ứng dụng xung điện trường trong công nghệ thực phẩm

VIN CNG NGH SINH HC THC PHM
BO CO MN:
NHNG VN MI TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM
TI:
NG DNG CA K THUT TRNG XUNG

IN TRONG NGNH THC PHM
TP.HCM, thng 3 nm 2011
Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

Vin CN Sinh Hc Thc Phm
Bo co tiu lun
Nhng vn mi trong thc phm
LI M U
Ha nhp cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca khoa hc k thut. Ngnh cng ngh
thc phm cng ang hng ti vic pht trin nhng ng dng ca k thut hin
i trong sn xut thc phm. Hin nay, c ba k thut hin i ang c ng dng
trong sn xut thc phm l: k thut trng xung in, k thut p sut cao v
k thut siu m. Trong k thut trng xung in ang c quan tm kh
nhiu. Bi nhng u im ca k thut ny hon ton ph hp vi xu hng ca th
trng ngi tiu dng thc phm.
Vy k thut trng xung in l g? N c s dng nh th no trong Ngnh
thc phm? Nhng u im ca k thut ny l g? Liu ngi tiu dng c c
hng li g t k thut ny hay khng? gii p tt c nhng cu hi chng
em tri qua thi gian nghin cu v tm hiu. Bi tiu lun ny chnh l kt qu
cui cng.
Tuy nhin, do thi gian v trnh cn hn ch nn bi cn nhiu thiu st. Mong
thy v cc bn gp thm. Chng em chn thnh cm n!

Bo co tiu lun
Chng 1: TNG QUAN V K THUT TRNG XUNG IN

1.1. nh ngha
Trng xung in (PEF) l mt phng php khng s dng nhit trong bo qun
thc phm v c s dng dng in v hot ho vi sinh vt v nh hng ti
thiu hoc khng gy hi n cc thuc tnh cht lng thc phm. PEF c th c
dng ch bin cc sn phm thc n lng v na lng.
Qu trnh ch bin cng cao xung in trng (PEF) lin quan n vic p
dng cc xung in p cao (thng 20-80 kV / cm) thc phm c t gia 2
in cc. X l PEF c thc hin nhit mi trng xung quanh hoc hi cao
hn nhit mi trng xung quanh cha ti 1s, v tn tht nng lng lm
nng cc loi thc phm c gim thiu. i vi cc thuc tnh cht lng thc
phm, cng ngh PEF c xem l tin ch hn x l nhit truyn thng vi cc
loi thc phm v n trnh hoc lm gim ng k nhng thay i bt li cc c
tnh cm quan v vt l trong cc loi thc phm (Quass 1997). Mc d mt s
nghin cu kt lun rng PEF bo tn cc thnh phn dinh dng trong thc
phm, nh hng ca PEF v ha cht v cnh dinh dng trong thc phm phi
c hiu r hn trc khi n c s dng trong ch bin thc phm (Qin v
nhng ngi khc 1995b).
1.2. M t v trng xung in
PEF c th c p dng di cc hnh thc theo cp s nhn phn r, sng vung,
lng cc, hoc xung dao ng. Mt ln sng in p theo cp s nhn phn r l
mt in p mt chiu m tng ln nhanh chng n mt gi tr ti a v phn r t
t v gi tr khng. Cc mch nh trong hnh 1 c th c s dng to ra mt
dng sng phn r theo hm m. Mt ngun in DC np in cho mt t in ni
tip vi mt in tr sc (R s).. Khi mt tn hiu kch hot c p dng, in nng
lu tr trong t in chy vo trong thc n trong bung ch bin.

Bo co tiu lun
Nhng dng sng xung lc hnh vung c th gy t vong v hiu qu nng lng
nhiu hn so vi xung lc phn r theo hm m. Mt dng sng vung c th thu
c bng cch s dng mt mng li hnh thnh xung lc (PFN) bao gm mt
lot cc t in v cun cm v cc thit b chuyn mch trng thi rn (Hnh 2).
Cc xung lc ph ti tc th o ngc c c trng bi mt phn electron ( + )
v mt phn electron ( - )(Hnh 3) vi rng khc nhau v cao cc nh ca
peak khc nhau. Chiu rng ca xung lc ph ti tc th o ngc vi s o
3

Bo co tiu lun
ngc ph ti cui xung ng th khc nhau ng k so vi mt xung lc lng

cc chun.
Ti thi im sau , cc cc ca nhng xung lc c o ngc lun phin vi
thi gian ngh gia nhng xung lc. Ngay c vi mt xung lc tn s cao hn (v d,
1000 Hz), thi gian ngh ca in mi in p bng khng gia nhng sng xung
lc vung 4 s l 0,996 ms (Quass 1997). Nhng xung lc nghch o tc thi c
th lm gim mnh nhu cu nng lng thp n mc 1,3 J / ml (EPRI 1998).
Hnh 3. Mt vch in p (V) ca mt xung lc nghch o tc thi, a l chu k

xung (s), b l rng xung (s), c l thi gian (s) tng xung ng t e (kV), d l
chiu rng tng gim t bin (s), e l mt in p nh (kV), v f c mt in p
tng gim t bin (kV) (H v nhng ngi khc 1995)
Dao ng xung phn r l nhng hiu qu ti thiu, bi v chng ngn chn cc t
bo khi b lin tc tip xc vi mt trng in cng cao trong mt thi gian

Bo co tiu lun
ko di, do ngn nga cc mng t bo khi s c khng thun nghch trn mt

vng ln (Jeyamkondan v nhng ngi khc 1999).
1.3.
Hin trng s dng trng xung in trong ngnh thc phm
p dng cng ngh PEF c chng minh thnh cng i vi vic thanh trng
cc loi thc phm nh nc hoa qu, sa, sa chua, sp, v trng lng. p dng
ca PEF ch bin b hn ch i vi sn phm thc phm khng c bt kh v c
dn in thp. Cc kch thc ht ti a trong cht lng phi nh hn khong cch
ca cc khu vc x l trong khoang cha m bo iu tr thch hp. PEF l mt
phng php ch bin lin tc, khng ph hp cho cc sn phm thc n rn m
khng c kh nng bm c. PEF cng c p dng tng kh nng chit xut
cc ng v hm lng t bo khc t cc t bo thc vt, chng hn nh c ci
ng. PEF cng thy cc ng dng trong vic gim khi lng rn (bn) ca nc
thi.
Ti Hoa K, quy m thng mi u tin h thng lin tc PEF c t ti S i
hc bang Ohio ca ca thc phm Khoa hc v Cng ngh. H thng ny PEF l
mt phn ca mt h thng x l thc phm mi kt hp bi mt phng ti tr B
Quc phng ti tr, lin minh trc tip i hc cng nghip. a dng Technologies
Inc, Bedford, MA, xy dng h thng thng mi PEF khi lng ch bin khc
nhau, t 500 n 2.000 lt / gi, vi trng i hc Nh nc Ohio cung cp vin
iu tr PEF.
Cc phng tin truyn thng truyn ti cm tng rng cng ngh PEF c
hon thin ln u tin ti n v sn sng cho s dng thng mi. Ngc li
nhiu cng vic cn phi lm chun ha qu trnh ch bin cc sn phm tri cy
nhit i v thc vt ph bin trong nc. Sa c l l i tng thch hp nht
p dng hng lot cng ngh ny, nhng thc t khng c thng tin ng tin cy lin
quan n s ph hp ca n i vi mt hp cht phc tp nh protein-cht bo nh
sa. Vi bo co cho thy ng dng ca PEF i i vi vic gia nhit c th ko di
thi hn s dng ca sa ln ti 24 ngy. Hy tng tng nhng thun li cho
5

Bo co tiu lun
ngi tiu dng trung lu khi cc gi sa m mi ngy n trc nh h, c th

c gi trong iu kin mi trng xung quanh hay thm ch trong t lnh t nht
mt tun hoc nhiu hn. y l ni m n lc ku gi n l nc sn xut sa
ln nht th gii v mt phn ln c tiu th nh sa dung dch trong hng triu
ngi nh t chc trn ton quc.
Chng 2: QUY TRNH LM VIC CA TRNG XUNG IN
2.1. Phn tch cc yu t quan trng
C ba yu t quan trng nh hng n hot ng kh vi sinh vt ca k thut
trng xung in:
Qu trnh: cng in trng, rng xung, nhit v thi gian x l,
hnh dng ca sng xung.
Vi sinh vt: chng loi, s lng, giai on tng trng ca vi sinh vt.
Cc yu t sn phm: pH, dn in, lc ion
2.1.1.
Cc yu t qu trnh
a. Cng in trng
Cng in trng l mt trong nhng yu t chnh nh hng n kh nng v
hot ha cc vi sinh vt (theo Hshelguer v Niemann 1980; Dunne v cng s
1996). S gia tng s lng cc vi khun b v hot t l thun vi s gia tng
cng in trng ( theo Qin v cng s, nm 1998). iu ny ph hp vi l
thuyt electroporation. Trong , cc tc ng gy ra qua mng t bo l t l thun
vi in trng p dng. Mt s m hnh ton hc thc nghim c xut
m t mi quan h gia cng in trng v s v hot ca cc vi khun
rng ca xung in cng nh hng n kh nng v hot cc vi sinh vt. V
d, vi rng xung ln hn 50 s th Ec l 4,9 kV/cm, cn vi rng xung nh
hn 2s th Ec l 40 kV/cm ( theo Schoenbach v nhng ngi khc 1997).
b. Thi gian x l

Bo co tiu lun
Thi gian x l l kt qu ca s lng xung v thi gian xung, theo s gia tng
bt k ca cc yu t ny s lm tng kh nng v hot ha cc vi sinh vt (Sale v
Hamilton 1967). Nh ni trn, chiu rng xung tng hay gim cng nh hng
n kh nng v hot ha cc vi sinh vt bng cch tc ng n cng in
trng. Tuy nhin, vic ko di thi gian xung c th lm tng nhit thc phm
mt cch khng mong mun. Do , cc iu kin ch bin ti u nn c thit lp
cc thit b xung in trng c th cho kt qu lm vic tt nht vi tc dng
lm nng thp nht. Hlsheger v cng s (1981) xut mt m hnh v hot
ha lin quan n phn sng ca vi sinh vt (S) vi thi gian x l bng PEF (t).
Qua cho thy s lng vi sinh vt ngng hot ng tng ln tng ng vi mc
tng thi gian x l.
Mc quan trng ca thi gian x l cng ph thuc vo cng in trng
p dng.
c. Hnh dng sng xung
Trng xung in c th c p dng theo hnh thc phn r, sng vung, dao
ng, lng cc. Trong , hnh thc dao ng l hiu qu nht v hot ha cc
vi sinh vt v cc sng vung th c nhiu nng lng v hiu qu lm cht tt hn
so vi cc xung phn r. Xung lng cc lm cht tt hn so vi cc xung ch c
mt cc v mt xung in trng gy ra chuyn ng ca cc phn t tch in trong
cc mng t bo ca vi sinh vt v i chiu theo hng hoc chiu phn cc ca
in trng gy ra mt s thay i tng ng theo hng ca cc phn t mang in
(theo Ho v cng s 1995; Qin cng s 1994). Vi xung lng cc, s chuyn ng
ca cc phn t tch in gy ra p lc trn mng t bo v tng kh nng ph v n.
Dng xung lng cc s thun li trong vic tit kim nng lng, gim lng ng
ca cc cht rn trn b mt in cc.
Cc xung o ngc tc th c th c m t nh l mt phn mang in vo
trc th ngay tc th mt phn khng mang in vo sau. c tnh ny ca hnh
dng sng chu nh hng bi dn in ca cc thc phm em i x l.
7

Bo co tiu lun
S khc bit gia cc xung o ngc v xung lng cc l thi gian phc hi ca
cc xung. Tc dng v hot ha ca cc xung o ngc lin tc l gy ra p lc xen
k trn t bo vi khun l nguyn nhn lm cu trc ca chng yu i. Hiu qu ca
dng sng khi v hot ha cc vi sinh vt so vi phng php khc l c th tit
kim 1/5 n 1/6 tng s nng lng v chi ph thit b. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu
su hn l cn thit chng minh tc dng v hot ha vi sinh vt ca phng
php ny.
Mt nghin cu tin hnh bi Zhang v cng s (1997) cho thy nh hng ca
sng vung, sng phn r v cc xung o ngc tc th n thi gian bo qun ca
nc cam. Ba loi dng xung c s dng l:
1. Sng vung vi in trng cao 35 kV / cm, c chiu rng xung l 37,22 s v
ko di xung mt thi gian l 60 ns.
2. Phn r theo cp s nhn vi mt sng in trng cao 62,5 kV / cm, c chiu
rng xung l 0,57 s v xung mt thi gian l 40 ns
3. Xung o ngc vi in trng cao im l 37 kV / cm, c chiu rng xung 0,96
s, v xung mt thi gian l 400 ns.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy sng vung c hiu qu hn so vi hai sng cn li.
Qin v cng s (1994) cng nghin cu kh nng v hot ca S. Cerevisiae khi
s dng hai dng sng l hnh m phn r v sng vung, cng iu kin in
trng cao im l 12 KV/cm v 60J/xung. Kt qu ny cho thy c hai dng sng
u cho hiu qu v hot vi sinh vt, nhng vi sng vung th cho hiu qu tt
nht.
d. Nhit x l
Kt qu thc nghim chng minh rng, nhit x l v nhit ch bin c
nh hng n s sng st v phc hi ca vi sinh vt.
X l bng phng php PEF nhit va phi ( t 50-60 oC) c tin hnh
cho thy tc dng ca nhit n v hot ha cc vi sinh vt. Vi cng
in trng khng i, mc v hot ha tng theo s gia tng nhit . Cng
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Bo co tiu lun
in trng l nguyn nhn lm tng nhit ca mt vi thc phm, v vy, vic

lm ngui l cn thit duy tr nhit ca thc phm xung thp hn nhng thc
phm c to ra bi thanh trng.
nh hng ca nhit c quan st khi thy E. coli gim t 1-6,5 ln trong chu
k tng ng vi s thay i nhit t 32-55 oC (Vega-Mercado v cng s, nm
1996)
2.1.2.
Cc yu t v sn phm
a. Tnh dn in, pH, lc ion

Cc tnh dn in trung bnh ( n v , Siems / m) c nh ngha nh l kh
nng dn in hin hnh, l mt bin quan trng trong PEF. Dn in l nghch o
ca in tr sut, c nh ngha bi cc tnh hiu r v c o bng ohm-mt
(W.m). Thc phm c tnh dn in cao gy ra nhng im in nh hn trn bung
x l, do khng thch hp x l bng PEF (Barbosa-Cnovas v cng s,
1999). Khi v hot ha Lactobacillus brevis bng PEF cho thy tnh dn ca cht
lng tng ln, kh nng chng n mn ca bung x l gim. Do , lm gim
rng xung v gim kh nng v hot cc vi sinh vt. Bi v tnh dn in tng dn
n kt qu l lc lin kt ion trong cht lng cng tng. Hn na, s gia tng
chnh lch gia dn in ca mt t bo v vi sinh vt s lm suy yu cu trc
mng t bo do mt cht lm tng lng ion qua mng t bo.
Vega-Mercado v cng s (1996) nghin cu tc ng ca pH v lc ion ca mi
trng trong khi x l bng PEF. T l vi sinh vt b v hot ha tng khng th
nhn bit t chu k 2,5 khi lc ion c iu chnh t 168-28mm. Dunne v cng s
(1996) bo co rng, ty thuc vo loi vi sinh vt, pH m lm tng kh nng v
hot ha cc vi sinh vt.
b. Ht thc phm
Kh hot tnh ca vi sinh vt trong h thng ht cht lng c nghin cu bi
Dunne v cng s ti (1996). Theo , E. coli, L. innocua, aureus Staphyloccocus,
Lactobacillus acidophilus b v hot trong trong h thng ht alginate c ng
9

Bo co tiu lun
knh l 2mm v nh hng ca cc bin khc trong phng php ny cng c

th nghim.
c) Kt hp cc yu t
Nhn chung, s kt hp ca cc yu t (chng ngi) nh pH, ion v cc hp
cht khng sinh trong iu tr PEF s l mt phng tin hiu qu h tr trong
vic v hot ha cc vi sinh vt vi PEF.
2.1.3.
Cc yu t vi sinh vt
a. Loi vi sinh vt
Trong s cc vi khun, cc vi khun gram dng c kh nng khng PEF cao hn
so vi nhng vi khun gram m. Nhn chung, nm men d b tc ng hn so vi vi
sinh vt do chng c kch thc ln hn, mc d cng in thp, chng c
th trnh c nhiu hn so vi cc t bo vi khun gram m (Sale and Hamilton
1967; Qin and others 1995a). Mt so snh gia s v hot ca hai loi nm men c
kch thc khc nhau cho thy cng in trng cn thit chng ngng hot
ng t l nghch vi kch thc t bo. Nhng kt qu trn hp l nhng khng
ph hp vi kt qu ca Hlsheger v cng s (1983). V vy cc nghin cu trong
lnh vc ny cn c tip tc hiu r hn v nh hng ca loi vi sinh vt n
kt qu ca phng php PEF.
b. S lng vi sinh vt
S lng vi sinh vt c trong thc phm c th nh hng n s v hot ha
chng bng phong php PEF. Barbosa-Cnovas v cng s (1999) bo co rng
mc v hot ha E. coli trong mt h thng thc phm dng sa ultrafiltrate
(SMUF) khng b nh hng khi nng ca vi sinh vt c thay i t 103-108
cfu/ml sau khi phi chu n 70 KV/cm, 16 xung v chiu rng xung l 2 s.
Cn trong nc to, iu kin 25 kV / cm, 1 xung, v rng xung l 25 s, nu
tng s lng S. Cerevisiae th kh nng vo hot ha s gim i. nh hng ca
nng vi sinh vt n mc v hot ha c th lin quan ti s hnh thnh nhm
cc t bo nm men hoc vi sinh vt c giu trong khu vc c in trng thp.
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Bo co tiu lun
c) Giai on sinh trng ca vi sinh vt

Nhn chung, cc t bo giai on tng trng mnh th nhy cm hn so vi cc
t bo giai on tng trng chm hoc suy thoi. Vi sinh vt trong giai on tng
trng mnh c c trng bi qu trnh phn chia t bo lin tc. Trong , mng
t bo nhy cm hn vi in trng p dng. Hlsheger v cng s (1983) kt lun
rng t bo t cc giai on tng trng mnh nhy cm vi PEF hn l giai on
tng trng chm v suy thoi. Nghin cu vi E. Coli cho kt qu tng t.
Gaskova v cng s (1996) bo co rng hiu qu lm cht ca PEF trong giai on
tng trng mnh l 30% ln hn trong giai on chm hoc ngng tng trng.
2.2. C ch kh hot vi sinh vt
Hai c ch c a ra nh l phng thc hot ng ca PEF trn vi sinh vt:
v electroporation.
2.2.1.
Electrical breakdown
Zimmermann (1986), nh trong hnh 5 gii thch nhng g in ph hy mng t

bo. Mng ny c th c coi l mt t y vi mt cht in mi (Hnh 5a). S
khc bit l kh nng chng li bnh thng trn mng V'm l 10 mV v dn n
hnh thnh s khc bit th mng V do s tch in trn mng t bo. V l t l thun
vi cng trng E v bn knh ca t bo. S gia tng in th mng dn n
gim dy mng t bo. S ph hy mng xy ra nu im ti hn in th Vc t
c mt s gia tng hn na cng trong trng bn ngoi (Hnh 5c). Ngi ta
cho rng s ph hy gy ra s hnh thnh cc l rng trn mng (y dung dch dn
in), dn n s phng in ngay lp tc ti mng t bo v do phn hy mng
t bo. S ph hy c th hi phc nu sn phm cc l rng l nh i vi tng b
mt mng. Trn im ti hn cng trng vi thi gian tip xc di, khu vc
ln hn ca mng l b phn hy (Hnh 5d). Nu kch thc v s lng cc l chn
lng tr nn ln i vi tng b mt mng, s ph hy c th hi phc bin thnh s
ph hy khng th hi phc, l lin quan n ph hy c hc ca mng t bo.
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Bo co tiu lun
in trng tng ng l Eti hn = V ti hn / f a, a l bn knh ca t bo v f ph

thuc vo hnh dng ca t bo (Schoenbach v nhng ngi khc 1997). i vi
mt t bo hnh cu f l 1,5; cho cc t bo hnh tr c chiu di l v bn cu c
ng knh d ti mi u, khi f = l (l - d) / 3
Hnh 5. Biu ca s ph hy hi phc v khng th hi phc. (A) mng t

bo c tim nng V'm, (b) mng nn, (c) l rng hnh thnh vi s ph hy hi
phc, (d) din tch ca mng b ph hy khng th hi phc vi l rng ln
(Zimmermann, 1986)
2.2.2.
Electroporation
Electroporation l hin tng trong mt t bo tip xc vi trng xung in

cao p dn n lm mt n nh lp mng lipid kp v cc protein ca mng t bo
Castro v nhng ngi khc 1993).
Cc mng sinh cht ca cc t bo tr nn thm qua c vi cc phn t nh sau
khi c tip xc vi mt in trng, v s thm thu sau gy ra s sng ph v
cui cng l s thng mng t bo (Hnh 6) (Vega-Mercado 1996b).
Hiu qu chnh ca mt in trng trn mt t bo vi sinh vt l tng tnh thm
mng do mng nn v poration (Vega-Mercado v nhng ngi khc 1996b).
Kinosita v Tsong (1977, 1979) chng minh rng mt in trng l 2,2 kV / cm
gy ra l rng trong hng cu ca con ngi trong khong 1 nm ng knh. L
rng ln thu c bng cch tng cng in trng v thi gian xung hoc gim
cng ion ca mi trng.
12

Bo co tiu lun
Hnh 6. Electroporation ca mt mng t bo (Vega-Mercado, 1996b)

2.3. Mt s u nhc im ca phng php
2.3.1.
u im
K thut trng xung in v hiu ha cc vi sinh vt nhit 50 0C
trong 3 giy, thp hn rt nhiu so vi mt thanh trng pasteur thng thng cng
nhit khong 70 n 900C, trong khong 30 n 60 giy.
Thc phm c x l bng k thut ny vn gi nguyn c gi tr
dinh dng cng nh tnh cht cm quan. V d, trong sn xut pho mt s dng
sa c x l bng PEF l mt gii php c th loi b cc tc nhn gy bnh
c trong sa. Mt v d th hai l cc loi nc tri cy sau khi x l PEF vn gi
c hng v nh tri cy ti vt.
Ko di thi hn s dng ca thc phm hn cng l mt u im ca
phng php.
Phng php s dng in thng thng nn m bo an ton v khng
gy nhim mi trng
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Bo co tiu lun
Mt u im na l phng php ny tiu tn t nhin liu v thi gian
x l rt ngn nn gim c gi thnh ca sn phm. V gp phn tit kim nhin

liu.
2.3.2.
Nhc im
Mt s nhc im quan trng nht ca k thut hin ti hoc hn ch ca cng

ngh PEF l:
Tnh sn c ca n v thng mi, c gii hn trong mt bi PurePulse
Technologies, Inc, v mt bi Thomson-CSF
S c mt ca bong bng, c th dn n iu tr khng ng nht cng nh
cc vn an ton hot ng. Khi in trng p dng vt qu sc mnh in mi

ca cc bong bng kh, phng in cc b din ra bn trong cc bong bng c th
lm bay hi cht lng v do lm tng khi lng ca cc bong bng. Cc bong
bng c th tr thnh ln thu hp khong cch gia 2 in cc v c th to ra
mt tia la. V vy, bong bng khng kh trong thc phm phi c loi b, c
bit vi cc h thng hng lot.
Gii hn ca ng dng, l gii hn cho cc sn phm thc phm c th
chu c in trng cao. Cc thuc tnh in mi ca thc phm l lin quan

cht ch n cu trc vt l ca n v thnh phn ha hc. Cht lng ng nht vi
tnh dn in thp, cung cp iu kin l tng iu tr lin tc vi cc phng
php PEF. Sn phm thc phm khng c thm cc mui c dn in trong
khong 0,1-0,5 S / m. Cc sn phm c tnh dn in cao lm gim in tr ca cc
phng v do i hi nhiu nng lng hn t c mt in trng c th.
V vy, khi ch bin cc sn phm mui cao, mui s c thm vo sau khi ch
bin.
14

Bo co tiu lun
Cc kch thc ht ca cc thc phm lng trong c hai ch iu tr dng
chy v tnh. Cc kch thc ht ti a trong cht lng phi nh hn khong cch
ca cc khu vc x l trong bung duy tr hot ng x l thch hp.
Vic thiu cc phng php o chnh xc cng sut x l. S lng v s
a dng trong thit b, cc gii hn hiu lc ca kt lun c th c rt ra v hiu

qu ca qu trnh iu kin c th. Mt phng php o lng cng sut x l s
ngn chn kt qu khng ph hp do cc bin th trong h thng PEF. Nhng
phng php khng c sn
Chng 3: NG DNG TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM
n nay, trng xung in ch yu c p dng bo qun cht lng, tng thi
hn s dng thc phm chng hn nh sa, nc cam, nc to, trng v ru.
3.1. ng dng cng ngh ch bin ru vang
Ho v Mittal(1996) p dng trng xung in hi phc hoc o
ngc mng t bo cht ca t bo Eukaryote v Prokaryote
Heinz v cng s (2001) cng bt hot vi khun, lm tng an ton, n
nh thc phm m khng nh hng cm quan v c im dinh dng ca thc

phm.
Trong vi nm qua, ngi ta cc ng dng ca cng ngh ny trong sn
xut ru vang cho ngng hot ng ca vi sinh vt h hng v hn ch nguy c

bin i ca ru do vi sinh vt gy ra, ci thin hng v ru trong qu trnh
ngm.
Kh nng ca trng xung in bt hot cc vi sinh vt nhit m
khng gy ra bt k tc hi v hng v, mu sc, hoc gi tr dinh dng ca ru
15

Bo co tiu lun
vang m ra cc ng dng rt th v ca cng ngh ny vo qu trnh sn xut

ru vang
l in
trng 29 kV/cm lm gim s lng cc vi sinh vt h hng (Purtolas nm

2009). Ngoi ra c th to thun li cho s pht trin ca nm men ru vang kh
m bo cho qu trnh ln men ru v ti sn xut ln men. Ngng hot ng ca
h vi sinh vt h hng trong qu trnh ln men trong ru vang c hiu qu trnh s
nhim ca b mt v kim sot s thay i sut qu trnh lo ha trong thng v
lu tr trong chai ca ru vang.
Trong nhng nm gn y, c mt s quan tm c bit trong cc loi ru vang
rt giu cc hp cht phenolic khng nhng c th gip ngn nga bnh nhi
mu c tim m cn l mt cht chng xy ha rt mnh, c kh nng ngn nga ung
th hu hiu, n nh mu sc ca ru trong qu trnh lo ha. Tuy nhin cc
loi ru c c nng phenolic cao cn ko di thi gian ngm, thc t ny i
hi phi tng s lng vi khun ln men trong sn xut ru, iu ny dn n kh
khn kim sot nhit ln men dch nho. p dng phng php trng xung
in cho php ci thin vic nng cc hp cht phenolic trong thi gian ngm,
16

Bo co tiu lun
tng hm lng phenolic v cng mu ca ru vang (10-45%) v gim thi

gian ngm (t nht l 48 gi) (Purtoals 2010)
3.2. ng dng trong cng nghip nc qu
3.2.1.
Ch bin nc to
Simpson v nhng cng tc vin (1995) bo co: nc

to sau khi x l bng phng php trng xung in
in trng l 50 kV/cm, 10 xung mi xung in c chiu
rng 2 s, nhit x l ti a l 45C ko di thi
hn s dng 28 ngy so vi 21 ngy thi hn s dng ca
nc to p ti. Sau khi phn tch v kim tra, kt qu
cho thy khng c s thay i vt l, ha hc no (v d
acid ascorbic hay cc loi ng) trong nc to s dng
phng php trng xung in v nh gi cm quan cng khng tm thy s khc
bit ng k no so vi nc to p ti
Vega Mercado v nhng ngi khc (1997) cng bo co bng phng php
trng xung in ko di hn s dng ti nhit 22-25C ca nc to ti v
nc p to t 32 n 56 ngy, khng thy c s thay i trong ha l v cc c
tnh cm quan ca n
3.2.2.
Ch bin nc cam
Sitzmann (1995) bo co hiu qu ca vic bo

qun nc cam vt bng phng php trng xung
in gim mt lng vi sinh vt in trng p
dng l 15 kV/cm m khng nh hng ng k n
cht lng ca n.
17

Bo co tiu lun
Zhang (1997) tng hn s dng nc cam hon nguyn c c x l bng

trng xung in 32 kV/cm. Ngoi ra, ng cn bo co l tng s vi sinh vt hiu
kh gim 3 ln so vi nc cam khng x l v khi bo qun nc cam 4oC th
vitamin C tn tht thp, vn gi c mu sc, v tng thi gian bo qun ln n
90 ngy ( nhit 4-22C) hoc 15 ngy ( nhit 37C).
3.3. ng dng trong cng nghip ch bin sa
Dunn v Pearlman (1987) tin hnh mt th nghim vi sa nhim vi khun
Salmonella x l vi in trng 36,7 kV/cm v 40 xung, Salmonella khng c
pht hin sau khi sa x l phng php trng xung in. Vi nhit lu tr
7-9C trong 8 ngy cc vi khun trong sa tng ln
n 107 cfu/ml, trong khi sa c s dng
phng php trng xung in cho thy khong
4x102 cfu/ml.
Fernandez-Molina (1999) nghin cu thi hn s
dng ca sa tch kem ti (0,2% cht bo sa), x
l bng phng php trng xung in 40 kV /
cm, 30 xung, thi gian 2 s, thi hn s dng ca sa l 2 tun 4oC. Tuy nhin vi
phng php trng xung in trong 6 giy, 30 kV/cm, 30 xung, mi xung c
chiu rng 2 s, sa tch kem ti c hn s dng ln n 22 ngy, vi tng s vi
sinh vt hiu kh gim v coliform khng tm thy. Lu nhit x l khng vt
qu 28 C trong khi s dng phng php trng xung in ca nguyn sa tch
kem.
3.4.
ng dng trong mt s sn phm khc
3.4.1.
Ch bin trng
Cc nghin cu khc trn trng c x l bng trng xung in thc hin bi

Tan - cc cng s (1995) v Ma (1997) cho thy x l bng trng xung in
18

Bo co tiu lun
gim nht nhng tng mu sc ca trng. Sau khi nh gi cm quan cho thy
khng c s khc bit gia sn phm trng ch bin t trng ti v trng qua x l
xung in.
Ngoi ra phn tch mu sc ca sn phm trng, Ma v nhng ngi khc (1997)
nh gi ti v ch s protein c kh nng to bt ca trng c x l bng
trng xung in. Cc phn tch thng k ca cc nh gi cm quan cho thy
khng c s khc bit gia cc loi bnh ch bin t trng ti v trng qua x l
trng xung in.
3.4.2.
Bo qun thc phm thc n nh
Thc phm thc n nh ang tm kim gii php ngn chn s pht trin ca vi
sinh vt m khng lm gim cht lng ban u ca sn phm, ng ch nht l
bo qun thc phm x l theo phng php vt l nhit thp hn so vi nhng
yu cu tit trng Pasteur m vn gi c cht lng ban u, cc sn phm khng
cn b nh hng bi nhit. X l trng xung in l mt phng php bo qun
thay th cho tit trng Pasteur, ng dng trn nhiu loi thc phm.
Vega-Mercado (1996) x l vi sp u xanh bng trng xung in 16 xung ti
35 kV/cm v lu ngn chn s gia tng nhit vt qu 55 C trong khi x l.
Thi hn s dng nhit lnh vt qu 4 tun v khng c thay i cc tnh cht
ha l hay cm quan ca sp u sau khi x l bng trng xung in
3.4.3.
Ci thin ti ca tri cy v rau qu
19

Bo co tiu lun
Thng thng mt nc ca tri cy v rau qu nh hng n tnh trng sinh ha

dn n co rt, thay i kt cu, mu sc v hng v v cht lng. Th trng tiu
dng ngy cng tng i vi tri cy v rau qu, trnh tnh trng mt nc cc
nh nghin cu nghin cu cc phng php kt hp k thut bo qun. Trng
xung in l mt trong nhng phng php bo qun y ha hn gi c ti
ca thc phm m khng gy nh hng n cht lng ca n.
20

Bo co tiu lun
TI LIU
1. www.ichaus.de/MagneticEncoder
2. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6746613.html
3. http://fst.osu.edu/PEFfactsheet.pdf
4. U. S. Food and Drug Administration
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
June 2, 2000
http://altered-states.net/barry/rife/pulsedelectricflds.htm
5. Barbosa-Cnovas, GV, Gongora-Nieto, MM, Pothakamury, UR, Swanson,
BG 1999. Preservation of foods with pulsed electric fields. 1-9, 76-107, 108155. Academic Press Ltd. London.
6. Calderon-Miranda, ML 1998. Inactivation of listeria inocua by pulsed electric
fields and nisin. Pullman, WA. Washington State University.
7. Jeyamkondan, S., Jayas, D. S. and Holley, R. A. 1999. Pulsed electric field
processing of foods: a review. J Food Protect. 62(9):1088-1096
8. Keith, W. D., Harris, L. J., Hudson, L. and Griffiths, M. 1997. Pulsed electric
fields as a processing alternative for microbial reduction in spice. Food Res
Int. 30(3/4):185-191
21

Bo co tiu lun
MC LC
LI M U............................................................................................................1
Chng 1: TNG QUAN V K THUT TRNG XUNG IN.......................2
1.1.
nh ngha...................................................................................................2
1.2.
M t v trng xung in...........................................................................2
1.3.
Hin trng s dng trng xung in trong ngnh thc phm.....................5
Chng 2: QUY TRNH LM VIC CA TRNG XUNG IN.......................6

2.1.
Phn tch cc yu t quan trng...................................................................6
2.1.1.
Cc yu t qu trnh..............................................................................6
2.1.2.
Cc yu t v sn phm........................................................................9
2.1.3.
Cc yu t vi sinh vt.........................................................................10
2.2.
C ch kh hot vi sinh vt........................................................................11
2.2.1.
Electrical breakdown..........................................................................11
2.2.2.
Electroporation...................................................................................12
2.3.
Mt s u nhc im ca phng php................................................13
2.3.1.
u im..............................................................................................13
2.3.2.
Nhc im........................................................................................14
Chng 3: NG DNG TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM............................15

3.1.
ng dng cng ngh ch bin ru vang..................................................15
3.2.
ng dng trong cng nghip nc qu......................................................16
3.2.1.
Ch bin nc to...............................................................................16
3.2.2.
Ch bin nc cam.............................................................................17
3.3.
ng dng trong cng nghip ch bin sa................................................17
3.4.
ng dng trong mt s sn phm khc......................................................18
3.4.2.
Bo qun thc phm thc n nh........................................................18
3.4.3.
Ci thin ti ca tri cy v rau qu............................................19
22

Bo co tiu lun
23

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VIN CNG NGH SINH HC THC PHM

NG DNG CA K THUT TRNG XUNG

TP.HCM, thng 3 nm 2011

Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

Chng 1: TNG QUAN V K THUT TRNG XUNG IN

Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

ngc ph ti cui xung ng th khc nhau ng k so vi mt xung lc lng

Hnh 3. Mt vch in p (V) ca mt xung lc nghch o tc thi, a l chu k

Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

ko di, do ngn nga cc mng t bo khi s c khng thun nghch trn mt

Hin trng s dng trng xung in trong ngnh thc phm

Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

ngi tiu dng trung lu khi cc gi sa m mi ngy n trc nh h, c th

Qu trnh: cng in trng, rng xung, nhit v thi gian x l,

hnh dng ca sng xung.

Cc yu t sn phm: pH, dn in, lc ion

Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

in trng l nguyn nhn lm tng nhit ca mt vi thc phm, v vy, vic

a. Tnh dn in, pH, lc ion

Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

knh l 2mm v nh hng ca cc bin khc trong phng php ny cng c

Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

c) Giai on sinh trng ca vi sinh vt

Zimmermann (1986), nh trong hnh 5 gii thch nhng g in ph hy mng t

Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

in trng tng ng l Eti hn = V ti hn / f a, a l bn knh ca t bo v f ph

Hnh 5. Biu ca s ph hy hi phc v khng th hi phc. (A) mng t

Electroporation l hin tng trong mt t bo tip xc vi trng xung in

Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

Hnh 6. Electroporation ca mt mng t bo (Vega-Mercado, 1996b)

K thut trng xung in v hiu ha cc vi sinh vt nhit 50 0C

Thc phm c x l bng k thut ny vn gi nguyn c gi tr

Ko di thi hn s dng ca thc phm hn cng l mt u im ca

Phng php s dng in thng thng nn m bo an ton v khng

Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

Mt u im na l phng php ny tiu tn t nhin liu v thi gian

x l rt ngn nn gim c gi thnh ca sn phm. V gp phn tit kim nhin

Mt s nhc im quan trng nht ca k thut hin ti hoc hn ch ca cng

Tnh sn c ca n v thng mi, c gii hn trong mt bi PurePulse

Technologies, Inc, v mt bi Thomson-CSF

S c mt ca bong bng, c th dn n iu tr khng ng nht cng nh

cc vn an ton hot ng. Khi in trng p dng vt qu sc mnh in mi

Gii hn ca ng dng, l gii hn cho cc sn phm thc phm c th

chu c in trng cao. Cc thuc tnh in mi ca thc phm l lin quan

Trng i Hc Cng Nghip TP.HCM

Cc kch thc ht ca cc thc phm lng trong c hai ch iu tr dng

Vic thiu cc phng php o chnh xc cng sut x l. S lng v s

a dng trong thit b, cc gii hn hiu lc ca kt lun c th c rt ra v hiu

Ho v Mittal(1996) p dng trng xung in hi phc hoc o

ngc mng t bo cht ca t bo Eukaryote v Prokaryote

Heinz v cng s (2001) cng bt hot vi khun, lm tng an ton, n

nh thc phm m khng nh hng cm quan v c im dinh dng ca thc

Trong vi nm qua, ngi ta cc ng dng ca cng ngh ny trong sn

xut ru vang cho ngng hot ng ca vi sinh vt h hng v hn ch nguy c

Kh nng ca trng xung in bt hot cc vi sinh vt nhit m