MT S NH GI V H THNG QUY CHUN - TIU CHUN

V NG T V KH NNG CHNG NG T CA
NH V CNG TRNH XY DNG VIT NAM HIN NAY
PGS. TS. NGUYN XUN CHNH
TS. TRNH VIT CNG
TS. NGUYN I MINH
TS. V TH NGC VN
Vin KHCN Xy dng
Tm tt: Bi bo trnh by mt s thng tin tng quan v tc ng ca ng t trn th gii v ti Vit
Nam, h thng ti liu k thut hin c ca Vit Nam v lnh vc khng chn, tnh hnh thit k khng chn v
kh nng chu ng t ca cc cng trnh xy dng, xut mt s tiu ch nh gi mc nguy him
ca nh v cng trnh v mt s kt lun - kin ngh phc v qun l nh nc.
1. t vn
ng t l hin tng t nhin gy ra dao ng ca t nn, trong ng t do s dch chuyn ca cc
mng kin to v tri t l loi ng t mnh, gy cht ngi, lm sp nh ca, ph hoi cc cng trnh xy
dng, nh hng ln n i sng kinh t x hi. Khc vi bo, hin nay cha phng tin k thut tin cy
d bo ng t nn vic cnh bo, s tn ngi dn ra khi cc cng trnh ng t gy nguy him khng th
thc hin c.
Trong nhng nm gn y, nhiu trn ng t ln xy ra trn th gii, gy thit hi nng n v ngi,
nh v cng trnh cng nh cc c s h tng k thut. Ngay c i vi cc nc c tim lc, kinh nghim xy
dng phng chng ng t nh Nht, M, New Zealand, Nga, Trung Quc, i Loan (Trung Quc) nhiu
nh v cng trnh mc d c thit k v xy dng chu ng t nhng cng khng trnh khi b h hng
hoc sp khi ng t mnh xy ra. in hnh l cc trn ng t xy ra gn y ti: San Fernado,
California - M (1994), Kobe Nht Bn (1995), i Loan (1999), Gazly, Armenia - Lin X (1989), T Xuyn
Trung Quc (2008), Christchurch New Zealand (2011) lm cht rt nhiu ngi v gy sp rt nhiu
cng trnh.
Do hin tng bin i kh hu trn ton cu, thin tai xy ra ngy cng phc tp, vi tn sut v cng
ngy cng cao. Cn a chn Sumatra-Andaman l trn ng t xy ra di y bin ngy 26/12/2004. Trn
ng t ny kch hot mt chui cc t sng thn cht ngi lan ta khp n Dng, nhng con sng
cao 30m (100 ft) tn ph cc cng ng dn c sinh sng ven bin Indonesia, Sri Lanka, n , Thi Lan v
nhng ni khc, cp i sinh mng 225000 ngi thuc 11 quc gia. Trn ng t Nht Bn ngy
11/3/2011 mnh 9 richter l trn ng t mnh nht trong vng 140 nm qua, lm y bin Nht Bn dch
chuyn 24m, gy sng thn cao hn 10m v lm n l phn ng ht nhn Fukushima.
Vit Nam, theo bn phn vng ng t chu k lp 500 nm do Vin Vt l a cu lp ( ti c lp
cp Nh nc, c chp nhn trong QCVN 02 : 2009/BXD v TCXDVN 375 : 2006) th nc ta mt phn
lnh th pha Bc c kh nng xy ra ng t mnh cp VIII (theo thang MSK-1964) tng ng vi gia tc
nn t 0,12g n 0,24g (trong g l gia tc trng trng), phn lnh th Vit Nam cn li c th xy ra ng
t yu v rt yu (yu tng ng vi gia tc nn (ag) 0,04g ag < 0,08g (tng ng vi ng t cp VI
n VII thang MSK-1964), rt yu tng ng vi ag < 0,04g (tng ng vi ng t di cp VI).
T nm 1900 n 2006 ghi nhn c 115 trn ng t t cp VI VII (4,5 4,9 richter) khp cc
vng lnh th nc ta, 17 trn ng t cp VII (5,0 5,9 richter) v mt s trn ng t mnh cp VIII nh
in Bin Ph nm 1935 (6,8 richter), Tun Gio - Lai Chu nm 1983 (6,7 richter). Trn ng t
in Bin Ph ngy 19/2/2001 mnh 5,3 richter xy ra vng ni Nam Oun (thuc Lo), cch thnh ph
in Bin khong 15 km v pha Ty, vi su 12 km. Cng chn ng vng tm chn t ti cp VII
VIII theo thang MSK1964. Trn ng t ny tuy khng gy thit hi v ngi nhng lm h hng mt s
nh v cng trnh thnh ph in Bin. Trn ng t 7 richter xy ra Myanmar ngy 24/3/2011 gn
bin gii 3 nc Lo Thi Lan Myanmar gy ra chn ng cp V ti H Ni v cp VI ti mt s ni
khu vc Ty Bc.
nh hng ca bin i kh hu cng thy r nt nc ta. Cc tnh Nam b trc y t xut hin ng
t v bo ln th nay thng thy xy ra. in hnh l cc trn ng t xy ra khu vc ngoi khi vng
bin Vng Tu gy rung ng n nhiu cng trnh xy dng ti Vng Tu v Tp. H Ch Minh, c bit l
cc nh cao tng, cc trn bo lt ln min Trung, min Nam xy ra vi cng ln v nh l cao.
Tnh hnh trn ca th gii v Vit Nam cho thy rng, gim thiu thit hi v ngi v ti sn do
ng t gy ra th bn thn nh v cng trnh xy dng phi chu c ng t v mi quc gia u phi c
bin php ph hp cho vn ny.
tng hp bo co Th tng Chnh ph gii quyt vic chng ng t Vit Nam, B Xy dng
giao nhim v cho Cc Gim nh Nh nc v cht lng cng trnh xy dng ch tr phi hp vi Vin
KHCN Xy dng v V Khoa hc cng ngh & mi trng tp hp, phn tch h thng Quy chun Tiu chun

(QC-TC) phc v xy dng nh v cng trnh trong vng c ng t; kim tra li kh nng chng ng t ca
cc cng trnh xy dng hin hu v xut cc bin php thch hp. Di y l mt s ni dung trong bo
co ca Vin KHCN Xy dng v kt qu thc hin nhim v trn.
2. H thng QC - TC phc v xy dng nh v cng trnh trong vng c ng t
2.1. Danh mc cc quy chun tiu chun v ti liu hin c
- Quy chun Xy dng Vit Nam 1997, ban hnh theo Q s 682/BXD-CSXD ngy 14-12-1996;
- Quy chun k thut Quc gia S liu iu kin t nhin dng trong xy dng QCVN 02 : 2009/BXD;
- TCXD 45 : 1978 Tiu chun thit k nn nh v cng trnh;
- TCVN 2737 : 1995 Ti trng v tc ng Tiu chun thit k;
- TCXD 198 : 1997 Nh cao tng Thit k kt cu b tng ct thp ton khi;
- TCXD 205 : 1998 Mng cc Tiu chun thit k;
- TCXDVN 375 : 2006 Thit k cng trnh chu ng t Tiu chun thit k;
- TCXDVN 338 : 2005 Kt cu thp Tiu chun thit k;
- TCXDVN 356 : 2005 Kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp Tiu chun thit k;
- Quyt nh 09/2005 Q BXD ngy 7/4/2005 v quy ch p dng tiu chun nc ngoi trong hot ng
xy dng Vit Nam;
- Thng t s 40/2009/TT-BXD ngy 09/12/2009 v vic Quy nh vic p dng tiu chun xy dng nc
ngoi trong hot ng xy dng;
- Tnh ton v cu to khng chn cc cng trnh nhiu tng, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, 1993;
- Hng dn xy dng v sa cha h hng nh v cng trnh trong vng c ng t tnh Lai Chu. Nh
xut bn Xy dng, 2001;
- Hng dn thit k nh cao tng b tng ct thp chu ng t theo TCXDVN 375: 2006. Nh xut bn
Xy dng, 2008;
- Hng dn xy dng phng chng thin tai. Nh xut bn Xy dng, 2008.
2.2. Cc cng trnh bt buc phi thit k xy dng chu ng t
Quy chun Xy dng Vit Nam 1997 1 - vn bn quy nh cc yu cu k thut ti thiu bt buc phi
tun th trong mi hot ng xy dng Vit Nam yu cu khng chn i vi cc cng trnh xy dng nh
sau:
a. Ti iu 3.6 Chng ng t quy nh:
- Cng trnh cp 1 - cng trnh c bit quan trng khng cho php h hng cc b: p dng bin php
khng chn theo cp ng t cc i vi mi tn sut;
- Cng trnh cp II cng trnh cho php h hng cu kin ring l, nhng phi m bo an ton cho
ngi v thit b: phi thit k khng chn vi cp ng t la chn trong tng trng hp c th;
- Cng trnh cp III cng trnh khi b ph hy do ng t t c kh nng cht ngi hoc thit hi ln v
kinh t: khng c yu cu phi thit k khng chn.
b. Ti iu 8.4 Phn cp cc cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip nu r:
- Cng trnh cp I l cng trnh c tui th trn 100 nm, cht lng s dng cao;
- Cng trnh cp II l cng trnh c tui th 50 100 nm, cht lng s dng kh;
- Cng trnh cp III l cng trnh c tui th 20 50 nm, cht lng s dng trung bnh.
Theo bng 8.4.2: Cht lng s dng ca ngi nh th a s cc chung c xy dng c phng ng,
sinh hot, bp, v sinh ring bit trong tng cn h l nh cp II, phi thit k khng chn.
Cc cng trnh dn dng khc, cc cng trnh cng nghip nu c nin hn s dng trn 50 nm th phi
thit k khng chn.
2.3. iu kin thit k cng trnh chu ng t
c cng trnh chu c ng t cn c s liu t nhin v cp ng t v tiu chun thit k cng
trnh chu ng t.
Cn c quy nh ca Quy chun Xy dng Vit Nam 1997 1 c th thy:
a. Ti iu 2.1 s liu t nhin ca khu vc xy dng quy nh: ngoi s liu do c quan chc nng Nh nc
cung cp th cp ng t c yu cu tham kho ti bn phn vng ng t, ph lc 2.8 tp III ca Quy
chun Xy dng Vit Nam 1997.
S liu ny nm 2009 c chuyn thnh Quy chun k thut Quc gia S liu iu kin t nhin dng
trong xy dng QCVN 02 : 2009/BXD.
b. V tiu chun thit k chng ng t v ng t
- Thng t s 12/BXD-KHCN ngy 24/4/1995 v 78/BXD ngy 17/7/1995 chp thun, cho php p dng
cc tiu chun hin hnh ca ISO, Anh, c, M, Nht, Php, c thit k cc cng trnh xy dng Vit
Nam (sau ny thay bng Thng t 09/2005 v 40/2009);
- Nm 2006 B Xy dng ban hnh TCXDVN 375 : 2006 Thit k cng trnh chu ng t Tiu chun
thit k.
Nh vy iu kin thit k cng trnh chng ng t trc 2006 v sau 2006 l . Ngoi ra theo danh
mc QC-TC nu trn th cn nhiu tiu chun v ti liu lin quan phc v thit k khng chn cng c
B Xy dng ban hnh p dng. Tuy nhin tng giai on mc p dng v tiu chun c th c p
dng c khc nhau.
2.4. Tnh hnh p dng QC TC

Tnh hnh p dng cc QC - TC trong vic thit k xy dng cng trnh chu ng t ca Vit Nam t nm
1954 n nay c th phn thnh 4 giai on sau:
a. Giai on xy dng thi k 1954 1976
Giai on ny, nh v cc nh chung c ni ring thng l cc kt cu t 1 5 tng. Kt cu chu lc ca
nh thng l tng xy gch hoc khung b tng ct thp, sn panel hay b tng ct thp ton khi.
Nhng nm 1960 1976 xut hin thm cc nh c gii php kt cu lp ghp: tm nh, tm ln v c
khung lp ghp. Kt cu tm lp ghp lc u l b tng x dng cho nh 1 n 2 tng, sau l bng b tng
ct thp, dng cho nh cao t 4 n 5 tng. Vi gii php kt cu nh lp ghp hnh thnh nn cc khu
chung c: An Dng, Phc X, B sng (1 2 tng); Kim Lin, Nguyn Cng Tr (4 5 tng); Yn Lng,
Trng nh (2 tng); Trung T, Khng Thng, Ging V, Thnh Cng, Vnh H (4 5 tng). Giai on ny,
hu ht cc cng trnh nh u l thp tng v khng c thit k khng chn.
b. Giai on xy dng thi k 1976 1986
T nhng nm 1976 1986, H Ni, Hi Phng, Vinh, Phc Yn, Vit Tr v mt s thnh ph min
Bc xy dng ph bin loi nh lp ghp tm ln. Trong , mt s loi nh lp ghp tm ln c thit k
chu ng t. in hnh cho cc loi nh c tnh ton chu ng t trong giai on ny l mu nh lp
gp tm ln IW ca o T do Cng ha Dn ch c thit k v mu nh lp ghp tm ln LV ca Xun Mai
do Lin X thit k. Cc mu nh ny c thit k theo tiu chun ca c v Lin X, c kh nng chu
c ng t cp VII VIII.
c. Giai on xy dng thi k 1986 1997
y l giai on u ca thi k i mi. Mt s d n u t ca nc ngoi c trin khai Vit Nam.
Nhiu cng ngh xy dng mi c a vo p dng, nh cng ngh cc khoan nhi, b tng thng
phm, b tng bng bm phun, sn phng thng v ng lc trc,... to iu kin cho xy dng nh
cao tng pht trin. Nh cao tng c xy dng ngy mt nhiu thnh ph H Ch Minh v H Ni. Cc nh
cao tng thi k ny ch yu s dng gii php kt cu chu lc l khung vch b tng ct thp ti ch,
kt hp vi sn cng bng b tng ct thp ti ch. Chiu cao cng trnh phn nhiu l di 20 tng. thi
k ny, vn khng chn t c quan tm do cha c quy nh v yu cu thit k cng trnh chu ng t.
Do vy, nhiu cng trnh xy dng trong thi k ny cha c thit k khng chn. Tuy nhin, cc cng trnh
quan trng do Nh nc u t v mt s cng trnh do yu cu ca ch u t c thit k khng chn.
Tiu chun khng chn c dng thit k cho cc cng trnh ny ch yu l tiu chun SNiP II -7-81*
ca Lin X v quy phm UBC:1991 ca Hoa K.
d. Giai on xy dng thi k 1997 n nay
y l giai on nh cao tng pht trin mnh. Nhiu gii php, cng ngh thi cng tin tin c p dng
nh: cng ngh thi cng Top Down, cng ngh thi cng cc Baret, tng vy, cp pha trt (li cng) kt
hp vi lp ghp (ct, sn), kt hp ti ch vi lp ghp cu kin ng lc trc... Vi cc cng ngh ny
xut hin ngy cng nhiu cc cng trnh cao trn 20 tng, c nhng cng trnh nh cao ti 33, 34 tng
c a vo s dng. Hin nay c nhng cng trnh siu cao tng ln n 65, 70 tng nh ta thp
Bitexco, Qun 1, thnh ph H Ch Minh, t hp Keangnam Hanoi Lanmark Tower, T Lim, H Ni. Gii php
kt cu ca cc cng trnh nh cao tng c p dng ch yu vn l kt cu khung vch hoc khung li
bng b tng ct thp ti ch, kt hp vi sn cng bng b tng ct thp ti ch hoc sn b tng ct
thp na lp ghp (dng sn sandwich).
Cc cng trnh nh cao tng c xy dng H Ni trong giai on ny hu ht u c thit k chu
ng t cp VII. Tiu chun khng chn c p dng l SNiP II-7-81* ca Lin X, tiu chun UBC 1997 ca
Hoa K v TCXDVN 375 : 2006.
thnh ph H Ch Minh trc y vn quan nim rng, cc cng trnh xy dng khu vc ny khng
cn thit k khng chn. Tuy nhin, sau nh hng ca cc trn ng t ngoi khi vng bin Vng Tu
nm 2005 lm cc nh cao tng thnh ph H Ch Minh rung chuyn th vn thit k khng chn cho nh
cao tng c quan tm hn. Mt s nh v cng trnh c yu cu thit k chu ng t.
3. Kh nng chng ng t ca cc cng trnh xy dng ti Vit Nam
3.1. Mt s dng kt cu cng trnh chu ng t yu
Theo cc nghin cu ca th gii th cc dng kt cu v cng trnh sau y c nguy c b h hng, sp
cc b hay ton phn khi ng t ln xy ra:
a. Nh v cng trnh c tnh khng u n trn mt bng
Tnh khng u n trn mt bng b tr kt cu do s lch nhau gia tm cng v tm khi lng. y l
cc loi kt cu c nguy c h hng cao di tc ng ng t do phi chu thm hiu ng xon gy ra bi
s lch tm gia cng v khi lng.
Ngoi ra, s gim yu cn do tnh trng khng c tnh n trong thit k nh s thay i v tr cc im
t tp trung khi lng trn cc tng nh trong qu trnh s dng, ci to.
b. Tnh khng u n dc theo chiu cao nh
S khng u n v b tr khi lng v cng dc theo chiu cao nh cng l mt trong cc nguyn
nhn gy ra h hng hay ph hoi cng trnh khi ng t xy ra.
Kt cu c th b h hng cc b hay ph hoi ti cc khu vc c s thay i ng k v kch thc hnh
hc, cng v khi lng.

Kt cu c tng 1 l tng mm hay cc tng gia l tng mm; trong mt s cng trnh khi ci to ni tht,
m rng khng gian sinh hot, thng b ct, tng tng 1 hay ti cc tng s dng lm ca hiu, phng
hp, phng th thao,... y l nhng kt cu c kh nng chu ng t rt km.
c. Cc thay i khng hp l (v mt k thut) cc kt cu hin c
Cc thay i (ci to) i vi kt cu hin c c th l cc dng sau y:
- Nng thm tng khng c tnh ton thit k;
- Ph b cc tng ngn chu lc hin c;
- Ct hay m cc tng lin tc lm ca (li i) hay b tr ng ng, lp t thit b, ni tht;
- Ct ct, khot sn, b tr li kin trc lm thay i cng nng ca ta nh (ca hng, vn phng);
- Thm sn, lm chung cp (tng din tch);
- Thm tng ngn (to nhiu phng cho thu).
d. Cc sai lch trong thi cng xy dng
Kinh nghim xy dng phng chng ng t trn th gii ch ra rng cc kt cu c nhiu sai lch
mang tnh ngu nhin c th rt nguy him khi xy ra ng t ln. Sau y l cc dng sai lch mang tnh
ngu nhin hay gp phi c ri ro cao khi ng t sy ra:
- Cc ct khng thng ng theo ng quy nh ca tiu chun/quy phm xy dng;
- Lch tm v tr nt gia dm v ct (tm dm c lch ln so vi tm ca ct);
- lch tm ngu nhin do thi cng sai cng nh hng ln n phn ng ca kt cu khi chu tc ng
ng t;
- Sai lch nhiu ca cc c trng vt liu (sai s gia cng thc t ti hin trng so vi quy nh ca
thit k, v d: cng b tng, ct thp c cng thp hn, thm chy thp hn so vi thit k...).
e. Ph hoi dy chuyn mt s kt cu khi ng t
Ph hoi dy chuyn thng xy ra i vi cc cng trnh ci to, khi ct, tng chu lc cc tng hm
hay tng di ca nh cao tng b p b ( lm tng din tch v khng gian s dng). Trong trng hp
ny dm v sn pha trn nh ct thng b qu ti.
f. Cc kt cu thuc loi gin ( do rt thp) v cc kt cu khng c kh nng tiu tn nng lng
Thng thng cc kt cu gch , in hnh l cc cng trnh vn ha, lch s, cc cng trnh ny rt gin
rt d b ph hoi khi chu ng t.
g. Nh v cng trnh gn ht tui th s dng
Nh v cng trnh gn ht tui th s dng cng c nguy c cao khi ng t mnh xy ra.
h. Nh c cc h hng, bin dng qu mc
Ln, nt, bin dng, h hng cu kin hoc nhiu cu kin Cc dng nh ny c nh gi mc
nguy him theo cc tiu ch ring.
3.2. Mt s tiu ch nh gi mc nguy him ca nh v cng trnh
a. nh gi nn mng
nh gi mc nguy him ca nn mng gm hai phn: nn v mng.
Khi kim tra nn mng cn ch trng xem xt tnh trng vt nt xin dng hnh bc thang, vt nt ngang v
vt nt thng ng v tr tip gip gia mng vi tng gch chu lc, tnh trng vt nt ngang ch ni tip
mng vi chn ct khung, tnh trng chuyn v nghing ca nh, tnh trng trt, n nh ca nn, bin dng,
rn nt ca t nn.
t nn c nh gi l nguy him khi c mt trong nhng hin tng sau:
- Tc ln nn trong thi gian 2 thng lin tc ln hn 2 mm/thng v khng c biu hin dng ln;
- Nn b ln khng u, ln vt qu gii hn cho php theo tiu chun hin hnh, tng bn trn c vt
nt (do ln) c b rng ln hn 10 mm, v nghing cc b ca nh ln hn 1%;
- Nn khng n nh dn n tri trt, chuyn v ngang ln hn 10 mm v nh hng r rt n kt cu
phn thn, mt khc vn c hin tng tip tc tri trt.
Mng c nh gi l nguy him khi c mt trong nhng hin tng sau:
- Mng b mn, mc, nt, gy dn n kt cu b nghing lch, chuyn v, rn nt, xon r rt;
- Mng c hin tng tri trt, chuyn v ngang trong thi gian 2 thng lin tc ln hn 2 mm/thng v
khng c biu hin chm dt.
b. nh gi cu kin kt cu xy gch
nh gi mc nguy him ca kt cu xy gch bao gm cc ni dung: kh nng chu lc, cu to v lin
kt, vt nt v bin dng,...
Kt cu xy gch c nh gi l nguy him khi c mt trong nhng biu hin sau:
- Tng, ct chu lc c vt nt thng ng theo phng chu lc vi b rng vt nt ln hn 2 mm v
di vt qu 1/2 chiu cao tng nh, hoc c nhiu vt nt thng ng m di qu 1/3 chiu cao tng nh;
- Tng, ct chu lc c b mt b phong ho, bong trc, mn va m tit din b gim i hn 1/4;
- Tng, ct dm hoc v ko do chu nn cc b xut hin nhiu vt nt thng ng, hoc b rng vt
nt vt qu 1 mm;
- Tr tng do chu nn lch tm xut hin vt nt ngang, b rng vt nt ln hn 0,5 mm;
- Tng, ct b nghing m nghing ln hn 0,7%, hoc ch ni gia hai tng k nhau c vt nt
xuyn sut qua;
- Tng, ct khng cng, c hin tng un cong v xut hin vt nt ngang hoc vt nt xin;

- gia lanh t c vt nt thng ng, hoc u lanh t c vt nt xin r rt; phn tng lanh t c
vt nt ngang hoc b vng xung r rt.
c. nh gi cu kin, kt cu b tng ct thp
nh gi mc nguy him ca cu kin kt cu b tng ct thp bao gm cc ni dung: kh nng chu
lc, cu to v lin kt, vt nt v bin dng,...
Khi tnh ton kh nng chu lc ca cu kin, kt cu b tng ct thp, phi kim tra cng b tng,
mc carbont ho ca b tng, tnh cht c hc, thnh phn ho hc, mc n mn ct thp. Din tch
tit din o c ca cu kin kt cu b tng ct thp khng bao gm phn din tch b h hng do cc
nguyn nhn khc nhau gy ra.
Khi kim tra kt cu b tng ct thp cn ch trng xem xt cc vt nt v tnh trng n mn ct thp chu
lc ca ct, dm, sn; vt nt ngang phn chn v phn nh ct; nghing ca v ko v n nh ca h
thng ging chng...
Cu kin kt cu b tng ct thp c nh gi l nguy him khi c mt trong nhng hin tng sau:
- Dm, sn b vng qu L0/150 (L0 nhp tnh ton ca dm, sn), b rng vt nt vng chu ko ln hn
1 mm;
- Vng chu ko phn gia nhp ca dm n gin, dm lin tc xut hin vt nt thng ng chy di ln
trn n 2/3 chiu cao ca dm, b rng vt nt ln hn 0,5 mm, hoc gn gi ta xut hin vt nt xin do
lc ct, b rng vt nt ln hn 0,4 mm;
- v tr ct thp chu lc ca dm, sn xut hin vt nt nm ngang v vt nt xin, b rng vt nt ln
hn 1 mm, bn sn xut hin vt nt chu ko ln hn 0,4 mm;
- Dm, sn c ct thp b n mn xut hin vt nt dc theo chiu ct thp chu lc c b rng vt nt ln
hn 1 mm, cu kin b tng b h hng nghim trng, hoc lp bo v b tng b bong trc lm l ct thp chu
lc;
- Xung quanh mt bn sn ti ch xut hin vt nt hoc y bn sn c vt nt an xin;
- Dm, sn ng lc trc c vt nt thng ng chy di sut tit din hoc b tng phn u b nn v
lm l ct thp chu lc, chiu di on ct thp b l ra ln hn 100 ln ng knh ct thp chu lc;
- Ct chu lc c vt nt thng ng, lp b tng bo v b bong trc, ct thp chu lc l ra do b n mn,
hoc mt bn c vt nt ngang vi b rng ln hn 1 mm, mt bn b tng b nn v, ct thp chu lc l ra do
b n mn;
- Phn gia tng c vt nt an xin, b rng ln hn 0,4 mm;
- Ct, tng b nghing, nghing vt qu 1% cao, chuyn v ngang vt qu h/500;
- B tng ct, tng b mn, b carbont ho, phng rp, din tch h hng ln hn 1/3 ton mt ct, ct
thp chu lc l ra, b n mn nghim trng;
- Ct, tng bin dng theo phng ngang ln hn h/250, hoc ln hn 30 mm;
- vng ca v ko ln hn L0/200, thanh cnh h c vt nt t ngang, b rng vt nt ln hn 1 mm;
- H thng ging chng ca v ko mt hiu lc dn n nghing lch v ko, nghing ln hn 2 % chiu
cao ca v ko;
- Lp b tng bo v ca cu kin chu nn un b bong rp, nhiu ch ct thp chu lc b n mn l ra
ngoi;
- Chiu di on gi ca dm - sn nh hn 70 % gi tr quy nh.
i vi cc trng hc, bnh vin hay mt s cng trnh quan trng khc c th phi c cc nh gi chi
tit v kh nng khng chn c cc bin php ch ng i ph khi ng t mnh xy ra trnh trng hp
nh ng t T Xuyn, Trung Quc (2008) c rt nhiu trng hc b sp do cht lng thi cng km
lm nhiu hc sinh b thit mng.
3.3. i chiu vi cc cng trnh xy dng Vit Nam
a. Cc chung c nhiu tng lp ghp c
Mt trong cc dng cng trnh cn lu trc tin l cc chung c nhiu tng c. Trong cc thp k 60, 70
v u thp k 80 ca th k XX, chung c c quy m t 2 5 tng c xy dng kh nhiu nc ta v
l ni c ng ca hng vn gia nh.
c B Xy dng giao nhim v iu tra, nh gi tnh hnh cht lng chung c trong c nc t nm
1996 n nay, Vin KHCN Xy dng thc hin nhiu ti v d n v vn ny.
Theo kt qu iu tra kho st cc chung c t trc n nay c th khi qut v cht lng chung c nh
sau:
- Hu ht cc chung c c s dng trn di 50 nm tc l gn hoc qu tui th thit k. Qua thi
gian di khai thc s dng khng c bo tr ng quy nh, nhiu chung c b ci ni ci to ty tin nn
b xung cp nghim trng, nhiu chung c c xp vo nhm nh nguy him, c th nguy c sp bt
thng;
- Cc h hng ph bin l ln, nt do nn mng v do vic ci ni ci to dn ti nt v kt cu;
- i vi nh lp ghp tm ln hu ht ct thp trong mi ni b r v b n mn t mc nng ti rt nng,
b tng mi ni cht lng rt km, hu ht cc mi ni c kim tra u khng th xc nh cng do b
tng b r, c nhiu mi ni b chn gch hoc v bao xi mng;
- Thm dt do mi trng v do s dng lm cho cc cu kin v kt cu b mn mc (i vi kt cu xy
gch), bong rp v r ct thp (i vi kt cu b tng ct thp).

Nh vy c th ni, phn ln cc chung c c cc thnh ph ln nc ta, m bo cc yu cu k

thut quy nh trong cc tiu chun hin hnh rt kh khn, vic chu thm tc ng bt thng khi ng t
th kh nng sp l kh cao.
b. Nh ring l ca dn t xy dng
Nh dn t xy khng c thit k khng chn, tuy vy cc ngi nh c kin trc mt bng v mt ng
cn i, c xy dng bo m cht lng (vt liu, kt cu, thi cng) th kh nng chu ng t l kh d.
i vi dng nh ng, kt cu chu lc l tng gch hoc khung b tng ct thp chn gch, kch thc mt
bng khng hp l, chiu rng nh thng thng t 3 m 4 m cn chiu di th c th ln trn 20 m, lin kt
gia cc b phn kt cu khng ng k thut (nh lin kt gia khung v tng gch, h ging tng, lanh t
vng,...). Vi kt cu v kin trc nh vy kh nng chu tc ng ca ng t l km.
Tng kt thc t t ng t cp VII ti Lai chu cho thy, cc nh khung chn gch 3 tng ch b h hng
cc b lin kt tng v khung khi ng t, nh dn 2 3 tng xy gch b nt xin rt ln (1 2 cm) ti cc
tng c l ca, nhng khng b sp .
c. Chung c cao tng xy dng mi
Hu ht cc chung c cao tng xy dng trong thi gian gn y u c thit k khng chn theo cc
tiu chun ca Lin X (c) SNiP II-7-81*, tiu chun UBC 1997 ca Hoa K v TCXDVN 375: 2006. iu
mt phn c th hin qua cng tc thit k v thm tra h s thit k m Vin KHCN Xy dng thc hin
t nm 2000 tr li y (xem ph lc km theo). Tuy nhin qua cc t kim tra, kho st hin trng ca Cc
Gim nh v Vin KHCN Xy dng thy rng trong thi cng vic thc thi cc cu to theo yu cu khng chn
cha c thc hin nghim tc.
4. Kt lun v kin ngh
4.1. Kt lun
Vi nhng phn tch nu, c th a ra mt s kt lun nh sau:
a. V h thng QC TC phc v thit k thi cng khng chn: Quy nh cp cng trnh phi thit k khng
chn, s liu t nhin v ng t, tiu chun thit k khng chn kt cu c tng i .
b. Cc nh v cng trnh cao tng xy dng t nm 2000 tr li y m Vin KHCN Xy dng thit k hoc
thm tra, nhn chung c tnh ton, thit k chu ng t theo mt trong cc tiu chun: TCXDVN 375 :
2006, SNiP II-7-81* v UBC: 1997.
c. Cc chung c, c bit l cc chung c lp ghp gn ht hoc qu tui th s dng m c thm cc
du hiu sau c kh nng b sp khi ng t mnh (cp VII VIII) xy ra:
- Nh lp ghp tm ln vi cc mi ni b h hng phn ln hoc h hng hon ton;
- Loi nh c nhiu ph ti cht thm (nh: nng tng, b nc, chung cp,...) nhng khng c tnh
ton thit k;
- Nh b tho d tng, ct ct chu lc to khng gian rng hn lm dch v...
- Cc cng trnh xp vo cp D theo tiu chun TCXDVN 373 : 2006 Ch n nh gi mc nguy him
ca kt cu nh.
d. Nh dn vi cc du hiu di y d b nguy him khi ng t mnh (cp VII-VIII) xy ra:
- Ln nt vi nghing > 1 %;
- Cc nh siu mng;
- Cc cng trnh xy gch qu c m c mng hoc tng gch b mn;
- Cc nh xy gch c vt nt ca tng, ct chu lc thng ng theo phng chu lc vi b rng vt nt
> 2 mm v di vt qu 1/2 chiu cao tng.
4.2. Kin ngh
- i vi nh chung c lp ghp hoc cc cng trnh c nh gi mc nguy him cp D (nguy
him tng th) theo TCXDVN 373 : 2006, kin ngh ph d, xy mi;
- Kin ton h thng QC TC, xy dng thm hng dn k thut;
- Tuyn truyn nhn dn thc xy dng, ph bin cc gii php xy dng nh v cng trnh chu ng
t; hng dn nhn dn v vic ch ng t v cho mnh nh tr n, thot nn, cu nn khi c ng t xy
ra;
- a vo chng trnh o to ti cc trng i hc, tp hun ph bin cho cc k s cc gii php cu
to khng chn;
- Tip tc cp nht s liu v ng t, nghin cu, chuyn giao v pht trin cc cng ngh xy dng hiu
qu phng chng ng t cho cng trnh Vit Nam.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

TI LIU THAM KHO

Quy chun Xy dng Vit Nam 1997, ban hnh theo Q s 682/BXD-CSXD ngy 14-12-1996.
TCXDVN 373 : 2006 Ch n nh gi mc nguy him ca kt cu nh.
Nhim v Hp tc Quc t theo Ngh nh th vi Bungari Nghin cu phng php nh gi kh nng khng chn
ca cc chung c nhiu tng v xut gii php khc phc.
D n: Sa cha mi ni nh lp ghp tm ln B8, B10 khu Thanh Xun Bc. Vin KHCN Xy dng (1996-1997).
D n: iu tra nh gi, xut cng ngh, vt liu hiu qu nhm ngn chn h hi nh lp ghp tm ln do thm
thu mi ni khu Thanh Xun. Vin KHCN Xy dng, 1996 -1997.
D n: iu tra hin trng v xut chnh sch qun l cht lng, bin php bo tr cc khu nh nhiu tng Vit
Nam. Vin KHCN Xy dng, 2002.