1.

- .
,
.
: I =
Vin

Vin
R1 + R2

Vout =

R2
Vin
R1 + R2

R1

, .
R2 Vout
,
. ( )
.

R2 .
in

R1

out

.( )

R2

.
,

Rth

R1
Vin

Vth

R2

.

(, ,...).
( ).
Rload>>Rinternal .

Vout
Vin

2. RC

()

.
.
:
Vin
z total

I=

Vin R +
R
Vin
C

=
=
j
1
R
R2 + 2 2
C
C

R :

Vout = I z R = I R Vout

Vin R +
R
C

=
1
R2 + 2 2
C

, :

Vout = Vout Voutz

1
2

Vout =

1
R + 2 2
C

Vin =

2fRC
1 + (2fRC )

Vin

.... . ( )

Vout
0 ,
Vin

Vout
1
Vin

-3dB .
.
: C RC = 1 C =

1
1
f =
RC
2RC

:
Vout
.
Vin
2

3. RC

- R C RC
.
R
V
I = in =
z total

Vin
j
R
C

Vout = I z C =

Vout

j
C

Vin
Vin R +

=
1
R2 + 2 2
C
j 2 2

C
R +
j
C
I=
Vin

C 1 + R 2 2 C 2

Vout

j 2 2

R +
C
(1 + jRC ) V
C

=j
Vin =
in
2 2 2
1+ R C
1 + R 2 2 C 2

Vout =

(V

out

*
Vout

Vout =

Vin
1 + R 2 2 C 2

Vin
1 + (2fRC )

Vout
Vout
1 (f 1),
0 (f )
Vin
Vin

RC
: =

1
RC

RC
.
( )
(
).
.
R
.
log- - ( ), y-

Vin
Vout

. .

5. RLC

.

(
).
R

Vin

Vout
L

1
z LC

C
1
1
1
1

+
=

= j C

L
z L zC
jL
j

z LC =

j
1
C
L

ZLC R
,
1
R j
, :
1
C
V
V
1
L
in
in
1
I
V
=
=
=
f0 =
in
= C
1
1
ztotal R + j
2 LC
L
R2 +
2
1
1

C
C

L
L

jR
1
2
1
1 C
C L

1
L

Vout = I z LC = Vin
Vout = (Vout V *out )2
1
R2 +
2
1

Vout = Vin

1
1
C
L

,
C L , . Vin
. Vout
. Q
. RLC :

Q= 0 = 0
1
C
4
RC

resonance

f0

4. RLC

.
z LC = jL

j
1

= j L

C
C

z total = R + z LC = R + j L

Vin

j L

= Vin
1

R + j L

I=

Vin
=
Z total

Vout

1
1

1
1

L
+ jR L

R j L C j L C
C
C

Vout = Vin
= Vin
2
2
1
1

2
2
R + j L
R + j L

C
C

R + j L

Vout = I z LC

Vout = VoutV out*

1
2

Vout = Vin L

f0 =

Vout
1
= 0 L
=0
Vin
C
1
2 LC

.
Q = 0

L
R

6. -

, .

, ,
.
.

.
.
:
Rp<<R (Vp<<V)
V

I=

V
R

( )

Vp
Rp

7.

(two-terminal) R
V.
.
( ...
)
: VTh , ,
VTh .
,

VTh
RTh. :
RTh

VTh = VOC , RTh =

VOC
I SC

OC open circuit
SC shut circuit

:
Vin

R1
R2

R2

= VTh
R1 + R2

Vin

I SC =

R1

VOC = Vin

Vout

RTh =

VTh
I SC

R2

VTh = Vin R + R
1
2

R1 R2
RTh =

R1 + R2

Rth

R1
Vin

Vth

R2

8.

,
.
.

+5,6V
.
.

(Rvd) R
.
(
)


.
.
C
R, ,
.

.
0,6V.
,


.

9. , , ,

(two-terminal).
. ,
.
.

-, .
.
(forward voltage drop) (reverse corrent)
,
( 70V) .
0,5 0,8V ( -)
.
:
1) ( )
2)
, .
(AC DC), 0,5-0,8V
: - (
).



.
....
.
... ... .

.
.
I=

Vin V out
R

I =

Vout = Rdyn I =

Vin V out

R
Rdyn
R

(Vin Vout )

V out =

Rdyn
R + Rdyn

Vin

,
V. , , .


.
()

.
:
rt ,
(Vsig=Vsig).
rt<0 A B, rtR,
, (Vout>Vin)

10

10.RC

: VC = Vin V
I =C

d
(Vin V ) = V
R
dt

R C
dV
dV
<< in ,
dt
dt

dVin V

dt
R

V (t ) = RC

d
Vin (t )
dt

.
,
, R
.
.
.
.
RC

. :

RC ,
.
.
.

11

11.RC

V<<Vin RC , :
C

dV Vin
=
dt
R

V (t ) =

1
Vin (t )dt + const
RC

.
?
C

dV Vin
=
dt
R

V
1
dV
+
V = in
dt RC
RC

dV
V
:
=
RC
dt

V = Ae

: V p = C *

V (t ) = V in + Ae

t
RC

V (t ) = Vin 1 + e RC

t
RC

1 * Vin
C =
RC
RC

C * = Vin

, V (t = 0) = 0 A = Vin

( ); RC,
. V << Vin I ~ Vin
12

12.

.

V=Asint , , =2f , f -
()
-, , .
. .
,
, , , ,
. 0(A+B)=0(A)+0(B)

, (peak-to-peak),
, .
(root-mean-square). ,
.
,
:
dB = 20 log10

A1
A2

dB = 10 log10

p2
p1

, .

(ramp)

13

- ( )

(noise)
,
(
).

.
( )
()
.
( ).


. .
.
: Anus=A


.
. tr- (
)
14

.

, .
(pulse repetition period).

( )
(steps and spikes)
,
(spike)
.

15

13. -

,
.
, .

.
,
Q=C.V. C V
+Q Q . ,
- .
.- .

.
2

- :
Q = CV

dQ
dV
=C
dt
dt

I =C

dV

dt

.
, ,
2 .
C = 0 r

S
,
d

. ,
.

C1
C2

C total V = Qtotal = Q1 + Q2 + ... + Q N

C total V = V (C1 + C 2 + ... + C N ) C total

( paralel )

= Ck
k =1

CN

V = V1 + V2 + ... + V N
Q
Q Q
Q
=
+
+ ... +
C total C1 C 2
CN

16

( serie )
Ctotal
=

C1

1
N

C
k =1

C2

CN

14. :

( ) 2 npn pnp.
O npn ( pnp ):
1) (VCE >0)
2) - - . -
, - , .
.
3) .
IC, IB VCE.
.
(IC VCE), , VBE,...
4) IC~IB, . IC=hFeIB=IB, . IC =IB,
=100 . IC IB

, . IC =IB, :
.
: .
, , -,
. .

-
0,6-0,8V. , ,
!
VBVE+0,6V (npn)
,
. - () !

17

15.T


.

!

, VB=0,6V,
9,4V
IB=9,4mA 100 IC=940 mA.
100mA 10V. ,
IC>100mA VC<0 ,
(9,4mA 1,0mA),
.
...........

, (10k) .
(
0,6mA ).
:
1) .
()
VCE
2) , , ,
.
3) , e
.
.
VCE.

18

16.E (emitter follower)

() :
VE VB 0,6V 0,6V

Vin 0,6V Vout

.
.
,
........
() ( ).
.
. .
,
. zout<<zin.
, zin
,
.
, .

. .
VB VE = V B .
: I =
I =

VB
, a I E = I C + I B
R

I E
VB
rin = (h fe +1)R

1 + h fe
I B

.
, (. )
:
z in = (h fe +1)z out z out =

z source
h fe + 1
19

1) 4.
.


( +9,9), -5.

- .
2) - .


. .
3) 1 .

20

17.

.

. Rload<<R (Vload<<V)
:

I=

V
. .
R

Vcapacitator<<V,
RC.

. VB>0,6V
.
VE=VB-0,6V I E =

VE VB 0,6V
=
RE
RE

I E I C hFe
IC =

VB 0,6V
VB
RE

(VC>VE+0,2V).


. DC

(hFeRE).

.


....,

21

. .... , ....


.
.
.
.

22

18.

. :
VC = VCC I C RC .
,
.

RC - .
,
v
iE =

vE
v
= B
RE RE

vout
R
= C
vin
RE

= V

vC = iC RC = v B

. :
RC
RE

o,

.
.
. C
VC.

C R1||R2.

R1||R2||Rb, Rb=RE. ,
.
RC RC' , RC'
, RE.
, . ,
.

RC, RE,
.

23

19.

,
.

, : G=-1

1 2,
. R C = RE


(0-),
.

:
,

,
.

.
.

. ,
.
- ( ) , ,
.
.
.

.
24

20.-
4 : I C = hFe I B .
.
,

(Ic VBE)
() .
, .
gm =

I out
vin

4:
1-3 IC VBE :
VVBE
- (
I C = I S e T 1 , )

: VT =

kT
, k , - q
q

IS- ( )
IB VBE :
IB =

IC
hFe 20 1000 , IC, VBE,
hFe

.
IC>>IS,
-1 -
.
: IC VBE IB ( IB
hFe) .

VBE.

25

( - )
1) , .
10 . - . VBE = V ln 10
2) ( ) VBE :
VBe
= re
I C

1 = ISe

VBE
VT

1 VBE

VT I C

re =

VT
IC

3) -
.
4) : VBE IC,
: VBE = VCE , <<1

26

21.EM-
-
,
. 1,
.
: VB,
: Rout =

VBE
, I E I C Rout re
I E

:
(load) ( re||RE, RE >>re)

RS.
: Rout = re +

RS
, RE( Rout||RE ),
hFe

RE >>Rout, R .
: re
(
).

.
: G =
G=

Rp
vout
=
,
vin
re + R p

Rp gm
1 + Rp gm

27

22.-

,
re .
. ,
, hFeVE.
RE=0.
RE=0
.
[1] .
IC,
G = g m RC =
re =

RC
1
= RC I C

re
25mV

25mV
, G ~ I C
IC

,
G. , .

.
,
IC RE >>re.
[2] z in = hFe re = 25hFe

1
IC

IC
. ,
zin. ,
zin .
[3] Biasing. .
, VBE

IC VBE ~

28

1
.
T

23.
.
.

.
.

.

.
IC R.
Q1 Q2
(0,6V) R=14,4k
Ip=I=1mA.

.
VB = VCE


.
VBE VC Q2.
,
- VBE
25%

29

(Wilson)
Q1 Q2 Q3
Q1 VCC.
Q1
, Q2
. , Q3
(Q3)
VC1.
(Q1 Q2 ) VCE.
Q3
.

30

24.- (push-pull)
npn , pnp .

( ).
.
.
Q1 VBE1>0,6V.
Q1 , Q2
VBE2>0,6V (Q2 VBE2<-0,6V).
Vout Vin 0,6V (Q1
).
Q2

Vin<-0,6V,
, a Q1
, : vo = vi + 0,6V
Vin -0,6V 0,6V ,
(crossover) .

R bias,
VB1 , VB2
.
Q1 Q2
.
( ) :
.
(
) VBE ,
IC

31

25. (Darlington-Sziklai)


= 1 2 .

.
- :
V BE ( Dart ) = 2V BE (normal )

(
Q2).
Q1 Q2.
. R
Q1 biasing-a Q2 . R
Q1 R,
R Q1 (IB2) .
Sziklai
npn , .
. , , ,
.


-
.
.
Q2Q3 npn
, Sziklai Q4Q5 pnp
. R3 R4
.
-
.

pnp
Q4Q5.
32

26.
.

.
: common-mode
. normal-mode .
CMRR.
CMRR je
(normal-mode , common-mode
).
.

,
.

(,
) .
.
:
1,
2 ,
.
VB1 = I 1 re + I 1 (RE + R1 ) + I 2 R1 VB1 + VB 2 = (I 1 + I 2 )(re + RE + 2 R1 )

VB 2 = I 2 re + I 2 (RE + R1 ) + I 1 R1 VB1 VB 2 = (I 1 I 2 )(re + RE )

I2 =

VB1 + VB 2
V + VB 2
1
1

B1

VO = I C RC
2
re + RE + 2 R1
2
2(re + RE )

VB1 + VB 2 = C Gdiff =

RC
2(re + RE )

RE ,
: VB1 VB 2 = 0 GCM =

RC
2 R1 + RE

re R1>>1

33

CMRR =

G diff
GCM

R1
re + R E

(R1>>RE)

Biasing
Cammon-mode
R1
. R1>>1 GCM 0


. .
,
DC bias . ,
.
DC

DC .
, .
Q2
.
VBE. ,
.

Q1Q2
Q3Q4
.
,
.
.
.

.

.
.

34

27.T .

FET (field-effect transistor) BJT (bipolar junction

transistor).
: 3-

,
.
FET BJT:
1) npn BJT - back-bias, .
Forward-bias - 0,6V
.
,

. - .
:
- ( )
- (-)
2) FET
GATE . forwardbias GATE. BJT-a : n FET ( ) p- (
). , GATE-a (JFET MOSFET)
(channel doping) enhancment
depletion mode.
FET V-I

n-
MOSFET

enhancement npn
.
DRAIN SOURCE
GATE
SOURCE. forward-

35

bias GATE, DRAIN SOURCE.

ID(VDS) IC(VCE).
. npn, FET
DRAIN
VDS>1 2.
FET-a .
BJT-, bias GETE-SORCE
DRAIN.
FET
DRAIN
GATE-SOURCE, (
).

FET , :
1) DRAIN
GATE (VBS) .
( n- MOSFET)
I D ~ (VGS VT )

2) ,
.
- .
3) GATE MOSFETA-a DRAIN SOURCE ,
.
4) FET
( ). DRAIN
SOURCE GATE-SOURCE .
FET
FET , . N- MOFET p-
MOSFET , npn pnp .
p- MOSFET :
DRAIN SOURCE, DRAIN GATE
1 2 [V] SOURCE.

36

,
. ...
MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconduktor FET) GATE
SiO2 (). GATE (
) SOURCE-DRAIN
>1014, GATE
. MOSFET
SOURCE GATE . ,
MOSFET .
BODY
FET .
BODY
.
FET (Junction FET) GATE .
: JFET GATE forward-bias
GATE .
GATE n- JFET-a +0,6V (
SOURCE). reverse-bias GATE-channel GATE
.

37

28.Enchancement, deplation
,
n- MOSFET bias GATE,
GATE SOURCE. FET je
enchancement . n- FET

bias GATE, GATE reverse-bias
, DRAIN . FET deplation .
MOSFET .
ID(DRAIN ) VGS
(
GATE-SOURCE)

VD.
enchancement deplation.
nchancement DRAIN
GATE
SOURCE. deplation
DRAIN
GATE
SOURCE.
JFET deplation GATE 0,5V
SOURCE, GATE-channel . :
1) JFET-deplation ; 2) MOSFET-enchancement

MOSFET
. DC
GATE.
FET DRAIN
(R<0,2)
A
.
FET ( GATE reversebias)
. GATE
(
) ( )
38

29.JFET
JFET MOSFET
GATE bias,
deplation .
FET DRAIN


.
IDSS ( DRAIN SOURCE GATE
SOURCE), .
JFET
.
I V ,

(break-down voltage).
, 1,5V.

Self-biasing
.
VGS = I D R

I R
I D = I DSS 1 + D
VP

I D = I D (R )

39

30.FET
FET SORCE-
.
DC GATE .

.
FET JFET
self-biasing JFET ,
GATE-biasing .
( )
GATE .
MOSFET DRAIN
.

GATE FET
FET.
:
g=

iout
iin

g m =

iout
vin

FET ,
I D = I D (VGS ) . :
g m (I D ) =

id
v
R i
GV = d = D d = g m RD
N gs
v gs
v gs

( RD RC)
: gm ID .
, FET
.

40

31. (Source folower)

FET
SOURCE-.
DC FET-, -
.
, .
, FET . ,
FET-, .
.
, ,
.
v S = RL id ig
i d = g m v gs = g m (v g v s )

R L >>

R g
vs = L m v g
1 + RL g m

1
(v s v g )
gm

, , .


1
,
gm
25
1
.
re =
=
IC gm

SOURCE GATE.
DRAIN : id =gm vgs=gmv rout =

v
1

=
id g m

.
:
1)
, R2
SOURCE . , DRAIN
, gm
() .
2) vgs , FET
, DC offset

41

A (active load)

. (RL
) SOURCE
, .
SOURCE

V
I S = BE .
RB

offset VGS ( ).
FET- offset-a. Q2
VGS=0, Q1
offset-om.

42

32.FET

I D = 2k (VGS VT )VDS

I D = k (VGS VT )2

VDS

V
V
1

I D = 2 kV DS (V GS VT ) DS
= 2k (VGS VT ) DS
2
RDS
2

VDS
, !
2
1
V DS 0 R DS
2k (VGS VT )

RDS

RO (VGO VT )
VG VT

R DS =

1
gm

VG = VG (RO ,VGO )

FET
VDS FET FET-a,
VG-VT ( VP).

43

33.FET ().
FET ( MOSFET)
:
1) ON
2) OFF
3)
4)

.
:
1) N (load)

2) OFF
Q1 je n- MOSFET enchancement
.
DRAIN-SOURCE ,
(Roff ).
. +15V GATE,
DRAIN-SOURCE (RON ~ 25-100
). GATE
(
RON )
FET , .
.
10V.
GATE- FET
( Ron). , GATE
.
FET
1) RC-

4 2-
.

44

2) SAMPLE-AND-HOLD


(analog to digital
conversion).

:
.
.
( FET
)
FET .

45

34.MOSFET
FET ,
.
.
, , MOSFET

(power supply voltage). High
Low. , .
.


, . High
Low , .
1) n- Low,
GATE High.
2) - High,
Low.
NMOS PMOS

MOSFET

(second breakdown).

46

35. .
(DC)
(single-ended outputs).
(long-tailed pair) .
(+) (-) op-amps
(+) (-), .
.

(feedback).
,
, , ...
-:
(+) 1 V1 Vo, (-) 2
1800 V2
- :
1)
2)
3)
-:
1) ( ): G =

Vo
V1 V2

2) Ri
3) Ro
4)
-: , .
106.
-
1) , ,
( 1mV 1000V ),
V1-V2 .
2)

47

36. . Follower
-.
VA=0.
R2 je Vout, a R1 Vin
, :
Vin V A V A Vout
V
V
=
m = o
R1
R2
R1
R2

: G =

Vout R1
=
(-) -
Vin
R2

?
. Vi=+1V, R1=10k, R2=100k. ,
. R1 R2
0,91 . -
.
-10V () .
R1= R2 .

:
VA=Vin, :

V
V Vin
V A 0 Vout V A
=
in = out
R1
R2
R1
R2

G=

Vout
R
= 1+ 2
Vin
R1

G>1,

( 1012)
- emitter-follower-a.
, , R1
R2.
G=1
Buffer
........

48

37.

.
Vin
:
I=

Vin
R

,
. .
( ) .


.
R1 R2
.

,
,
, .

--
,
.
V = VCC Vin R
,
:
I=

VCC Vin
R

49

Howland
,
:
R3 R4
V
=
Ip = i
R2 R1
R2

,
. ,

CMRR
.
, .

50

38. . -

Follower:
G=1
: G=-1

: G=-1
: G=1

I-V
.



.

.
, .
1V/1mA

51

39.,
VB =

R2
V2 ( )
R1 + R2

-:
1) V A = VB 2)

V1 V A V A Vout
=

R1
R2

R22
RR
V1 R2
V2 = 1 2 V2 R1Vout
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
() :

Vout
R
= 2
V1 + V2 R1

,
. ,
:
I in =

V1 V2 V3
+
+
R R R

: Vo = (V1 + V2 + V3 )

. . +1V 0V
1:2:4:8
. DA (digital-to-analog conversion)

52

40. .

follower (power transister follower)
- . (fedback)
,
- VBE.
follover-
.

-
.

.
:
1)


2) ,
R3
3)

-
.

53

41. : ,


,

--.
reverse base-emiter breakdown (
).



-.
(feedback loop).
a Vin
, ,
, VBE . Vin -
, Vint (ground).
R
-- .

- ,
. ..........

D1

. D2 -
, D1
.

(1,2V)
.
,
.
O

54

42.
--:
1)
2)
3)
4) common-mode
5) ( offset )
6) ( slow rate)

( -)
bias IB O
(
GATE ). OP-AMP BJT- pA,
- FET nA.
bias
, bias .
FET OP-AMP , BJT OP-AMP-a.
offset
. bias
, offset Ios je - .
, -
, .

(
), commonmode . FET- - 1012 - 106 . Zin
.
Common-mode input range ( )
-
.
.

55

;
Ro --
. .
.

DC 105-106
.
.
( RC ),
( 10Hz).
900, 1800 ( ).
offset
- .
( VCC VEE).
offset
Vos.

- .
, .
. offset
.

56

43. .

.

(
) -
.

.
slew rate --

(clamp voltage) .


. ,
(full-wave recifier).
-
FWR.

full-wave
recifier

57

44.
-
, Vout<<Vin.
Vin
,
R

, :
1
Vin
dV
Vin dt + const
= C out Vout =
RC
R
dt

, ,
- offeta-a bias . DC
.
FET- R C.

( )
,
. (drift)
R2 ().
.

58

45.

, R
C .
, ,
:
I =C

dVin
dVin
Vout = RC
dt
dt

,
--
.
.

,
,
( R1 C2).

59

46.

- +15V .
, ( +12V -3V)
--
( V+ - V-)
-
. --
,
, commonmode .
.
Biasing AC
- 1,5V
. (. 0,5V)
- bias .

Vref=0,5V+ 17V
pp-

.

,
Vref

60

47.

.
, .
, ,
.

.
R3
.
4,76V,
+5V +5V.
.


.
e,
.

61

48.
.
.
,
B.Vout Vin
A
Vin
1+ A B
A B

Vin 1

Vin
1+ A B

=
=
(1 + A B )Ri
Ri

A(Vin B Vout ) = Vout Vout =

Vin B Vout
Ri
V
R'i = in R 'i = (1 + A B )Ri
I in
I in =

-
R1
R
Gi = 1 + 2 ,
R1 + R2
R1
A + Rin +

B=

- ()

.
( ),
.

(summing junction), R2 , 1+.
R
Z in = R1 + 2
1+ A


.
,
: R0 =

V
I

BV
ABV
.
:
V ( A B V ) V (1 + A B )
R0
I=
=
R0 =
R0
R0
1+ A B
62

49.

VBC IC
. R1 ()
Vin .
Q
VBE
( ),
- .
Q2

.


.
16
-1,0V
( VBE
60mV ).
Q1 a ,
( IC VBE).
.

7 ( 1nA 10mA)
bias - .
1 , Q1
. D1
- Q1 , Q1
.

63