Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Performance of BPSK and QPSK in AWGN Channel
Performance of BPSK and QPSK in AWGN Channel
5
Carrier Modulation
Lesson
27
Performance of BPSK
and QPSK in AWGN
Channel
Version 2 ECE IIT, Kharagpur
We introduced the principles of Maximum Likelihood Decision and the basic concepts of
correlation receiver structure for AWGN channel in Lesson #19, Module #4. During the
discussion, we also derived a general expression for the related likelihood function for
use in the design of a receiver. The concept of likelihood function plays a key role in the
assessment of error performance of correlation receivers. For ease of reference, we
reproduce the expression (Eq.4.19.14) below with usual meaning of symbols and
notations:
( )
f r r mi = ( N 0 )
N
2
1
.exp
N0
(r
N
j =1
2
sij ) i = 1,2,.,M.
5.27.1
1 (t ) =
2
.cos 2 f c t ; 0 t < Tb. Further, s11 =
Tb
are shown in Fig.5.27.1 as two points s1 and s2 . The discontinuous vertical line dividing
the signal space in two halves identifies the two decision zones Z1 and Z2. Further, the
received vector r is the vector sum of a signal point ( s1 or s2 ) and a noise vector (say,
w ) as, in the time domain, r(t) = s(t) + n(t). Upon receiving r , an optimum receiver
makes the best decision about whether the corresponding transmitted signal was s1(t) or
s2(t).
Z2
Z1
0
s2
1
s1
*
Eb
Eb
= s11
a)
b)
r lies in Z2 if r 0
Now, from Eq. 5.27.1, we can construct an expression for a Likelihood Function:
( )
f r r s2 (t ) = f r r '0 '
1
1
2
.exp
( r s21 )
N0
N0
2
r
E
b
1
.exp
=
N0
N0
2
1
1
.exp
=
r + Eb
N0
N0
5.27.2
The conditional Probability that the receiver decides in favour of 1 while 0 was
transmitted = f r ( r 0 ) dr = Pe ( 0 ) , say.
0
1
1
Pe ( 0 ) =
r + Eb
exp
N0 0
N0
Pe ( 0 ) =
5.27.3
1
r + Eb = Z , we get,
N0
Now, putting
1
) dr
exp ( Z 2 ) dz
Eb N 0
1 2
= .
2
e z dz
Eb
N0
Eb
2 Eb
1
= Q
,
= .erfc
N
N
2
o
o
erf c (u ) = 2Q
2u
5.27.4
Pe (1) = .erfc
5.27.5
N
2
o
Now, as we have assumed earlier, the 0-s and 1-s are equally likely to occur at the
input of the modulator and hence, the average probability of a received bit being decided
erroneously (Pe) is,
Eb
1
1
1
We can easily recognize that Pe is the BER, or equivalently the SER(Symbol error rate)
for the optimum BPSK modulator. This is the best possible error performance any BPSK
modulator-demodulator can achieve in presence of AWGN. Fig. 5.27.3 depicts the above
relationship. This figure demands some attention as it is often used as a benchmark for
comparing error performance of other carrier modulation schemes. Careful observation
E
reveals that about 9.6 dB of b
is necessary to achieve a BER of 10-05 while an
No
Eb
of 8.4 dB implies an achievable BER of 10-04.
No
(0 1)
Z3
s4
(1 1)
Z4
E
s2
(0 0)
Z2
Z1
1
E
s1
(1 0)
.cos ( 2i 1) cos wc t
.sin ( 2i 1) sin wc t , 1 i 4
si ( t ) =
4
4
T
T
5.27.7
The corresponding signal at the input of a QPSK receiver is r(t) = si(t) + w(t), 0
t T, where w(t) is the noise sample function and T is the duration of one symbol.
Following our discussion on correlation receiver, we observe that the received vector r ,
at the output of a bank of I-path and Q-path correlators, has two components:
T
r1 = r ( t ) 1 ( t ) dt = E .cos ( 2i 1) + w1
4
and r2 = r ( t ) 2 ( t ) dt = E sin ( 2i 1) + w2
4
0
T
5.27.8
Note that if r1>0, it implies that the received vector is either in decision zone Z1 or in
decision zone Z4. Similarly, if r2 > 0, it implies that the received vector is either in
decision zone Z3 or in decision zone Z4.
We have explained earlier in Lesson #19, Module #4 that w1 and w2 are
independent, identically distributed (iid) Gaussian random variables with zero mean and
N
variance = 0 . Further, r1 and r2 are also sample values of independent Gaussian
2
N
and with same variance 0 .
2
Let us now assume that s4(t) is transmitted and that we have received r . For a
change, we will first compute the probability of correct decision when a symbol is
transmitted.
Let, Pcs 4 ( t ) = Probability of correct decision when s4(t) is transmitted.
From Fig.5.27.4, we can say that,
Mean of r1 = E cos 7 =
4
E
and
2
Mean of r2 = E sin [ 7 4] =
Pcs4 (t ) =
0
E
2
2
2
E
E
r1
r2
2 1
2
1
.exp
.exp
dr2
dr1.
N
N
N0
N
0
0
0
0
5.27.9
Pcs4 (t )
1
=
.
2
exp ( Z ) dz
E
2 N0
x2
rj
E
2 = Z , j = 1, 2, we get,
N0
5.27.10
1
dx = 1 erfc( a ) .
2
5.27.11
Pcs4 (t )
1
E
= 1 erfc
2
2 N 0
E
E 1
2
= 1 erfc
+ .erfc
2 N0 4
2N0
5.27.12
1
E
2
erfc
4
2N0
5.27.13
Following similar argument as above, it can be shown that Pes1( t ) = Pes 2 ( t ) = Pes 3 ( t ) = Pes 4 ( t ) .
Now, assuming all symbols as equally likely, the average probability of symbol error
E 1
E
1
2
= Pe = 4 erfc
5.27.14
erfc
4
2
4
2
N
N
0
0
A relook at Fig.5.27.2(b) reveals that the value of erfc(x) decreases fast with
increase in its argument. This implies that, for moderate or large value of Eb/N0, the
second term on the R.H.S of Eq.5.27.14 may be neglected to obtain a shorter expression
for the average probability of symbol error, Pe:
E
Pe erfc
2N o
2 .E b
= erfc
2. N
o
Eb
= erfc
5.27.15
Fig.5.27.5 shows the average probabilities for symbol error for BPSK and QPSK. Note
E
, the average symbol error probability for QPSK is somewhat more
that for a given b
No
compared to that of BPSK.
total number of message bits transmitted over an observation duration is twice the
number of transmitted symbols.
Eb
1
no. of erroneous symbols 1
1
Av. BER = lim
5.27.16
= Pe erfc
Problems
Q5.27.1) Suppose, 1 million information bits are modulated by BPSK scheme & the
E
available b is 6.0 dB in the receiver.
No
Q5.27.2) Determine approximately how many bits will be erroneous at the output of the
demodulator.
Q5.27.3) Find the same if QPSK modulator is used instead of BPSK.
Q5.27.4) Mention three situations which can be describe suitable using error function.