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Friction Loss in Pipe PDF
Friction Loss in Pipe PDF
Friction Loss in Pipe PDF
Flow
NAME
V.W.MEEMADUMA
INDEX NUMBER
090325G
COURSE:
MPR
GROUP:
B3
DATE OF PER:
2010.08.03
DATE OF SUB:
2010.08.17
1.0 Introduction
Energy Loses Occur in pipe flow due to frictional resistance at the pipe surface. Such head losses are
known as frictional resistance head losses. It is important to determine frictional head losses in many
pipe flow problems.
Objectives
To verify that the friction factor in pipe flow varies as expressed in the Darcy-Weisbach and HagenPoiseuille equations for a
(a) Small diameter pipe (3 mm)
(b) Commercially used PVC pipe
(c) Commercially used Galvanized Iron (GI) pipe
Theory
The frictional head loss (hf) depends on the type of flow, which can be laminar or turbulent. In laminar
flow, fluid flows in layers with orderly movement of fluid particles while in Turbulent flow fluid particles
move in a disorderly manner, as shown in Figure below.
Whether the flow is laminar or turbulent is decided by a non-dimensional Reynolds number Re which is
expressed as
Re =
Where = Fluid density, v = Flow Velocity, D = pipe diameter,
= Fluid viscousity
In pipes, the flow is laminar when Re < 2000 and turbulent when Re > 4000 with flow transition taking
place when 2000 < Re < 4000
Various scientists had a need to evaluate the frictional head loss for a given pipe flow. As a result of this,
certain formulae were created, some experimentally while others theoretically. From these formulae
two equations for the two separate flow states of turbulent and laminar are used commonly by
engineers to model pipe systems today.
For turbulent flow hf is given by the Darcy-Weisbach equation,
hf =
where = friction factor, L = pipe length and g = Accelaration due to gravity
If the Hagen-Poiseuille Equation is expressed in the form of the Darcy-Weisbach equation, an equivalent
friction factor can be defined for laminar flow so that
hf =
yielding
Apart from these equations, some other empirical equations are used occasionally
Eg: The Hazen-Williams formula
hf =
here C is a dimensional constant dependent on the pipe material and diameter and having values
between 75-150.
In both these cases, the friction factor can be found using several different methods.
1. Applying the Colebrook-White equation
The general form of the Colebrook-White equation is as follows
4000)
<<<
0 Therefore
These are known as Prandtl and Von Karmann equations.
= friction factor
diagram. This diagram has been obtained through a various number of experimental data and any pipe
obeying normal frictional flows will have values within the chart in the respected areas ( turbulent or
laminar). This method is rather easier and less time consuming than solving the above mentioned
equations.
Apparatus
1. Pipe Friction Apparatus 1 (for pipe with small diameter)
3. Stop Watch
4. Measuring Vessel
5. Ruler/Measuring Tape
Methodology
For horizontal pipe of uniform diameter, hf ( frictional head loss) can be expressed as
hf =
Where P1 and P2 are the pressures at sections (1) and (2) respectively, as shown in the above diagram,
which can be measured by the piezometers or the differential manometer.
V can be expressed as
V=
where
and Re =
then, hf =
(where V =
and Re =
2.0 Procedure
Fix the apparatus as shown in the above diagrams for the two pipe cases.
Once a specific flow rate is set by the water pump do not adjust the pump, only adjust the flow
rate through the control valve at the down stream end.
First compare manometer readings at minimum and maximum output flow rates in pipes and
divide the difference in readings by the number of records to be taken in order to approximate a
periodical change in pressures to obtain flow rate values.
Obtain steady flow rates for different manometer readings and record them.
For each flow the outflow in a time is measured three times for an average value to be taken for
better accuracy of experimental values.
Measure the length of Pipe.
Record the diameter of the pipe.
Special considerations to be taken when handling the pipe of small diameter
Special care should be taken to observe that the manometric liquid and piezometric liquids do
not mix.
Also the dropping of the piezometric liquid level inside the pipe should be avoided.
To obtain a larger range or readings the internal pressure of the piezometric apparatus can be
increased by using a bicycle pump, but attention should be paid to the piezometric levels to
ensure none of the above mentioned occurs.
3.0 Calculations
PVC Pipe
a1x10- a2x10- deltaVx103(m)
3(m)
6(m3)
t1
21.9
19.9
19
17.5
16.7
16
15.4
14.8
14.3
8.5
9.4
10.5
11.4
11.9
12.5
12.9
13.2
t2
t3
Qx106(m3/s)
hfx103(m)
lambdax10
9
Re
2.35637E12 36224.79
2.50563E12 30727.57
2.58649E12 27753.28
179.423149
4790 58.89
115.393881
59 58.42 81.50416879
88.2
2.86606E12
22513.4
66.78
3.0235E12 19072.92
51.66
3.30259E12 16050.88
36.54
3.38077E12 13342.14
23.94
3.70012E12 10322.93
13.86
4.29399E12
7291.22
GI Pipe
a1x103(m)
26.3
28.2
29.3
30.5
32.5
34.1
36
a2x103(m)
deltaVx106(m3)
24.3
22.5
21.4
20.3
18.4
16.8
15
4790
4790
4790
4790
4790
4790
4790
t1
61.75
36.39
30.6
26.8
22.24
20.61
18.75
t2
61.49
35.68
30.99
27.14
22.86
20.37
18.33
t3
61.24
36.16
29.89
27.05
22.62
20.91
18.29
Qx106(m3/s)
77.89462272
132.7727987
157.0835155
177.4293123
212.1972829
232.1861367
259.5268196
hfx103(m)
lambdax10
9
25.2
1.76645E11
6026.652
71.82
1.73278E11
10272.54
99.54
1.71574E11
12153.44
128.52
1.73635E11
13727.58
177.66
1.67813E11
16417.55
217.98
1.71973E11
17964.08
264.6
1.67087E11
20079.41
21671.59
Re
37.7
13.6
10940
39.09
38.99
39.09
280.1058291
303.66
1.64611E11
39
12.5
10940
36.95
37.38
37.59
293.2451751
333.9
1.65147E11
22688.17
371.7
1.57708E11
24496.05
415.8
3.35429E12
56178.32
40.5
42.5
11
9.5
10940
10940
35.3
15.02
34.69
15.27
33.67
14.91
316.6120008
726.1061947
a1x103(m)
390
393
398
402
412
455
493
410
494
a2x103(m)
355
347
339
326
311
257
211
37
38
deltaVx106(m3)
100
100
100
100
200
200
200
250
300
t1
76.97
52.94
41.59
32.39
48.77
38.23
31.86
34.46
35.98
t2
76.92
52.91
42.08
32.7
48.82
38.75
32.05
34.11
35.93
t3
76.84
53.07
41.91
32.38
48.71
39.22
32.13
34.34
34.99
Qx106(m3/s)
1.300221038
1.88774226
2.388915432
3.077870114
4.101161996
5.163511188
6.247396918
7.287921485
8.419083255
hfx103(m)
lambdax10
9
35
1.16077E10
620.3493
46
7.23745E11
900.6619
59
5.79647E11
1139.777
76
4.49807E11
1468.485
101
3.36683E11
1956.708
198
4.16378E11
2463.566
282
4.05102E11
2980.699
373
3.93745E11
3477.145
456
3.60702E11
4016.834
4350.553
Re
528
15
300
33.13
32.42
33.15
9.118541033
513
3.45923E11
274
317
400
43.22
43.61
42.89
9.250693802
541.8
3.5498E11
4413.604
592.2
3.78253E11
4470.118
4657.388
272
319
400
42.25
42.38
43.45
9.369144285
272
319
400
40.51
41.11
41.31
9.761652973
592.2
3.48446E11
271
320
400
39.27
39.35
40.21
10.09845998
617.4
3.39445E11
4818.082
680.4
3.34813E11
5092.801
730.8
3.51978E11
5147.75
781.2
3.55044E11
5299.266
268
266
264
322
324
326
400
400
500
37.7
37.82
44.83
37.2
36.66
45.19
37.52
36.74
45.03
10.67425725
10.78942636
11.10699741
4.0 Discussion
Significance of Frictional Head loss in the analysis of pipe flow
Analysis of pipe flow deals with the characteristics of fluid flowing within a pipe. The flow rate between
points of the pipe, the velocity of the fluid, etc In an ideal pipe having no head loss one could simply
find all above mentioned factors if the necessary data about the pipe was given, since the Head
differences at two points would be the same. However if there were to be some limiting force against
the flow of the water, the analysis of the flow would not be as straight forward. As there is no ideal pipe
in practical applications there will always exist a frictional head loss, no matter how minimal it maybe,
affecting the fluid flow in the pipe.
More accurately there will be two types of head loss, frictional and local, but in civil engineering
applications where we deal with considerably larger pipes with a small number of bends the local losses
reduce to something comparatively negligible. Hence the frictional head loss becomes the major
component. Therefore it is vital that frictional head loss be taken into account when analysing pipe
flows.
If the Renault Number in a fluid undergoing turbulent flow is close to the value 4000 then it is knows as
a smooth turbulent flow.
If the Renault Number in a fluid undergoing turbulent flow is very high then it is knows as a rough
turbulent flow.
Transitional turbulent flow is a region in between the smooth turbulent flow and rough turbulent flow
having fluid with a moderate Renault number.
If the Flow rate inside a pipe can produce a laminar flow then the pipe is said to be a hydraulically
smooth pipe. Concrete, Cast iron, Copper and Glass all produce smooth pipes. The surface roughness
plays a major role in deciding the flow rate at which turbulent flow occurs. Therefore a material with
higher surface roughness can cause turbulent flows at lower flow rates.
The flow rate in a pipe producing turbulent flow is said to be a hydraulically rough pipe. The surface
roughness values of these pipes are considerably higher, which causes the flow rate to be turbulent at a
lower flow rate than a smooth pipe having identical dimensions.
For low Re values the fluid remains laminar. Therefore the relationship between the friction factor and
the Re number is
= (64/Re) while for turbulent flows the relationship becomes much more
complicated. Hence the curvatures in the Moody diagram.
Aging of a pipe is its prolonged usage. As a pipe is used for a long time, if improperly maintained the
interior will be encrusted with scale, dirt, tubercules or other foreign matter. This causes an increase in
roughness value of the pipe but comparatively the diameter of the pipe is considered as unchanged.
Therefore the relative roughness of the pipe will increase. According to the Moody diagram this increase
in relative roughness will cause an increase in the friction factor as well. ( some studies have shown a 4
inch diameter steel pipe undergoing a 20% increase in friction factor after its roughness was increased
by twice the value from 3 years usage).
Apart from the Frictional Head losses, Local Head losses ( minor head losses) are incurred at pipe bends,
junctions and valves. These losses occur due to eddy formation generated by the fluid at the fitting. For
cases where pipes are shorter the local losses could be higher than the frictional head loss, therefore it
is important to consider this in such situations or there would be an error in any assumption made
about the flow system.
Local head loss can be expressed in the form hl =kl
Where kl = constant for a particular fitting
An expression can be derived for kl in terms of the area of the pipe.
The types of local losses are
1. Sudden Contraction
2. Sudden Expansion
5.0 References
Flows of fluids through valves, fittings and Pipes. Crane (p12)
Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Taylor & Francis, 2004, (p112)