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Pfizer Parasite Atlas
Pfizer Parasite Atlas
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PFIZER ATLAS OF
VETERINARY CLINICAL
PARASITOLOGY
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PFIZER ATLAS OF
VETERINARY CLINICAL
PARASITOLOGY
Byron L. Blagburn, MS, PhD
College of Veterinary Medicine
Auburn University
Editors
Animal Health
ISBN 0-9678005-3-6
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CONTENTS
INTERNAL PARASITES
45 ............Heartworms, Canine
67 ............Heartworms, Feline
89 ............Hookworms
1011 ............Whipworms
1213 ............Roundworms
1415 ............Dipylidium Tapeworms
1617 ............Taenia Tapeworms
18 ............Giardia
EXTERNAL PARASITES
19
2021 ............Fleas
22 ............American Dog Ticks
23 ............Brown Dog Ticks
24 ............Deer Ticks
25 ............Common Ticks Compared
26 ............Ear Mites
27 ............Demodex Mites
28 ............Cheyletiella Mites
29 ............Sarcoptes Mites
33
The hosts for each parasite are identified at the top of each page
by the following icons representing dog, cat, and/or human hosts.
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INTERNAL PARASITES
45 Heartworms, Canine
67 Heartworms, Feline
89 Hookworms
1011 Whipworms
1213 Roundworms
1415 Dipylidium Tapeworms
1617 Taenia Tapeworms
18 Giardia
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HEARTWORMSCANINE
HEARTWORMSCANINE
Dirofilaria immitis
Dirofilaria immitis
A mosquito deposits
heartworm larvae
via saliva puddle
into bloodstream.
HEARTWORMS
WHIPWORMS
TAPEWORMS
TAPEWORMS
GIARDIA
WHIPWORMS
GIARDIA
ROUNDWORMS
HEARTWORMS
ROUNDWORMS
Larvae develop in
tissues and migrate
to the heart where
they mature to
adult worms.
HOOKWORMS
HOOKWORMS
Fertilized adult
female heartworms
release microfilariae
into the blood.
I N T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
CANINE HEARTWORM*
I N T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
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HEARTWORMSFELINE
HEARTWORMSFELINE
Dirofilaria immitis
Dirofilaria immitis
A mosquito deposits
heartworm larvae
via saliva puddle
into bloodstream.
Normal cat
heart and lungs
HEARTWORMS
WHIPWORMS
GIARDIA
TAPEWORMS
TAPEWORMS
GIARDIA
ROUNDWORMS
WHIPWORMS
ROUNDWORMS
Larvae develop in
tissues and migrate
to the heart where
they mature to
adult worms
however, many of
the larvae do not
reach maturity in
cats.
HOOKWORMS
HEARTWORMS
HOOKWORMS
Fertilized adult
female heartworms
release microfilariae
into the blood.
Microfilariae are
difficult to detect
because they are
few in number and
are present in blood
for a short time.
I N T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
FELINE HEARTWORM*
I N T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
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HOOKWORMS
HOOKWORMS
HOOKWORMS
HOOKWORM INFECTION
Normal small
intestine
TAPEWORMS
WHIPWORMS
HEARTWORMS
GIARDIA
TAPEWORMS
GIARDIA
ROUNDWORMS
WHIPWORMS
ROUNDWORMS
Small intestine
infected with
hookworms
HOOKWORMS
HEARTWORMS
HOOKWORMS
Young animals
may be infected
during nursing
via milk, by
ingestion of
infective larvae
in the soil, or by
skin penetration.
I N T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
I N T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
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WHIPWORMS
WHIPWORMS
Trichuris vulpis
Trichuris vulpis
WHIPWORM
WHIPWORM INFECTION
Normal cecum
and the ileocecal
junction of the
small and
large intestine
I N T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
I N T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
Mature worms
pass eggs in
the feces.
HEARTWORMS
WHIPWORMS
TAPEWORMS
TAPEWORMS
GIARDIA
WHIPWORMS
GIARDIA
ROUNDWORMS
HEARTWORMS
ROUNDWORMS
Infected cecum
with numerous
whipworms
embedded in
the mucosa
HOOKWORMS
HOOKWORMS
10
11
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ROUNDWORMS
ROUNDWORMS
ROUNDWORMS
ROUNDWORM INFECTION
TAPEWORMS
WHIPWORMS
HEARTWORMS
TAPEWORMS
GIARDIA
GIARDIA
WHIPWORMS
ROUNDWORMS
ROUNDWORMS
Roundworms may
be transmitted to
young animals
in utero or via milk
(except T. leonina).
HOOKWORMS
HEARTWORMS
HOOKWORMS
Normal small
intestine
I N T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
I N T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
Length of Life Cycle = T. canis, approximately 4 to 5 Weeks; T. cati and T. leonina, =55
Days
Toxocara
cati egg
Small intestine
infected with
roundworms
Toxocara
canis egg
12
* Larvae of both T. canis and T. cati may infect many organ systems in humans
(visceral larva migrans); Toxascaris leonina is of no zoonotic significance.
Toxascaris
leonina egg
13
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DIPYLIDIUM TAPEWORMS
DIPYLIDIUM TAPEWORMS
Dipylidium caninum
Dipylidium caninum
DIPYLIDIUM TAPEWORM
Normal small
intestine
HEARTWORMS
WHIPWORMS
GIARDIA
TAPEWORMS
Small
intestine
infected
with
tapeworms
ROUNDWORMS
WHIPWORMS
Tapeworm eggs
develop to infective
larvae within the
developing flea.
HOOKWORMS
HEARTWORMS
ROUNDWORMS
HOOKWORMS
Tapeworm segments
containing egg packets
are passed in the feces.
Occasionally, egg
packets are present in
feces.
I N T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
I N T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
TAPEWORMS
14
GIARDIA
Dipylidium caninum
egg packets contain
individual eggs.
15
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TAENIA TAPEWORMS
TAENIA TAPEWORMS
Taenia spp.
Taenia spp.
TAENIA TAPEWORM
Normal small
intestine
HEARTWORMS
WHIPWORMS
TAPEWORMS
TAPEWORMS
GIARDIA
WHIPWORMS
GIARDIA
ROUNDWORMS
HEARTWORMS
ROUNDWORMS
Small
intestine
infected
with
tapeworms
An intermediate host
ingests the eggs.
HOOKWORMS
HOOKWORMS
Tapeworm segments
containing infective eggs
are passed in the feces.
Occasionally, eggs are
present in feces.
I N T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
I N T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
16
17
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GIARDIA
Giardia spp.
I N T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
GIARDIA
EXTERNAL PARASITES
2021 Fleas
22 American Dog Ticks
HEARTWORMS
HOOKWORMS
Trophozoites
emerge from the
ingested cyst.
24 Deer Ticks
25 Common Ticks Compared
WHIPWORMS
ROUNDWORMS
26 Ear Mites
27 Demodex Mites
28 Cheyletiella Mites
TAPEWORMS
GIARDIA
29 Sarcoptes Mites
The host ingests
cysts from the
environment,
usually from
contaminated
food or water.
18
19
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FLEAS
FLEAS
Ctenocephalides felis
Ctenocephalides felis
Adult fleas
emerge from
the cocoon in
search of a
blood meal
Stage 1
Normal skin
Stage 4
Bacterial infection is a common sequela to
skin trauma caused by scratching.
MITES
MITES
20
Stage 3
In animals that are allergic to the flea saliva,
the reaction is more pronounced, causing
intense itching. Scratching may
cause increased inflammation and hair loss.
TICKS
TICKS
Larvae develop
into pupae
inside a debriscoated, silk-like
fiber cocoon
(cross section).
FLEAS
FLEAS
Stage 2
When a flea bites, it injects a
small amount of saliva into the skin,
causing an inflammatory reaction
E X T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
FLEA
E X T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
For each flea on the host, there are hundreds of eggs, larvae, and newly emerged adults,
concentrated in the environment (carpet, bedding, soil, decaying vegetation, etc.).
21
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Dermacentor variabilis
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
E X T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
E X T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
Engorged female
feeding
FLEAS
FLEAS
Engorged female
feeding
TICKS
Eggs hatch to larvae.
MITES
MITES
Both larvae
and nymphs
feed on small
mammals.
22
23
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DEER TICKS
DEER TICK
Engorged female
feeding
larva
nymph
adult
engorged adult
E X T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
E X T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
FLEAS
FLEAS
nymph
larva
adult
TICKS
TICKS
engorged adult
DEER TICK*
MITES
MITES
nymph
larva
adult
engorged adult
Larvae feed and
develop to nymphs.
24
25
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EAR MITES
DEMODEX MITES
Otodectes cynotis
Demodex canis
EAR MITE
DEMODEX MITE
FLEAS
FLEAS
E X T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
E X T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
TICKS
TICKS
MITES
26
27
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CHEYLETIELLA MITES
SARCOPTES MITES
SARCOPTES MITE*
E X T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
CHEYLETIELLA MITES*
E X T E R N A L PA R A S I T E S
Sarcoptes scabiei
FLEAS
FLEAS
Normal canine skin
TICKS
Cheyletiella mite infestation
produces hair loss, dull
coat, and dandruff.
MITES
MITES
28
29
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Large Intestine
Kidneys
Kidneys
Trachea
Esophagus
Large Intestine
Small
Intestine
Trachea
Lungs
Esophagus
Small Intestine
Heart
30
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Lungs
Heart
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
31
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34
Dirofilaria immitis
35
Alaria canis
Aleurostrongylus abstrusus
36
Ancylostoma spp.
37
38
Giardia spp.
39
Isospora canis
Isospora ohioensis
Isospora felis
Isospora rivolta
Neospora caninum
Paragonimus kellicotti
40
Physaloptera spp.
Sarcocystis spp.
Spirometra mansonoides
41
Strongoloides stercoralis
Taenia spp.
42
Toxascaris leonina
Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati
43
Toxoplasma gondii
Trichuris vulpis
44
Pseudoparasites
45
Pseudoparasites
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
33
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Adult male heartworm with corkscrew-like tail is in center; adult female is on outside.
Aleurostrongylus abstrusus
Close-up of tail of
A. abstrusus
Dirofilaria immitis
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
34
35
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Ancylostoma spp.
Surface of egg
of Eucoleus
(Capillaria)
boehmi
Egg of Eucoleus (Capillaria) boehmi
(nasopharynx)
Eggs of A. caninum and T. vulpis
Fecal flotation preparation
containing eggs of A. caninum,
T. vulpis, U. stenocephala, and
Eucoleus (Capillaria) spp.
Dipylidium caninum
A. caninum
T. vulpis
U. stenocephala
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
36
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
37
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Isospora felis
Oocysts of
Isospora felis
(smaller),
and egg of
Toxocara cati
Giardia spp.
Neospora caninum
Oocysts of
Neospora caninum
(arrows)
Paragonimus kellicoti
Stained trophozoite of
Giardia spp. (fecal
smear)
38
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
39
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Strongyloides stercoralis
Anterior end of
Strongyloides
stercoralis
Egg of Physaloptera spp.
First-stage larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis
Sarcocystis spp.
Physaloptera spp.
Taenia spp.
Spirometra mansonoides
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
40
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
41
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Toxascaris leonina
Toxocara canis
Oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii
Trichuris vulpis
Toxocara cati
Surface of egg of
Toxocara cati
Egg of Trichuris vulpis
Egg of Toxocara cati
Eggs of
Toxocara canis,
Toxascaris leonina,
and Ancylostoma
caninum
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
42
The egg of Toxocara canis is placed beside each parasite for scale.
43
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PSEUDOPARASITES
Surface of egg
of Pearsonema
(Capillaria)
feliscati
Sporocysts of Monocystis or
Rhyncocystis (earthworm
parasites)appears in feces as
result of ingestion
Yeastfecal pseudoparasite
44
45