ho thoi l nhm gip ta hiu c cc m khc nhau trong
cng mt ngn ng.
2.2.3.1 Nguyn m
Nguyn m l dng m hu thanh c pht m thay i khng ng . Bng
2.1 l danh sch cc nguyn m da trn co tht v v tr cua li.
V tr
Co tht
Cao
Trung bnh
Thp

Trc

Gia

Sau

/i/ beet
/E/ bet
/ae/ bat

/ER/ bird
/UH/ but

/u/ boot
/OW/ bought
/a/ father

Bng 1Bng 2.1 co tht v v tr li ca cc nguyn m trong ting Anh

Hnh 2.5 v 2.6 hin th dng sng log cng ph cua nguyn m /I/ (bit) v
/U/ (foot). Dng sng thi gian cho thy tn s cua /I/ cao hn nhiu so vi /U/.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI

Hnh 10Hnh 2.5(a) Dng sng thi gian ca /I/ trong t bit

Hnh 11Hnh 2.5(b) Log cng ph ca /I/ trong t bit

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI

Hnh 12Hnh 2.6(a) Dng sng thi gian ca /U/ trong t foot

Hnh 13Hnh 2.6(b) Log cng ph ca /U/ trong t foot

2.2.3.2 Ph m xt
Ph m chu yu to nn do nhiu lon cua lung khng kh c gi l ph m
xt. Ph m xt c to ra do lung khng kh b vocal tract co tht, bao gm c m

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI

hu thanh ln m v thanh. Bng 2.2 l danh sch ph m xt. Nhng t lit k trong
bng cho ta v d chung cua m v.
Hnh 2.7 l dng sng theo thi gian v log cng ph cua mt mu /sh/. m
l m hu thanh v dng sng thi gian ging nh l nhiu ngu nhin. Ph c dng
xc nh, khng bng phng. cao nh ph khong 2800 Hz.

Hnh 14Hnh 2.7(a) Dng sng thi gian ca /sh/ trong m bt u t shop

Hnh 15Hnh 2.7(b) Log cng ph ca /sh/ trong m bt u t shop

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI

Co tht
Rang/mi
Rang
Vm ming
Thanh mn

m v thanh
/f/ fit
/THE/ thaw
/sh/ sap
/h/ help

m hu thanh
/v/ vat
/TH/ that
/zh/ vision

Bng 2Bng 2.2 V tr co tht v ph m xt trong ting Anh

2.2.3.3 Ph m dng
Ph m dng hay m bt l dng khng kh b ngt t ngt do co tht. Chng
ch l nhng m ngn xut hin nhanh. Tn hiu dng c th l m hu thanh hay l
m v thanh. Ph m dng trong ting Anh c cho trong bng 2.3. S co tht xc
nh v tr cua mi, rang v vm ming. Bng 2.3 l nhng t thng gp m m u
tin l ph m dng.
Co tht
Mi
Rang
Sau vm ming

m v thanh
/p/ pat
/t/ tap
/k/ cat

m hu thanh
/b/ bat
/d/ dip
/g/ good

Bng 3Bng 2.3 V tr co tht v ph m dng trong ting Anh

Hnh 2.8 l gin dng sng cua /t/ khi pht m tap. m bt chu yu nh mt
xung kim. Do ch dng trong khong thi gian ngn nn n nh hng ln n cc m
trc v sau. Nu xut hin cui mt t th n cn c thm m bt do khng kh to
ra.

Hnh 16Hnh 2.8 Dng sng thi gian ca /t/ khi pht m t tap

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI

2.2.3.4 Ph m mi
m mi to ra do vocal tract ng lung khng kh v a n ra ngoi bng mi. m
mi l ph m m hu thanh. Bng 2.4 lit k ba ph m mi trong ting Anh. Do
ming ng kn nn m mi c nang lng thp hn so vi cc ph m m hu thanh
khc. Lung khng kh i qua hc mi, kt hp vi ng ming nn c ph cng khc
vi cc dng trc.
Co tht
Mi
Rang
Sau vm ming

m hu thanh
/m/ map
/n/ no
/ng/ hang

Bng 4Bng 2.4 V tr co tht i vi ph m mi trong ting Anh

2.3 Dng b lc ngun

d dng phn tch tn hiu thoi, hu ht b m ho ting ni u c dng
vocal tract. Dng ny thng c dng hu ht cc qu trnh m ho v gii m.
Khi m ho, cc kiu thng s c xc nh miu t chnh xc thoi ng vo. i
vi gii m, cng c cu trc tng t v da vo cc thng s ny ti to li thoi
ban u.
Mt dng to thoi thng c s dng nht l dng b lc ngun. B lc
ngun ny c dng ging nh vocal tract. Ngun tn hiu cung cp cho b lc ngun
ny l tn hiu kch thch.
2.3.1 Vocal tract
C hng, mi, li v ming l hc cng hng khng kh to nn ting ni
cua con ngi. Vocal tract c cu trc khc nhau th s c cc tn s cng hng khc
nhau. Tn s cng hng cng vi tn hiu kch thch l hai h s chnh iu khin
vocal tract to ra cc m v.
2.3.2 Kch thch
i vi ting ni m hu thanh, dng sng tun hon to kch thch n vocal
tract. Dng sng tun hon t cc xung thanh mn s lm cho dy thanh s rung. Dng
n gin v hay dng cho m v thanh l nhiu trng. Nhiu trng thng ngu nhin
v c ph bng phng mi tn s c cng cng sut. Gi s nhiu trng c to ra
khi khng kh i qua b phn co tht. Mt s m nh m /z/ c to ra va bi mt
kch thch tun hon v vocal tract co tht khng kh. iu ny c gi l kch thch
pha trn. V vy, nhim v chnh cua m ho thoi l phi phn bit u l m hu
thanh, m v thanh hay l pha trn cua n.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI

2.3.3 Dng b lc ngun tng qut

S hnh 2.9 chng minh rng lung tn hiu v thng tin cua mt b lc ngun
tng qut. Thng tin pitch thng c cha trong gi tr chu k pitch. Gi tr ny thay
i tu theo s thay i cua tn hiu thoi. Da vo chu k pitch, khi kch thch tun
hon to ra mt dng sng xung i din cho cc xung thanh mn. Khi nhiu kch
thch c ng ra l nhiu lin tc vi p ng ph bng phng. Hai kch thch ny
c cho vo b quyt nh trn. Thoi cng s cho vo mt ng vo khc. Da vo
cc mc cua thoi gc, khi quyt nh trn kt hp vi kch thch tun hon v
nhiu kch thch s to ra tn hiu kch thch ph hp.
Pitch

Thng tin
vocal tract

Kch thch
tun hon
Kch thch

Thng tin
ting ni

Quyt nh
trn

Vocal tract
Thoi c
tng hp

Nhiu kch
thch

Hnh 17Hnh 2.9 Dng b lc ngun tng qut

Thng c 2 dng, b lc ngun s kt hp quyt nh cng m hu thanh/m v
thanh i vi mi on thoi. Trong trng hp ny, chc nang cua khi quyt nh
trn nh mt chuyn mch vi kch thch l m hu thanh/m v thanh. Thng tin
vocal tract c cung cp vo khi vocal tract to ra mt b lc vocal tract. B
lc s lm cho ph cua kch thch ging nh cua tn hiu thoi gc. Thc t, thng tin
vocal tract c to ra bng mt s phng php bao gm mt d on tuyn tnh v
gi tr Fourier. Kch thch c lc bi vocal tract to ra thoi tng hp n tai
ngi nghe sao cho ging tn hiu thoi ban u nht.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

CHNG 3:

CC PHNG PHP C S M HO TING NI

3.1 Cc phng php c s m ho ting ni

V co ban b m ha ti ng ni c 3 loi:
M ha da ng sng (waveform).
M ha ngu n (source).
M ha lai (hybrid): l s k t h p cua m ho dng sng v m ho ngun.
Nguyn l cua m ha da ng sng l tm cch s ha da ng sng cua ti ng ni theo
cch thch h p . Ti pha pht, b m ha se nh n cc tn hiu ni tu ong t lin tu c v
chuy n thnh tn hi u s tru c khi truy n i . Ti pha thu s lm nhi m vu ngu c la i
khi phc tn hi u ti ng ni . Khi khng c li truy n dn th da ng sng cua ti ng
ni khi phu c r t gi ng vi da ng sng cua ti ng ni g c. u im cua loi m ha ny
l: phc ta p, gi thnh thi t k , tr v cng su t tiu thu th p . B m ha da ng
sng o n gian nh t l i u ch xung m
(PCM), i u ch Delta (DM)... Tuy nhin ,
nhc im cua b m da ng s ng l khng ta o u c ti ng ni ch t lu ng cao , t c
di 16kbit/s.
B m ha ngu n kha c phu u c nhu c i m ny . Nguyn l cua m ha l m
ha ki u pht m (vocoder), v du nhu b m ha ba ng d on tuy n tnh (Linear
Prediction Coding - LPC). Cc b m ha ny c th thc hi n u c ta i t c bit ln
hn 1kbps. Hn ch chu yu cua m ha kiu pht m LPC l vi c m phong ngu n
kch thch cn o n gian nn ti ng ni ti ta o u c l ti ng ni da ng t
ng h p , ch t
lng khng cao v kh c th nh n ra gio ng ngu i ni chuy n. Vo nam 1982, Atal
xu t m t m hnh mi v kch thch , u c go i l kch thch a xung .Trong m
hnh ny, khng c n bi t tru c xem l m hu thanh h ay v thanh . S kch thch
u c m hnh ha bi m t s xung c bin v vi tr u c x c nh ba ng vi c cc
ti u ha sai l ch, c tnh n tro ng s thu cam , gia ti ng ni g c v ti ng ni t ng
h p. Vic u a ra m hnh ny g y ch v l m hnh u tin cua m t th h
mi cua cc b i u ch ting ni phn tch ba ng t ng h p (Analisis by Synthesis). Tn
hiu kch thch se u c t i u u ha m t cch ky lu ng v ngu i ta s du ng k thut m
ha da ng sng m ha tn hiu kch thch ny mt cch c hiu qua.
Ch tiu nh gi thut ton m ho:
- Hai mc tiu quan trng t ra l : t i thi u ha t c bit v t i u u ha ch t
lng. Hai mu c tiu ny thu ng c mu thun vi nhau . T c bit u c tnh ba ng
bps. Ch t lu ng u c nh gi vi c u c ti ta o la i da ng tu ong t vi m t sai s
cang nho cng t t . Vic l y mu khng anh hu ng n ch t lu ng . Cn lu ng t ha
th c th gy ra nhng sai s lm m t mt th ng tin so vi tn hi u ban u u c go i

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

l nhiu lu ng t . Ty s tn hi u trn nhiu (SNR) u c dung nh gi ch t lu ng

ti ng ni. N u ti s ny th p ngu i nghe se thu u c ti ng ni khng t t .
- Ch t lng chp nh n u c c SNR khoang trn 30 dB. Theo tnh ton vic
thm 1 bit bi u din gi tri lu ng t se lm tang SNR ln khoang
6dB, tng t s
gim 1 bit lm SNR giam xu ng 6dB.
- Ngi ta thng dng m t tiu chu n go i l MOS (Mean Opinion Score) so
snh ch t lu ng m ho ti ng ni , vi thang gi tri t 1 n 5, cho ta bi t m t thut
ton i u ch a t u c ch t lu ng c g n vi ti ng ni t nhin hay khng .
3.1.1 Phng php m ho ting ni dng sng
Ki u m ha ny c ga ng m ha da ng sng cua ti ng ni m t cch c hiu qua ,
dng n gin l iu ch xung m PCM , ngoi ra cn c cc thut ton khc c th
lm giam t c bit ho n na . Cng ngh m ha dng sng thu ng cho ti ng ni ch t
lng tt vi bang thng 16kbps tr ln.
trnh hi n tu ng ch ng ph , ti ng ni tu ong t u c lo c tru c khi s ha
loi tr cc thnh ph n tn s cao khng mong mu n . Ph ti ng ni c th g m ca
nhng thnh ph n t n s ti 10 kHz, nhng do hu ht cc t n s ting ni tp trung
vo khong t (300 Hz 3.4 kHz) nn tn hiu ti ng ni u c lo c i loa i bo thnh
ph n ngoi khong tn s y.Theo inh
lut l y mu th t n s l y mu se l 8 kHz. H
th ng nhu vy go i l PCM (Pulse Code Modulation). Ph bi n hin nay ngu i ta cho n
t c l y mu l 8 kHz v s bit lu ng t n =8, tc l t c truy n se l 64 kbps. Cc
bit m ha u c truy n tu n t trn u ng truy n .
3.1.1.1 PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
PCM u (uniform PCM):u vo cua b lng t l tn hi u tu ong t u c
u a qua b l y mu .Vi mt b lng t dng N bit t m,mi n gi tri lu ng t u c
chia thnh 2N mc, mi t m N bit tu o ng ng vi 1 gi tri.Khong
cch gia cc mc

gi l bc lng t (step size).B lng t quyt nh xem vi mi gi tr u ra l

gi tri ln nh t cua mi n gi tri . Trong ki u PCM u ,cc gi tri lu ng t cch u
nhau.Bc lng t phi c chn sao cho u nh c th ti thiu nhiu lng
t,nhng li c th u ln min gi tr cua c b lng t c ln thch h p.Vi
mt b lng t N bit c bc lng t l S,th mi n gi tri l R=2N*S.
N u N khng u ln th vi c ca t xn tn hi u vu t qua mi n gi tri se xay ra
nhi u ho n v l di nhin l mt nguyn nhn khc cua nhiu lu ng t .
Phng php ny c nhc im l SNR ,tc l ch t lu ng khng chi phu thu c
vo bu c lu ng t m cn phu thuc v ca bin cua tn hiu l y mu .
Lng t ha kiu PCM u :C n N c 11 bit tr ln c th am bao ch t
lng ting ni.i u ny lm t c bit ln nn chng t u c s du ng trong thc t .

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

Lng t ha Logarithm (logarithmic PCM):Mc tiu cua phng php ny l

duy tr mt ty s SNR t thay i trong ton pha m vi gi tri bin .Thay v lu ng t
ha gi tri tu o ng t cua tn hiu l y mu ,trc tin ta tnh ton hm logarithm cua tng
gi tri r i mi lu ng t ha chng .SNR se chi phu thu c vo bu c lu ng t .Lng t
logarithm l mt qu trnh nn, chng lm giam mi n gi tri u vo mt cch ng k
ty thuc vo da ng hm logarithm u c dng .Sau khi nn,mt qu trnh ngu c la i l
m ha c s dng ti to li tn hi u nguyn thuy ban u .Ton b chu trnh
u c go i l Companding(Compressing/expanding).
Hai tiu chu n u c dng ph bi n hi n nay l lutv lut A.Lng t ho theo
lut s dng Bc M v Nht Bn, trong khi lng t ho theo lut A c s
dng chu u.
Cc mu tn hiu ri rc theo bin c m ho nh phn. V d, m ho theo
lut A, ngi ta chia ng cong logarith thnh 13 on.
Bit th nht l bit c trng s ln nht, l bit u. Gi tr 1 ch th tn hiu dng
v gi tr 0 ch th tn hiu m.
Bit 2, 3, 4 xc nh on lng t ho theo mi vng m v dng.
Bit 5, 6, 7, 8 l cc bit c trng s nh nht, xc nh v tr cua gi tr lng t
ho trong on.
3.1.1.2 DM(Delta Modulation)
L mt trong nhng phu o ng php i u ch vi sai ,da trn tnh ch t l tn hi u
ti ng ni ta i th i i m c t nhi u phu thu c vo tn hiu cc thi i m tru c ,v
th ta c th d on tn hi u ta i thi i m hi n ta i,v chi c n lu u tr gi tri khc bi t
gia gi tri thc v gi tri d on cua tn hi u,s sai khc ny,gip ti t ki m bang
thng a t hiu qua cao.
tu ng cua phu o ng php i u ch Delta l ch truyn i gi tr thay i tuyt i
cua tn hi u.Da vo s khc nhau cua tn hi u ta i thi i m li n k nhau m ta tnh
u c tn hiu phi truyn trn ng dy .Phng php ny ch s dng 1 bit m
ha tn hiu sai khc ,ngha l cho bit tn hi u ta i thi i m t +1 l ln ho n hay nho
hn tn hiu ta i thi i m t.
3.1.1.3 DPCM(Differential PCM)
y l phu o ng php cung da trn nguyn ta c chi truy n i s khc nhau cua tn
hiu ta i hai thi i m k nhau l t v t
+1.Khc vi DM chi dng 1 bit giai
m,DPCM dng N bit c th bi u din gi tri sai khc ny .Ch t lu ng iu ch kh
t t vi lu ng bit c n dng t ho n so vi PCM.
SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

3.1.1.4 ADPCM (Adaptive Differential PCM)-G.726

L phu o ng php m r ng cua DPCM.Ngi ta vn dng m t s bit nh t inh

m ha s sai khc gia tn hi u ta i 2 thi i m k nhau,nhng bc lng t c th
u c i u chinh ta i cc thi i m khc nhau t i u u ha vic i u ch .
Vi mu c tiu lm giam t c
bit hon na m ch t lu ng tn hi
u tu ong
u ong,ngi ta s dng phng php thch nghi ng gi tri cua bu c lu ng t tru c
nhng thay i cua bin tn hiu vo.Mc ch l duy tr min gi tr lng t p h
h p vi mi n gi tri cua tn hi u vo .y u c go i l phu ong php Adaptive
PCM(APCM).Thch nghi bu c lu ng t c th p du ng cho ca ki u lu ng t u v
khng u .Tiu chu n thay i bu c lu ng t da vo m t s th ng k v tn hi u c
lin quan n bin cua n.C nhi u bu c ton tnh ton bc lng t. Thng
thng c 2 ki u l feedforward APCM v feedback APCM .Trong ca 2 ki u ngu i ta
u da trn nhng tnh ton lin quan n m t kh i (block) mu thu u c trong m t
thi giannga n ,v nang lu ng ,s bi n i v nhng o a c khc .Ta cn go i l block
companding.Trong ki u feedback ,vic tnh ton bu c lu ng t u c thc hi n trn
mi cu khi n u c u a vo x l (vn dng gi tri bu c lu ng t tru c ),th cho ra
k t qua l mt gi tri bu c lu ng t mi c dng x l N mu tip theo.
Feedforward theo mt cch ti p c n khc,dng chnh ngay gi tri bu c lu ng t
u c tnh ton ngay trn N mu x l N mu .Nh vy qua trnh x l phai c n
ti mt b m cha kh i d li u l y mu .Trong khi ki u feedback c u u i m l
r t nha y cam vi nhiu lu ng t v n c tnh ton bu c lu ng t v s du ng ngay cho
chnh block m t n thc hin php tnh.
3.1.2 Phng php m ha ti ng ni ki u Vocoder
Vocoder l ki u i u m ha ni da trn cc tham s m phong b
my pht
m,khc vi m ha da ng sng cua ti ng ni tu o
ng t , gi l m ha ngun
(Vocoder).Nguyn l da trn vi c cho ra ng tuy n m thanh thay i t t,trng thi
v c u hnh cua chng ta i b t c thi i m no c th u c m phong m t cch g n
ng ba ng m t tp nho cc tham s .Nh vi c tuy n m c t c thay i t t cho
php mi t p tham s c th a i di n cho tra n g thi cua n qua m t khong thi gian
25 ms.H u h t cc Vocoder bi u din c tnh cua ngu n kch thch v tuy n m chi
ba ng mt tp tham s .N g m khoang 10 n 15 h s cua b lc nh ngha cc
c tnh cng hu ng cu a tuy n m ,1 tham s 2 gi tri o n gian chi ra ngu n pht
m l v thanh hay hu thanh ,1 tham s chi ra nang lu ng kch thch v 1 tham s chi
ra chu k co ban (m sa c ,ch c vi hu m thanh ).Trng thi cua tuyn m c suy
ra ba ng cch phn tch da ng sng ti ng ni trong khoang thi gian 10 n 25ms v tnh
ton ra mt tp mi c c tham s (mt khung d li u) ti phn c u i cua khoang thi
SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

gian .Khung d liu ny c truyn i v sau dng i u khi n vic t ng h p

li ting ni.Vocoder c kha nang chuy n gia 2 ki u ngu n kch thch l ngu n xung
i m hu thanh v nhiu tra ng vi m v thanh .Bn pha t ng h p se dng 1 trong 2
ngu n ny cho i qua b lc gm cc h s cua khung d liu t ng h p ti ng ni.
Ngoi vic a t u c t c bit th p ,Vocoder cn c u u i m l phn tch u c
cc tham s ngu n kch thch .Bit bi u thi m s c, m lu ng v m h u thanh/m v
thanh. Bn thn n l cc bit trong khung d liu, nn cc s thay i cua chng c th
u c sa i tru c ho c trong khi t ng h p .V th ta c th bi n m t m thanh hu
thanh thnh mt li th th m khi thi t t la i gi tri cua bit m hu thanh/m v
thanh.Cng c th thay i bn thn cu ni bng cch sa i cc tham s c
ng
hng.
Nhc im cua phng php ny l cho ting ni c dng tng hp , kh c kha
nang nhn da ng u c ngu i ni.
M ta b my pht m cua con ngi: Khi chng ta ni,m thanh u c ta o ra nhu
sau:
- Khng kh u c y vo ph i qua tuy n m (vocal track) v ming ta o thnh cu ni.
- i vi m hu thanh th d y thanh (vocal cords) rung ln. T c rung cua d y
thanh nhanh hay chm quy t inh
m s c (pitch) cua ting ni . Ph n v tre em
thng c ging thanh (m sa c cao-dao ng nhanh ho n),trong khi nam gii thu ng c
ging trm (dao ng chm).
- m thanh c to ra khng phi do s rung cua cc dy thanh m do khng kh b
dy thanh co tht th c gi l m v thanh.
- Hnh da ng cua tuy n m quy t inh
m thanh ta o ra . Khi ta ni, tuy n m thay i
hnh da ng to ra cc ting khc nhau ,ni chung l hnh da ng cua tuy n m thay i
mt cch t t,thng l t 10ms n 100ms.
- Lng khng kh t phi quyt nh m lng (gain) cua ting ni.
3.1.3 Phng php m ha lai (Hybrid)
M ha dng sng ni chung khng cho php a t ch t lu ng ti ng ni t t t c
bit du i 16Kbps.Mt khc m ha vocoder c th a t u c t c bit r t th p ,tuy
nhin phu o ng php ny t ng h p la i ti ng ni nn c nhu c i m l r t kh nh n din
u c ngu i ni v thu ng xuyn g p v n vi nhiu n n .M ha lai c ga ng t n
dng u im cua c hai phu o ng php i u ch trn.N m ha ti ng ni t c th p,
m la i cho k t qua ti ng ni ti ta o la i t t ,c th nh n da ng u c ngu i ni . Bang
thng yu c u thu ng nm trong khong 4.8 kbps n 16kbps.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

V n co ban i vi Vo coder l ngu n kch thch u c m phong m t cch o n

gin:tn hiu ti ng ni u c coi l v thanh hay hu thanh ,n lm cho ti ng ni nh n
u c c da ng u c nhn ta o ho n l v t nhin .Cc phu o ng php m ha lai c ga ng
ci thin i u ny ba ng cch thay i ngu n kch thch ti ng ni theo cc cch khc .
M ho lai ph bin nht l m ho phn tch bng tng hp AbS (Analysis by
Synthesis), RPE-LTP, CELP, ACELP, CS-CELP, Hu ht cc tiu chun m ho
ting ni trong lin lc di ng u s dng m ho kt hp m ho lai AbS. Do ,
phn ny s trnh by chi tit m ho lai AbS.
3.1.3.1 M ho phn tch AbS

Hnh 18Hnh 3.1 M hnh chung b m ho phn tch bng tng hp AbS
Cu trc c bn cua m hnh chung b m ho ting ni phn tch bng tng hp
AbS c m t nh hnh 2.1. M hnh trn bao gm ba phn chnh. Phn u tin l
b lc tng hp, thng c gi l b lc tng quan ngn hn bi cc h s c
tnh ra da trn d on mt mu ting ni bng cc mu ting ni trc (thng l
8 n 16 mu, do gi l ngn hn). B lc tng hp cng c th l b lc tng
quan di hn ni tng b lc tng quan ngn hn. Cc on ting ni hu thanh c
dng sng tun hon v s tun hon ny c th c khai thc tr gip cho qu
trnh d on ting ni. Cng nh cc b d on ngn hn l cc b d on tuyn
tnh nhng trong khi b d on ngn hn thc hin vic d on da trn cc mu k

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

nhau trc th b d on di hn da trn cc mu t mt hay nhiu chu k pitch

trc (do , gi l di hn). Phn th hai cua m hnh l b to xung kch thch,
to ra chui kch thch a vo b lc tng hp to ra ting ni ti to bn pha thu.
Cui cng l b gim thiu sai s cung cp thng tin cn thit cho b to tn hiu kch
thch. Trong phn sau, ta s trnh by v b lc tng hp LPC v tng hp pitch cng
nh cch tnh ton cc thng s.
a, D on ngn hn STP (Short Term Predictor)
D on ngn hn m hnh ho ng bao ph ngn hn cua ting ni. ng
bao ph ngn hn cua on ting ni c di L mu c th c m hnh ho bi b
lc s ton im cc c dng sau:
H (z) =

1
=
1- Ps (z)

1
p

(3.1)

1- ak z

-k

k=1

vi

Ps (z) = ak z-k

(3.2)

k=1

l b d on ngn hn. Trong , cc h s ak c tnh ton theo phng php d

on tuyn tnh (LP). Tp cc h s ak c gi l cc tham s LPC hay cn gi l cc
h s d on, p l s lng cc h s d on hay cn gi l bc d on. Nh vy,
tng cua phn tch tuyn tnh l cc mu ting ni c th xp x bng t hp tuyn
tnh cua cc mu ting ni trong qu kh (8-16 mu)
p

s(n) = ak s(n - k)

(3.3)

k=1

Trong , s(n) l mu ting ni ti thi im ly mu n, s(n) l mu ting ni d

on ti thi im n. Sai s gia gi tr d on v gi tr thc e(n) l:
p

e(n) = s(n) - s(n) = s(n) - ak s(n - k)

(3.4)

k=1

Bin i Z biu thc (3.4) ta c:

p

E(z) = S(z) - ak S(z)z = S(z) 1- ak z-k = S(z)A(z)

k=1

k=1
p

-k

(3.5)

vi

A(z) = 1- ak z-k

(3.6)

k=1

l nghch o cua H(z). V vy, A(z) c gi l b lc o.

Cc h s d onak c tnh bng cc tiu ho sai s bnh phng trung bnh
trn on ngn (10-20 ms) cua dng sng ting ni.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

E = e (n) = s(n) - ak s(n - k)

n
n
k=1

(3.7)

tm cc gi tr ak m E cc tiu, ta t E / ai = 0 vi i=1, ..., p.

p

E
= 2 s(n) - ak s(n - k) s(n - i) = 0
ai

n
k=1

(3.8)

s(n)s(n - i) = ak s(n - k)s(n - i)

n

(3.9)

n k=1
p

s(n)s(n - i) = ak s(n - k)s(n - i)

n

k=1

(3.10)

t: f (i, k) = s(n - i)s(n - k)

(3.11)

a f (i, k) = f (i, 0)

(3.10) c bin i thnh:

, i=1, , p

(3.12)

k=1

C hai phng php thc hin iu ny, l phng php t tng quan v
phng php hip phng sai. Phn sau ch trnh by v phng php t tng quan.
Phng trnh (3.12) u c p dng ch trong t rng hp nu m hnh ting ni l
qu trnh ngu nhin dng . T t nhin tn hiu ti ng ni khng l nhu th trong khoang
di cua thi gian , cho php tnh dng l xc thc chi trong khoang nga n tn hi u ti ng
ni.
Gi s cc on thoi tin n 0 khi nm ngoi gii hn cho trc 0 n L -1,
vi L l di cua khung phn tch STP. iu ny tng ng vi nhn tn hiu
ting ni u vo vi ca s w(n) c di hu hn v bng 0 nm ngoi khong trn.
Ta xt cng thc (3.7) trong khong 0 n L + p-1:

f (i, k) =

i = 1,..., p

L+ p-1

s(n - i)s(n - k)

k = 1,..., p

n=0

(3.11)

t m= n- i :

f (i, k) =

L-1-(i-k)

s(m)s(m+ i - k)

(3.12)

m=0

f (i, k) chnh l hm t tng quan tn hiu cua s(m) vi dch i-k:

f (i, k) = R(i - k)
vi R( j ) =

L-1- j

n=0

(3.13)
L-1

s(n)s(n + j ) = s(n)s(n - j )

(3.14)

n= j

Nh vy, cng thc (3.12) c th vit li thnh:

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

a R( i - k ) = R(i)

(3.15)

k=1

Biu din di dng ma trn, ta c:

R(0)
R(1)
R(2)

R(0)
R(1)
R(1)
R(2)
R(1)
R(0)

...
...
...

R( p -1) R( p - 2) R( p - 3)

...
...
...
...
...

R( p -1)

R( p - 2)
R( p - 3)

...

R(0)

a1

a2
a3 =


ap

R( p)

R(1)
R(2)
R(3)

(3.16)

Do c cu trc Toepliz (l ma trn i xng), nn phng php quy LevinsonDurbin c dng gii quyt vi gii thut nh sau:
E(0) = R(0)

For i=1 to p do
i -1

ki =

R(i) - ai-1
j R(i - j )
j =1

(3.17)

E(i -1)

aii = ki

For j=1 to i-1 do

aij = a(i-1)
- ki ai-i-1j
j

(3.18)

E(i) = (1- ki2 )E(i -1)

(3.19)

Kt qu cui cng cua gii thut: aj = a(j p) , j = 1, , p

(3.20)

E(i) biu thc (3.19) l li d on cua b d on bc i.

ki l h s phn x v nm trong khong -1 ki 1 .
V d cho p=2, khi :
R(0) R(1) a1 R(1)
=

R(1)
R(0)
a

2 R(2)

i vi i=1:
E(0) = R(0)
k1 =

R(1)
R(0)

a1(1) = k1 =

R(1)
R(0)

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 28

CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

E(1) = (1- k1 )2 E(0) =

R2 (0) - R2 (1)
R(0)

i vi i=2:
R(2) - a1R(1) R(2)R(0) - R2 (1)
k2 =
=
E(1)
R2 (0) - R2 (1)

a2(2) = k
a1(2) = a1(1) - k2 a1(1) =

R(1)R(0) - R(1)R(2)
R2 (0) - R2 (1)

Kt qu:
a1 = a1(2) v a2 = a2(2)

Nh cp phn trc, cc mu ting ni s(n) bng 0 nm ngoi on

0 n L -1. S ct xn thnh lnh cua cc khung ting ni c kh nang to ra s thay
i ln trong li d on ti im bt u v kt thc cua khung ting ni c phn
tch. Vn ny c gii quyt bng cch s dng ca s Hamming, c tc ng thu
hp i vi cc ra cua mt khi trong khi n khng c tc ng no trong cc di gia
cua n:
w(n) = 0.54 - 0.46 cos(

2p n
)
L -1

, 0 n L -1

(3.21)

L l di khung phn tch LPC. di cua ca s Hamming c s dng

thng di hn di cua khung thoi. Cc ca s chng ln nhau s to hiu ng
mt trong phn tch LPC, c ngha l s lm gim s thay i t ngt cc h s phn
tch LPC gia cc khung c phn tch.
H s phn x: Trong thc t, cc h s d on ak khng c tnh ton trc
tip. Thay vo , mt s h s phn x c tnh t cc h s t tng quan cua khi
ting ni. Cc h s phn x ki thu c trong qu trnh gii cng thc (3.12) bng gii
thut Levinson-Durbin. Khi ki tin n 1 th cc im cc cua hm truyn H(z) cng
tin n vng trn n v. S thay i nh v ki dn n s thay i ln v ph. Do ,
cc h s phn x c bin i thnh tp cc h s khc gi l cc ty s vng logarit
LAR. V cc ty s vng logarit LAR c nn gin theo lut logarit c cc tnh cht
lng t tt hn cc h s ki.
LAR(i) = log

1- ki
1+ ki

(3.22)

Hm mt xc sut (PDF) cc tham s LAR cua b lc bc tm c trnh by

nh hnh 2.2. Ta thy rng di ng cua cc tham s LAR(i) gim khi i tang. Do ,

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 29

CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

cc bit c n nh cho cc tham s LAR cng nhiu khi bc cua LAR cng nh.
iu ny, l gii trong trng hp lng t ho 8 LAR trn khi 20 ms ting ni bng
6 bit cho LAR(1) v LAR(2), 5 bit cho LAR(3) v LAR(4), 4 bit cho LAR(5) v
LAR(6) v 3 bit cho LAR(7) v LAR(8).

Hnh 19Hnh 3.2 th hm mt xc sut ca 8 h s LAR u tin

Ni suy cc tham s LPC: Nh ni phn trc, di khung kch thch
thng nh hn di khung LPC. Khung LPC c chia thnh nhiu khung con, v

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 30

CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

cc tham s kch thch c cp nht mi khung con ny. Hnh 2.3 s ch ra mi

quan h gia khung, khung con, v ca s Hamming c s dng tnh ra cc tham
s LPC.
Mi khung thoi bao gm 160 mu (20 ms), khung con gm 40 mu (5 ms) v
ca s Hamming gm 200 mu (25 ms). Trong v d ny, cc tham s LPC s c
truyn i mi 20 ms. lm gim bt cc thay i t bin trong bn cht ng bao
tn hiu ting ni quanh ra khung phn tch LPC, ni suy cua cc tham s LPC gia
cc khung k cn nhau c s dng thu c cc thng s cho mi khung con,
bng cch cp nht chng mi 5 ms trong khi truyn chng mi 20 ms.

Hnh 20Hnh 3.3 Mi quan h gia khung, khung con v ca s Hamming

Cc h s d on aikhng c s dng trong ni suy, bi cc tham s ni suy
trong trng hp ny khng m bo cho b lc tng hp c n nh. Ni suy c
s dng bin i cc tham s cc b lc cn s n nh, v d nh LARs.
Gi fn l cc tham s LPC trong khung hin ti, fn-1 l cc tham s khung k
trc , th tham s LPC c ni suy sfk ti khung con k c tnh nh sau:

sfk = d k fn-1 + (1- d k ) fn

(3.23)

vi k thuc on [0,1], kgim dn theo ch s cua khung con.

v d di y, k = 0.75, 0.5, 0.25 v 0 tng ng vi k= 1, ..., 4. Vi nhng
gi tr ny, tham s LPC c ni suy trong bn khung con nh sau:

sf1 = 0.75 fn-1 + 0.25 fn

sf2 = 0.5 fn-1 + 0.5 fn

sf3 = 0.25 fn-1 + 0.75 fn

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

sf4 = fn
b, D on di hn LTP (Long Term Predictor)
Lc ting ni bng b lc o A(z)c xu hu ng loa i bo nhi u tha ba ng cch
tr mi mu ti ng ni m t gi tri d on cua n dng bi pmu trong qu kh . Tn
hiu nhn u c u c go i l d tha d on nga n ha n v ni chung n se c lu ng chu
k nh t inh
. Tnh
lin quan n chu k pitch cua ti ng ni g c khi n u c pht m
chu k ny th hi n mc du tha na m ta c th loa i bo ba ng b d on pitch hay
cn gi l b d on di ha n. Dng tng qut cua b lc d on di hn nh sau:
1
1
=
=
P(z) 1- Pl (z)

1
m2

1-

Gz

-(a +k)

k=-m1

(3.24)

Trong :
m2

Pl (z) =

Gz

-(a +k)

k=-m1

(3.25)

l b d on di hn; m1,m2 xc nh s im trch b d on; l chu k pitch hay

gi l tr LTP v Gk l h s khuch i LTP. Cc tham s v Gkc xc nh
bng cc tiu ho sai s cn d bnh phng trung bnh sau khi d on di hn v
ngn hn trn chu k N mu. i vi d on 1 im trch, sai s d on LTP e(n)
c cho bi:
e(n) = r(n) - Gr(n- a )

(3.26)

y, r(n) l phn d to nn sau d on ngn hn. Phn d bnh phng trung bnh
E l:
N-1

N-1

n=0

n=0

E = e2 (n) = r(n) - Gr ( n - a )

(3.27)

E / G = 0nn:
N-1

G=

r(n)r(n - a )
n=0
N-1

[ r(n - a )]

(3.28)

n=0

Th G vo(3.27), ta c

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

N-1

r(n)r(n - a )
N-1

E = r 2 (n) - n=0

n=0

N-1

[ r(n - a )]

(3.29)

n=0

Cc tiu sai s E, tc l ti a biu thc th hai v phi a thc (3.29). Ngha

l cc i ho tng quan cho gia STP d r(n) hin ti v phin bn tr cua n. Gi
tr c chn l gi tr ln nht.
S n nh cua b lc tng hp pitch 1/P(z) khng phi lc no cng n nh.
i vi d on 1 im trch, iu kin n nh l G 1. Do , bo m tnh n
nh cua b lc th t G = 1 khi G 1.

3.2. ng dng cc phng php c s m ha m thanh trong truyn

thng.
3.2.1 . Cc yu c u i vi mt b m ha m thoa i
Trong h u h t cc b m ha m thoa i, tn hiu u c xy dng la i se khc vi tn
hiu nguyn thuy. Nguyn nhn l do khi c ga ng lm tang ch t lu ong m thoa i se dn
n vic lm giam cc c tnh t t khc cua h th ng. Cc yu c u l tu n g cua m t
b m ha thoa i bao g m:
T c bit th p : i vi chui bit m ha c t c bit ti l thun vi bang thng
c n cho truy n d li u. T c bit th p se lm tang hi u su t cua h th ng. Tuy nhin
yu c u ny la i xung t vi cc cc c tnh t t khc cua h th ng nhu ch t lu ng m
thoi. T c thoi cng cao th i hi tc bit cng cao , bo m m thoi ti
pha nhn u c pht ra vi t c ba ng vi t c cua mt ngi bnh thng ni
chuyn lu u lot.
Ch t lu ng thoa i cao : tn hiu m thoa i giai m phai c ch t lu ng c th
ch p nhn u c i vi ng du ng c n a t . C r t nhi u kha ca nh v m t ch t lu ng
bao g m tnh d hi u , t nhin, d nghe v cung nhu c th nh n da ng ngu i ni l
nam hay n , gi hay tr,
Cng mnh trong knh truyn nhiu : y l y u t quan tro ng i vi
cc h th ng truy n thng s vi cc nhiu anh hu ng ma nh n ch t lu ng cua tn
hiu thoa i.
Kch thu c b nh th p v phc ta p tnh ton th p : nha m mu c ch s
dng c b m ha m thoa i trong thc t . Chi ph thc hin lin quan n vic tri n
khai h th ng phai th p , bao g m ca ch i ph cho b nh c n thi t h tr khi h
th ng hoa t ng cung nhu cc yu c u tnh ton.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

tr m ha th p : trong qu trnh x l m ha v giai m thoa i , tr tn

hiu lun lun t n ta i . Vic tr qu mc se sinh ra nhi u v n trong vi c thc hi n
trao i ti ng ni hai chi u trong thi gian thc .
Kh nang ct b khong l ng: khi ni chuyn khng phai m thoa i c pht
ra lin tu c m c nhng khoang l ng. l nhng lc ng la i l y hoi h ay l lc nghe
ngi khc ni. Nhng khoang lng ny nu c th u c nhn ra v ca t bo c th gip
lm giam t c bit h th ng m ha m thoa i.
3.2.2. Cc tham s lin quan n ch t lu ng thoa i
Cc tham s truy n dn co ban lin quan n ch t lu ng thoa i l:
- Tham s nh gi cu ng m lu ng /t n hao t ng th
Rating)

(OLR-Overall Loudness

- Tr: thi gian truy n dn tn hi u gia hai u cu i gy ra nhng kh khan trong vi c

hi thoa i. Tr bao g m: tr chuy n m thoa i , tr m ha knh, tr ma ng v tr x l tn
hiu thoa i loa i bo ti ng vo ng v giam nhiu ch Handsfree.
- Ti ng vo ng (echo).
- Ca t ngu ng (clipping): l hin tu ng m t ph n u ho c ph n cu i cua cu m tn hi u
thoi, do qu trnh x l khoang lng bi sai.
- Cc tnh ch t lin quan n nhy tn s.
- Xuyn m (sidetone loss).
- Nhiu n n...
3.2.3. Cc phu o ng php nh gi ch t lu ng thoa i co ban
Vic nh gi ch t lu ng thoa i trong ma ng c th u c thc hi n ba ng cch nh
gi cc tham s truy n dn c anh hu ng n ch t lu ng thoa i v xc inh
ng
tc
cua cc tham s ny i vi cht lng tng th . Tuy nhin, vic nh gi tng tham
s r t phc ta p v t n km . Hin nay, vic nh gi ch t lu ng thoa i u c da trn
mt tham s ch t lu ng t ng th l MOS (Mean Opinion Score). Nhng phu o ng php
s du ng MOS u mang tnh ch t chu quan do chng phu t huc vo quan i m cua
ngi s dng dch v . Tuy vy, chng ta c th phn chia cc phu ong php nh gi
ch t lu ng thoi ra lm hai loi c bn:
- Cc phu o ng php nh gi chu quan : vic nh gi theo quan i m cua ngu i s
dng v mc cht lng c thc hin trong thi gian thc.
- Cc phu o ng php nh gi khch quan : s du ng m t s m hnh u c lu ng mc
ch t lu ng theo thang i m MOS.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 34

CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

3.2.3.1. Phng php nh gi ch quan (MOS)

K thu t ny nh gi ch t lu ng thoa i s du ng i tu ng l m t s lu ng ln
ngi nghe, s du ng phu o ng php th ng k tnh i m ch t lu ng . i m nh gi
bnh qun cua nhi u ngu i u c tnh l i m Mean Opinion Scoring (MOS).Phng
thc nh gi theo MOS c th u c thc hi n theo cc bi ki m tra h i thoa i hai
chi u ho c bi nghe mt chi u . Cc bi ki m tra nghe m t chi u s du ng cc mu
thoi chun . Ngi nghe nghe mu truyn qua m t h th ng v nh gi ch t lu ng
t ng th cua mu da trn thang i m cho tru c.
3.2.3.2. Cc phu o ng php nh gi khch quan
- Cc phu o ng php so snh : da trn vic so snh tn hiu thoa i truy n dn vi m t tn
hiu chu n bi t . Tn hiu dng so snh cung c th dng chnh tn hi u m thoa i
u vo. So snh c th da trn da ng sng m thanh cua hai tn hi u hoc so snh a
trn cc thng s c tru ng cho m thoa i.
- Cc phu o ng php u c lu ng tuy t i : da trn vic u c lu ng tuy t i ch t lu ng
tn hiu thoa i.
- Cc m hnh nh gi truy n dn : phng php ny xc nh gi tr cht lng thoi
mong mu n da trn nhng hi u bi t v ma ng. V d: m hnh ETSI Model.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM

CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG

GSM
4.1 Cc b m ho ting ni d tuyn cho h thng GSM
Vic chn b m ho v gii m ting ni (speech codec) thch hp nht cho h
thng GSM t mt tp cc b m ho d truyn c da trn cc php th so snh
khi qut gia mt lot cc iu kin hot ng. Cc so snh kht khe v cht lng
ting ni, sc khng li knh, tr h thng cng nh phc tp.
4.1.1 SBC- APCM
SBC-APCM l codec m ho bang con vi PCM thch nghi theo khi. Codec ny
s dng cc b lc gng cu phng QMF () phn tch tn hiu li vo thnh 16
bang con rng 250 Hz, hai bang cao nht trong s khng c truyn i. n nh
bit thch nghi c s dng trong cc bang con trn c s ty l cng sut cua mt
lot bang to thnh nn thng tin bin cn truyn i. Tc truyn dn tng cng cua
cc tn hiu bang con l 10 kbps, thng tin bin l 3kbps m chng c bo v bi
d tha 3kbps cua m sa li hng i FEC (Forward Error Correction).
4.1.2 SBC-ADPCM
SBC-ADPCM l codec m ho bang con vi PCM delta thch nghi. Trong s
ny, ting ni li vo c chia thnh 8 bang con, trong s ch c 6 bang c
truyn i. Cc tn hiu bang con c m ho bng m vi sai vi nh gi ngc v
thch nghi i li vi SBC-APCM c ngh, trong nh gi thun v
thch nghi c s dng. n nh bit cua cc bang con c t c nh, do vy
khng c thng tin bin no c truyn i, nh lm cho h thng thch nghi vi
tp nhiu nhiu hn v th khng cn m FEC. Tc m cua codec ny ch 15 kbps.
4.1.3 MPE-LTP
MPE-LTP (Multi-Pulse Excited LPC codec with Long Term Predictor) l codec
d don tuyn tnh kch thch a xung vi b d on di hn. Vic thc b m ho v
gii m ting ni c th c s dng trong th nghim so snh i hi tc
truyn dn 13.2 kbps v m ho FEC c gn vo vi tc 2.8 kbps na c
s dng bo v cc bit quan trng nht cua b m ho v gii m ting ni.
4.1.4 RPE-LTP
RPE-LTP (Regular Pulse Excited - Long Term Prediction) l codec LPC kch
thch xung u. B m ha ti ng ni ny da trn n n tang kch thch xung u
(regular pulse excitation ) vi d on di ha n v lin quan ti 2 b m ha ti ng ni
khc l: RELP (Residual Excited Linear Prediction ) v MPE -LPC (Multi Pulse
Excited LPC ). L i th cua RELP l khng qu phc ta p do s du ng m ha dai t n
g c. B m ha MPE-LTP phc ta p ho n nhu ng n cung c p mc hiu qua cao hon.
SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM

B m ha RPE-LTP cho mt k t qua kh t t , cn ba ng gia hi u nang v tnh phc

tp.
Bn codec ny c so snh vi nhau v cht lng ting ni, kh nang
khng tp nhiu, cc tr x l v phc tp tnh ton cua chng. T kinh nghim vi
h thng tham chiu iu tn (FM), hai ty l li bit ch tiu c ngh m ti
cc s snh v cht lng c thc hin. im s kin trung bnh MOS (Mean
Opinion Score) tnh trung bnh trn mt thang im 5 trn nhiu iu kin th nghim
khc nhau c tm ra l:
Codec
FM
SBC-APCM
SBC-ADPCM
MPE-LTP
RPE-LPC
RPE-LTP

Bit rate (kbps)

16
15
16
13
13
Bng 5Bng 4.1

MOS
1.95
3.14
2.92
3.27
3.54
~ 4.0

Cc kt qu ny nhn mnh tn vt tri cua cc b codec kch thch xung v

tm quan trng cua b d on di hn LTP. Codec RPE, do th hin cc c tnh a
chung nht, c ci thin hn na bng cch p dng mt LTP; codec RPE-LTP
bo m mt MOS bng khong 4.0 im trn mt di rng iu kin hot ng.

4.2 B m ho ting ni RPE-LTP

S b m ho RPE-LTP c th hin nh trn hnh 4.1. Trong , c cc b
phn chc nang sau:

Tin x l
Lc phn tch STP
Lc phn tch LTP
Tnh ton RPE

4.2.1 Tin x l
Tn hiu ting ni ly mu u tin c cho qua mt b lc loi b bt k
sai lch DC no c th tn ti ri cho qua b lc tin nhn.
M hnh ton ho c cua b to ting ni trong b m ha chi ra ra ng nang lu ng
suy giam d n vi t n s tang d n . Do , vic tin nhn c p dng nng
chnh xc tnh ton bng cch nhn phn tn s cao cng sut thp cua ph ting ni.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM

iu ny c th thc hin c bng b lc mt cc vi hm truyn dng:

H(z) = 1 - c1z-1

(4.1)

trong , c1 ~ 0.9.
4.2.2 Lc phn tch STP
Ting ni c tin nhn c phn on thnh cc khi 160 mu tng ng
vi khong thi gian 20 ms trong mt b m.
i vi mi mt on gm L=160 mu, chn h s t tng quan c tnh t
s(k) theo cng thc sau:
ACF(i) =

L-1-i

s(i)s(k + i)

, i = 0,1,...,8

(4.2)

k=0

T cc h s t tng quan cua ting ni ACF(i), tm h s phn x c tnh

theo thut ton lp Schur, l phng php tng ng vi thut ton Levision-Durbin
c s dng gii phng trnh then cht LPC tm cc h s phn x r(i), cng
nh cc h s lc STP. Tuy nhin, thut ton Schur ch a n cc h s phn x r(i)
m thi.
Cc h s phn x r(i) c tnh nm trong khong
-1 r(i) 1 ,

i = 1,...,8

(4.3)

Cc h s phn x r(i) c bin i thnh cc ty s vng logarit LAR(i), bi v

cc LAR(i) c nn-gin theo lut logarit c cc tnh cht lng t ho tt hn cc h
s r(i).
LAR(i) = lg

1+ r(i)
, i = 1,...,8
1- r(i)

(4.4)

Tuy nhin, lm n gin ho vic thc thi thi gian thc, mt xp x tuyn
tnh kiu tng on vi 5 on c s dng
r(i)
; r(i) < 0.675

LAR(i) = sign[ r(i)]. 2 r(i) - 0.675 ;0.675 r(i) < 0.950

sign[ r(i)]. 8 r(i) - 6.375 ;0.950 r(i) 1

(4.5)

Cc tham s lc LAR(i), i = 1, 2, , 8 c cc di ng khc nhau v cc hm mt

xc sut c hnh dng khc nhau. iu ny l gii cho vic m ho cc cp LAR th
nht, th hai, th ba, th t tng ng vi 6 bit, 5 bit, 4 bit, 3 bit.
LARc(i)= Nint {A(i).LAR(i) +B(i)}
vi Nint(z)=int{z+sign(z).0,5}

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

(4.6)
(4.6a)

Trang 39

CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM

Trong , hm Nint(z) c nh ngha l gi tr nguyn gn nht cua z v cc h

s A(i), B(i) cng vi cc gi tr LARc(i) tng ng vi LAR(i) c cho theo bng 3.2.
LAR No i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

A(i)

B(i)

20.000
20.000
20.000
20.000
13.637
15.000
8.334
8.824

0.000
0.000
4.000
-5.000
0.184
-3.500
-0.666
-2.235

Min
LARc(i)
-32
-32
-16
-16
-8
-8
-4
-4

Max
LARc(i)
+31
+31
+15
+15
+7
+7
+3
+3

Bng 6Bng 4.2 Lng t cc h s LARc(i)

Cc h s LARc(i) c bin i v LAR(i) nh sau:
LAR''(i) =

LARc (i) - B(i)

A(i)

(4.7)

lm gim bt cc thay i t bin trong bn cht ng bao tn hiu ting

ni quanh cc ra khung phn tch STP, cc tham s LAR c ni suy tuyn tnh
thnh LAR. Trong mi khi cha 160 mu ting ni, b lc phn tch ngn hn c
thc hin vi 4 chui tham s khc nhau theo bng 4.3:
k
0 12
1326
2739
40..159

LARJ (i) =
0.75*LARJ-1 (i) + 0.25*LARJ (i)
0.50*LARJ-1 (i)+0.50*LARJ (i)
0.25*LARJ-1 (i) +0.75*LARJ (i)
LARJ (i)

Bng 7Bng 4.3 Ni suy cc tham s LAR (J=khi hin ti)

Cc h s phn x r(i) c gii m ti ch c tnh bng cch bin i
LAR(i) thnh r(i) nh sau:
LAR'(i)
; LAR'(i) < 0.675

r '(i) = sign[ LAR'(i)]. 0.005 LAR'(i) + 0.337500 ;0.675 LAR'(i) < 1.225

sign[ LAR'(i)]. 0.125 LAR'(i) + 0.796875 ;1.225 LAR'(i) 1.625 (4.8)

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 40

CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM

Cc h s phn x r(i) c dng tnh STP d d(k)bng b lc phn tch ngn

hn c cu trc mt co c m t nh hnh 4.2.

Hnh 21Hnh 4.2 B lc phn tch ngn hn

d0(k) = s(k)

(4.8a)

u0(k) = s(k)

(4.8b)

di(k) = di-1(k) + ri . ui-1(k-1)

, i=1, , 8

(4.8c)

ui(k) = ui-1(k-1) + ri . di-1(k)

(4.8d)

d(k)=d8(k)

(4.8e)

4.2.3 Lc phn tch LTP

Tn hiu STP d t vic lo c nga n ha n c di 160 mu, tng ng vi 20 ms
u c phn chia thnh 4 on con cha 40 mu tng ng vi 5 ms.
Ta k hiu:
j = 0, , 3 l s th t on con
d(kj+k) l tn hiu d tha mi on
vi j = 0, , 3; kj = k0 + j.40 (k0 l gi tr u tin cua khung cha 160 mu)v k
= 0, , 39
Sai s d on LTP c ti thiu ho bi tr m n cc i ho tng quan
cho gia STP d hin ti v gi tr cua n nhn c v c nh m vi tr
. C th, STP d c di L =160 mu c chia thnh bn on con vi di
N=40 mu v i vi mi on con th tham s khuch i (gain) v tr (lag) cho
b lc d on di hn LTP c xc nh bng cch tnh tng quan cho gia on
hin ang x l v mt on di 40 mu c trt i mt cch lin tc cua on STP
d di 120 mu trc .

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 41

CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM

j = 0,..., 3

39

Rj (l ) = d(kj + i) d'(kj + i - l )

kj = k0 + j.40

l = 40,...,120

i=0

(4.9)

Gi tr tng quan ln nht c tm thy ti tr = Nj m ti on con

hin ang x l ging nht vi qu kh cua mnh. iu ny c kh nang ng vi chu
k pitch hoc ti bi cua chu k pitch. Do , hu ht d tha c th tch ra khi
STP d.

Rj (N j ) = max Rj (l ); l = 40,...,120

j = 0, ..., 3

(4.10)

H s khuch i bj c tnh bng cch chun ho h s tng quan cho ti

tr Nj.
bj =

Rj (N j )

(4.11)

sj (N j )

39

sj (N j ) = d'2 (kj + i - N j ) , j = 0, ..., 3

(4.12)

i =0

Mt khi tham s LTP l Nj ( tr) v bj ( li) tm c, chng c m

ho thnh Ncj v bcj.
Nj c gi tr trong on (40, ..., 120) nn ch cn dng 7 bit m ho Ncj l u.
bcj c m ho vi 2 bit nh sau:
0
1

bcj =
2
3

bcj DLB(0)

DLB(0) < bcj DLB(1)

DLB(1) < bcj DLB(2)
DLB(2) < bcj

(4.13)

Trong , DLB(i), (i=0, 1..., 2) l mc quyt nh c cho theo bng 3.4 v bcj
l h s khuch i c m ho.
i
0
1
2
3

Decision Level
DLB(i)
0.2
0.5
0.8

Quantizing Level
QLB(i)
0.10
0.35
0.65
1.00

Bng 8Bng 4.4 Bng lng t cho tham s khuch i LTP

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 42

CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM

Cc tham s LTP c m ho (Ncjvbcj) c gii m ti ch thnh cp (Nj

vbj) nh sau.
Nj = Ncj

(4.14)

bj = QLB(bcj) , j=0, ..., 3

vi QLB(i), i=0, ..., 3 l mc lng t c tnh theo bng 3.4.
Vi cc tham s LTP va tnh c, LTP d c tnh bng sai lch gia STP
d v c lng cua n (tnh c nh s tr gip cua cc tham s LTP gii m
c ti ch Nj vbj) nh sau:
j = 0,..., 3

e(kj+k) = d(kj+k) - d(kj+k)

kj = k0 + j.40

(4.15)

k = 0,..., 39
j = 0,..., 3

vi d(kj+k) = bj.d(kj+k-Nj)

, kj = k0 + j.40

(4.16)

k = 0,..., 39

y, d(kj+k-Nj) biu din mt on bit ri cua qu kh cua d(kj+k),

c tr trong b nh m tm kim.
Cui cng, ni dung cua b nh m tm kim c cp nht bng cch s dng
LTP d c gii m ti ch e(kj+k) v STP d c c lng d(kj+k)
to nn d(kj+k) nh di y:
j = 0,..., 3

d(kj+k) = e(kj+k) + d(kj+k) ,

kj = k0 + j.40

(4.17)

k = 0,..., 39

4.2.4 Tnh ton RPE

Tn hiu d tha di hn c lc bi b lc trng s. th p ng xung v
p ng tn s nh hnh 3.3. B lc trng s l b lc p ng xung hu hn 11 im,
v c bn l mt b lm trn, c tc dng lm trn s thay i gia cc mu, loi b
nhiu tn s cao, v lm cho s chuyn tip gia cc on con tr nn mm mi hn.
Do , cht lng ting ni tng hp c ci thin.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 43

CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM

Hnh 22Hnh 4.3 p ng xung (tri) v p ng tn s (phi) ca b lc trng s

Php chp gia 40 mu trong chui e(k) v 11 mu trong chui h(n) to nn
40+11-1=50 mu c m t theo cng thc 3.18, lu rng ta ch tnh 40 mu cua
php chp.
10

x(k) = h(i)* e(k + 5 - i)

(4.18)

i =1

vi k= 0, ..., 39
e(k+5-i) = 0 khi k+5-i < 0 hoc k+5-i > 39
Giai oa n kch thch xung u bao g m vi c giam 40 mu du tha di ha n xu ng
thnh 4 b chui con 13 bit thng qua s k t h p cua ky thu t an xen v chia nho
mu.
xm(i) = x(kj + m+ 3*i)

; i = 0, , 12
m = 0, , 3

(4.19)

Ta c th minh ho (4.19) bng hnh sau:

Hnh 23Hnh 4.4 V tr cc mu trong 4 chui con

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 44

CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM

Nang lng cua bn chui con c chit ra s c tnh ton, v chui d

tuyn c nang lng ln nht s c chn biu din mt cch tt nht LTP d.
12

EM = max xm2 (i)

m

; m = 0, , 3

(4.20)

i=0

Theo 4 v tr m cua li ban u c th c, 2 bit l u m ho dch trt ban

u cua li i vi mi on con.
Cc bin xung c chun ho theo bin cao nht cua khi v c lng
t ho bng 3 bit. V gi tr cc i cua khi c lng t ho bng 6 bit.
Cc v tr li, bin xung v gi tr cc i cua chui c gii m ti ch
cho ra LTP d e(k), trong cc xung b thiu trong chui c in vi gi tr 0.

4.3B gii m ting ni RPE-LTP

S khi b gii m RPE-LTP c trnh by trong hnh 3.3, th hin mt cu
trc ngc hnh thnh bi cc b phn chc nang:

Gii m RPE
Lc tng hp LTP
Lc tng hp STP
Hu x l

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 45

CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM

RPE
decoding

Mcr

RPE grid
position

Long Term
Prediction

er

dr
dr

xmaxcr

xmcr

xmr

z
Inverse
APCM

br

bcr

Ncr

Short term
synthesis
filtering

Short term
synthesis
filter 1/A(z)

sr

sro
Deemphasis

rr

-N

Nr

Postprocessing

Reflection
coefficients
LARr

LTP
parameter
decoder

Interpolation
LARr

LARcr

LAR
decoder

Hnh 24Hnh 4.5 B gii m RPE-LTP

4.3.1Gii m RPE
Trong b gii m, li v tr M, cc gi tr cc i kch thch cua on con v cc
bin xung kch thch c lng t nghch o v cc bin xung kch thch c
tnh ton bng cch nhn cc bin gii m c vi cc tr cc i khi tng
ng cua chng. M hnh LTP d er c ti to li bng vic nh v chnh xc cc
bin xung theo theo lng dch M ban u.
4.3.2Lc tng hp LTP
u tin, cc tham s lc LTP (khuch i bcrv tr Ncr) c khi phc to ra
br v Nrv chng c dng xy dng b lc tng hp LTP. Sau , tn hiu LTP
d khi phc c er c s dng kch thch b lc tng hp LTP ny khi
phc mt on mi c di N=40 cua STP d c c lng dr. lm vy,
mt on trong qu kh cua STP d ti to c d c s dng, c lm tr

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 46

CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM

ng i Nr mu v c nhn vi br c c STP d c c lng dr . theo

3.16.
Ri sau , dr c s dng tnh ton on con gn y nht cua STP d
c ti to theo 3.17.
4.3.3Lc tng hp STP
Cc tham s LARr c gii m bng cch s dng b gii m LAR t cc
LARcr m n nhn c. V mt ln na li c ni suy tuyn tnh v pha cc ra
cua khung phn tch gia cc tham s cua cc khung ln cn nhm trnh cc thay i
t ngt trong c im cua ng bao ph ting ni. Cui cng, tp tham s ni
suy c bin i to thnh cc h s phn x rr, trong tnh n nh cua b lc
tng hp STP c bo m nu cc h s phn x c khi phc ri ra ngoi vng
trn n v c phn x ngc vo trong vng trn n v nh thc hin ly gi tr
nghch o cua chng. Cng thc bin i LARr(i) tr li thnh rr c cho nh sau
rr '(i) =

10 LARr '(i ) -1
10 LARr '(i ) +1

(4.18)

4.3.4Hu x l
Qu trnh hu x l c thit lp bi vic gii nhn bng cch s dng b lc
H(z) trong biu thc 3.1.
Nh vy, i vi mt khong thi gian 20 ms, tng ng vi vic m ho 160
mu, cc bit c phn b trong m ho ting ni RPE-LTP c trnh by theo bng
3.5.

Tham s

STP

Tn tham s

K hiu

S lng bit

Bit

Log. Area ratios

1-8

LAR 1
LAR 2
LAR 3
LAR 4
LAR 5
LAR 6
LAR 7
LAR 8

6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3

b1-b6
b7-b12
b13-b17
b18-b22
b23-b26
b27-b30
b31-b33
b34-b36

tr LTP
Khuch i LTP

N1
b1

7
2

b37-b43
b44-b45

on con th 1
LTP

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM

V tr li RPE

M1

b46-b47

Gi tr cc i khi RPE

Xmax1

b48-b53

Xung RPE th 1
Xung RPE th 2
...
Xung RPE th 13

x1(0)
x1(1)
...
x1(12)

3
3
3

b54-b56
b57-b59
...
b90-b92

tr LTP
Khuch i LTP
V tr li RPE

N2
b2
M2

7
2
2

b93-b99
b100-b101
b102-b103

Gi tr cc i khi RPE

Xmax2

b104-b109

Xung RPE th 1
Xung RPE th 2
...
Xung RPE th 13

x2(0)
x2(1)
...
x2(12)

3
3
3

b110-b112
b113-b115
...
b146-b148

tr LTP
Khuch i LTP
V tr li RPE

N3
b3
M3

7
2
2

b149-b155
b156-b157
b158-b159

Gi tr cc i khi RPE

Xmax3

b160-b165

Xung RPE th 1
Xung RPE th 2
...
Xung RPE th 13

x3(0)
x3(1)
...
x3(12)

3
3
3

b166-b168
b168-b171
...
b202-b204

tr LTP
Khuch i LTP
V tr li RPE

N4
b4
M4

7
2
2

b205-b211
b212-b213
b214-b215

Gi tr cc i khi RPE

Xmax4

b216-b221

Xung RPE th 1
Xung RPE th 2
...
Xung RPE th 13

x4(0)
x4(1)
...
x4(12)

3
3

b222-b224
b225-b227
...
b258-b260

RPE

on con th 2
LTP

RPE

on con th 3
LTP

RPE

on con th 4
LTP

RPE

Bng 9Bng 4.5 V tr bit cc tham s ng ra ca b m ho ting ni RPE-LTP

trong khung thoi 20ms

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM

Tm li, tng s bit truyn dn trong mt khung l 36+ 4x(2+7+2+6+13x3) =

260 bit.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 49

CHNG 5: M PHNG

CHNG 5:

M PHNG

Matlab l mt mi trng tnh ton s v lp trnh, c thit k bi cng ty

MathWorks, Inc. Matlab cho php tnh ton s vi ma trn, v thhm s hay biu
thng tin, thc hin thut ton, to cc giao din ngi dng v lin kt vi nhng
chng trnh my tnh vit trn nhiu ngn ng lp trnh khc.
Chng trnh m phng qu trnh nn v gii nn ting ni c vit trn
Matlab, da trn k thut m ho RPE-LTP trnh by chng trc.
Ngi s dng s chn file ting ni c m ho PCM 13 bit u vo.
Chng trnh s m phng qu trnh nn v gii nn, cui cng ta s thu c ting
ni gii nn ng ra.
So snh kt qu ng vo v ng ra ta thy kt qu cht lng vn m bo tt.
Giao din chng trnh m phng nh sau:

Hnh 25Hnh 5.1 Giao din chng trnh m phng

Trong :
File l tn hiu ting ni ng vo.
SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 50

CHNG 5: M PHNG

Thi gian l di thi gian tn hiu ting ni ng vo.

Start l nt bt u thc hin chng trnh m ho v gii m ting ni.
Sau khi click vo Start, i mt thi gian, ta s thu c th dng sng cua
ting ni ng vo v ng ra.
Nhn nt Play tng ng nghe file ting ni ban u v file ting ni sau khi
thc hin m ho v gii m.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

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KT LUN

Kt lun
V can bn chng ta c th thy b m ho ting ni trong GSM l mt b m
ho ting ni dng lai (hybrid) gia LPC vocoder v m ho dng sng. Trong m
hnh lc t cu hnh vocoder c gi nguyn song cc tham s kch thch li c ci
thin. iu ny ngha l phn chu yu cua cc tham s c truyn i lin quan ti
chui kch thch. B m ho lai san c h ngan cch gia cc b m ho vocoder
v cc b m ho dng sng.
Quy trnh m ho ting ni trong b m ho ting ni c th tm tt li nh sau.
Tn hiu ting ni li vo c chia thnh tng khung 20 ms bin i thnh tn hiu
s. Cc bc c bn cua qu trnh m ho bao gm: Lc d on tuyn tnh LPC, Lc
d on di hn LTP v m ho kch thch xung u RPE. Cc thng s c m ho
do vy cng bao gm bit m cua cc thng s LPC, LTP v RPE.
V mt thc hnh, em cng c gng m phng c k thut m ho ting ni
chy c trn PC. Trc tin, chng trnh s thc hin nn tn hiu ting ni file
mu c sn di nh dng .wav bng codec RPE-LTP. Sau , s tng hp cc thng
s li to thnh tn hiu ting ni ng ra. Vi chng trnh m phng ny, em hy
vng chng trnh ny phn no gip ta c th hnh dung c k thut m ho ny.
Em xin cm n s gip tn tnh cua thy Phm Thanh m hng dn em
thc hin bi bo co ny. Do thi gian v kin thc c hn nn bo co thc hin vn
cn nhiu thiu st, em rt mong s nhn xt, nh gi, ng gp t thy c v bn b.
Em s c gng tm hiu thm. Mt ln na, em xin chn thnh cm n.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 52

TI LIU THAM KHO

Ti liu tham kho

[1].A. M. Kondoz, Digital Speech Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication
Systems, 2nd, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004.
[2]. Raymond Steele and Lajos Hanzo, Mobile Radio Communication 2nd, John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 1992.
[3]. GSM 06.10, ETSI, 1997.
[4]. Randy Goldberg and Lance Riek, A Practical Handbook of Speech Coders,
CRC Press LLC, 2000.
[5]. Wai C. Chu, Speech coding algorithms, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2003.
[6]. Phm Thanh m, Thng tin di ng, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin
thng Tp.HCM, 2010.

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 53

CH VIT TT

Ch vit tt
A/D
AB
AbS
ADPCM
DB
DM
DPCM
FC
FEC
GMSK

Analog to Digital
Access Burst
Analysis by Synthesis
Adaptive Differently PCM
Dummy Burst
Delta Modulation
Differential PCM
Frequency Correction Burst
Forward Error Correction
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
Global System For Mobile
GSM
Communications
LAR
Logarithm Area Ratio
LP
Linear Prediction
LPC
Linear Prediction Coding
LTP
Long Term Predictor
MOS
Mean Opinion Score
Multi-Pulse Excited LPC Codec
MPE-LTP
with Long term Predictor
NB
Normal Burst
PCM
Pulse Code Modulation
PDF
Probability Density Function
QMF
Quadrature Mirror Filter
QoS
Quality of Service
RELP
RPE
RPE-LTP
SB
SNR
STP

Cm truy xut
Phn tch bng tng hp
iu ch m xung vi sai thch ng
Cm gi
iu ch Delta
iu ch m xung vi sai
Cm iu chnh tn s
M sa li hng i
iu ch kho chuyn pha cc tiu
H thng thng tin di ng ton cu

T s vng logarith
D on tuyn tnh
M ho d on tuyn tnh
D on di hn
im s kin trung bnh
D on tuyn tnh kch thch a xung
vi b d on di hn
Cm thng
iu ch xung m
Hm mt xc sut
B lc gng cu phng
Cht lng dch v
D on tuyn tnh kch thch bng tn
Residual Excited Linear Prediction
hiu sau d on
Regular Pulse Excitation
Kch thch xung u
Regular Pulse Excited - Long
Kch thch xung u - D on di hn
Term Prediction
Synchronization Burst
Cm ng b
Signal to Noise Ratio
T s tn hiu trn nhiu
Short term Predictor
D on ngn hn

SVTH: NGUYN I HO

LP: 08VTA2

Trang 54