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12/11/2014
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VARSHNEY.009

01072013,03:19PM
,, ,
http://www.abhivyaktihindi.org/vigyan_varta/vigyan/2011/bhautik_nobel2.jpg
VARSHNEY.009
01072013,03:21PM
,,
http://myhindiforum.com/archive/index.php/t8893.html
1/121
12/11/2014
, ,

, ,,

,,,,,

,

:

, ,,,,
, ,
, ,
, ,,
,,

:laughing: ::cheers:
VARSHNEY.009
01072013,03:23PM
2/121
12/11/2014

(simulation)

,
:

,

?

,
,

,,......

, ,
VARSHNEY.009
01072013,03:24PM
3/121
12/11/2014

,

,

,
,
(
)

VARSHNEY.009
01072013,03:34PM

:
!
, ,
... , ...
4/121
12/11/2014

( :
)
(

,

, ,

, ,

,:

, ,
`
'
,:
,

,
(wavelength)
..
..

..
(frequency)
( ,
,:

`
'

mW
mW

(
)
(
,
,

5/121
12/11/2014

,(
)

,
,

VARSHNEY.009
01072013,03:35PM
,
,
(innate)

6/121
12/11/2014
, ,
(aquired)

(

)
,

)

(
,
, ,

,
,
(
) (
),

VARSHNEY.009
01072013,03:40PM
1
, ,
7/121
12/11/2014
?,
()
'

( )
8/121
12/11/2014
VARSHNEY.009
01072013,03:45PM
(supportorbridgeline)

(Radialthread)

(attachmentzone)
(spiral)
,

?

(silkglands)

9/121
12/11/2014
(spinenrets)

(spigots)

?
!

(crystalline)
(elasticity)
(bonds)

:
(Bombyx)

:
:

,

.

(Araneusdiadematus)

VARSHNEY.009
01072013,03:56PM
10/121
12/11/2014
:
.
(""):

("")
"
"

" "
. (site:):
site:abhivyaktihindi.org]
abhivyaktihindi.org
:[site:.ac.in]

ac.in
)[site:.in]

.in
)[site:.edu]

.edu(
(
)
. ():

()

[antivirussoftware]
()

[antivirussoftware]

antivirus
software
.
(*):

[google*]
[* ]
. (+):
(+)

:
()

()
(+)
.OR :

"

"
OR
OR
(
)
[WorldCup2003OR2007]20032007

OR
aspundir
01072013,11:58PM
VARSHNEY.009
03072013,03:38PM
100
200

240

11/121
12/11/2014

700

405

1952
65,00025,000

,

(
) !
VARSHNEY.009
03072013,03:59PM
,1687

(inertia)

(LawofInertia)
m, (acceleration)a
F=ma

VARSHNEY.009
03072013,03:59PM
AcidAcidisasourtasting,corrosive
substance.Acidicsolutionswillturnalitmusred.
(
)

AlkaliAlkaliisaasubstancehavingbasic(asopposedtoacidic)properties..

Atoms
Atomsisthesmallestparticlethatcomprisesachemicalelement.Atomsaremadeupofprotonsandneutronsinacentral
nucleussurroundedbyelectrons.
(
)
AnemometerAnemometerisadeviceusedtomeasure
thespeedofwind.
AtmosphereAtmosphereisthelayerofairthatsurroundstheEarth.

BarometerBarometerisaninstrumentusedtomeasureatmosphericpressure.Itcanmeasurethepressure
exertedbytheatmospherebyusingwater,air,ormercury.

BaseBaseisa
12/121
12/11/2014
bittertastingsubstance(andoftenslimy)theoppositeofaacidsubstance.Basesolutionswillturnalitmusblue.
BatteryBatteryisadevicethatconvertschemicalenergy

directlytoelectricalenergy.
CapacitorCapacitorisadevicethatstoreselectricenergy

intheformofanelectriccharge.

0C(
)
100C(100
)
CelsiusCelsius
isaunitofmeasurementfortemperature.Waterfreezesat0C(zerodegreesCelsius)andboilsat100C(100degreesCelsius).

ChargeChargeisthestateofanatomthathaslostorgainedan
electron.

ChemicalReactionChemical
Reactionisaprocessbywhichonesubstanceischemicallyconvertedtoanother.

ConductorConductorisathingthattransmitsheat,

electricity,light,soundorotherformofenergy.
VARSHNEY.009
03072013,04:00PM

science
scientia
,
(knowledge)
, ,

,
,
( )

VARSHNEY.009
04072013,04:27PM
EPIC

Epic

Epic1.9.5
,1500

13
18
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,01:47PM
13/121
12/11/2014

(Wave)
(wavelength) (frequency)

http://static.flickr.com/65/228146436_ce87269d1d_m.jpg

(Soundwaves)
(wavelength)
,
(Soundwaves)
(wavelength)

(wavelength)

(frequency)

( / / / )
(RedShift)
http://static.flickr.com/58/228143571_f189423732_m.jpg

(
,
,

)

(
(infrared),
(Microwave),
,

!
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,01:48PM

(TheBigBangTheory)

,
,,
()
(Spiral)
http://static.flickr.com/63/228123455_01609b2550.jpg

()(CosmologicalPrinciple)

()(RedShift)

(GravitationalSingularity)
(.x)
(cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiationCMB)() ,

(nebulae)()

(TheoryofGeneralRelativity)

(FriedmannLematreRobertsonWalkerequations)
14/121
12/11/2014

(brightness)
, (luminosity)
()

()

()

(FredHoylessteadystatemodel),
(CosmicMicrowaveRadiation)

( , , )
()

(exponentialgrowth)
(cosmicinflation)

( )

( )
(BigBangnucleosynthesis.)
,

,

( )
radiation)

(cosmicmicrowave
, ,

(cold

darkmatter)(), (hotdarkmatter)
(

%)

()
, (darkenergy)()

(cosmologicalconstant)

()

(GrandUnificationTheory)()


(gravitationalsingularity)
15/121
12/11/2014
(infinite)
.
(DarkMatter) (darkenergy)

,

?
________________________________________________________
() (RedShift)
.(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2006/08/29/doplarredshift/)
()

(CosmologicalPrinciple):

(isotrpic)
|

()
(cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiationCMB):

() (Nebula):
(homogeneous)
() :
,
( ),
(,

() (DarkMatter) (darkenergy)
()

(GrandUnificationTheory):
():

()
:,
,

(): : ,,,,

()
,,

VARSHNEY.009
15072013,01:48PM

(:)
?

, ?

(TheBingBangTheory)

(TheBingBangTheory)

,

,

?
16/121
12/11/2014

(infinitedensity),
(
infinitesimallysmall)

(infinitelyhot) ,
, (
) , ,
() ,
(2)
, ,
, , ()
(elements) (nuclei)
, ,

(cosmicradiation)
,
,

,
(

),

(:AminoAcid)
(blackhole)

(TheAlternativeTheory)
(Galaxy)

(TheBigCrunch)

(TheQuiteStateTheory)
17/121
12/11/2014
______________________________________________________
(*)
() :

( ), ,
()
()

,

?
(AntiUniverse)

?
()
(+/)
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,01:49PM
(DarkMatter)

( , )
()
(BigBangNcleosynthesis)()

(Cluster)
()
(WIMP)() (Axions)(), ,
(MACHO)()

(nonbaryonicdarkmatter)
http://static.flickr.com/108/287687766_ca532da32c.jpg

%
,%
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky)

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_galaxy_cluster)

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_theorem)()

(Cluster)
(MissisngMassProblem)

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/109/287687767_6c8f5b8c84.jpg
(KineticEnergy)
()

,

(BulletCluster)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_Cluster)
18/121
12/11/2014
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Rubin)
(
)
(VirgoCluster)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_Cluster)

,
VIRGOHI21
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIRGOHI21)
http://static.flickr.com/115/287687762_cb531389da.jpg
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abell_2029)
(gravitationallensing(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_lensing))()
, ,
(StructureFormation),

(
)

(relativisticvelocities)())

(MACHO

)
(bigbangnucleosynthesis)

MACHO

, , , ,

, ,WIMP(WeaklyInteracting
MassiveParticles

), (sterileneutrinos)()
()
(StructureFormation)

(CosmicMicrovaveBackgroundRadiation)

(Cluster)
()
(BigBangNcleosynthesis): (H1)
()(ByaronicMatter) ,
() (WIMP:weaklyinteractingmassiveparticles):

()
19/121
12/11/2014
() (Axions):
,

eV/c2
()(

)(MACHO:Massivecompacthaloobject):

(BlackHole),
,
()

:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_theorem
()
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_rotation_curve
() (gravitationallensing):

() (sterileneutrinos):

VARSHNEY.009
15072013,01:49PM
(DarkEnergy)

(DarkEnergy),

(
)()
,

,

!(
(DarkEnergy)

(TheoryofRelativity)

(CosmologicalConstant)


(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Trimble)

()

(acceleration)
(DarkMatter)
20/121
12/11/2014

,

?
(cosmicmicrowavebackground(CMB)),
(Flat)

( ),
(CriticalDensity)

%
,%
%
()

g/cm3
(VolumeofSpace)

e=mc2

(VacuumEnergy)

g/cm3
(acceleration)


,
,

(BigRip)
(BigCrunch)
,

()

( )
,

()
(
()
:,
, ,

VARSHNEY.009
15072013,01:50PM
(Nebula)
21/121
12/11/2014

(Veil)(Crab)

(Emission):

(8+
)

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0610/eagleend_hst_big.jpg
(M16) (LagoonM8)
M16
M8
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0303/lagoon_hst.jpgM8
(Reflection):
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0610/ngc1333spitzerrollover_f70_01.jpgNGC1333
(Dark):

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0012/kellyhenden_horsehead_c.jpg
,

(x ,CMB)

IC434
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0611/catseye_hst.jpg

(Planetary):
(redgaint)
(CatsEyeNGC6543)

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0206/ic4406_hst.jpg

(RetinaIC4406)

(Crab)
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0512/crabmosaic_hst_c80.jpg

,
(protostar)

,,

(HydrogenFusion)
22/121
12/11/2014
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,01:51PM
(SpaceTime)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2007/01/3d.png?w=214&h=171(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2007/01/3d.png)
(SpaceTime)

,, x ,y z

(higherdimensionaltheories)

M
((spatial)
(temporal))
(SpaceTime)
(SpaceTime)

(SpaceTime)

(Events)
(Event),

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2007/01/4d.png?w=175&h=202(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2007/01/4d.png)

(x,y,z,t)

(Ellpise)
x,y,z

x,y

x,y

,
tx,y
(Spacetimeintervals)
(Events)
(
(Interval)) , (imaginary)
x,y,z,t

s2=r2c2t2
s=
(SpaceTimeInterval)c=
r2=x2+y2+z2

(pairofevent)
(TimeLike)

s2<0)
(LightLike)(

s2=0)
.
s2>0)
23/121
12/11/2014
==============================================================

(WorldLine):
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,01:59PM
(AmateurAstronomers)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Boeing_X37B_inside_payload_fairing_before_launch.jpg/300px
Boeing_X37B_inside_payload_fairing_before_launch.jpg

(DesignandDevelopment)

$ ,
DARPA(DefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency)

DARPA

(Design)

(ReDesign)
(Aerodynamic
Design)

,
, ,

(glide)

(PropulsionSystem)

(Fuselage)
(Orbital
TestVehicle) DARPA,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/X37_spacecraft%2C_artist%27s_rendition.jpeg/220pxX
37_spacecraft%2C_artist%27s_rendition.jpeg
( )
,
,
24/121
12/11/2014
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Boeing_X
37B_after_landing_at_Vandenberg_AFB%2C_3_December_2010.jpg/220pxBoeing_X
37B_after_landing_at_Vandenberg_AFB%2C_3_December_2010.jpg
(
)
(LEOLowEarthOrbit)

:PST

:.
:.
:.
: ..x.

: /
:LEO

:
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:00PM
?
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Time_Machine)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/timemachine.jpg?w=223&h=226
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/timemachine.jpg)(TimeMachine)

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel)
,

,

(QuantumGravity)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity)

(Paradox(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox))
?

:

:

,
,,,, ,
,
,,
25/121
12/11/2014
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton)
,

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein)

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del)(

!
,

,
( BigBangTheory)

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Kerr)

(centrifugalforce)

(Wormholes(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormholes))
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/LorentzianWormhole.jpg/220pxLorentzianWormhole.jpg
(

)

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat)
,
!

(NegativeMatter)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_matter)(
,

) (Negative
Energy) (
(Casimireffect)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect)

(Antimatter)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter) (DarkMatter)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter)
(Wormholes)

(TheoryofEverything)

(SuperStringTheory)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super
string_theory)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BH_LMC.png/300pxBH_LMC.png (BlackHole)

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_hawking)

?

,

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_Physics)

(practical) !

VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:01PM
?
,
?

,

?
26/121
12/11/2014
, ,
(BlackHole)
(
,%

( ) (OrionNebula)
(Supernova)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/123107main_image_feature_371_ys_4.jpg/300px
123107main_image_feature_371_ys_4.jpg

(ProrostartState)
,
(protostar)

,,

(HydrogenFusion)

(TTauri)
/(HerbigAe/Be)
(Jet)
(AngularMomentum)
(MainSequence)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/HR_diagram_edited3.gif/360pxHR_diagram_edited3.gif

.
%

/
/
27/121
12/11/2014
(
RedDwarf)
(RedGiant)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Betelgeuse_star_%28Hubble%29.jpg/220px
Betelgeuse_star_%28Hubble%29.jpg(
)

(
Fusion)
,

,
(Planetarynebula)

(BlackHole)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/200pxCrab_Nebula.jpg
(
)
.
28/121
12/11/2014

(EtaCarinae)
(ABDoradusC)
(
.%)
(BrownDwarf)

(K)
33,000K ZetaOphiuchi(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Ophiuchi)
10,50030,000K
Rigel(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigel)
7,50010,000K
Altair(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair)
6,0007,200K ProcyonA(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyon)
5,5006,000K
Sun(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun)
4,0005,250K EpsilonIndi(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Indi)
2,6003,850K ProximaCentauri(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri)
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:06PM
)
(

E=mc2
E=,m=
c=

( )
( )
()

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/116/368039709_b255a1300a.jpg
/,,,(
)

(redgaint)

,,
29/121
12/11/2014
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9708/mira_hst.jpg
(MeeraRedGaint)
(Shockwave)

()(whitedwarf)
()
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:06PM
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0009/whitedwarf_hst.jpg
()

( )
.(
(blackdwarf)
(
,

(gignaticredgaint)

(
(blackhole)
()

()

/
/
/
/,,
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0207/proximacen1_aao.jpg
(RedDwarf)

VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:07PM
(AngelesDuran)
(http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iabt
SAXY390wSpknpaIEkWnCvA?docId=CNG.e80666177013e5bf887c610c599c5665.2a1)
!

,,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NAS
30/121
12/11/2014
A%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory__20100801.jpg/628pxThe_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NAS
A%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory__20100801.jpg

!

(Joanne
Gabrynowicz)(http://www.spacelaw.olemiss.edu/Gabrynowicz.html)

,

(directoroftheNationalCenterforRemoteSensing,AirandSpaceLaw,atOleMiss)

(TheOuterSpaceTreaty)
(http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/gares/html/gares_21_2222.html)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Hope)

(practiceandopinion)
(http://www.lunarrepublic.com/news/200405

11_fulkerson_sentenced.shtml)
(http://www.unoosa.org/oosatdb/showTreatySignatures.do)
,

!
VARSHNEY.009

:
15072013,02:14PM

1?

(antimatterparticle)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/gmm.png?w=470&h=151
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/gmm.png)
,
31/121
12/11/2014
?(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2012/02/06/qpwif/)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/annhilate.jpg?w=400&h=177
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/annhilate.jpg)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/pageseparator.jpg?w=172&h=47
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/pageseparator.jpg)

?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/ep0.jpg?w=135&h=224(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/ep0.jpg)

,
! ?,?
,
?

(bubblechamber)

()
)
u
e+
)

?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/all.jpg?w=132&h=187(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/all.jpg)
:/,/
/(
, (+1) (1)
(colourcharge)
,1995

20

1964

, (JamesJoyce)

(FinnegansWake)

ThreequarksforMusterMark!

2/31/3

(+1,1)

?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/updown.png?w=62&h=56(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/updown.png)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/strangequarkicon.gif?w=48&h=60
32/121
12/11/2014
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/strangequarkicon.gif)
( )
K
,

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/charmquarkicon.gif?w=48&h=42
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/charmquarkicon.gif)

,

1974

(Stanford
LinearAcceleratorCenterSLAC)
(BrookhavenNationalLaboratory)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/topbottom.png?w=87&h=73
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/topbottom.png)
( )
(
)

1977
,

()
1995

20
,
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/baryon.jpg?w=142&h=38
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/baryon.jpg)

(uud)

(ddu)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/baryontable.jpg?w=491&h=318
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/baryontable.jpg)(

)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/meson.jpg?w=165&h=44(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/meson.jpg)
(q) (qbar)
(pion+)
,

()
(K)

( )
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/mesontable.jpg?w=442&h=289
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/mesontable.jpg)
(
)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/clip_image008.png?w=38&h=42&h=38
(uud)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/unequalmass.jpg?w=211&h=41
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/unequalmass.jpg)
(kinetic)
(potential)
E=mc2
( 10)

VARSHNEY.009

:
15072013,02:18PM

2?

1?(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2012/02/13/qphum/)
33/121
12/11/2014
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/leptoncats.jpg?w=238&h=134
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/leptoncats.jpg)

(e)
,

()()

()

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/clip_image006.jpg?w=29&h=44&h=40

?
:

3000


http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/fermiontable.jpg?w=614&h=388
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/fermiontable.jpg)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/matter.png?w=491&h=459
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/matter.png)
(Leptondecay)
?

,
,

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/leptondecay.png?w=425&h=116
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/leptondecay.png)

+1
, 1
0

+1

1
0
+1
, 1
0
34/121
12/11/2014

,
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/muondecay.jpg?w=349&h=189
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/muondecay.jpg)

?
?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/ldquiz1.jpg?w=175&h=28(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/ldquiz1.jpg)
:
!
,,

: !

1
0

,

: ! !

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/nuflea.jpg?w=31&h=30(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/nuflea.jpg)

,
,

,

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/nbeta.png?w=491&h=90(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/nbeta.png)


?
:
uud
?
:
!
?
:
,

35/121
12/11/2014
?
:
VARSHNEY.009

:
15072013,02:21PM

? /
,
,



2?(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2012/02/20/qphum2/)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/4inter.jpg?w=230&h=246(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/4inter.jpg)4

(decay) (inhalition)
(interaction)
!,,
,, ..
, (force)
(interaction)

(ForceCarrierPartilces)
(force)

?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/magnets.jpg?w=72&h=146
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/magnets.jpg)

(exchange)

,

,

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/fcp1.jpg?w=294&h=158(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/fcp1.jpg)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/fcp2.jpg?w=218&h=167(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/fcp2.jpg)
36/121
12/11/2014
,
/

(ElectroMagnetism)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/electromagnetic.jpg?w=130&h=177
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/electromagnetic.jpg)
( )

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/attraction.jpg?w=172&h=65
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/attraction.jpg)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/repulsion.jpg?w=172&h=65
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/repulsion.jpg)

, X ,
()
(c)
,c 300,000,000/
(residualelectromagnetism)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/residualem.jpg?w=234&h=183
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/residualem.jpg)
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:47PM
:
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/clip_image005.jpg?w=230&h=207
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/clip_image005.jpg)

?

?

,
,

?
,,

,,

(Empedocles)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedocles)

,,

(Aristotle)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristole)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/clip_image008.png?w=42&h=42
37/121
12/11/2014
WuXing(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Xing))
, ,,

3 )
,,
( ,,, )
,,

..

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/clip_image010.gif?w=64&h=85
Byconventionthereiscolor,Byconventionsweetness,
Byconventionbitterness,
Butinrealitythereareatomsandspace.
(
400)
1900

(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/clip_image013.png)
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/clip_image012.jpg)

(Atom)
( )
?

(atomon)

(p+) (n)
!

?

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/atomstructure.png?w=422&h=350(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/atom
structure.png)

30
99.999999999999%
38/121
12/11/2014
1018
!( ?)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi)
!
(
)
(
)
6
6
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/quantumsoup.png?w=514&h=415
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/quantumsoup.png)
(
):
:6 ,6
,6 ,6

?5?25?60?100?
, ,
:60!1930

19601970
(highenergyaccelerators)
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:47PM



?(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2012/02/27/qpef/)
?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/nucleus_small.jpg?w=87&h=93
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/nucleus_small.jpg)

39/121
12/11/2014
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/atom_explode.jpg?w=114&h=120
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/atom_explode.jpg)
?
?!

(StrongNuclearForce)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/strongman.jpg?w=106&h=110
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/strongman.jpg)

(colourcharge)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/gluon.jpg?w=84&h=84(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/gluon.jpg)

,
!)
(colourchargeneutral)
(ColourCharge)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/gluon.jpg?w=67&h=67(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/gluon.jpg)
?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/color_anti.jpg?w=447&h=165
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/color_anti.jpg)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/color_carry.jpg?w=173&h=203
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/color_carry.jpg)

, ,
(conserved)
(Quarkconfinement)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/confinement.jpg?w=76&h=137
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/confinement.jpg)
()

( )
( )
(
)
(

)
ud(
40/121
12/11/2014
)uddd( )
(ColourForceField)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/color_field_snap.gif?w=282&h=156
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/color_field_snap.gif)

/

(

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/quarkemision.png?w=388&h=85
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/quarkemision.png) :

(ResidualStrongNuclearForce)
( )

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/residual_strong.jpg?w=315&h=122
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/residual_strong.jpg)

VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:48PM



?(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2012/03/05/qpba/)

(WeakNuclearForce)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/weak.jpg?w=120&h=170(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/weak.jpg)

(Stablematter)

(),
( )
(decay)

41/121
12/11/2014
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/quarkflavor.jpg?w=83&h=99
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/quarkflavor.jpg)
(flavor)
(flavor)
,

(flavor)
(flavor)
(chargedweaknuclearinteraction)
(flavor)
,

,

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/nodecay.jpg?w=89&h=147
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/nodecay.jpg)

,
(flavour)
W+,W,Z
W

(Electroweak)

(Electroweak)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/eweak.jpg?w=92&h=166
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/eweak.jpg)

(1018)
30
(31017)

(1015)
1/10,000

W/Z

WZ
,

?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/gravity.jpg?w=120&h=189
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/gravity.jpg)

(Graviton)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/force_summary.jpg?w=506&h=244
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/force_summary.jpg)

42/121
12/11/2014
?
:

?
: (W+,W,Z)

?
:
? ?
:

?
:
(

VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:48PM



(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2012/03/12/wnfgravity/)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/not_quantum.jpg?w=124&h=100
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/not_quantum.jpg)http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/quantum.jpg?
w=133&h=100(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/quantum.jpg)

,

(1/32/3)

:

:

2/31/3
,
0,1/2,1,3/2
43/121
12/11/2014

(PauliExclusionPrinciple)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/fb.png?w=303&h=328(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/fb.png)
(ChemicalReaction)

, (1/2,3/2,)

(0,1,2).
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/fermion_boson.jpg?w=392&h=168
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/fermion_boson.jpg)
*

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/clip_image008.png?w=38&h=42&h=38
?
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/AatyenBose1925.jpg/225pxAatyenBose1925.jpg
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose)

(SupercooledHelium)

,

(superliquidstate)

(zero
viscosity)
(SurfaceTension)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/thinker_ans.jpg?w=683&h=234
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/thinker_ans.jpg)
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:48PM

: (ParticleDecayandAnnihilation)
(ParticleDecay)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/neucleardecay.jpg?w=391&h=127
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/neucleardecay.jpg)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/particle_decay.jpg?w=104&h=82
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/particle_decay.jpg)

,
,

44/121
12/11/2014



(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2012/03/19/qm/)
(RadioActivity)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/xray.png?w=207&h=238(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/xray.png) (
XRay)
19

(WilhelmConradRntgen(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen))
X (XRay)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xray)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/becquerel.png?w=214&h=181
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/becquerel.png)

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Becquerel)

(RadioActivity)
( ),(),()
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/alpha_nnpp.jpg?w=27&h=27
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/alpha_nnpp.jpg)

(2 2 )
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/yeeha.jpg?w=194&h=19(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/yeeha.jpg)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/gamma_waves.jpg?w=264&h=36
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/gamma_waves.jpg)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/rad_magnet.jpg?w=217&h=171
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/rad_magnet.jpg)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/u238.jpg?w=137&h=190(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/u238.jpg)

238

238

4,460,000,000

,
10
(Probability)

238
238.0508
(234.0436 ) (4.0026
45/121
12/11/2014
0.0046
?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/udecay.jpg?w=557&h=199
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/udecay.jpg)

VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:49PM
(Probability)

?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/atom_explode.jpg?w=107&h=112
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/atom_explode.jpg)http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/spring_rope.gif?
w=218&h=148(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/spring_rope.gif)



(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2012/03/26/pdah/)

,
(
)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/proton_loc.jpg?w=207&h=63
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/proton_loc.jpg)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/alpha_particle.jpg?w=48&h=48
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/alpha_particle.jpg)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/nucleus_quantum.jpg?w=200&h=200
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/nucleus_quantum.jpg)

( )
46/121
12/11/2014
(HalfLife)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/uranium_lottery.jpg?w=209&h=226
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/uranium_lottery.jpg)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/dice.jpg?w=109&h=102(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/dice.jpg)

(MissingMass)
0.0046

:
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/einstein.jpg?w=162&h=176
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/einstein.jpg)

(
)

(ParticleDecayMediators)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/charmdecay.jpg?w=203&h=263
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/charmdecay.jpg)
(virtualparticles)
(VirtualParticles)

(UncertanityPriciple)
W
(
:0qq(qq)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/eta_c.gif?w=158&h=120
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/eta_c.gif)
:cc(cc)

W+/W

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/decay_summary.gif?w=400&h=215
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/decay_summary.gif)
47/121
12/11/2014
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:49PM
(ParticleAnhilation)

(particleanhilation) (particledecay)
(virtual
partilces)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/annhilate.jpg?w=400&h=177
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/annhilate.jpg)

,W/Z,)
(forcecarrierpartilcles)
( ParticleAcclerators
CERN)





?(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2012/04/02/raqp/)
()
+(

)()

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/bubble.gif?w=519&h=548(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/bubble.gif)
(BubbleChamber)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/npe_title.gif?w=122&h=32(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/npe_title.gif)
(udd) (uud),
(NeutronBetaDecay)
(

)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/npe1.gif?w=333&h=115(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/npe1.gif)
1: (
=0),
2:

1/3
2/3
W

(1)
3: W
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/npe2.gif?w=295&h=103(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/npe2.gif)
4:W

5: ,
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/eedd_an_med.gif?w=47&h=122
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/eedd_an_med.gif) / (Electron/PositronAnhilation)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/eedd_title.gif?w=149&h=40
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/eedd_title.gif)

,D+D
48/121
12/11/2014
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/eedd1.gif?w=272&h=85(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/eedd1.gif)
1:

2:
3: Z

4:

5:
)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/eedd2.gif?w=373&h=156(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/eedd2.gif)
6:
7:

810:

D+( )D(
)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/top_an_slow.gif?w=130&h=143
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/top_an_slow.gif) (ProductionofTopQuark)
+ => +
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/top1.gif?w=370&h=136(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/top1.gif)
1:

2:
3:

4:
5:

6:
7: W
8:W

W+

9: , , ,
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:50PM
!
,
,
, ?

? ?http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/matteruniverse.jpg?w=202&h=122
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/matteruniverse.jpg) ?
(darkmatter)
?
, ?
?http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/fp.png?w=187&h=41

? ?
49/121
12/11/2014




?(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2012/04/02/raqp/)
(ParticleAnhilation)(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2012/04/10/qppa/)

?
!
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/theory_name.jpg?w=322&h=143
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/theory_name.jpg)

?

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/standardchart.jpg?w=200&h=248
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/standardchart.jpg)

/

/
( / )

?

?
?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/scales.jpg?w=114&h=98(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/scales.jpg)

W
?

(HigsField)

,
(HigsBosan)
(GodParticle)

(GrandUnifiedTheory)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/ein.gif?w=130&h=160(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/ein.gif)

(GrandUnifiedTheory)
50/121
12/11/2014
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/merging_forces.gif?w=306&h=236
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/merging_forces.gif)

1032
(Supersymmetry)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/sypersymmetry.jpg?w=240&h=180
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/sypersymmetry.jpg)

(quark)

(squark)
CERNFermilab

(StringTheory)
(3DimensionalWorld)
(
)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/acroflea.jpg?w=344&h=205
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/acroflea.jpg) ?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/dark.jpg?w=174&h=241(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/dark.jpg)

?

(neutralinos)
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:50PM

:
(ParticleAcceratorandDetectors)
,
,
?
?
/
?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/theory_reality.jpg?w=154&h=185
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/theory_reality.jpg)

51/121
12/11/2014

(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2011/04/18/standardmodel/)

?
1909

1909

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/nucleus_exp1.gif?w=306&h=168
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/nucleus_exp1.gif)

![

]

:

:
(
)
(
)
1:
52/121
12/11/2014
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/target1.gif?w=342&h=139
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/target1.gif)
2:
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/target2.gif?w=283&h=136
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/target2.gif)
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:51PM

/ /
(source/target/detection)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/eye_detect.gif?w=198&h=117
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/eye_detect.gif)
( )
,
( )

(
)

*)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/wavelength.gif?w=215&h=96
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/wavelength.gif)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/sun.gif?w=63&h=66(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/sun.gif)
,
0.0000005

0.0000005

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/cave1.gif?w=105&h=140(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/cave1.gif)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/bb.gif?w=58&h=54(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/bb.gif)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/bbbear.gif?w=182&h=240(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/bbbear.gif)
.
!
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/tb.gif?w=58&h=54(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/tb.gif)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/tbbear.gif?w=182&h=240(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/tbbear.gif)
..
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/m.gif?w=58&h=54(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/m.gif),

..
..!
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mbear.gif?w=182&h=240(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/mbear.gif)
53/121
12/11/2014

!
(
()

()
.!
(Resolution)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/pool.gif?w=136&h=137(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/pool.gif)
( )
1
1

VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:51PM

?: (ParticleAccelerator)

,
(Wavelength)
(
)

?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/mom_wave.gif?w=146&h=127
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/mom_wave.gif)
(momentun)
(Wavelength)
,
!
(InversePropotion)
(particleAcclerator)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/yeeha.jpg?w=194&h=19(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/yeeha.jpg)
(interference)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/wave_inter.gif?w=360&h=170
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/wave_inter.gif)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/slit_inter.gif?w=260&h=303
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/slit_inter.gif)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/e_scat1.gif?w=108&h=108(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/e_scat1.gif)
54/121
12/11/2014
(/ )

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/meter_stick.gif?w=470&h=318
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/meter_stick.gif)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/einstein.jpg?w=162&h=176
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/einstein.jpg)

(. / )

,
,
E=mc2

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/fruit_explode.gif?w=216&h=220
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/fruit_explode.gif)

(KineticEnergy)

,
,
,
,
!

VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:54PM
(Wavelength)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/yeeha1.jpg?w=194&h=19(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/yeeha1.jpg)
:
!)
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http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/cathode.gif?w=91&h=60(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/cathode.gif)

:
:

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/get_proton.gif?w=47&h=43
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/get_proton.gif)
:

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/anti_make.gif?w=105&h=92
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/anti_make.gif)
( )

,

55/121
12/11/2014

,

/
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/emwave.png?w=445&h=406
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/emwave.png)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/wave.gif?w=341&h=107(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/wave.gif)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/fixed_target.gif?w=122&h=28
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/fixed_target.gif)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/collide_beam.gif?w=144&h=24
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/collide_beam.gif)

(Liniacs):
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/linear.gif?w=146&h=53 (Synchtrons):
,
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/circular.gif?w=134&h=63(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/circular.gif)
(FixedTargetExperiment)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/fixed_target_exp.gif?w=257&h=99
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/fixed_target_exp.gif)

(CollidingBeamParticleAccerator):
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/colliding_beam.gif?w=317&h=58
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/colliding_beam.gif)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/kinetic_energy.gif?w=181&h=93

:
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/fixed_small.gif?w=101&h=13
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/fixed_small.gif)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/inject.gif?w=72&h=32(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/inject.gif)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/linear_collider.gif?w=130&h=16
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/linear_collider.gif)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/colliding_small.gif?w=68&h=67
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/colliding_small.gif)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/extracted.gif?w=89&h=58(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/extracted.gif)

?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/circle.gif?w=153&h=153(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/circle.gif)
56/121
12/11/2014

VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:54PM
?

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/clockwise.gif?w=125&h=78
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/clockwise.gif) :

!

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http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/radiate.gif?w=121&h=86(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/radiate.gif)

?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/explosion.gif?w=111&h=106
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/explosion.gif)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/detective.gif?w=233&h=154
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/detective.gif)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/detect_fixed.gif?w=176&h=77
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/detect_fixed.gif)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/detect_collide.gif?w=196&h=88
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/detect_collide.gif)
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B
cinghugenumbersofBmesons.
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CERN:EuropeanLaboratoryforParticlePhysics:
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BNL:BrookhavenNationalLab:

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57/121
12/11/2014
CESR:CornellElectronPositronStorageRing:
,
DESY:DeutschesElektronenSynchrotron: ,

KEK:HighEnergyAcceleratorResearchOrganization: ,B

IHEP:InstituteforHighEnergyPhysics: ,

INDUSCentreforAdvancedTechnology:

NSCNuclearScienceCentre:
VECCVariableEnergyCyclotron:
VARSHNEY.009
15072013,02:54PM

:
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/modern_detect.gif?w=450&h=311
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/modern_detect.gif)
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(EM)
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()

:
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/decay_chart.gif?w=454&h=289
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/decay_chart.gif)
(Signature)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/charge.gif?w=79&h=77(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/charge.gif)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/momentum.gif?w=103&h=92
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/momentum.gif)

(crosssection)
58/121
12/11/2014
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/end_view.gif?w=536&h=354
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/end_view.gif)

(position)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/event_key.gif?w=171&h=69
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/event_key.gif)

Z

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/track_ee.gif?w=144&h=144
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/track_ee.gif)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/track_muon.gif?w=144&h=144
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/track_muon.gif)
+

Z

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/track_tau.gif?w=144&h=144
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/track_tau.gif)Z

Z>++
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http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/track_tau2.gif?w=144&h=144
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Z>++.
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http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/track_strong1.gif?w=144&h=144
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/track_strong1.gif)Z

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/track_strong2.gif?w=144&h=144
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/track_strong2.gif)Z
,
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/proton_event.gif?w=399&h=207
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/proton_event.gif)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/quark_event.gif?w=183&h=184
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/quark_event.gif)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/quark_event2.gif?w=183&h=183
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/quark_event2.gif)
dipu
15072013,09:16PM
wonderfulthread
rajnishmanga
23072013,01:38AM
, ..
59/121
12/11/2014
VARSHNEY.009
30072013,01:25PM

50:12
1961
http://antariksh.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/yuri_gagarin.jpg?w=604 :

1961

108

,
,
VARSHNEY.009
30072013,01:26PM
:

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1103/ngc5584_hstr.jpg

(CepheidVariableStar)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepheid_variable)

Ia (TypeIa)

(LightPulse)

(StandardCandle)

(DarkEnergy)(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2006/11/02/darkenergy/)
(accleration)

VARSHNEY.009
30072013,01:30PM
AS
60/121
12/11/2014
,,

.:
. :
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Apollo_Direct_Ascent.png/220pxApollo_Direct_Ascent.png
http://history.nasa.gov/diagrams/ad003.gif(http://history.nasa.gov/diagrams/ad003.gif)
(

( )
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg/220pxApollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Apollo16LM.jpg/220pxApollo16LM.jpg
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LunarLandingTraining
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SLA(SpaceCraftLunarModuleAdapter)

1B,
D
E
61/121
12/11/2014
(Zond)
(LunarReceivingLaboratory)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lunar_Ferroan_Anorthosite_60025.jpg/523px
Lunar_Ferroan_Anorthosite_60025.jpg

,,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/ApolloCmd.JPG/800pxApolloCmd.JPG

)(.
)
VARSHNEY.009
30072013,01:31PM
62/121
12/11/2014
(EugeneCernan):
,
(RonEvans):
,
(HarrisonJackSchmitt):
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Apollo_17_crew.jpg ,
(JohnYoung):
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(StuartRoosa): ,

(CharlesDuke):
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:
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:
::
:
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:
:
::
:
::
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon.jpg/220px
Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon.jpg

.,..

63/121
12/11/2014
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/599px
The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/A17plaque.JPG/220pxA17plaque.JPG
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ap17S7255974.jpg/572pxAp17S7255974.jpg

,,

VARSHNEY.009
30072013,01:32PM
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/40_A16Plum.jpg/800px40_A16Plum.jpg
(JohnW.Young):

,

(ThomasK.(Ken)MattinglyJr):
,

(CharlesDukeJr.):

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Apollo_16_crew.jpg/200pxApollo_16_crew.jpg
(FredHaise):
,

(StuartRoosa): ,

(EdgarMitchell):
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:
::
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64/121
12/11/2014
:
::
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(USSTiconderoga)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/Apollo_16_Landing_Site_Map_Revised.jpg/799px
Apollo_16_Landing_Site_Map_Revised.jpg

( ) ()
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/A16plaque.jpg

(. )
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Apollo_16_LM_Orion.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/John_W._Young_on_the_Moon.jpg/220px
John_W._Young_on_the_Moon.jpg

VARSHNEY.009
30072013,01:32PM
, ,
,
(DavidScott)

(AlfredWorden)
,
(JamesIrwin)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Apollo_15_crew.jpg/712pxApollo_15_crew.jpg ,

(DickGordon)
(VanceBrand)
(HarrisonSchmitt)
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65/121
12/11/2014
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg/600px
Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpg
66/121
12/11/2014

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Apollo_15_descends_to_splashdown.jpg/800px
Apollo_15_descends_to_splashdown.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Apollo_15_flag%2C_rover%2C_LM%2C_Irwin.jpg/600px
Apollo_15_flag%2C_rover%2C_LM%2C_Irwin.jpg
VARSHNEY.009
30072013,02:10PM
22
:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/599px
The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg
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6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

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1400 (860)

5000
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VARSHNEY.009
30072013,02:12PM
(ElectromagneticRadiationSpectrum)
,
,,,,,
67/121
12/11/2014
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/emf.png?w=433&h=164(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/emf.png)
,,

?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/hubbleimage1.png?w=300&h=232
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/hubbleimage1.png)

(ImageProcessing)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/hubbleimage2.png?w=300&h=232
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/hubbleimage2.png)

(FalseColorImage)

http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/castool.png?w=411&h=339
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/castool.png)
VARSHNEY.009
30072013,02:13PM
?:2
68/121
12/11/2014

?
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/lightfilter2.png?w=428&h=233
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/lightfilter2.png)
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/lightfilter1.png?w=428&h=214
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/lightfilter1.png)1512 ,

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1512

(infrared)

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http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/ngc1512.png?w=758&h=662
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VARSHNEY.009
30072013,02:13PM
,
:

?:3
5Votes
(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2011/08/05/hubble/)
(http://vigyan.wordpress.com/2011/08/08/hubble2/)
]
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(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/eso510g13.png)
,
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http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/saturn.png?w=420&h=644
(http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/saturn.png)
69/121
12/11/2014
VARSHNEY.009
30072013,02:14PM
(AmateurAstronomers)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Boeing_X37B_inside_payload_fairing_before_launch.jpg/300px
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(DesignandDevelopment)

$ ,
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DARPA

(Design)

(ReDesign)
(Aerodynamic
Design)

,
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(glide)

(PropulsionSystem)

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(Orbital
TestVehicle) DARPA,
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37_spacecraft%2C_artist%27s_rendition.jpeg
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70/121
12/11/2014

:PST

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:.
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: /
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:
Dr.ShreeVijay
12082013,10:11PM
,

..........................................................
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,01:49PM

( )

( * )
71/121
12/11/2014
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()

72/121
12/11/2014
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:11PM
1questionno01http://4.bp.blogspot.com/8T29JRF4nFk/UDPBKRlryVI/AAAAAAAAFVU/6GXNkip4Kiw/s200/Q355.JPG
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01:
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?
(sumofthreeconsecutiveintegers)
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:22PM

1
http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/559452main_pia13892Label946b.jpg
(http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/559452main_pia13892Label946b.jpg)

1(http://antariksh.wordpress.com/2010/12/14/voyagerhelioseth/)
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16
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2012

25%
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5%

9%

1977

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20,

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VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:23PM

:
1
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1977

2
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(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particle)

2010
33 17
(interstellarmedium)
73/121
12/11/2014
(http://antariksh.wordpress.com/2007/03/13/solarsystem/)
(http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/voyager20101213.html)
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2010
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VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:24PM

:
2
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(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Voyager.jpg/766pxVoyager.jpg)
20 1977
(GrandTour)

176
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Voyager_Path.jpg
(http://antariksh.wordpress.com/2007/03/19/voyegar2/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A
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12

20 1977
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,
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570,000
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63
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg/452px
Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg
(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg/452px
Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg)

300
2

1
100

1

( ), ,

30
74/121
12/11/2014
, 5,276

, 129,000 30,000

70 7500
30

,

400,000 30

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Iapetus_by_Voyager_2.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Titan_voyager.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Enceladus_from_Voyager.jpg/600pxEnceladus_from_Voyager.jpg
(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Enceladus_from_Voyager.jpg/600px
Enceladus_from_Voyager.jpg)
25 1981
(7 )70
(203 )
(120 )( )

,
10
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Saturn_%28planet%29_large.jpg/176px
Saturn_%28planet%29_large.jpg

250,000
45

1970
(http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE)
24 1986
2
81,5000
10
97.77
84
17
2.8

90

60

10
15
150
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Uranus.jpg/217pxUranus.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Uranian_rings_PIA01977_modest.jpg/220px
Uranian_rings_PIA01977_modest.jpg(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Uranian_Rings.jpg/615px
Uranian_Rings.jpg)
20
75/121
12/11/2014
25 1989
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Neptune.jpg/609pxNeptune.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg/771px
Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg
(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg/771px
Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg)
5 2006
80 ,
3.3

22020
1998:

2012:
2012:DTR
(GyroOperation)

2016:
2020:
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:25PM

!
http://antariksh.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/ss.png?w=604(http://antariksh.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/ss.png)

(InterstellarBoundaryExplorerIBEX)
IBEX2008
52,000/

74
20
111 20
http://antariksh.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/nasa_ibex.png?w=604
(http://antariksh.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/nasa_ibex.png)IBEX

IBEX

IBEX

http://antariksh.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/nasa_helisphere.jpg?w=604
(http://antariksh.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/nasa_helisphere.jpg)
IBEX

1977

76/121
12/11/2014
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:27PM
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0701/ringcross_cassini.gif

,,
D,C,B,A,F,G,E
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/161/375261449_e4ca4202c9_o.jpg

AB

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/129/375261450_8fd44c4dbb_b.jpg

A:
(
Keelar)
:
AB

B:A

,

C:B
D:D
F:A
GE:
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:28PM
!
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0411/ngc2207_hst.jpg

,
!
(Spiral)
NGC2207IC2163
,
,

,
NGC2207

IC2163
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0406/ngc4676_hst_c1.jpg
NGC4676

,
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:28PM
(Cluster)
77/121
12/11/2014
SevenSistersPleiades

(BC)
M45
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pleiades_large.jpg/800pxPleiades_large.jpg
(M40/Pleiades/SevenSisters)
(GlobularStarCluster)
(M31)

(
Sagittarius)

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9907/m80_heritage.jpg
M80
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:28PM

http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/573110main_20115627_full.jpg(http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/573110main_2011
5627_full.jpg)
135
135 21
2011

,
,
,

21
2011

33,
307 , 4,848
20,2673974

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:29PM
(beach)

NGC1313
(StarCluster)
78/121
12/11/2014

(NGC1313)

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:29PM
(ElectroMagneticradiation)

(Nebula)

( )
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9709/nslonely_hst_big.jpg
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9611/puppisa_rosat_big.gif
(
)

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9807/millisec_pulsar.jpg

(Lawofconservationofangularmomentum)

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:32PM

E=mc2
E=,m=
c=

( )
( )
79/121
12/11/2014
()

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/116/368039709_b255a1300a.jpg
/,,,(
)

(redgaint)

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:32PM
,,
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9708/mira_hst.jpg
(MeeraRedGaint)
(Shockwave)

()(whitedwarf)
()
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0009/whitedwarf_hst.jpg
()

( )
.(
(blackdwarf)
(
,

(gignaticredgaint)

(
(blackhole)
80/121
12/11/2014
()

()

/
/
/
/,,
(RedDwarf)
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:33PM
(Nebula)

(Veil)(Crab)

(Emission):

(8+
)

(M16) (LagoonM8)
M16

M8
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0303/lagoon_hst.jpg
M8
(Reflection):
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0610/ngc1333spitzerrollover_f70_01.jpg
NGC1333
(Dark):

,

(x ,CMB)

IC434
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0012/kellyhenden_horsehead_c.jpg

(Planetary):
(redgaint)
(CatsEyeNGC6543)


(RetinaIC4406)

81/121
12/11/2014
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0206/ic4406_hst.jpg

(Crab)

,
(protostar)

,,

(HydrogenFusion)
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:34PM
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0310/sombrero_hst.jpg
M104 (Optical)
(globularclusters(http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/globular_clusters.html))
M104

(electromagneticspectrum
(http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html))
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0701/sombrero_spitzer.jpg
M104 (infrared)
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:34PM
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Ceres_optimized.jpg
(AsteroidBelt)

(Meteoroids)

82/121
12/11/2014
.%
.%

http://www.nineplanets.org/pics/compare4.jpg

,
,
,
%

,

.C:
(albedo.)

.S:%,
(albedo.
.),

.M:
:(albedo.
.),
. :

AU
, , ,,,
,
AU=

(NEA)
.:
.AU
.AU

.:
.AU

.AU
.:
.AU

.AU
. :
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,02:34PM

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0606/PlutoNamesFig_crop.jpg
,
,
(dwarfplanet)
,
,

1.

2.
3.

()
,

PL
(PlanetX)

83/121
12/11/2014
% %

,
,

,
, .

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9902/plutocharon_hst.jpg

(
)
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:06PM
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9612/mercury2_mariner10_big.gif
(Mercury) ,
,

,
. /
)

(. /
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:07PM

http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/venus/pvo_uv_790205.jpg

()

()
84/121
12/11/2014
(
%)
(
%)
(
) !
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:07PM
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0107/mars_hst.jpg
(Mars2)
,

,
,

|
, (
)!
.% ,.% ,.%..% .
%)
ALH84001
( )
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:09PM
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/browse/PIA02873.jpg
(
,
(
)
,
,
(

)
!
% %
(

, ,
!

(,
85/121
12/11/2014
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:09PM

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/neptune_vg2.gif
,

!
(
)
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:09PM
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0108/uranus_vg2.jpg

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:09PM
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0402/bhstar_chandra.jpg

(x
RXJ124211

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:10PM
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0607/uvsun_trace.jpg

?
?
(Corona)
(SolarWind)

(http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/uv.html)

86/121
12/11/2014
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:10PM
?
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9809/copernicus_apollo17.jpg
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:11PM
(NGC3370)

(http://www.anzwers.org/free/universe/galaxy.html)

NGC
(http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2003/24)

(http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/cosmology/cosmicd.html)
Ia
(http://www.astro.ucla.edu/%7Ewright/cosmolog.htm)

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:11PM
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0612/trussnauts_sts116.jpg

(InternationalSpaceStationISS)

(Truss)

( )[RobertL.Curbeam(USA)]

[powergrid]
( )[Fuglesang(Sweden)]
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:12PM
NGC7742
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9810/ngc7742_hst.jpg

(SeyfertGalaxyNGC7742)

(StarFormingRegions)
(constellationPegasus)

(massiveblackholes)

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:12PM

,
(CatsEyeNebula)

(planetarynebulae)
(BinaryStar)
87/121
12/11/2014

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:12PM


? EGGs(evaporatinggaseousglobules)
EGGs

(Eagle

Nebula(M16))

(Eggs)
(Nebula)>

,
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:12PM

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0610/newrings_cassini.jpg

rajnishmanga
24082013,03:30PM
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:32PM

!
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0609/earth2_cassini.jpg

!
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:32PM
:
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9703/saturncol_hst_big.jpg

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:33PM
:
?
!
(http://homepage.sunrise.ch/homepage/schatzer/AlphaCentauri.html)
88/121
12/11/2014
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:33PM

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0501/earth_apollo17.jpg
: ( )
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:36PM
(JamesA.Lovell)

(JohnL.Swigert)

,
(FredW.Haise)

,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Apollo_13_Prime_Crew.jpg/200pxApollo_13_Prime_Crew.jpg
,
(JohnYoung)
(JohnL.Swigert)

,

(CharlesDuke),

, ,

(Stir)

,

Stratification
PSI
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Apollo_13_SM.jpg/800pxApollo_13_SM.jpg

(Freereturntrajectory)
89/121
12/11/2014
)

,

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Apollo_13_LM_with_Mailbox.jpg/694px
Apollo_13_LM_with_Mailbox.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Apollo13__SM_after_separation.jpg/220pxApollo13_
_SM_after_separation.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Apollo13load_on_deck.jpg/600pxApollo13load_on_deck.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/APOLLO_13_LUNAR_PLAQUE_replica.jpg/200px
APOLLO_13_LUNAR_PLAQUE_replica.jpg

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:36PM
S0740
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0702/abellclust_hst_lr720.jpg
S0740

ESO325G004

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:37PM
:!

(PeteConrad)

,
(RichardGordon)

,
(AlanBean)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Apollo_12_crew.jpg,
(DavidScott)
, ,
(AlfredWorden) ,
(JamesIrwin) ,
90/121
12/11/2014
,

,
SIVB
(OceanofStorms) ,

(StatioCognitium)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bean_Descends_Intrepid__GPN2000001317.jpg/235px
Bean_Descends_Intrepid__GPN2000001317.jpg

,
,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Conrad_and_Surveyor_on_the_Slope_of_a_Crater__GPN2000
001316.jpg/235pxConrad_and_Surveyor_on_the_Slope_of_a_Crater__GPN2000001316.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Apollo12Visor.jpg/600pxApollo12Visor.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/A12plaque.jpg/220pxA12plaque.jpg
91/121
12/11/2014
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:37PM
(NeilArmstrong)

,

(MichaelCollins)

,
(EdwinBuzzAldrin)

,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Ap11s6931740.jpg
,
,
(JamesLovell)
,
, ,
(BillAnders)
,
(FredHaise)
,

SIVB
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Apollo_11_launch.jpg/220pxApollo_11_launch.jpg

SeaofTranquility
(Eagle) ,(
)

(
)

,
!

()

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Apollo_11_first_step.jpg
92/121
12/11/2014
.
,
(Thatsonesmallstepfor(a)man,onegiantleapformankind)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Apollo_11_bootprint.jpg
, (Beautiful.Beautiful.Magnificentdesolation)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/As11405886.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aldrin_Apollo_11.jpg/220pxAldrin_Apollo_11.jpg

EASEPEarlyApolloScientificExperimentPackage

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Apollo11.png

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/600px
Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg

EASEP

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Aldrin_near_Module_leg.jpg
(SetFootUpontheMoon,July1969A.D.WeCamein
PeaceForAllMankind.)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Apollo11Plaque.jpg/800pxApollo11Plaque.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Apollo_11_crew_in_quarantine.jpg

,,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/5927_NASA.jpg/596px5927_NASA.jpg
93/121
12/11/2014
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:38PM

(LunarModule)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ap10KSC69PC110.jpg/753pxAp10KSC69PC110.jpg

(ThomasStafford)
,
(JohnW.Young)
,
(EugeneCernan)
,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2f/GPN2000001163.jpg
,
(GordonCooper)
(DonnEisele)
,
(EdgarMitchell)
,

: , ,
. x190
:.

:.
. x.
:.

:.

..
..
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Apollo_10_earthrise.jpg
..
,
. x.

SIVB

SIVB
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ap10KSC68C7912.jpg/472pxAp10KSC68C7912.jpgSIC
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/As10273881.jpg
(
)
(
)

,
94/121
12/11/2014
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:38PM
(LunarModule)
(JamesMcDivitt)(2

),
(DavidScott)(2

),
(RussellSchweickart)(1

),
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bb/GPN2000001162.jpg
, ,

(PeteConrad)(
,
,,
),
(DickGordon)(
),
(AlanBean)(
),
( C)
,
( D)
1B
1B

CD
C

,
,
1B

(EVAExtraVehicularactivity)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gumdrop_Meets_Spider__GPN2000001100.jpg/120px
Gumdrop_Meets_Spider__GPN2000001100.jpg

(EVA)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Spider_in_Earth_Orbit__GPN2000001106.jpg/120px
Spider_in_Earth_Orbit__GPN2000001106.jpg
USS

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:39PM
:

,
95/121
12/11/2014
(FrankBorman)

,
(JamesLovell)

,
,
(WilliamAnders)

,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Apollo_8_Crewmembers__GPN2000001125.jpg/200px
Apollo_8_Crewmembers__GPN2000001125.jpg
(NeilArmstrong)
,
(BuzzAldrin)
,
(FredHaise) ,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ap8KSC68PC329.jpg/398pxAp8KSC68PC329.jpg
(SIC)
.%
SIVB

()
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/As8162583.jpgSIVB
(capcomsCapsuleCommunicators)

(SIVB)

,
,/
SIVB

,
,

.
)

(

)

(SpaceAdaptationSyndrome)

,

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Ap8S6856531.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/As08162593.jpg/600pxAs08162593.jpg

96/121
12/11/2014
SPS

.x.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/AS8132344.jpg/625pxAS8132344.jpg

.x.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASAApollo8Dec24Earthrise.jpg/600pxNASAApollo8Dec24
Earthrise.jpg

(TranEarthInjectionTEI)
.
SPS

TEI
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ap8S6856310.jpg/571pxAp8S6856310.jpg

USS

(Menoftheyear)

97/121
12/11/2014
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:40PM
,
1B

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Appolo707a.jpg/800pxAppolo707a.jpg
(WallySchirra) (commander)
(DonnEisele) (commandmodulepilo)

(WalterCunningham)
(lunarmodulepilot)

(backup)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AS205_crew.jpg/275pxAS205_crew.jpg
, ,
(CommandModule) (Design)
(LunarModule)
V

1B

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Apollo_7_Launch__GPN2000001171.jpg/84px
Apollo_7_Launch__GPN2000001171.jpg

(SPSServicePropulsionSystem)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/As731545.jpg/600pxAs731545.jpg
SIVB
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:41PM
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ap668HC191.jpg/670pxAp668HC191.jpg

()

J2
SIC
,

SIVB
SII

SII
SII
98/121
12/11/2014

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Apollo_6_launch.jpg/406pxApollo_6_launch.jpg
(oscillation)

SII

(
SII
SIVB

SIVB x

SIVB

,/

,/
SII
SIVB SII ,
SIVB

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:42PM
(LunarModule
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lm1_ground.jpg/478pxLm1_ground.jpg
(http://antariksh.wordpress.com/2007/02/07/apollo4/)
IB

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Apollo_5_on_pad.jpg/200pxApollo_5_on_pad.jpg

IB

,

(Thrust)

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:42PM
99/121
12/11/2014
SICSII
SICSII
,
SIVB

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Ap4s6750531.jpg
.CSM(CSMCommandandServiceModule )

CSM017

LTA10R
,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Saturn_V_IU.jpg/220pxSaturn_V_IU.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Apollo_4_liftoff__GPN2006000038.jpg/120pxApollo_4_liftoff_
_GPN2006000038.jpg

SIVBCSM

SIVB
,

CSM ,
(Assignment:Earth)

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:42PM
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASAApollo8Dec24Earthrise.jpg/150pxNASAApollo8Dec24
Earthrise.jpg
http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/168008main_image_feature_747_ys_4.jpg
: ,

("Gus"IvanGrissom,EdwardH.WhiteIIandRogerB.Chaffee)
(Satirn1B)

,
,
http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/imagery/Apollo/AS01/AS01_CM.jpg
(Simulated)
100/121
12/11/2014
.
.
.

COM
(Design)

(Navi),
(Dnoces)
(Regor)(ivan),
(Second)
(roger)
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:44PM

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9810/foot_apollo11.jpg
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:46PM
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9905/u10_vg2.jpg

,
,
(http://antariksh.wordpress.com/2007/01/16/uranus/)

(
)
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:47PM

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/9712/m29_hst.jpg
M29:
101/121
12/11/2014
M29

(
)
M29

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:47PM
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0209/hoag_hst.jpg
:
(ArtHoag)

(extragalactic)
(http://antariksh.wordpress.com/2007/01/25/starbirth/)
(ringgalaxy)

(WaveofStar
Formation)
(constellationofSerpens)

( )

( )
AM0644741

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0404/ringam_hst.jpg
AM0644741
VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:47PM
,

?
(http://antariksh.wordpress.com/2007/01/29/starcluster/)

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0612/ngc6357a_hst.jpg

( )

(http://antariksh.wordpress.com/2007/01/26/stardeath/)

(http://antariksh.wordpress.com/2007/02/01/pismis24/%28http://antariksh.wordpress.com/2007/01/25/starbirth/)NGC6357
(ionized)

VARSHNEY.009
24082013,03:52PM
102/121
12/11/2014
(heliosphere)
,
(TerminationShock)

(Helioseath)

(Heliopause)
(BowShock)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/72408main_ACD9700361.jpg/787px72408main_ACD970036
1.jpg(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/72408main_ACD9700361.jpg/787px72408main_ACD97
00361.jpg)

(

)

(Terminationshock),
(Heliopause)
(bowshock)
(Subsonic)

( =

( /
)
(. /
(ShockWave)
(bowshock)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Voyager_1_entering_heliosheath_region.jpg/800px
Voyager_1_entering_heliosheath_region.jpg
(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Voyager_1_entering_heliosheath_region.jpg/800px
Voyager_1_entering_heliosheath_region.jpg)

Dr.ShreeVijay
26082013,10:44PM
.............................................
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,11:41AM
103/121
12/11/2014
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

,
, /

, /
6.
7.
,
(packet)

/
/ /
8.

9.
/
/ /
http://vigyan.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/emfspectrum.jpg
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,11:57AM

1920

.

:
( )
.

(
)

,

.
VARSHNEY.009

(StructureFormation):
25092013,11:57AM
(Cosmic
MicrovaveBackgroundRadiation)

(Cluster)
VARSHNEY.009

VARSHNEY.009
25092013,12:10PM

/
25092013,01:03PM
(SpaceTime):

(Events)

(Event),

104/121
12/11/2014
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:03PM
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:03PM
(QuantumEntanglement):
,
( ,, ,
)
,
(
)

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VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:03PM
(au):au( )=,,. (
)
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:03PM
(gravitationallensing):

VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:03PM
:
(Wave)
(wavelength) (frequency)

VARSHNEY.009
(Nebula):
25092013,01:04PM
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:04PM
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:04PM
:

,

VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:04PM

VARSHNEY.009
(matter):

VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:04PM
25092013,01:04PM
(antimatter):
, ,
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:04PM
(NegativeMatter):

VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:05PM
105/121
12/11/2014
:
,
( ),
(,

VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:05PM
: ,,,,

VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:06PM
(Thrust):
(Thrust)
SI
(N)
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:06PM
:
,

VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:06PM
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:06PM

(GrandUnificationTheory):
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:06PM
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:07PM

(CosmologicalPrinciple):

(homogeneous) (isotrpic)
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:07PM
(cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiationCMB):
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:07PM
(BigBangNcleosynthesis): (H1)
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:07PM
(

)(MACHO:Massivecompacthaloobject):

(BlackHole),
,
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:11PM
(RedShift):

VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:11PM
(WIMP:weaklyinteractingmassiveparticles):

()
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:11PM
106/121
12/11/2014
(DarkMatter):
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:11PM
(darkenergy):
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:11PM
(ByaronicMatter): ,
VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:11PM
( )
,

VARSHNEY.009
25092013,01:12PM
:

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(HigsField)

,
(HigsBosan)
(GodParticle)
Dr.ShreeVijay
25092013,01:38PM

..................
rajnishmanga
25092013,09:04PM
, .
VARSHNEY.009
25102013,01:41PM
34

34
2100
2047

2069

( )

2050
2020,
2029,

2031,
2066

2071

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150

400
2100936

107/121
12/11/2014
3.7
VARSHNEY.009
25102013,01:56PM
http://wscdn.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/assets/images/2013/10/17/131017053820_fossil_624x351_nstrausfeld_nocredit.jpg

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VARSHNEY.009
25102013,01:59PM

http://wscdn.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/assets/images/2013/10/20/131020101455_afghanistan_balkh_304x171_ap_nocredit
.jpg

.
10

,

,
,
.

(http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/international/2013/09/130925_afghanistan_rare_operation_ar.shtml) , ,
.
2001

.
9/11
108/121
12/11/2014
http://wscdn.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/assets/images/2013/10/20/131020101736_afghanistan_balkh_304x304_bbc_nocredi
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http://wscdn.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/assets/images/2013/10/20/131020101649_afghanistan_balkh_304x171_bbc_nocredit.jpg
600
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/india/2013/06/130627_dalit_purohit_rd.shtml)

100
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/international/2013/09/130908_taliban_released_femal_afghan_mp_rd.shtml)

.
2001

.
.
VARSHNEY.009
25102013,02:03PM
http://wscdn.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/assets/images/2013/10/14/131014040641_stampede_datia_624x351_ap.jpg

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12/11/2014
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2050

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bindujain
02052014,06:11PM
:bravo:

:bravo:
:bravo:
:bravo:
VARSHNEY.009
17072014,05:41PM

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110/121
12/11/2014

(kbps)
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VARSHNEY.009
17072014,05:42PM

(http://www.abhivyaktihindi.org/lekhak/r/ravi_ratlami.htm)

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12/11/2014

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17072014,05:42PM
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VARSHNEY.009
17072014,05:43PM
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12/11/2014
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VARSHNEY.009
17072014,05:43PM


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114/121
12/11/2014
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:

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VARSHNEY.009
17072014,05:44PM
rivaSaMkrEaIvaastva(http://www.abhivyaktihindi.org/lekhak/r/ravi_ratlami.htm)
,

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12/11/2014
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VARSHNEY.009
17072014,05:44PM
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VARSHNEY.009
17072014,05:44PM
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12/11/2014
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17072014,05:45PM
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17072014,05:54PM


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