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7onf? AkZGeftrsdK;rsdK; 7Sdonf? ,if;wdk\rSm AkZGefwkyf/ AkZGef

2
 AkZGef

ausmh/ AkZGeq f w d f/ AkZGefusm;/ ausmufAkZeG f ponfwk\djzpf uav;onf a7atmufodk\qif;um usupf m;avonf?

-uonf? xdrk pS I AkZeG fwkyfonf touf-uD;vmonfESifhtr~ w
AkZeG fwkyfonf 2 aytxdyif 7Snfwwfonf? tcsdK\ jznf;jznf;-uD;vmI tav;csdefvnf; pD;vmonf?
AkZGefwkyf-uD;rsm;rSm 35 aygiftxdyif tcsdef pD;wwf AkZeG fwkyo f nf woufvHk; TtcGHEiS cfh snf; aeoGm;
onf? ud, k x f nfonf vH;k I tpdwt f ydik ;f 6 ck qufpyf onfr[kwaf cs? r-umc+ tcGv H o J nf? yXr wESpo f m;
xm;ouJhodk\jzpfaeonf? udk,af y:wGif tjyma7mifcyf twGif; 14-udrfrS 1^-udrftxd tcGHvJonf? aemuf
ajymifajymif tcGHrm zHk;tkyfaeonf? tjrD;rlum; ,yf -uD;aomtcg wESpw f -udrv f o
J nf? AkZeG fwkyo f nf tcGH
awmifozG,f um;aeonf? OD;acgif;xdyw f Gif 7Snfvsm; vJawmhrnf7adS omtcg ueef;uJo h \ykd if vHjk cKH pw
d cf s7aom
aom trSit f *®g 2ck7Sdonf? ueef;uJhodk\yif ajc 5pHkyg ae7maumif;wckudk r7t7 7SmazGpjrJ jzpfonf? ol.
I yXrtpHkudkvufr[kac:onf? vufrwzufrSm-uD; 7Snfvsm;aom trSift*®gjzifh awG\or~ taygufrsm; t
I wH;k aomoGm;rsm; yg7SdjyD;v~if ,if;vufrjzifh rdrd. xJodk\ xdk;oGif;prf;oyfjcif;jzifh oifhawmfrnfhtayguf/
tpmudk -udwaf csonf? usev f ufr wzufrmS ao;i,f odk\r[kwf ‘‘wGif;’’ udk7SmazGonf? xdk;prf;-unfhaom
I c`efxufaom oGm;rsm;yg7Sdum tpmudk udkufjzwf taygufxJwGif rnfonfhab;tM7m,fr~ r7S[ d lI pdwf
7ef toH;k jyKonf? AkZGefwyk . f 0rf;ydu
k fwGif a7ul;t*®g csavmufrS wGif;atmif;jcif;tr=udk jyKavonf? wGif;
i,frsm; yg7Sdonf? a7ul;7mwGif ,if;wdk\ukd avSmw f uf atmif;,if;yif AkZeG w f yk o f nftjyif;txef wGe\fvrd f v=yf
rsm;ozG,f toHk;jyKavonf? 7Sm;um ta7cGHvJ7onf? ta7cGHvJ7onfrSm tcGHrm
AkZeG w
f yk o f nfwom;v~iOf aygif; 5ô000 rS 100ô000 -uD;rsm;udk udk,frS jyKwfxGufoGm;atmif tjyif;txef
txd Owwfonf? ,if;Orsm;udk 0rf;ydkuf7Sd a7ul; -udK;yrf;7onfjzpf7m tm;ukefyifyef;vSonf jzpfaom
t*®gi,fuav;rsm;wGif ap;uyfaom aumfwpfrsdK;jzifh a-umifh AkZeG w f yk o
f nf tcGu H `wo f nft h cg acWr~ rv=yf
tjrJuyfaeatmif o,faqmifxm;-uonf? 11 vr~ r,SufEdkifbJ arhajrmIyif oGm;7Smwwfonf? odk\aomf
-umaomf Orsm;rS AkZGefwkyfuav;rsm; aygufzGm;vm topfay:aygufvmaom ta7cGH twefi,f rmvmonf
onf? trsm;tm;jzifh aEGul;7moDwGif OrSaygufavh7Sd ESifhwjydKifeuf tm;tifwzef jyefvnfjynfh0 vmav
onf? aygufpwGif AkZGefwyk u f av;onf wvufr. onf? ta7cGHa[mif;uGmI tcGHopf rmausmvmjcif;
4 yHk 1yHkcef\ 7Snfonf? OD;acgif;-uD;I tjrD;i,fonf? r7Srd t
D csed wf iG f 7efow
l \ukd kd txl;owdxm;Iae-u7onf?
AkZeG w
f yk uf av;onf ud, k x f nf i,fonfuvGI J t7G,f AkZeG w
f yk of nf a7xJwiG f ,ufum,ufumjzifh av;
a7mufjyD; AkZeG w f yk -f uD;ESihf yHyk ef;o!efwax7wnf; wl av;rSerf eS f oGm;avh&o Sd nf? od\k7mwGif wpHkw7m ta7;
onf? 7ufoWywftenf;i,f-umaomtcg/ AkZeG w f yk f -uD;aom udP-uHKvmv~if a7xJo\dk vsifjrefaom t7Sdef

yifv,fwGif; usufpm;avh7Sdaom ykZGef-uD;rsKd;

3
 AkZGef
yifv,fwGif AkZGefzrf;7mY AkZGefpmtkd;rsm;ukd Tokd\yifv,fwGif;csI zrf;,l7onf?
jzifh aemufjyefypful;avh 7Sdonf? wcgw7H cyfusJusJ
oGm;I wcsuw f csuf ckefwwfao;onf? oGm;7mae7m
YwGi;f rsm;awG\v~if olw\k. d vufr-uD;jzifh E=ud pf rf;-unfh
wwfonf? 7efou l akd wG\ygu vufrjzifh n|yyf pfavonf?
7F\HEGHxlxyfaom ae7mrsdK;wGif AkZGefwkyfudk awG\7cJ
onf? ,if;wdk\onf ausmufawmifxx l yf aygrsm;aom
urf;ajc a7wdrf7m ae7mrsm;udk txl;ojzifh -udKufEpS f
oufwwfaomfvnf; a7euf7m t7yfrsm;wGifvnf;
awG\7wwfonf? tWvMdwo f rk]7mzuf7Sd tar7duef
urf;ajcwav~mufwGif awG\7aom AkZGefwkyfrsdK;onf
uBmay:wGif t-uD;qHk;rsdK; jzpfonf? Oa7mywdkuf
urf;ajcwav~mufwGif awG\7aom AkZGefwkyfrsdK;rSmrl
tar7duef AkZGefwkyfavmuf r-uD;acs? yifv,fAkZGef
wkyrf sKd ;wGif tmz7duwkduf *Gwf'[kyt f il urf;ajcwGif
awG\7aom AkZeG fwkyfrsdK;onf ti,fqHk;jzpfonf? EdkifiH
t7yf7yf7Sd jrpfacsmif;wd\krS zrf;,l77Sdaom a7csdKAkZGew f yk f
wdk\rSmrl t-uD;qHk; 8 vufrcef\om 7Sdavonf?
AkZGefqdwfESifh AkZGefausmhrsm;rSmrl AkZGefwkyf-uD;rsm;
uJo h \kd a7euf7m yifv,fwiG f rawG\7bJ/ a7wdrI f oJajr
7Sd7m jrpfacsmif; tif;tdkifwdk\wGifom tajrmuftjrm;
awG\7onf? uBmt7yf7yfrSmyif awG\7dES idk o f nf?
4
AkZGefqdwfESifh AkZGefausmhrsm;udk tcsdK\u r-uD;xGm;
ao;aom AkZGefwkyf[k xif-uonf? xif-uonfh t
a-umif;rSm trSww f rJ-h unfu
h t-uD;tao;rSvI JG yHyk ef;
o!efcsif; wlaoma-umifh jzpfavonf? odk\7mwGif
,if;wd\kY vG,fulpGm cGjJ cm;Edkifaom tcsuftvufrsm;
7Sdonf? AkZGefqdwfonf t-uD;qHk; 3 vufrtxdom
-u;D I/ AkZeG af usmo
h nf 5 vufrtxd -u;D onf? ,if;wd\k
. tjrD;ESifh 0rf;ydkuf7dS a7ul;t*®grsm;onf t7G,Ef Sihrf
vdu k af tmif-uD;onf? wwd,ESihf pwkštqufY ud, k f
vHk;auG;I ausmcHk;aeonf? qGJqef\onfhwdkifatmifyif
cyfcHk;cHk; jzpfaeavonf? AkZGefqdwfonf ta7mifrGJI
tndKpuf7Sdonf? AkZGefausm\onf pdrf;jyma7mif 7SdI
tndKpufygonf?
AkZGefqdwfESifh AkZGefausmhudkvnf; waumifESifh w
aumif cGjJ cm;7ef rcJ,Of;acs? AkZeG fqdwf. OD;acgif;xdyf
wzufwcsurf S ,kefem;7Gufuho J dk\ raysmhvGe;f rrmvGef;
aom tjym; 2ckxdk;xGufI/ ,if;tjym; 2ckteD;Y tm
&HkrSif 2ckESifhrsufpd 2ckt-um;Y cuf7if;cGuJhokd\aom
tm&Hrk ~if2ck&Sdonf? AkZGefqw d .
f vuf 5pHt k euf yXr
vufwpHkonf -uD;Ijym;jyD;v~if/ tzsm;wGif 2cG jzpfI
cswd fuo Jh \dk aumufaumufuav; jzpfaeonf? ,if;wdk\
AkZGef Akoô 0DvsH

xufi,faom oW0guav;rsm;udk n|yI f pm;aomuf "Rq7m tvkyfudk 9 ESpfcef\vkyfjyD;aemuf rufo'pf

-u7ef jzpfonf? AkZGefausmh. OD;acgif;xdyfrSrl ql; *dk+f;ESifh tquftoG,fjzwfvdkufjyD;v~if rdrzd mom w
awmifuJhodk\ tnGef\twufESifh tc`efwpfck xdk;xGuaf e pifaxmifum w7m;a[majymcJhonf? Akoonf pdwf
onf? tm&Hrk Sif 2pHkpvH;k onf ao;I7Sno f nf? yXrESihf 7if;aumif;.? qif;7Jaomolrsm;ESifh cdkudk;7mrJh 'kQdw
'kw, d vuf2pHo k nf AkZeG wf yk vf ufEiS hf qifqifwo l nf? rsm;udk u,fq,fvpdk dwf jyif;xefoljzpfonfh tavsmuf
AkZGeu f sm;rsdK;rSmrl ud, k fxnfjym;I AkZGefwyk favmuf 1865 ckESpfwGif vef'efjrdK\odk\ oGm;a7mufum 0=dufcsyf
acgif;r-uD;acs? tay:ta7cGHvnf; AkZGefwkyfavmuf y,f7yfuGufY c7pf,mef omoemjyKtzGJ\wckudk wnf
rxlbJ ta7mifrSm pdrf;ndKa7mifESifh t0gpif;usm; jzpf axmifavonf? 18^8 ckEpS w f iG f xdt
k zG\Jonf u,fq,f
onf? vufESifh0rf;ydkuf7Sd a7ul;t*®grsm;vnf; ydkI a7;wyf[al om toGijf zifh tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;wd\k.
aysm\aysmif;El;nHhonf? t7G,ftm;jzifh 6 vufrrS 8 vlr=a7;7m tajctae wdk;wufaumif;rGefaprnfh vkyf
vufrtxd 7So d nf? ,if;udv k nf; a7wdrf7m jrpfacsmif; ief;rsm;udk aqmif7u G o
f nf? Akoonf xdw k yf. Advk cf sKyf
ponfw\Ykd om awG\7onf? -uD; jzpfvmonf? (u,fq,fa7;wyf„&=?)
ausmufAZk eG o f nf 6 vufrxuf yd-k u;D cJonf? tjzL/ AkoESihf taygif;ygwd\k.vkyif ef;rsm;onf jird 0f yfyjd ym;
yef;a7mif/ vdaRmfa7mif/ tndK/ pdrf;jymESifh tjymykyfykyf a7;udk taESmiht f ,Sufay;onf[kqu dk m Ako. aemuf
ta7mifponfjzifh ta7miftrsdK;rsdK; 7Sdonf? ausmuf vdu k rf sm;pGmwdk\tm; '+faiGwyfjcif;/ axmifcsjcif;wd\kjzifh
AkZGef. tcGHonf rmI -urf;onf? AkZGefwkyfuJhodk\yif ESyd fuGyaf vonf? od\kaomf 1889 ckESpf aemufwGiu f m;
vuf 5 pH7k o dS nft h euf yXrvufpo kH nf n|yI f 7onf? xdkodk\aom ESdyfuGyfr=rsdK; r7Sdawmhojzifh Ako. u,f
usefvuf 4 pHjk zifh vrf;av~mufonf? q,fa7;vkyif ef;onf Oa7mywdkuf/ tar7duefwku d fwk\d
AkZeG t
f rsdK;rsKd ;udk vlw\dkonf [if;vsmtvdk\iSm zrf;,l ESihf -opa-w;vD;,m;/ tdN, d / oD[dk–fpaomEdik if Hrsm;odk\
-uonf? trsm;tm;jzifh vwfvwf qwfqwf csuf
jyKwpf m;aomufaomfvnf; taemufEdkifiHrsm;wGif pnf
oGwI f a7mif;cs-uonf? jrefrmEdkiif w H Gif AkZGefjzifh iyd
vkyf-uao;onf? r~ifac: tvGefao;i,fonfh AkZGef
uav;jzifh jyKvkyo f nf? xdkr~iif ydonf tvGex f if7mS ;
onf? AkZGefOD;acgif;rS 77So d nfh tqDoufoufudkvnf;
csufI [if;vsmwrnftjzpf pm;oHk;-uonf? AkZeG fayg
onfh jrpf0u`e;f ay:a'owGif AkZeG fOrsm;udk oufouf
xkwI f a7mif;cs-uonf?

AkZGefvHk; ? ? (ueef;„&=? )

Akoô 0DvsH (c7pf1829 1912)? ?0DvsAH o k onf

u,fq,fa7;wyfukd pwifwnfaxmifol jzpfonf? Ako
udk t*®vefjynf aemhwif*rfjrdK\Y 1829ckEpS f {jyDv 10
7ufae\wiG f zGm;jrif.? olonf i,f7, G pf Ofuyif ud, k 'hf ;l
udk,fc`ef toufarG;0rf;ausmif; jyKcJ7h oljzpfonf?
Akoonf a7S;OD;pGm taygifqkid f vufaxmuftjzpf
vkyfukid fae7mrS bmoma7;a[majymr=Y 0goemxHkonfh
tavsmuf 1852 ckESpfwGif rufo'pf "Rq7mtvkyf
udk ul;ajymif;vkyuf ikd cf o
hJ nf? 1855 ckEpS w
f iG f uufo7if;
refz\kdtrnf7aSd om 0goemcsi;f wlI oabmudu k fnoD nfh
trsdK;orD; wOD;ESifh vufxyfvdkufonf? rufo'pf u,fq,fa7;wyfukd pwifzGJ\pnf;ol 0DvsH Ako

5
Al*def;AD;ôvl0D tefwGef; 'g AlzGefôaZmhZuf

yif ys\HEH\SoGm;cJo h nf? 1890 jynfhEpS fwGif ol\tm; rsm;pGm

tultnDay;cJah om ZeD;onf uufo7if; tedPa7muf
oGm;avonf? odk\7mwGif ol.om;orD;rsm;jzpf-uaom
A7rf;0JESifh tDA,f*svif;wdk\onf ol\vkyfief;wGif rsm;
pGm tultnDay;EdkifcJhonf? xdkESpfYyif AdkvfcsKyf-uD;
Akoonf ‘‘tarSmifq;kH t*®vefEdkiif HESihf xGuf7yfvrf;’’
[laompmtkyfudk a7;om; xkwfa0um iwfjywfr=udk
›if;/ 'kp&dkufusL;vGefrw = \dku›dk if; yaysmufap7ef enf;t
rsdK;rsdK;jzihf -udK;yrf;aqmif7u G cf Jhonf? 19 7mpkESpt f ukef
avmufwGif Ako.vkyif ef;rsm;udk twdkuftcH jyKvyk fr=
rsm;onf vHk;0 yaysmufoGm;.? ,cifu omoemh0ef
xrf;rsm;. ESmacgif;&=H\jcif;ud›k if;/ vrf;-uD; vrf;i,f
rsm;xJwiG f wkw/f ausmufcJ ponfw\jkd zifh ypfcwfEiS x f wk f
jcif;ud›k if; cHc7hJ aom u,fq,fa7;wyf Adv k cf sKy-f uD;Ako
onf r-umrD rif;nDrif;om;rsm;ESifh ycHk;csif;,SOfum
vl7m0ifEikd af om tajcod\k a7mufc7hJ onf? oWr ajrmuf
tuf'Gyfbk7if-uD; udk,fwdkifuyif ol.bdodufcH uBmwpfywf a7a-umif;c7D;oGm;cJhol vl0D tefwGef; 'gAl*def;AD;
r*®vmyGo J \dk wufa7muf7ef Akotm; ta7;w,l zdwaf c:
awmfrlcJhonf? Ako vkyfudkifaomvkyfief;rsm;. tzdk; ckESpfwGif r*sJvefa7vuf-um;udk jzwfcJhI ypdzdwf
wefyHk rGefjrwfyHkudk qef\usifzuf *dk+f;om;rsm;uyif ork]7mtwGi;f 7Sd w[D;wD;/ qrdk;0g;/ e,l;[ufA7d'D;/
jcD;usL;vm-u7.? xdo k k\d avmuD avmukW7m ESpjf zm e,l; jAdwdef ponfh u`ef;rsm;odk\ 0ifa7mufcJhjyD;aemuf
aomaumif;usdK;udk jzLpifaom apwemjzifh rwGe\frqkwf oab®mjzifh uBmwywf vSnfhywfavonf? Al*def;AD;
aqmif7Gucf aJh yaom AdkvfcsKyf-uD; Akoonf 1912 ckESpf onf jyifopfvlrsdK;xJrS yXrqH;k uBmudk ywfco Jh l jzpf
wGif tedPa7mufoGm;avonf? onf? ola7;om;aom uBmwywf pmtkyo f nf yx0D
0ifEiS hf od_yH nm7yfw\dktwGuf taxmuftyHh rsm;pGmjzpf
Al*def;AD;ô vl0DtefwGef;'g(c7pf1^29 1811)? ? apcJoh nf?
vl0DtefweG ;f 'gAl;*def;AD;onf xif7mS ;aom jyifopfvlrsdK; Al*ed f;AD;onf 7mxl;rsm; wqifjh yD; wqifh wufc7hJ m
a7a-umif;u`rf;usifol jzpfonf? 1^29 ckESpf Edk0ifbm ppfol-uD; (zD;rm7S,f) 7mxl;7cJhjyD;aemuf 1^90 jynhf
v 11 7ufae\wiG f yg7pfjrdK\Y zGm;jrifonf? ESpfwGif A7ufjrdK\ a7wyfrSL;-uD;tjzpf cef\tyfjcif; cH7
Al*ed f;AD;onf OD;pGmY0wfvkv H ku
d fItoufarG;7ef-uH onf? eydkv, D efbk7ifuyif aumifhbGJ\ ay;tyfcho J nf?
7G,cf Jhaomfvnf; 1^53 ckESpfwGif -unf;wyfodk\ 0ifI 1811 ckEpS f -o*kwv f 31 7ufae\wiG f Al*ed ;f AD; uG,v f eG f
tr=xrf;cJo h nf? 1^54 ckEpS w f iG f vef'efjrKd \&dS jyifopfo&H ;kH avonf? ypdzw d fork]7m awmifykid ;f 7Sd aqmfvrGeu f `e;f
Y twGi;f 0eftjzpf oGm;a7muftr=xrf;7onf? 1^56ck pkY yg0ifaom u`ef;wu`ef;udk Al*def;AD;u`ef;[k›if;/
ESpw f iG f uae'gEdik fio H \kd oGm;a7mufI Adv k cf sKyrf LS ; v0D*sKd ; [ufA7d';D u`e;f pkraS 7vuf-um;wpfcu k kd Al*ed ;f AD; a7vuf
Zuf'grGe;f urf;. udk,7f aH wmfAkv d rf SL;tjzpf aqmif7u G cf Jh -um;[lI›if; ol\tm;*k+fjyKum rSnfhac:-uavonf?
7jyD;v~if wDuGe'f g&dk;*g;wdkufyJEG Sifh uGDAufodrf;yGJwk\dwiG f xdk\jyif pULyef;. &kQaA'trnfjzpfaom Al*def;AD;vs
0ifa7muf wdkucf u kd cf aJh vonf? 1^61 ckESpw f iG f Oa7my onfvnf; Al*ed ;f AD;udk tpGjJ yKI rSnahf c:cJah om trnfjzpf
wdkufodk\jyefI *smreDEdkifiHwGif 2ESpf-umr~ wdkufyGJ0ifae avonf?
cJah vonf? 1^63 ckEpS w f Gif -unf;wyfrSxu G I f a7wyf
wGif 0ifa7muf tr=xrf;onf? jyifopftpdk;7. awmif; AlzGefôaZmhZuf (c7pf 1^0^ „ 1^88)? ?aumifah Zmh
yefcsut f 7 Al*de;f AD;onf azmhuvefu`e;f pkwGif udv k ked D Zuf vl0D vufvwf AlzeG of nf jyifopfvrl sKd ; obm0ESihf
wnfaxmif7ef oGm;a7mufco Jh nf? ,if;rSwqifh 1^66 ,xmblw ynm7SifwOD; jzpfonf? ol\ukd 1^0^ ckESpf

6
AlzGeôf aZmhZuf Alva*;7D;,m;EkdifiH

pufwifbmv ^ 7ufae\wiG f Am*ef'eD ,fY zGm;jrifonf? AlzGefonf 1^35 ckESpfwGif pwufzifa[; a7;om;
zcifrmS Am*ef'DygvDrefwGif aumifpDv-l uD; wOD;jzpf.? aom [if;oD;[if;7Guf pwufwpfynmpmtkyu f dk bm
AlzGeo f nf Oya'ynm7yfudk *sufZ;l tpfaumvdyfY oif omjyefxw k af 0onf? 1^40 jynfEh pS w f iG f EsLwef.zvyf
,ljyD;aemuf avmu"mwfynm7yfrsm;udk qufvuf qD,ef[al ompmtkyu f dk bmomjyefxw k af 0onf? xdEk pS f
qnf;yl;onf? v,f,mpdkufysKd ;a7;ESihf &lyaA' ynm7yf wGifyif obm0orkid ;f usr;f udk pwifjyKpkavonf? yXr
qdik 7f m pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;udk a7;om;onf? 1^39 ckEpS f wGJukd 1^49 ckESpfwGif yHkEySd x f kwfa0cJo h nf? xdu k srf;udk
wGif bk7ifOh ,smOfEiS jfh ywdu k f tkycf sKyaf 7;rSL; 'sLaz; uG,f ESpfaygif; 50ausmftwGi;f pmtkyw f GJa7aygif; 44 wGJr~
vGefaomtcg AlzGeftm; 15 qufajrmuf vl0Dbk7ifu xkwfa0Edik fatmif a7;om;jyKpkcJhavonf? AlzGef ruG,f
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a'orsm;7Sd ork]7mrsm;wGif pwifjzpfay:vm-uI xdk jcifpl;prf;vdak om pdwrf sm; ay:aygufvmavonf?
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wnfwHhEdkif&Hkr~ avmufom at;onf[k qdkavonf? olaumif;jyK ajr|mufpm;onf? aumifhAlzGefonf yg7pf
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Alva*;7D;,m;EdkifiH ? ? Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if o H nf O Alva*;7D;,m; EkdifiH. ajrrsufESmjyifudk 4 ydkif;cGJ

a7mywdu k fawmifydki;f 7Sd aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,fwiG f wnf jcm;xm;Edik fonf? ajrmufydkif;wGif 'ef;nKjrpf pD;qif;7m
7Sdonf? ta7S\zufwGiyf ifv,feuf/ awmifzufwiG f *7d 'ef;nK jrpf0rS ;f a'o/ tv,fykid f;wGif aAmfvuefawmif
Edkiif HESihf wl7*DEikd if /H taemufzufwGif ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m; wef;a'oESifh awmifydkif; vGifjyifac: r7pfqjrpf0Srf;
EdkifiHESifh ajrmufzufwGif &lar;eD;,m;EdkifiHjzifh 0ef;7H a'o/ awmifykid f;wGif a7mh'ydk J awmifwef;a'owd\k jzpf
vsuf7o Sd nf? &lar;eD;,m;EdkifiHEiS hf Alva*;7D;,m; Edkiif H onf? aAmfvuefawmifwef;ESifh a7mh'ydk Jawmifwef;wdk\
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f zG,f pD;qif;vsu7f dS onf ta7S\rS taemufo\dk wef;ae-uonf? aAmfvuef
onf? Alva*;7D;,m;Ekid if o H nf 42ô810 pwk7ef;rdik u f s,f awmifwef;. tjrifhqk;H awmifxGwfonf taemufESifh
0ef;I jrefrmEdik fit H us,t f 0ef;. 6 yHk 1yHk eD;eD;om 7Sd taemufajrmufzufwGif wnf7SdI ay 1ô000 ausmf
onf? c7pfESpf 600 ausmfcef\u ,if;a'owGif vm ausmf jrifhonf/ a7m\'kyd J awmifwef;. tjrifhqk;H awmif
a7mufaexdkif-uaom wmwmvlrsdK;tEG,f Alv*g; vl xGwf rlqmvmonf 9ô595 ayjrifhonf? ay 4ô500
rsdK;wdk\tm; tpGJjyKI Alva*;7D;,m;EdkifiH[k wGifonf? txuf awmifuek ;f a'owGif xif;&SL;ESifh 0ufopfcsyif
,cktcg ,if;EdkifiHudk Alva*;7D;,m; jynfol\orw rsm;aygufaom opfawmrsm;7So d nf? Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if H
Edik fiaH wmf[k ac:-uonf? . xif&Sm;aomjrpf-uD;rsm;rSm 'ef;nKjrpf/ r7pfqjrpf/

7
 Alva*;7D;,m;EkdifiH
wGef'Zmjrpf/ ,ef-wmjrpf/ tPumjrpf/ uRcsd,jrpf
ESifh atmhprmjrpfwdk\ jzpf-uonf? rsm;pGmaom jrpfi,f
acsmif;i,fwdk\um; 'ef;nKjrpfESifh r7pfq jrpfwdk\xJodk\
pD;0if-uonf? Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if w
H iG f awmif-um;a7tdik f
uav;rsm;rSty xif7Sm;aom a7tdkif-uD;rsm; r7Sdacs?
Alva*;7D;,m;EkdifiH wnfae7mjyajryHk
Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if H awmifyidk ;f wGif tyltat; r~w
I rdk;toifhtwifh7Gmonf? aAmfvuef awmifwef;.
ajrmufydkif;onf aEG7moDwGifylI aqmif;7moDwGif t
vGeaf t;onf? awmifyidk ;f tpGefq;kH a'orlum; †wvD
EdkifiH 7moDOwkEiS fh cyfqifqifwlonf?
Alva*;7D;,m; EdkifiHonf ajr-oZmaumif;ojzifh
pdkufysdK;a7;jzpfxGef;onf? xif7Sm;aom v,f,mpdkuf
ysdK;a7; xGufukefrsm;rSm *sHK/ &dkif;*sHK/ rka,m ponfh
aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;/ aq;7Guf/ opfoD;rsm;ESifh 0g*Grf;wdk\
jzpfonf? ausmufrD;aoG;/ cJ/ oGyf/ tvsLrDerfESiafh -u;
eDpaom oWKrsm;vnf; xGuo f nf? aAmfvuef awmif
wef;a'orsm;ESifh taemufawmifzuf7Sd awmifwef;
rsm;wGif a7ylprf;ESifh aq;prf;rsm;&Sdonf?
1956 ckEpS f oefaumifpm7if;t7 Alva*;7D;,m;Edik f
iH. vlOD;a7onf ^ô629ô254 a,muf7o dS nf? ,if;wdk\
teuf 91 7mcdik Ef =ef;onff Alva*;7D;,ef; vlrsKd ;rsm;jzpf
I 67mcdik Ef =e;f cef\onf wl7uDvrl sdK;rsm; jzpfjyD;v~if usef
3 7mcdkifE=ef;onf *spfyqDESifh tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm; jzpf-u
onf? Alva*;7D;,ef; vlrsdK;[lonfrSm Alv*g; vlrsdK;
ESifh qvAvlrsKd ;wd\k aoG;aESmI aygufzGm;vmaomvlrsKd ;
jzpfonf? EdkifiHtwGi;f vltrsm;pk ouf0if,-Hk unfaom
t,l0g'rSm *7d atmfodka'gh*dk+f;jzpfonf? rsm;aom
tm;jzifh Alva*;7D;,ef;ESihf wl7uDbmompum;udk ajym
qdk-uonf? Alva*;7D;,ef; vlrsdK;wdk\onf t7yfyak omf
vnf; use;f rm oefpGr;f olrsm; jzpf-uonf? touf7n
aom vlrsKd ;[lIvnf; ausmf-um;onf? Alva*;7D;,m;
Edik if w
H iG f jrKd \aevlxx k uf 7Gmaevlxu k ydo k nf? aus;vuf
wdk\wiG f pwk7ef;wrdkiv f ~if ysrf;r~vl 200cef\aexdkif-u
onf? vlae 25ô000xufyakd om jrdK\-u;D aygif; 10jrKd \xuf
rydak cs? rsm;pGmaom aus;7Gmwd\kY tdrw f ikd ;f Yvdyk if vuf
7ufuef;pifrsm; 7Sd-uonf? Alva*;7D;,ef; trsKd ;orD;
rsm; 7ufvkyfaom txnfrsm;onf tvGefvSy ojzifh
ausm-f um;onf? wEdkiif v H ;Hk 7Sd vlO;D a7. 80 7mckdiEf =e;f
onf v,f,mvkyfudkifolrsm; jzpf-uI 10 7mcdkifE=ef;
onf v,fxGuyf Pnf;rsm;udk jynfwGi;f jynfy a7mif;cs
onfh tvkyjf zifh toufarG;-uonf? usef 10 7mcdik Ef e= ;f
omv~if tpdk;7vcpm;ESifh pufr=vufr= vkyif ef;orm;
rsm; jzpf-uonf? uGejf rLepfwdk\ tkypf ;kd onfh tcsed rf SpI
pufr=vufr= EdkifiHjzpfatmif jyKjyifvsuf7Sdaomfvnf;
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armfawmfum;wdik , f m/ pUL/ zdeyfESifh pD;u7uf paom
yPnf;tenf;i,fom jyKvkyEf idk f-uavonf?
Alva*;7D;,m; Edik if o H nf v,f,mvkyu f ikd af om Edik f
iHjzpfonfhtavsmuf t"duxGufukefrsm;rSm aq;7Guf/
opfoD;/ *sHK/ ajymif;/ om;a7/ ydk;jcnfESifh a7arF;vkyf
aom ESif;qDyef;tqDwdk\ jzpfonf? Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if H
onf uBmay:wGif ESi;f qDyef;tqDtrsm;qHk;xGufaom
EdkifiHjzpfonf? wuBmvHk;xGuf ESi;f qDyef;tqD. ^5
7mcdkifE=ef;onf Alva*;7D;,m;EdkifiHrS xGufonf? r7pf
qjrpf0rS ;f a'owGif {uaygif; 12ô000 avmufY ESi;f qD
rsm; pdu k yf sdK;onf? Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if H xGufuek f w0uf
ausmfudk *smreDEkid if Hu 0,fI Alva*;7D;,m;Edik fiH oGif;
ukew f 0ufausmfonf *smreDEkid if Hxu G fukerf sm;jzpfonf?
Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if o H nf wcgu a7mrtifyikd , f m.
wpdwfwa'ojzpfcJhonf? a7mrtifydkif,m-uD; jydKuGJ
aomtcg qvAvlrsdK;rsm;u odrf;ydu k faexdki-f uonf?
c7pfEpS f 600 ausmfwiG f qvAwdk\vufrS Alv*g;vlrsdK;
rsm;u wzef aAmfv*g;jrpfatmufyikd ;f a'orS vma7muf
um odr;f ,laexkid -f uonf? 893 ckEpS rf S 1280 jynfEh pS t f
wGif; Alva*;7D;,ef;vlrsKd ;wd\konf aAmfvuefu`e;f qG,f
a'orsm;pGmudk 2-udrfwkid fwidk f odr;f ydkufEkid fco Jh nf?
1369 ckEpS w f iG f wl7uDEikd if u H Alva*;7D;,m; Edik if u H kd
wdkufcu dk of dr;f ydkufum Alva*;7D;,ef; tifykid , f m-uD;udk
jzdKcGif;jyD;aemuf ESpfaygif; 500 ausmf tkyfcsKyfcJhonf?
18^6 ckESpw f iG f Alva*;7D;,m; Ekid if o H l Edik if o
H m;wd\konf
S f wl7uD tpd;k 7tm; awmfveS -f u7m/ wl7uDw\u kd 7ufpuf
8
 Alva*;7D;,m;EkdifiH

tay:yHkrSm Alva*;7D;,m;EdkifiH.jrdK\awmf qkdzD,mjrdK\7Sd xif7mS ;aom AefnmAm7SDyvD&=cif;jzpfonf? atmufykHrmS aq;7Gufvkyif ef;

xGef;um;7m tcsuftjcma'ojzpfaom yavmh'pfjrdK\yHkjzpfonf?

9
Alva*;7D;,m;EkdifiH
-urf;-uKwfpGm zdESdyfacsr=ef;-uonf? aAmfvuef u`ef;
qG,fwiG f vuf0g;-uD;tkycf siaf eaom &k7Swk\du wl7uD
wd\k. 7ufpufr-= uD;udk tcGiahf umif;,lI Alva*;7D;,ef;
wd\kzufrS 0ifa7muf wdkufcu dk af y;ojzifh tEdik 7f um qef
pwufzefEdk pmcsKyf csKyfqdk-uonf? ,if; pmcsKyft7
rufqD'dk;eD;,m;ESifh wl7uDydkif Oa7mye,fajr tm;vHk;
vdv k t dk jyif/ ,ckvuf7dS Alva*;7D;,m; Edik if w H \ku
d kd aygif;
I Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if [ H I
l wnfaxmifco hJ nf? od\k7mwGif
Oa7my wefc;dk -uD;Edik fiHrsm;u ,if;tpDtpOfudk oabm
rusojzifh 18^8 ckESpfwGif bmvifjrdK\Y usif;yaom
nDvmcH-uD;wGif Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if H ajrmufydki;f tm; wl
7uDtpd;k 7. txde;f odr;f cH ud, k yf idk f tkycf sKycf Gi7hf wdik ;f
jynftjzpf owfrw S fay;I Alva*;7D;,m; awmifyidk ;f ESihf
rufq'D ;dk eD;,m;wd\kudk wl7uDEkid if Hodk\ jyefay;vdu k fonf?
1908 ckESpfwGif Alva*;7D;,m; EdkifiHonf wl7uDEdkifiH
atmufrS &kef;xGufum vHk;0vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHtjzpf
a-unmonf? 188^ ckEpS frpS I Alva*;7D;,m;udk tydik f
pm;7aom rif;om; zm'Deefonf Zmbk7ifbGJ\udk cH,l
vdu k o f nf?
1921 ckEpS fwGif rufqD'k;d eD;,m;e,fY wl7uDw\dku
7ufpufpmG owfjzwfzEd dyS fra= -umifh Alva*;7D;,m; Edik if H
ESihw f uG tjcm; aAmfvuefEkid fiHw\dkonf wl7uDEidk if t H m;
ppfa-unmonf? ,if;ppfyGJwGif wl7uDwdk\ ppf&=H;I
e,fy,faygif; rsm;pGm vufvFwfcJh7av7m/ Alva*;
7D;,m;Edik if u H e,fy,ftrsm;qH;k 77Sv d u dk o f nf? od\7k mwGif
aAmfvuef EdkifiHtcsif;csif; ta0rwnfhojzifh Alva*;
7D;,m;Edkiif o H nf ol. r[mrdwEf idk if rH sm;ESihf ppfjzpf7jyef
onf? Tt-udrfwGif Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if u H ppf&=H;cJh7m
'dk;A&l;*s e,fudk &lar;eD;,m; EdkifiHodk\ ay;tyfvdkuf7
onf? rufqD'dk;eD;,m;e,fuv dk nf; *7dESifh qm;AD;,m;
wdk\u cGJa0,l-uonf?
yXr uBmppfjzpfaomtcg Alva*;7D;,m; EdkifiH
onf ,cifu e,fy,frsm;qHk;&=H;cJh7onfudk tcJra-u
jzpfum/ aAmfvuef EdkifiHrsm;ESifh ryl;aygif;bJ *smreD
EdkifiHEiS fh yl;aygif;vkdufonf? odk\7mwGif *smreDwk\d ppf&=H;
jyefojzifh Alva*;7D;,m;Edkiif v H nf; tzdEdyS cf 7H jyefonf?
ppfavsmfa-u;rsm; ay;7&Hkru/ Alva*;7D;,m; EdkifiHydkif
e,fajrtrsm;udkvnf; vufvFwfvdkuf7onf?
yXruBmppf jyD;onfrpS I Alva*;7D;,m; Edik if w H iG f
EdkifiHa7; v=yf&Sm;r=rsm; jzpfay:vmonf? rufqD'dk;eD;
,m;ESifh 'dk;A&l;*se,fudk jyef77ef vHk;yrf;-ujyefonf?
1934 ckESpw f iG f tm+m7SifpeH pf xGe;f um;vmjyefonf?
10
Al;c7ufjrdK\
1935 ckEpS f {jyDvwGif wwd,aAm7pfb7k ifonf tpdk;7
udk udk,fwidk Of D;pD;I tm+m7Siftjzpf tkycf sKyfonf?
1940jynfEh pS f pufwifbmvwGif [pfwvm. t"R
awmif;qdck sufa-umifh &lar;eD;,ef;wd\ku Alva*;7D;,ef;
wdk\tm; 'dk;A&l;*s awmifydkif;ukd ay;tyfvdkuf7onf?
1941ckEpS fwGif *smreDu ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m;Edkiif Htm; ppf
a-unmaomtcg/ Alva*;7D;,m; EdkifiHonf *smreD
zufr0S ifa7mufwu kd cf u
dk fonf? *smrefw\dk ppfEikd v f monfh
tcg Al;va*;7D;,m;Edik if o H nf rufq'D ;kd eD;,m;ESihf ta7\
e,frsm;udk qktjzpf 77Sdonf? 1943 ckEpS fwGif aAm7pf
bk7if ewf7GmpHI om;awmf qDrD,Gef eef;wufonf?
1944 ckEpS f pufwifbmvwGif &k7w S \kdu Alva*;7D;,m;
EdkifiHtm; ppfa-unmcJhonf? 'kwd, uBmppfjyD;aom
tcg Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if u H dk &k7Sw\dku csKyfudkifxm;7mrS
aemiftcg Alva*;7D;,m;EdkifiHonf uGefjrLepfEdkifiH
jzpfvmonf? 1946 ckEpS w f iG f qDrD,eG b f 7k ifudk eef;csI/
Alva*;7D;,m; jynfol\oRwEdkifiHtjzpf xlaxmif
vkdufonf?
Alva*;7D;,m;Edkiif H. jrdK\awmfonf qdzk D,mjrdK\ jzpf
onf? tjcm;xif7mS ;aom jrdK\-uD;rsm;rSm yavmh'pf/ Am
em/ &kp/ Am;*wf ponfhjrdK\rsm;jzpfonf? Am;*wfESifh
Amem jrdK\-uD; 2 jrdK\onf yifvufeufay:7Sd xif7mS ;aom
oab®mqdyfjrdK\-uD;rsm; jzpfonf?
Al;c7ufjrdK\ ? ? Al;c7ufjrdK\onf &lar;eD;,m;Ekid fi.
H jrdK\
awmfjzpfI 'ef;nKjrpfvufwuf wckjzpfaom 'rfAdAk pfZm;
jrpfay:wGif cGIwnf7. dS ? 'ef;nKjrpf. ajrmufzuf 33
rdkifa0;onf? 'rfAAkd pfZm;jrpf0rS 3^rdkifa0;onf? jrdK\.
taqmufttHrk sm;ESihfwuG vrf;yef;wkd\udk jyifopfEkdiif H
yg7pfjrdK\ erlemtwkid ;f wnfaqmufxm;ojzihf ,if;jrdK\udk
Oa7myta7S\ydik f;. yg7pfjrdK\[I l vnf; ac:-uonf?
Al;c7uf[al om trnfonf Al;umbk7m;7Sdc;dk ausmif;
uav;ukd tpGJjyKI wGio f nf[k tcsK\duqkId tcsK\durl
&lar;eD;,ef;bmomjzihf aysmfjrL;zG,f7mjrdK\[k t"d_m,f
7aom Al;um7ufpD[laom pum;rS vmaom trnf
[k qk-d uonf? ,if;jrdK\. tpk;d 7oH;k trnfrmS Alum7uf
pwDjrdK\jzpfonf? Al;c7ufjrdK\onf &lar;eD;,ef; tpkd;7
&Hk;pkdufjrdK\jzpfonf?
Al;c7ufjrdK\wGif trsm;tm;jzihf acwfrSDtaqmuft
tHk-uD;rsm; 7Sdaomfvnf; a7S;acwftaqmufttHk tcsKd\
ESifh vrf;usOf;uav;rsm;vnf; 7Sdao;onf? pifppf Al;
c7ufjrdK\onf &lar;eD;,m;EkdifiH ay:aygufrvmrDuyif
Al;c7ufjrdK\
Al;c7ufjrdK\usufoa7aqmif trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a7;jywkduf taqmufttHk-uD;. &=cif;wpfpdwfwpfa'o
wnf7SdjyD; jzpfaom jrdK\jzpfaomfvnf;/ 14 7mpkESpfurS
pwif wnfaxmifaom jrdK\jzpfojzihf taumif;qHk;jrdK\
wjrdK\[kum; rac:Ekid facs? 1861 ckESpfwGif a0gavhuD;
,m;ESihf armfva';AD;,m;e,f 2e,fuakd ygif;I &lar;eD;
,m;EkdifiH xlaxmifaomtcg a0gavhuD;,m;e,f.
jrKd\awmf Al;c7ufukd jrdK\awmftjzpf owfrw S fonf? Al;c
7ufjrdK\onf tjcm; aAmfvuefjrdK\rsm;uJhokd\ ppf'+fukd
t-udr-f urd f cHc7hJ onf? yXruBmppftwGi;f 1916 ckEpS f
rS 1918 ckESpftxd ESpfrsm;twGi;f *smrefwkd\ odrf;ydu k f
xm;jcif; cH7I/ 'kw, d uBmppftwGi;f url &lar;eD;,m;
tpk;d 7. bufajymif;r=a-umihf Al;c7ufjrdK\onf r[mrdwf
a7m *smrefwkd\uyg wkdufckdufjcif; cH7avonf?
Al;c7ufjrdK\onf r-umao;rD ESpfrsm; twGi;f uyif
pufr=vufr= vkyfief;ukd csJ\xGifvkyu f kdif vmcJh.? EkdifiH
jcm;rS csnrf ~ifudk rSm,lI txnf7ufvyk o f nhf vkyif ef;
onf wkd;wufxGe;f um; vm.? Al;c7ufjrdK\. xif7Sm;
aom pufr=vufr=vkyfief;rsm;rSm ajrxnfvkyfief;/ oH
xnfvkyfie;f/ txnftvdyf/ om;a7/ qyfjym/ pUL/
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11
Al;'yufjrdK\
"mwfqD tajrmuftjrm; jzef\jzL;7mjrdK\-uD;vnf; jzpf
avonf?
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1ô229ô135 a,mufjzpfonf? jrdK\oljrdK\om;rsm;onf t
a7S\wdik ;f . 0wfpm;qif,ifrE= Sifh "avhxk;H pHudv k u dk fem-u
aomfvnf;/ txl;ojzihf txufwef;vFmwkd\url t
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wGif wnfaxmifaom Al;c7uf wUodkvo f nf Oa7my
ta7S\ykdif;Y taumif;qHk;wUokdvfrsm;teuf wck t
ygt0ifjzpf.?
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ESifh t-uD;qHk;jrdK\ jzpfonf? AD,if;em;jrdK\ ta7S\ajrmuf
zuf 135 rkdiftuGm 'ef;nKjrpfay:wGif cGI wnf7Sdae
aom tjrGmjrKd \jzpfonf? 'ef;nKjrpf. taemufzufurf;
ay:7Sd Al;'jrdK\/ tkAd ;l 'jrdK\wd\kEiS hf ta7S\zuf urf;ay:7Sd yuf
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awmifukef;ykdif;Y wnfI yufjrdK\rSmrl ajredrfhykdif;wGif
wnfonf? wzufurf;ESifh wzufurf;ukd wHwm;-uD;
 Al;'yufjrdK\

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wHwm;onf Oa7mywkduw f iG f wcgu t-uD;qHk; wef twGi;f 1944 45 ckEpS w f iG f Al;'yufjrKd \xYJ *smrefEiS fh &k7S
wm; wck jzpfonf? ppfwyfrsm; twef-umwkdufyGJjzpfyGm;7m jrdK\onf rsm;
Al;'yufjrdK\udk 27mpkEpS fcef\upI a7mrvlrsK;d wk\d wnf pGm ysufpD;oGm;ojzihf jyefvnfxlaxmif7avonf?
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7SdI tufuGi;f urf;jrdK\[I l ac:onf? uJvwpfbmom ttHktrsm;tjym; 7Sdonf? txl;ojzihf Al;'jrdK\wiG f a7S;
pum;jzihf tufuiG ;f urf;jrdK\[lonfrSm aq;prf;[k t u aqmufvkycf aJh om bk7ihfeef;awmf/ bdou d cf H bk7m;
"d_m,f7.? ,if;jrdK\.tyg;0ef;usiw f iG f usef;rma7;t 7Sdckd;ausmif;ponhf a7S;a[mif;taqmufttHkrsm; 7SdI
wGuf tvGeftzkd;wefaom emrnfausmf aq;prf;rsm; yufjrdK\zufwiG rf l pufr=vkyfief;ESihf ta7mif;t0,fXme
7Sdaoma-umifhjzpfonf? c7pf 3^6 ckESpf vGefaomtcg rsm;7Sd7m/ acwfrSDtaqmufttHkrsm;jzihf pnfum;vsuf
[ef;/ atmp-wdKa*gho/ tAm;/ qvApaom vlrsKd;rsm; 7So
d nf? ygvDrefvw F af wmfEiS fh [efa*7DEidk if .
H txif7mS ;
tqufquf 0ifa7mufaexkid -f uum Al;'ESifh yufjrdK\rsm; t-uD;us,fqk;H aom Al;'yufwUokdvf taqmufttHk
ay:aygufvmonf? 1361 ckEpS w f iG f Al;'jrdK\onf [efa* wk\donf yufjrKd \zufY wnf7o dS nf? Oa7mywku d 7f dS tvSy
7DEikd if .
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txd r-umc+qko d vkyd if wl7uDw\du k odrf;yku d fxm;cJh yufjrdK\Y7Sdonf? Al;'yufjrdK\onf [efa*7DwEdkifiHvHk;rS
onf? 1800 jynhEf pS f aemufyidk f;wGif yufjrKd \onf Al;'jrdK\ omru ywf0ef;usif EdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom &k7S/ csufukdq
xuf ykdI pnfum; zG\HjzdK;vmonf? 18^2 ckESpw f Gif Al; vkdAm;uD;,m;/ -op-wD;,m;/ ,l*kdpvm;AD;,m;ESihf
'ESifh yufjrKd \udak ygif;I Al;'yufjrdK\[k rSnfah c:onf? xkd &lareD;,m; Edkiif Hwkd\rS vmaom rD;7xm;vrf;wk\d qHk7m
tcsdefrSpI Al;'yufjrdK\onf 'Da7tvm; wkd;wufpnf jrdK\-uD;jzpfonf? xkda-umihf Al;'yufjrdK\. t"duvkyf
um;vmonf? 'ef;nKjrpfay:Y AD,if;em;jrdK\rS vGJv~if ief;rsm;jzpfaom *sHKpyg;/ t7uf/ aq;7Guf/ om;a7/
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Al;'yufjrdK\7Sd ygvDrefvFwfawmf

12
Al;yif
xGufaom ukeyf Pnf;rsm;ukd rD;7xm;vrf;ESifh wzHk/ 'ef;
nKjrpfwav~muf a7vrf;jzihf woG,f EkdifiHt7yf7yfokd\
wifyd\k Ekdifonf? Al;'yufjrdK\onf uBmay:wGif t-uD;
tus,q f Hk;aom *sHKpuf-uD;rsm;7S7d m jrdK\jzpf&Hkru/ oHESifh
oHr+dvyk if ef; A[kXd mevnf; jzpfonf? Oa7my wwku d f
vHk;wGif t-uD;qHk;aom v~yfppfvkyfief;-uD;rsm; Al;'
yufjrdK\wGif 7Sdonf? Al;'yufjrdK\onf yXrqH;k aom ajr
atmuf xa7mfvDvrf;ukd azmufvkyfcJhonhf jrdK\vnf;
jzpfavonf?
1960 jynhEf pS cf ef\reS ;f ajct7 Al;'yufjrKd \.vlO;D a7onf
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enf;onf?
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7GufyifjzpfI &kQaA'tvdktm;jzifh v*sifae;7D;,m;
Amv*g7pf[k ac:onf?
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a'owGif pdkufysdK;-uonf? jcH0if;tenf;i,f 7Sdaom
tdr, f mrsm;wGif tdrw f iG ;f [if;cif;tjzpf pifuav;rsm;
xd;k Iyif pdkuyf sKd ;avh 7S-d uonf? ,if;onf EG,yf ifjzpfI
tudik ;f t7Gupf onfw\dkY tarG;Ekuav;rsm; zHk;aeonf?
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2 vufrcGcJ ef\ us,fonf?
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13
Al;AGefrif;quf
Al;oD;/ Al;7Gu/f Al;nGe\fw\ku
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awmif;cGHcsnf; usefonfhtcg tajcmufvSef;um a7/
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uaom rif;rsm;udk Al;AGefrif;quf[k ac:onf?
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e,fjzpfonfh Al;AGefae;e,fudk pm;onhf e,fpm;rsdK;rS
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tdik f;rm;onf Al;AGefaqGrsdK;pk. tpjzpfonf? AJ7Get f ikd f;
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vl0Drif;om;rS qif;oufaom tquftEG,frsm;onf
152^ ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG af om csm;vufxuftxd om;
pOfajr;quf Al;AGejf rdK\pm;bGJ\ukd qufcHcJhavonf? ,if;
aemuf wdkuf&dkuf tquftEG,frsm; r[kwfaomfvnf;
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Al;AGefrif;quf
153^ ckESpw f Gif uG,fvGefaom Al;AGefjrdK\pm; csm; (Aif'k;H
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t-uD; tefwdkeDonf emAm;e,f. tarGcH rif;orD;
Zef;'JvAwfESifh vufquf7mrSjrifaom emAm; rif;om;
[ife7Donf jyifopfEikd if b H 7k if 'kw,
d [ife7D.orD;awmf
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(1553 1610)[laom bG\Jjzifh jyifopfx;D eef;udk qufcH
onf? ,if;od\jk zifh jyifopfEikd if H Al;AGerf if;quf[I l pwif
jzpfay:vmavonf?
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ajrmuf vl0b D k7ifEiS hf rm7DtefwmG ewfrdz7k m;wd\k eef;usI
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vnf;/ 1814 ckESpfwGif qJh7Spfqufajrmuf vl0Dbk7if
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ay:vmjyefonf? odk\7mwGif 1848 ckESpfY vl0Dzdvpf
bk7ifvufxufwGif jzpfyGm;aom awmfvSefa7;a-umifh
Al;AGefrif;quf jywfoGm;avonf?
pydefEdkifiH Al;AGefrif;qufonf 1^00 jynfhESpw f iG frS
pwifcJhonf? jyifopfbk7if 14 qufajrmuf vl0D.
ajr;awmf yVr zdvpfb7k if (1683 1^46) rS pwifI
pydefEidk fiHwGif Al;AGerf if;quf ay:aygufvmonf? zdvpf
bk7if. tquftEG,frsm;jzpfaom q}zm'Deefbk7if
(1^13 1759)/ wwd, csm;bk7if(1716 1788)ESifh
pwkšcsm;bk7if (1^48 1819)/ oWr zm'Deefbk7if
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1904)ESihf qJEh pS qf ufajrmuf t,fvzGe;f qd;k bk7if (185^
„1885)ESifh 13 qufajrmuf t,fvzGef;qdk;bk7if
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orwEdkifiH jzpfay:vmonftxd Al;AGefrif;rsm; pydef
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pydefb7k if wwd,csm;onf pydefxD;eef; rqufc7H
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tcg aey,fESihf yg;rm;e,fwk\dudk om;awmfti,f zm'D
eeftm; ay;tyfvu dk o f nf? zm'DeefEiS hf ol. tquft
EG,rf sm;jzpfaom yXrz7efppf/ 'kwd,zm'DeefEiS hf 'kw,
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bk7ifrsm;tjzpf tkypf k;d cJ7h m 1860 jynfhESpfwGif †wvD
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. tquftEG,rf sm;onf ,ckwikd f use7f pfcahJ o;onf?
jyifopf ordkif;Y tvGefxif7Sm;aom uGef'D aqGrsdK;pk
onf Al;AGefrif;quf. tEG,fawmfrsm; jzpfavonf?
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onf t*®vefjynf t}r [ife7Db7k if.'kw, d rdz7k m;jzpf
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wd\krS 150^ ckEpS w f iG f zGm;jrifaomorD;jzpfonf?
zcifjzpfol qmawmrwf Al;vif;tm; t}r [ife7D
bk7ifu jyifopfEikd if o H \kd oHtrwftjzpf cef\tyfvu kd af om
tcg tef;vnf; vdu k yf goGm;onf? yXrwGif 12 quf
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awmfjrJ tysKd awmftjzpf tr=xrf;I/ ar7Drif;orD; rkq;kd r
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7ifonf t*®vefjynf oH•tzGJ\udk A7if*sDoHtzGJ\rS cGJ
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vdkufonf? (c7pf,mef omoemhta7;yHk„&=? ) 1533
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14
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tef;Al;vif;tm; 'kwd, -uif,mawmf rdzk7m;tjzpf ajr|mufpm;pOf

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um tef;.tysdKawmf *sdef;aq;rdk;ESifh arWmouf0ifcJh upm;enf;ay:vmcJhonf? wDxGifol 'lA,fa';tm;
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um ppfaq;aponf? w7m;&Hk;awmfrS ao'+fp7D ifvu kd f avonf? ,if;upm;enf;onf jrefrmEdik fio H k\d a7muf7dS
ojzifh 1536 ckESpf arv 19 7ufae\wiG f acgif;jzwfI vmjyjD zpfaomfvnf;acwfrpm;ao;acs?
tqH;k pD7ifjcif; cH7avonf? aAhpabmupm;onft h cg uGi;f -u;D .tv,f twGi;f
upm;uGi;f w0du k w
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k If ›if; upm;aom upm;enf;rsdK;jzpfonf? waxmifu h kd t*®vyd b
f momjzifh [kr;f yvdwaf c:I AufwH
aAhpabm upm;jcif;udk tar7duefjynfwiG ;f ppf t udik f aeaom ae7mjzpfonf? Aufwu H kid Ef iS hf abmvHk;ypf
1
olwk\d ae7mrsm;onf 60 2 ay uGma0;7onf?
wGi;f u Adkvcf sKyfjzpfchoJ l tufAem 'lA,fa'; qdkolonf
1839 ckEpS fwGif e,l;a,mhjynfe,f ul;yg;pawmif;jrdK\Y AufwHuikd af e7mESi'hf wk ,d tajccHaxmifo h nf 12 ay
pwifwx D iG fcho
J nf? xdktvsiuf rl ,if; upm;enf;rsKd ; 1
92 vufr a0;onf? Tum; vl-uD;rsm;twGuf aAh
udk upm;cJh-uaomfvnf; 'lA,fa';. pnf;urf;pepfcs pabmupm;uGif;jzpfI/ uav;rsm;twGuf upm;uGif;

15
 aAhabmupm;jcif;

aAhabmupm;jcif;onf ukd,fvuf-uHhckdifa7; upm;enf;aumif; wckjzpfonf?

16
 aAhabmupm;jcif;

udkrl xdk\xufao;aomtv,fuGi;f jyKvyk fEkid o f nf? t aAhpabm upm;7mwGif toif; 2 oif; ,SOjf ydKiu f
em;wzufv~if ay 90 r[kwb f J 82 ayxm;I abmvH;k pm;7I woif;v~if upm;ol 9a,mufpD yg0if7onf?
ypfoEl iS hf Aufwu H ikd af e7mudk ay 50 tuGm xm;Edik o f nf? ,if;wdk\rSm abmvHk;ypfol/ abmvHk;zrf;ol/ yXr tajc
AufwHukid f ae7mESifh 'kwd,tajccH axmifhukd 115 ay cHaxmifhvl/ 'kwd,tajccHaxmifhvl/ wwd, tajccH
1112 vufr cGmxm;7onf? axmifv h l/ 'kwd,ESiw fh wd,tajccHESpfc-k um; abmzrf;
aAhpabm upm;7mY toHk;jyKaom abmvHk;onf vl/ abmzrf;uGif; A,fvl/ abmzrf;uGif; tv,fvl/
rmonf? t0ef; 9 vufrESihf 941 vufrtwGif;7Sdonf? abmzrf;uGif; ,mvlwdk\jzpfonf? upm;yGJ paomtcg
A[dw k iG af zmhcI
H a7mfAmtxyfxyf od;k arG;ciftEkt-urf; wzuf toif;u uGi;f xJok\d qif;I ae7m,ljyD;aemuf/
txyfxyfywfI tay:rS jrif;om;a7jzifh csKyx f m;onf? useftoif;rS upm;olrsm;u abmvHk;udk AufwHESifh
5 atmifprS 5 14 atmifptxd av;onf? wvSnphf D &du k -f u7onf? rdrt d vSnrhf usrD uGi;f jyifxu G f
abmvHk;&dkufaom AufwHonf opfrmom;jzifh jyK I xkdifapmifh7onf? uGif;xJrS upm;olonf vufw
vkyxf m;I 42 vufrxuf ydI k r7Sn7f acs? Aufwo H nf zufudk om;a7vuftdwf pGyfxm;7onf? ,mvufjzifh
3
tvH;k jzpfI t-uD;qH;k tydki;f wGif tcsi;f 24 vufr7So d nf? abmvHk; ypfwwfoljzpfv~if 0Jvufukd vuftw d fpyG I f
AufwHudkifonf pwkštajccHaxmifh„[krf;yvdwf 0Jvufjzihf abmvH;k ypfwwfojl zpfv~if ,mvufukd vuf
.0J,m&Sd owfrSwfxm;aom tuGufwGif ae7onf? tdwf pGy7f onf? abmvH;k zrf;olonf &du k o
f laemufwGif
aAhpabm upm;7mY tenf;qH;k 'dik v f -l u;D wa,muf ae7I t7Sdefjyif;pGmESifhvmaom abmvHk;udk zrf;Edkif7ef
trsm;qHk; 4 a,muf xm;Edkifonf? 'dkifvl-uD; csKyf ydkI xlxlcHxm;aom vuftw d f pGyxf m;7onf? x\kjd yif
onf abmvH;k ypfo. l aemufwiG f aeI/ usef 3 a,muf rsuEf mS ud›k if;/ ud,
k u
f ›kd if;/ 'l;ud›k if; abmvH;k rSeI
f xdcu kd f
u yXrtajccHaxmif/h 'kw, d tajccHaxmifh/ abmvHk; '+f7m7jcif; r7Sad p7ef a-u;eef;-udK; cwfxm;aom rsuf
zrf;ol aemufwk\dwGif aeI -unf7h onf? ESmpGyf/ 'l;pGyfrsm; pGyfI umuG,x f m;avh 7Sd-uonf?

*syefEkdifiHwGif txl;acwfpm;vsuf7Sdaom aAhpabm tjydKiftqkdif upm;ae-upOf

17
aAhpabmupm;jcif;
abmvH;k ypfoo l nf abmvH;k ypfvw F cf sed w
f iG f owfrw
xm;aom ae7muGuu f dk rdrdajcwzufjzifh eif;rdxm;ap
7onf? abmvHk;ypfolonf abmvHk;udk AufwHudkif.
'l;atmufvnf;rus/ ycH;k ay:vnf; rausmaf pbJ ypfay;rS
pepfrSefabmvHk;[k ac:onf? pepfrSefabmvHk; jzpfyg
vsuEf iS hf Aufwu H ikd fu abmvH;k udk qD;Ir&du k b f J 7yfae
v~ijf zpfap/ abmvHk;udk AufwHuidk u f vSr;f &du k yf gvsuf
ESihf rrdvku d v f ~ifjzpfap 'dik fv-l uD;u px&dkuf[k ac:I
tqHk;tjzwfay;onf? ‘‘px&dkuf’’ 3 cg ac:7v~if
AufwHudkifxGuf7onf? odk\aomfvnf; wwd,t-udrf
‘‘px&du k ’f ’ac:onfwiG f zrf;olvufrS abmvH;k vGwu
cJhonf7Sdaomf AufwHudkif xGufay;7efrvdkacs? AufwH
udik f &du
k v f u dk af omabmvH;k onf ‘‘[kr;f yvdw’f ’rS yxr
tajccHESifh wwd,tajccHwdk\udk jzwfI uGif;jyifxJodk\
wdkifatmif qef\xGufaom e,fedrdwfrsOf; ESpfa-umif;
t-um;udk jzwfausmfap7onf? ,if;uJhodk\aom abm
vHk;udk pepfrSefabmvHk;[kqdkonf? xdkrsOf;ESpfa-umif;
tjyifo\kd tefxu G af om abmvH;k rSeo f r~rmS pepfreS af bm
vHk; r[kwfojzifh ‘‘px&dkuf’’ [lI tac:cH7rnfjzpf
onf? tu,fI abmvH;k onf AufwHuidk f 'l;atmufrS
jzpfap/ ycH;k ay:od\k ausmI f jzpfap/ ‘‘[kr;f yvdw’f ’ tjyifrS
jzpfap jzwfoGm;v~if 'dkifvl-uD;u ‘‘abm’’ [k atmf7
onf? ‘‘abm’’ 4-udrf jzpfv~if AufwHudkifonf yXr
tajccHaxmifhodk\ tqD;twm;r7Sd oGm;Edkifonf? uGif;
xJ7Sd abmvHk;upm;olrsm; &dkufvdkufaom abmvHk;
udk wbufom;u ajrod\rk usrD zrf;rdv~if &du k o f l xGu7f
onf? &dkufol yXrtajccHaxmifhodk\ ra7mufrD/ abm
vHk;7ol wbufom;u xdkaxmifhodk\ ta7muf OD;ae
v~iv f nf; &du k o f x l u G 7f onf? &du k of o l nf yXr tajccH
axmifhodk\ tvsifOD;pGm a7mufaev~if wbufom;u
raESmif, h u S f Edkiaf cs? qufajy;7ef tcGiho f maeao;v~if
yxr tajccH axmifhrS 'kwd,/ wwd, tajccHaxmifh
rsm;od\›k if;/ xdrk w S qifh ‘‘[kr;f yvdw’f ’/ od\kr[kwf yef;0if
axmifo h dk\›if; qifhuJajy;0ifEidk fonf? odk\7mwGif tajccH
axmifhwckESifhwck-um;wGif ajy;7if; abmvHk;ESifh rxd
atmifa7Smif7onf? xdrdv~if xGufay;7onf? abm
vHk;ESifhrxdbJ wywfjynfhatmif ajy;Edkifygu wywf
atmifonf[k ac:onf? Tenf;jzifh abmvHk; &dkuf7
onfzh ufrS 3 a,mufxu G 7f onftxd qufvufupm;
-uonf? 3 a,mufqufI xGuf7v~if wzufESifh
ae7m wvSnfhajymif;I upm;-u7onf?
wzufv~if abmvHk;&dkufvSnfh wvSnhu f s7jyD;aom
aAuifô z7efppf
S f tcg wcsDjyD;jyD[k rSwf,l7onf? wyGJwGif 9 csDtxd
upm;avh7Sdonf? oa7yGJjzpfv~if qufupm;7onf?
tar7duefjynfaxmifpkwGif a-u;pm;aAhpabm t
oif;rsm;wnfaxmifI ESpfpOf {jyDvtv,frS atmuf
wdkbmvqef;txd ,SOfjydKif upm;-uavonf?
aAuifô z7efppf(c7pf 1561 „ 1626)? ?t*®vyd f
Edik if jH yKokcrde/f obm0 ynm7SiEf iS fh pmrGefa7;q7m-uD;
z7efppf aAuifonf xif7Sm;aom trsKd ;tEG,frS qif;
oufvmol jzpfonf? zcifjzpfol wHqdyfawmf0ef-uD;
f s qmepfuvwfaAuifEiS hf rdcifjzpfol qm tefawmfeu D wG f
.orD; avmhAm*av. c,fr tef;wdk\rS 1561ck Zefe
0g7Dv 227ufae\wiG f vef'efjrdK\Y zGm;jrifaom 7Spaf ,muf
ajrmuf om;axG; jzpfonf? rdb 2 zufpvH;k rS aqGrsdK;
rsm;onf t,fvpfZAuf bk7ifr. eef;wGi;f Y 0ifxu G f
oGm;vmEdkifolrsm; jzpfaomfvnf;/ aAuifonf tcGifh
ta7; txl;taxG[lI rcHpm;cJh7acs?
15^3 ckESpfwGif aAuifonf udrf;A7pf wUodkvf
x7ifew D aD umvdyYf 0ifa7mufynmoif,I l 15^6 ckEpS f
wGif *a7;tif;od\k 0ifciG 7hf onf? xdak emuf qmatrd,wf
aygvuf.oHtzGJ\0iftjzpf jyifopfEdkifiHwiG foGm;a7muf
aexdik 7f m 15^9 ckEpS w f iG f zcifjzpfoul , G v f eG of nftxd
jzpfonf? zcifu, G fveG jf yD;rSyif aAuifonf 0wfvkH t
wwfudk jyD;ajrmufatmifoif,lI tr=vdkuf7m Oya'
wwfu`rf;em;vnfvo S jzifh r-umrD xif7Sm;ausm-f um;
vmonf? odk\7mwGif Edik fiaH 7;avmuodk\om 0ifvkad om
aAuifonf 1584 ckEpS w f iG f rJvurf7*J spef ,frS ygvDref
trwf jzpfvmonf? bk7ifr. tcspfawmf tufquf
pm;ESihv f nf; aAuifonf 7if;ES;D 7um;/ tufqufpm;.
apmifrulnrD =a-umifh eef;awmfwGi;f Y txl;tcGit hf a7;
rsm;7cJhonf? vpfvyfaeaom a7S\aecsKyf7mxl;udkyif
aAuiftm;cef\tyf7ef tufqufpm;u bk7ifrtm;ajym
ay;onf? od\k7mwGif jAdwo d ~tpd;k 7u aAuif. Edik if aH 7;
rlukd r-udKuo f jzifh ol.jydKizf uf ukwu f kd cef\xm;vdu k f
7m tufqufpm;u aAuiftm; u&k+m oufpGmjzifh
aygif 1ô800 wefe,fajrudk vufaqmifay;vdu k of nf?
aAuifum; xl;c`efxufjrufol jzpfoavmuf pdwf
oabmxm; jrifhjrwfjcif; r7SdvSacs? aus;Zl;7Sif tuf
qufpm;tm; bk7ifru trsuaf wmf7pdS Of/ tufqufpm;
zufrS ulnaD z;ray;jcif; r7S&d krH u ajredr7fh m vSHpu dk fyif
jyKvyk o f nf[k trsm;. pGypf jJG cif; cHc7hJ onf? tufquf
pm;.udPwGif aAuifonf txl;yif emrnfysucf o hJ nf?
18
aAuifô z7efppf
jAdwdo~EkdifiHjyKokcrdefESihf od_Hynm7Sif z7efppf aAuif
1603 ckwGif yXr *sdrf;bk7ifeef;wufaomtcg
aAuiftm; rsm;pGm csD;jr|ifhajr|mufpm;jcif;jyK.? xdkESpf
wGiyf if qmbG\JtyfEiS f;jcif; cHc7hJ I tpd;k 7 txl;a7Sah ecsKyf
-uD;/ y7DAaD umifpDtzGJ\0if/ w7m;Xme0ef-uD; ponfh 7m
xl;-uD;rsm;Y tqifhqifh wdk;wufcef\xm;jcif; cH7onf?
1618 ckEpS fwiG f AJ7Geb f J\G7I 1621 ckESpw f Gif Adki;f aumifh
bGJ\jzifh csD;jr|io
fh laumif;jyKjcif; cH7avonf?
eufeufeeJ J wwfodaom EdkifiHjyKokcrdefyyD D aAuif
onf *sdrf;bk7iftm; t-uHOm+faumif;rsm; ay;cJhaomf
vnf;/ bk7ifu aqmif7u G jf cif; rjyKacs? aAuifu,
uvnf; t-uHay; aumif;oavmuf ol\t-uHtwkdif;
olvdkuef m vkyfudkifavh r7Sdacs? w7m;pD7if7mY ajzmifh
rwf7ef -o0g'ay;avh7aSd omaAuifonf w7m;0ef-uD;
tjzpfaqmif7u G pf Of vmbfpm;r=jzifh wcgaomf w7m;pGcJ H
7zl;.? xdktr=twGuf vef'efar~mfpifY tusO;f cH7efEiS hf
'+faiG aygif 40ô000 ay;aqmif7eftjyif rnfonft
r~ tpd;k 77mxl;wGif xrf;aqmifcGihf rjyK7ef trdef\csrw
aAuifô a7mf*sm
jcif;cH7onf? aAuiftm; 4 7ufr~om csKyfI vFwf
vdkufum '+faiGukv d nf; av~mv f dkufonf? odk\7mwGif
rnfonft h pd;k 7 7mxl;wGirf ~ tr=rxrf;7 [laom trdef\
rSm wnfjrJaecJh.? tpdk;7 7mxl;rsm;wGio f m tr=xrf;
um wufvrf;udk ajr|mfreS f;cJah om aAuifonf ,if;odk\
vrf;ydwfoGm;ojzifh pmayESifh avmu"mwfynmudkom
avhvmvdu k fpm;cJah vonf?
tpd;k 7zufwiG f tr=xrf;pOfuyif aAuifonf pmrGef
ac: tufaq;rsm;udk a7;cJhonf? tpdk;7 7mxl;rS Ekwf
xGuf7aomtcg/ ,cifuxuf ydkIa7;EdkifcJhonf? aA
uifonf pmrGefaygif; 58 yk'fcef\ a7;om;xkwfa0cJh
onf? ol.pmrGefrsm;rSm Oya'/ tkyfcsKyfa7;/ avmu
"mwfynmESifh obm0 aA'ynm7yfrsm; ta-umif;
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ay-uD; pm7if;0ifrsm;jzpfI aAuif.txif7Sm;qHk;
vuf7mrsm; jzpfonf? aAuifonf pmrGet f jyif tjcm;
pmtkyf pmwrf;aygif;rsm;pGm a7;om;cJhonfh teuf
‘oWr [ife7D bk7ifordik ;f ’ ESihf ‘t,fvpfZAufb7k ifr
tm; trSwfw7 [laom pmtkyf 2 tkyfrSm xdkacwf
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tm; tcsdK\u uBmausmf 7SdwfpyD;,m; jyZmwfrsm;
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aAuifonf avmu"mwfynmudk avhvm7mY t
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d fcJjG cm;enf;/ odk\r[kwf od_Hpepf awG;awmqif
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7yftwGuf vufawG\p;l prf;r=jyK7mrS aAuifonf tat;
rdI emruse;f jzpfum/ 1626 ckEpS f {jyDvwGif uG,v f Gef
avonf? -uuf taumifvdkufudk ESif;cJESif;yGifhjzifh
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qif;I vufawG\prf;oyf7mrS tat;rdjcif;jzpfonf?
oluG,fvGefaomfvnf; ol.prf;oyfcsufjzifh tpm;
tpmrsm;udk tat;"mwfay;u -um7SnfcHEdkifa-umif;
odum tat;"mwfay;I odkrSDenf;udk vkyfudkifEdkifcJh-u
onf? aAuifum; tvGefOm+fxufjrufol jzpfonf?
kd wf ikd f xdka-umifh uAsmq7m-uD; ykyfu ‘vlom;wdk\wiG f ynm
t7SdqHk;/ Om+f txufqHk;ESifh oabmxm; tao;qHk;
aomol’ [k aAuifudk pmwrf;xd;k cJhonf?
aAuifôa7mf*sm (c7pf 1214 1294)? ?a7mf*sm
aAuifonf Oa7mytv,facwfu ay:aygufcJhaom
h cg tawG;tac: eufeJvSonfh t*®vdyfvlrsdK; obm0
S f ynm7Si-f uD;jzpfonf?
19
aAuifô a7mf*sm
a7mfa*smfaAuifudk 1214 ckESpfwGif qRm;qufe,f
Y zGm;jrifonf? atmufpzd\kEiS hf yg7pf wUodv
ynmqnf;yl;cJh7m/ *7d/ vufwif/ [DjALESifh tm7AD
bmomrsm;udk wwfu`rf;onf? xkdaemuf acwfynm
wwfwdk\enf;twdkif; omoemhabmifodk\ 0ifI z7efpP
uef *dk+f;0ifbkef;awmf-uD; jzpfvmonf? atmufpzdk\
wUodv k Yf pmayrsm;vnf; yd\kcsonf?
aAuifonf *7d/ vufwif/ [DjAL/ tm7AD bm
omwdk\jzifh a7;om;xm;aom pmayusrf;*efrsm;udk zwf
&=&jHk zifh auseyfEpS o
f rd hjf cif;r7SdbJ [kwrf eS cf ikd v
f jHk cif; 7Srd 7Sd
udk vufawG\tm;jzifh pl;prf;wwfaom tavh7Sdonf?
aAuifonf ,rf;r=ef\ESifh oHvu kd ftyfta-umif;udk wif
-udKodxm;ESifhol jzpfonf? ta0;-unfhrSefajymif; jyK
vkyfenf;udkvnf; xkwfazmf jyocJhonf? xdkjyif uBm
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f \kd a7mufEikd o f nf[l
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k frsm;wGif pifppfaomfum; aAuifonf tawG;eufeJonfh vuf
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f idk f acgif;
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xH qufaponf? xdk pmtkyfa-umifhyifavm/ tjcm;
ta-umif;a-umifhyifavm rajymEdkifaomfvnf;/ 1292
ckEpS fwiG f aAuifonf axmifrSvGwfI atmufpzdk\wU
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20
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&dk;/bmokwd/o70da%m',ZeryWdu/jrefrmjynfjzpf
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aemufEdkifiH aA'ifwGuf&dk;ocs®musrf;rsm;vnf; trsm;
tjym;yif 7Sd-uonf? jAdK\[%mwu/ jAdK\[ZfoH[dw/
t_Zmwu? xdkjyif 7mZrW@/ Zmwuyg7dZmw/
om7m0vd„Zmwua'orC? jy©emrC/ zv'Dydum/
OW7umv tjrdW/ a[m77wem/ o¤špdMmr+d/
bm0 7wemu7/ ZmwuwwGm/ aZmwdošod•‡
aAm"/ Zmwuvu®m7 ZmwupN7d,A7*k¡/d A7aum}d/
oau®weDwd tp7Sdaom a7S;a[mif; oo®u&dk™faA'if
usrf;rsm;omru/ acwfay:taemufEdkifiH aA'ifusrf;
rsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;yif &Sd-uonf? OD;oef;armif
ta-umif;udkvnf; -um;zl;em;07Sd-uayvdrfhrnf? vl
i,fuav;rsm;. tusifhpm7dW aumif;rGefa7;/ vl\
usi0hf wfukd odem;vnfa7;/ wpfu,
kd af umif;pdwf y,f7mS ;
 aA'ifykd0,fô a7mAwf

vli,fvl7G,frsm;tzkd\ 7nfreG fjrihfjrwfaom tqihftwef;okd\ jyKjyifykd\aqmifay;onhf uif;axmufvkyfief;ukd pwifysKd;axmifcJhol

a7mAwf aA'ifykd0,ftm; vlrsKd;pHk uif;axmufrsm;ESifhtwl awG\7pOf

a7; ponfwdk\udk a7S;&=aom uif;axmufvkyfief;udk p
wif arG;zGm;ay;cJhorl mS aA'ify0dk ,f jzpfonf? xdak -umifh
avmhaA'ifydk0,fudk uif;axmufwdk\.zcif [kvnf;
ac:qdk7ayonf? pifppf aA'ify0dk ,fonf uif;axmuf
tzGJ\pwifonfrSpI uBmhuif;axmufrsm;. txGwf
txdyf/ uif;axmufcsKyf-uD; jzpfcJhavonf?
uif;axmuftzG\Judk aA'ify0kd ,fonf tb,fa-umifh
pwifwnfaxmifchyJ goenf;? awmiftmz7duwdkufwGif
Adk;0g;ppfyGJjzpfyGm;pOftwGif; rufzuif;jrdK\udk 7efol Akd;
0g;wyf-uD;u (1899 1900 ckESpftwGif;) ^ vcef\
-umatmif 0dkif;xm;onf? jrdK\wGif;7Sd jAdwdo~wyfudk
uGyfuJol AkdvfrSL;-uD; a7mAwfaA'ifydk0,fonf ppful
a7mufonftxd rufzuif; jrdK\udk 7efol\vuf rus
atmif qdkcJhaom umvywfvHk; xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifcJh
onf? 7efol t0dkif;cHae7pOftwGif; aA'ifydk0,fonf
rufzuif;jrdK\wGi;f 7Sd vli,frsm;udk uif;axmufrsm;/ pm
ydk\ owif;ykd\ vkvifrsm;/ a7S;OD;olemjyKrsm;tjzpf avh
usifhtoHk;jyKcJhjcif;jzifh vl7G,fvl-uD;rsm;udk tjcm;ydkI
ta7;ygaom vkyfief;rsm;Y ydkrdk toHk;csEdkifcJhaom
a-umifh/ wenf;tm;jzifh 7efow l yfukd -uHh-uHhcHEidk cf hjJ cif;
jzpfavonf? xdt k cgrSpI aA'ifyk0d ,fonf vli,f u
av;rsm;tm; uif;axmufpnf;rsOf;ESifh pm7dWaumif;
rGefa7;udk a7S;&=aom tajccHrsm;jzifh tzGJ\zGJ\I oGefoif
avhusifhay;Edkifv~if/ wdkif;jynftwGuf tzdk;wef om;
aumif; 7wemuav;rsm; jzpfvmEdkifonfudk oabm
aygufco hJ nf?
xdak -umifh aA'ify0kd ,fonf 1908 ckEpS w f iG f t*®vef
jynfY uif;axmuftzGJ\udk pwifzGJ\pnf;7m atmifjrif
onf? 7nf7G,fcsufaumif;rGefvSaom xdktzGJ\udk ESpf
jcdKuf tm;ay;-uaoma-umifh uif;axmuf tzGJ\rsm;
onf jAdwdo~tifydkif,mtwGif;Yomru/ uBmt7yf
7yfYyg vsifjrefpGm wdk;yGm;cJhonf? vli,fuav;rsm;
omru/ rdef;uav;rsm;onfvnf; uif;axmuf vkyf
ief;wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;vm-uojzifh/ aA'ifydk0,fonf
1910 jynfhEpS fwGif ESrjzpfol tCeuf. tultnDjzifh
uif;axmuf trsdK;orD;tzGJ\rsm;udkvnf; zGJ\pnf;cJhav
onf? uif;axmuftzGJ\rsm;/ uif;axmuftrsdK;orD;
tzGJ\rsm; zGJ\pnf;a7;twGuf uBmt7yf7yfok\d vSnfhvnf
oGm;vmcJh7m/ tdN, d ESifh jrefrmEdkiif w
H \dkok\dvnf; a7muf7dS
cJzh ;l avonf?

25
aA'ifykd0,fô a7mAwf
aA'ifydk0,fonf atmufpzdk\wUodkvfrS ygarmQ
wOD;. ajcmufa,mufajrmuf om;jzpfI vef'efjrdK\Y
185^ ckEpS f azazmf0g7Dv 22 7ufae\wiG f zGm;jrifonf?
csmwma[muf ywfAvpfausmif;wGif ynmqnf;yl;cJh
onf? pGef\pm;r=ukd ESpjf cdKuaf om aA'ifyk0d ,fonf trSwf
13 [wfZm;wyfodk\ 0ifcJhonf? tdNd,/ tmz*edpwef
ESihf awmiftmz7duwku d w f \kYd ol.wdu
k rf c= u
kd fr= pGr;f 7nf
oWdudk jyocJhojzifh vsijf refpmG 7mxl;wdk;wufco
awmiftmz7duwdkufwGif udk,f7HawmfAdkvftjzpf tr=
xrf;7mrS 188^ ckESpfY wyfrSL;csKyfjzpfvmonf? 1895
ckESpfwGif t7SefwD (*dk;vudk\jynfe,f) Y wkdif;7if;om;
wyfrsm;. wyfrSL;csKyf-uD;tjzpf aqmif7GufcJh7onf?
1896 ckESpf rufwADvJvef; (awmiftmz7duwkduf)
wdkufyGJpOftwGif; ppfOD;pD;csKyftjzpf aqmif7GufcJh7av
onf? rufzuif;jrdK\udk ckcHumuG,fcJhonfhtwGuf 'k
Adv
k cf sKyf-uD;7mxl;od\k wd;k wufchaJ vonf?
xdt
k jyif t*®vefjynftwGuf pGr;f pGr;f wrH tr=xrf;cJh
jcif;a-umifh jAdwo d ~tpdk;7u 1909 ckESpfwiG f qmbGJ\jcD;
jr|iohf nf? aemufwESpfwiG f ppfwyfrS tjird ;f pm;,lonf?
odk\aomf uif;axmufvkyfief;udk qufvufaqmif7Guf
onf? aA'ifydk0,fonf jidrf;csrf;pGm ynmay;aomvkyf
rUqDukdEdkifiH. qdyfurf;jrdK\jzpfaom aA7u&kjrdK\. &=cif;
aA7u&kjrdK\
ief-uD;odk\ uBmhvlrsdK;aygif;pHk. vli,frsm;udk qGJ
aqmifcJh7mY jAdwdefEdkifiHom;rsm;teuf ESpfa,mufr7Sd
atmifxl;jcm;aom ykCdKvf-uD;jzpfayonf? aA'ifydk
0,fonf i,f7G,pf Ofuyif a,musfm;uav;yDoaom
pdwf/ jrifhjrwfaom oabmxm;/ 7JprG f;oWdwdk\EiS fh jynfh
pHkcJholjzpfcJh7m/ ,if;pdwf"mwfrsdK;udk rdrd.uif;axmuf
rsm;Yvnf; udef;0yfap7ef -udK;yrf;cJhavonf?
Jh nf? ,if;odk\aom xl;jcm;pGm pGrf;aqmifr=rsm;a-umifh
1929ckESpfwGif AJ7GefbGJ\jzifh jcD;jr|ifhjcif;cH7onf? aA'if
ydk0,fonf wm0efvkyfief; rsm;jym;onfht-um;rSyif
ppfAsL[mESifh qdkifaom pmtkyftenf;i,fESifh uif;
axmufvkvifrsm;ESifh qdkifaom pmtkyfrsm; jyKpka7;
om;cJhao;onf? 193^ ckESpfwGif atmf'gatmhrJ7pfbGJ\
wHqyd f tyfEiS ;f jcif; cH7jyefonf? xdEk Spw f iG yf if tmz7du
wdu k f uif;e,m;jynfe,f an;7JjrdK\Y oGm;a7muf tjidr;f
pm;,laexdkicf 7hJ m/ 1941 ckEpS fwGif tedPa7mufoGm;av
onf? (uif;axmuf/ uif;axmuftrsdK;orD;„&=?)
aA7u&kjrdK\? ?aA7u&kjrdK\onf rUqDuEkd kid if . H t-u;D
qH;k aom oab®mqdyfurf;jrdK\jzpfonf? rUqDukyd ifv,f
auG\. urf;&d;k wef; ajrEkaom tedryhf ikd ;f wGif jrKd \wnfxm;
26
aA7u&kjrdK\
onf? rUqDuEkd ikd if . H jrKd \awmf rUqDupkd w
D rD S rD;7xm;
vrf;tm;jzifh ta7S\zuf 264 rdkifuGmcef\wGif wnf7SdI
rUqDudk EdkifiHt7yf7yfESifhvnf; rD;7xm;vrf;rsm;jzifh
qufo, G x f m;onf? vlOD;a7 (1959ckESpf cef\rSe;f oef
aumifpm7if;) 138ô012 a,muf 7Sdonf? 7moDOwkrSm
ylaEG;I pdpk w G xf ikd ;f r=id ;f avonf?
rUqDukd Ekid if u H kd yXrqH;k vma7mufwu dk cf ukd f odr;f
ydkucf Jhaom pydefvlrsdK; [meef'dkaumwuf(aumfwuf„
&=?) 1519 ckEpS w f iG f wnfaxmifcahJ om rlv aA7u&kjrdK\
onf ,ckjrKd \wnf7m. ajrmufzuf 10 rdik cf ef\tuGmwGif
7Sdonf? ,if;ae7monf t7yf tae raumif;ojzifh
,ckae7modk\ 1609 ckESpfwGif jrdK\a7F\ajymif;cJh7onf?
xdkae7mwGif u`ef;uav;rsm;ESifh oMmausmufwef;
rsm;7SdI oab®mrsm; cdkv=HqdkufuyfEdkifaom qdyfurf;
aumif; jyKvkyfEdkifonf? odk\wkdiaf tmif jrdK\wnfjyD;pu/
ajrEk ajredrfh a'ojzpfI›if;/ aomifrsm;7Sdojzifh›if;/
ajrmufzufrS avrkefwdkif;rsm;twGuf tumtuG,f
r7Sdao;I›if;/ yifv,f"m;jywdk\. 7efudk a-umuf
ae7ojzif›h if; tcuftcJawG\ -uHKcJh7onf? odk\aomf
EdkifiHtwGif;zufESifh qufoG,fEdkifaom tcsuf tjcm
ae7m/ ukefoG,fa7;tcsuftjcm ae7mwGif 7Sdaeojzifh
yD,m;qiftrnf7dS t*®vyd fuk$+D wcktm; aA7u&kjrdK\
udk jyifqifjyKjyifapcJo h nf?
xdu k $k +Donf oab®mrsm; ab;uif;pGm cdv
uyfEdik f7efESifh ukefpnfrsm; odak vSmifEdik f7ef qdyfurf;udk
jyKjyifay;jcif;/ jrKd \oef\7iS f;a7;ESifh oH;k aomuf7ef a7oG,f
,la7;vkyfief;rsm;udk acwfrDaompHepfrsm;jzifh jyKjyif
jcif;wdk\udk vkyfudkifay;7m aA7u&konf acwfrDaom
oab®mqdyu f rf;jrKd \-uD; jzpfvmcJo h nf? ,cifu jrKd \wnf
7m t7yfonf usef;rma7;ESifh rnDrnGwfI vltao
taysmufrsm;cJhojzifh ‘aorif;jrdK\’[k ac:wGifcJhonfh
trnfvnf; aysmufco hJ nf? ,cktcg rUqDukd wEdik if H
vHk;twGuf oGif;ukef xkwfukefwdk\onf aA7u&kjrdK\rS
wqifh wifyk\djzef\csjd cif; jyKvyk 7f avonf?
xdjk yif aA7u&kjrdK\onf ta7;ygaom pufrv
rsm;vkyfudkif7m jrdK\jzpfonf? xif7Sm;aom vkyfief;rsm;
rSm jApfcsufvkyfief;/ aq;jyif;vdyfvkyfief;/ acsmu
vufvkyfief;/ zdeyfvkyfief; ponfwdk\ jzpfI aumfzDESihf
o-um;puf&Hkrsm;vnf; 7Sdavonf?
aAvuf'Duwfô a,;*dk &dk'7Da*h ao qDvAm ,D;
(c7pf 1599 „1660)? ?aAvufuwfonf pydeyf ef;csD
aAvufuwf
q7mrsm;teuf txif7Sm;qHk;jzpfonf? uBmhtEkynm
ordki;f Yyif txif7Sm;qHk; rSww f rf;wif7aom eef;wGi;f
yef;csDausmf-uD; jzpfonf? aAvufuwfonf o&kyfrSef
yef;csDa7;qG7J mY pkwfcsuf tvGeyf dkifoljzpfonf? ol.
yef;csvD uf7mrsm;onf 19 7mpkEpS f jyifopf tify7uf7iS ;f
yef;csDausmfwdk\tay: tawmfyifvFrf;rdk;cJhonf?
aAvufuwfukd 1599ckEpS f ZGev f 67ufae\wiG f qJA;D
jrdK\Y ay:wl*t D rsdK;tEG,rf S zGm;jrifonf? zcifrSm a7S\ae
-uD;*`ef &dk'7Da*h ao qDvAmjzpfI rdcifrmS *sD&edk rD m aA
vufuwfjzpfonf? pydefxk;H pHtwdki;f rdcifzufrS rsdK;&d;k
trnfudk ,lojzifh aAvufuwf[k wGijf cif;jzpfonf?
tEkynmY pdwt f m;xufoefaom om;jzpfo. l 0goem
udk xl;c`efonfxuf xl;c`efapvdkaom zcifonf aA
vufuwftm; yef;csyD nm tajccHoifcef;pmrsm;udk yef;
csDq7m-uD; z7efpPudk [m7D7mxHwGif oif,7l ef tyfEHS
onf? od\k7mwGif a'gocufxefaomq7m.'+fukd rcH
Edik o
f jzifh aAvufuwfonf yef;csq D 7m-uD; ygcsu D x
kd oH \kd
oGm;a7mufqnf;yl;onf? wynfh.tpGrf;tpudk tuJ
cwfrdaom q7mjzpfolonf aAvufuwftm; ol.
orD; *sLtm;em;ESifh vufqufay;onf?
1622 ckEpS w f iG f aAvufuwfonf r'7pfjrKd \o\kd oGm;
a7mufaexkid , f if; pwkšzdvpfb7k if.yHw k ludk a7;qGJcJh
7m/ zdvpfbk7ifu ol.tpGr;f tpudk oabmusojzifh
k H= qdu k f ol\tm; eef;wGif; yef;csDq7mtjzpf cef\tyfavonf?
aAvufuwfonf rdz7k m; om;awmf orD;awmfEiS fh eef;
wGif;ol eef;wGif;om;rsm;. yHkwlum; trsm;tjym;
a7;qGcJ o Jh nf? txl;ojzifh om;awmf orD;awmfuav;
rsm; upm;aeyHkESifh eef;wGif; aysmfawmfqufrsm;yHkudk
a7;qGaJ vh7Sdonf? pwkšzdvpfbk7ifuvnf; aAvuf
uwftm; tvGefajr|mufpm;avonf? 1628 ckESpfwGif
zvef;'g;yef;csDausmf &l;Aif;onf pydeEf idk fiHo\dk eef;wGi;f
yef;csu D m;rsm; a7;qG7J eftwGuf a7mufvmcJ7h m/ aAvuf
uwftm; &l;Aif;udk ulnaD pmifah 7Smuf7ef bk7ifu cef\xm;
onf? yef;csaD usmf &l;Aif;onf aAvufuwf. vufprG ;f
= yk if ef; vufpudk tvGefoabmuscJhavonf? (&l;Aif; yDwm
ayg„&=?)
1629 ckESpw f Gif aAvufuwfonf †wvDEkid fio H k\d
oGm;a7mufI rdkufu,ftef*svdk tp7Sdaom tEkynm
7Sif-uD;rsm;. vuf7mrsm;udk 2 ESpfcef\avhvmjyD;v~if/
rdrdu, dk fydkif vufprG ;f jzifh [efopfro l pfrsm;udk zefwD;cJh
avonf?
aAvufuwfonf 1649ckEpS w f iG f zdvpfb7k iftwGuf
27
aAvufuwf
aAvufuwf.vufpGrf;jy aq;a7;yef;csDum;wcsyf
wpf7Sef/ wifwk7d ufwkEd iS hf A,f&ked D;wdk\ a7;qGJaomyef;csD
um;csyrf sm;ESihf pydefawmf0ifjycef;wGif xm;7Sd7eftwGuf
yef;yk&yk fvk;H rsm;udk 0,f,l7ef †wvDEdkifio H \dk wacguf
oGm;jyefonf? TtacgufwGif ykyf7[ef;rif; 'or
tif;Edk;qifh. yHkwludk a7;qGJcJhonf? ykyf7[ef;rif;u
vnf; aAvufuwftm; qkwHqdyfrsm;jcD;jr|ifhavonf?
,if;yHkwlum;onf ,ckacwfwGif awG\7aom aAvuf
uwf. vuf7mrsm;teuf taumif;qHk;um; wcsyjf zpf
onf? a7mrjrdK\ 'dk7D,meef;awmf jycef;7Sd yHkwlum;rsm;
teuf taumif;qHk; yHkwlum;[lIvnf; tcsdK\ yef;csD
q7mrsm;u qdo k nf? 1651 ckEpS w f iG f aAvufuwftm;
zdvpfb7k ifu eef;wGi;f tm+mydik t f 7m7Sdtjzpf ,H-k unf
udk;pm;cef\tyfonf? 1659 ckESpfwGif ua7mhatmh qef
wD,m;*dk;ac: pydefEdkifiH. tjrifhqHk; bGJ\wHqdyfjzifh ol
aumif;jyKco hJ nf?
1660 jynfEh pS w f iG f bk7ifEh rS awmf tifzefwm r7D;,m
w7D;Zm;ESihf jyifopfjynf7h iS f 14 qufajrmuf vl0b D 7k ifw\kd
.vufxufyJt G crf;tem;twGuf jyifqifrrG f;rH7ef vFJ
tyfjcif;cH7onf? ,if;od\k tr=awmfxrf;cJh7pOf touf
t7G,fESifh rvdkufatmif yifyef;vSojzifh yef;zsm;zsm;
um xdkESpf -o*kwfv 6 7ufae\wGif uG,fvGefonf?
28
aA;xkd;Aifô vk'Apf zef
aAvufuwfonf ol.yef;csu D m;rsm;wGif vufrw S f
a7;xdk;avhr7Sd7um; ol\twk,lI a7;qGJae-uaom
ol\wynfh yef;csDq7mrsm;.vuf7mrsm;ESifh tawmfyif
cGI
J ,l-u7onf? aAvufuwfonf zdvpfb7k if.yHw k l
um;yif tcsyf 40 cef\a7;qGcJ o hJ nf? ol. xif&mS ;aom
vuf7mrsm;rSm ‘qJAD;jrdK\rSa7onf’? ‘eHeufpm’? ‘c7pf
awmfESifh tD;ar;tyfbk7m;zl;rsm;’? ‘rmom. tdraf wmf
wGi;f rS c7pfawmf’? ‘AD;eyfESifh a-u;rHkjyif’? ‘rmusL7DEiS hf
tm;*yf’? ‘pwkš zdvpfbk7if’? ‘tifzefwmr7D;,m’
ponfwk\d jzpfonf?
aA;xdk;Aifôvk'Apfzef (c7pf 1^^0 182^)? ?*smref
vlrsdK; xdyfwef;*Dwpmqdkausmf-uD;wpfO;D jzpfol vk'Apf
zefaA;xd;k Aifonf taemufwidk ;f *Dw wd;k wufrt = wGuf
trsm;qHk;tusdK;jyKchaJ om ykCKd vf-uD;jzpfonf? txl;o
jzifh aA;xdk;Aif. qifzeD*w D rsm;um; *DwavmuwGif
tjrKaw7wemrsm;ozG,f xl;jcm;aumif;rGefvSI ,ck
acwftcgxd arS;rSdefcJhjcif; r7Sday? taemufwkdif;*Dw
avmuwGif aA;xdk;Aif. vuf7moDcsif;-uD; oDcsif;cef\
rsm;udk av;av;pm;pm; avhvmoif-um;-u7onf?
aA;xd;k Aifonf xl;jcm;aom tEkynmyg7rD7iS f wOD;
jzpfvifhupm;/ ol.b0woufwm wav~mufvk;H wGif
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onf? tjcm;olrsm;. aomwtm&Hkudk om,m-unf
El;aponfh aw;*Dwrsm;udk pyfqdkpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhaomf
vnf;/ oludk,w f kdirf mS rl t7G,faumif;csdef/ touf 30
ausmfcef\rSpI em;r-um;aom a0'em pGJuyfcJhonf
rSm uG,fvGefonfhwdkifatmif jzpfonf? odk\aomf rdrd
.b0tusdK;ay; EHkcsmr=/ tukodkvf zdpD;r=rsm;udk t&=H;
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d yf JG ol7aJ umif;
wOD;[k qd7k ayrnf?
aA;xdk;Aifonf *smreDEkid fiH AGef;jrdK\Y 1^^0 jynfhEpS f
'DZifbmv 16 7ufae\wGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? touf 4
ESpft7G,rf pS I tqdkawmf trl;orm;zcif.&du k Ef Sufap
cdik f;r=a-umifh pN7m;wD;oifcJh7onf? uav;b0 vGwf
vyfaysmf7iF pf mG rae7/ rupm;7bJ cdik ;f onft h wdki;f vkyf
ae7onfh tcsKyftcs,f cH7r=a-umifh aA;xdk;Aif.
pdwf"mwfukd xdcu dk o f mG ;um aemiftcgwGif pdwaf csmuf
csm; wwfjcif;/ pdww f akd wmif;jcif; jzpfvmwwfavonf?
zcifqk;d onf tdraf xmif.wm0efudk a-uyGefpGm r
xrf;vdo k jzifh aA;xd;k Aiftm; *Dworm;aygufp uav;
tjzpfjzifh tdraf xmifp7dwf 7SmEdkifap7ef *Dwe,fxJ t
 aA;xkd;Aifô vk'Apf zef

wif;qGo J iG ;f jcif;jzpfonf? pifppf aA;xd;k AifYvnf; i,f

pOfuyif *DwzufY xl;c`efrnfh t7nftaoG;rsm; 7SdcJh
onf? xdak -umifh 11 ESpfom;t7G,w f iG f ud,k w
*Dwrsm;udk pyfqEdk idk cf o Jh nf? 14 ESpfom;t7G,fwGif eef;
wGif;vufaxmuf atmf*efq7m jzpfvmonf? aemif
tcgwGif atmfcufp-wmwD;0dkif;rsm;udk acgif;aqmif
Edik cf haJ vonf?
aA;xd;k Aifwk\d rdom;pk. tajctaerSm pdwyf suzf ,
7m jzpfonf? zcifuvnf; tdraf xmif.wm0efukd r,l
vdkbJ ayghayghaeojzifh tdrfom;rsm;rSm qif;7J usyf
wnf;jyD;v~if/ use;f rma7;vnf; csdK\wh-J uonf? aA;xdk;
Aifonf rom,maom tdrfaxmifpkudk ausmaxmuf
aemufcjH yKum/ ol.*Dwynmudk wd;k onfxufw;kd atmif
-udK;pm;cJhonf? 1^ ESpo f m;t7G,f 1^8^ ckEpS fwGif xdk
pOfu *DwjrdK\awmfjzpfaom -opa-w;,m;Edik if H AD,if;em;
jrdK\odk\ oGm;a7mufI *Dwynm7Sif-uD; wOD;jzpfaom rdk;
Zwf.a7S\wGif rdrd.pGrf;7nfudk jyocJo h nf? xdt
Zwfu aA;xdk;Aifonf uBmY ol\*DwoH vFrf;atmif
jyKEikd rf nfho[ l Il edrw d zf wfvu kd af vonf?
AD,if;em;rS jyefa7mufjy;D aemuf rdcifjzpfol uG,v
7m/ trl;orm; zcifEiS fh nDtpfukad rmifESrwdk\. wm0ef
udk aA;xdk;Aifu vHk;0xrf;aqmif7onf? odk\jzpfvifh
upm; tdrfom;rsm;onf ol\tm; pdwcf sr;f omr= ray;bJ
em;ylem;qm jyKwwf-uavonf? ,if;od\kaom tajct
ae-um;xJryS if aA;xdk;Aif.*DwpGr;f 7nfonf wdk;wuf
vmcJhonf? AGef;jrdK\7Sd -oZmwdUr7Sdaom vl-uD;vl
aumif;rsm;u ol. *DwpGrf;7nfukd ta-umif;jyKjyD;v~if
aA;xdk;Aiftm; cifrifapwem xm;-uojzifh AD,if;em;
jrdK\wGif *Dw0d%m-uD; wOD;jzpfol *sdK;Zuf[dkif;'ifxw
*Dwynm qufvuf qnf;yl;Edik af tmif pDpOfay;-uonf?
AD,if;em;wGif *Dwynm qnf;yl;cJhjyD;aemufwGif aA;
xd;k Aifonf xdyw f ef; *Dwpmqdk wOD;tjzpfo\kd a7muf7cdS hJ
avonf?
,if;od\k xdyx f yd -f u*J wD ynm7Sif wOD;tjzpfo\kd a7muf
cJhjyefaomfvnf;/ pdwfrcsrf;omzG,f7m wrsKd ;onf aA;
xdk;Aif.tay: avmif;7dyfuJhodk\ rdk;vmjyefavonf?
,if;onfum; wjznf;jznf; em;av;vm7mu aemuf
qHk;wGif r-um;7aomb0odk\ a7mufcJhjcif;yif jzpfav
onf? odk\aomf pdwf"mwfjyif;jyvSaom aA;xdk;Aifonf
,if;od\kaom tukokv d zf pd ;D r=udk vG,v f , G fEiS hf t&H;= ray;
acs? toHudk ta-umif;jyK7aom rdrd. ynmvkyfief;
udk rpGe\v f wF b f /J toHr-um;7onfb h 0Yyif qufvufI
f ikd f aw;
G f
k cg rd;k
f eG f
*smref *Dwpmqkdausmf vk'Apf zef aA;xkd;Aif
aw;*Dw-uD;rsm;udk pyfqdkpDuk;H cJhonf? em;r-um;7onfh
aemufydkif;wGif pyfqdkonfh aw;-uD;aw;cef\rsm;onf
aA;xd;k Aif. taumif;qH;k vuf7mrsm;[k qd-k uavonf?
aA;xdk;Aifonf t7kyfqdk;aomfvnf; yifudkoabm
wnf-unfr/= ol.xl;c`efaom *Dwyg7rDw\dka-umifh ol\
H iG f tm; -unfndKav;pm;ol rsm;jym;onf? odk\aomf aA;
xd;k Aif em;xdkif;a7m*g jzpfjyD;aemufwiG f ol.nDtpfudk
armifESrrsm;u ol. aiGa-u;udPudk aqmif7Gufr=
a-umifh aA;xdk;Aiftm; cifrifcJh-uolrsm;ESifh pdrf;oGm;cJh
7onf? rdbaqGrsdK;twGuf wm0ef-uD; xrf;cJh7aomf
vnf; aqGrsdK;tusdK;ay;vnf; raumif;cJhay? cspfudP
rsm;Yvnf; uHaccJo h jzifh tdraf xmifrjyKchaJ om aA;xd;k
Aifonf wlwa,muftm; om;7if;wr~ cspcf ifjrwfE;kd cJh
7m/ xdo k o
l nf ol\tm;pdwf'Q k tay;qH;k jzpfco hJ nf? ,if;
odk\aom pdwfrcsrf;omzG,f trsdK;rsdK;udk -udK;pm;wGef;
vSefch7J aom aA;xdk;AifrSm wcgw7H rsdKodrfrxm;Edkib f J
a'gotdk; aygufuGJwwfonf? aA;xdk;Aif a7;cJhaom
aowrf;pmwapmifxw J iG f rdro
d nf em;xdik ;f jcif; ponfh
'kQtrsKd ;rsKd ; pdwrf csrf;omzG,f tzHkzHkwk\dukd cHpm;7vGe;f

29
aA;xkd;Aifô vk'Apf zef A,fAifô tm;euf

I rcsdwifujJ zpfum/ wcgw7H pdwrf xde;f Edik jf zpfjy;D v~if 1920jynfEh pS w

f iG f vef'efjrdK\Y tvkyof rm;ta7;ESihf pyf
rdrda'gow-uD; jzpfrdonfrsm;udk nDtpfudk armifESr vsOf;I o,f,lydk\aqmifa7;vkyfief; pHkprf;a7;aumfr
rsm;u cGifhvFwfyg7ef a7;om;xm;avonf? 7Siwf ck.a7S\Y 11em7D-umr~ pum;ajymcJh7mrSpI wdik ;f
aA;xd;k Aiftzd\k wrsKd ;jyD; wrsKd ; ol7ifqidk 7f aom pdwf jynfw0ef;vHk;Y xif7mS ;vmjyD;v~if ‘‘tvkyform;wdk\.
rcsrf;omr=rsm;onf ol\tm; b0udk t&H=;ray;vdak tmif a7S\ae-uD;’’ [lIyif trnfay;jcif; cH7onf?
aoG;xd;k ay;ouJho\dk 7Sjd yD;v~i/f aw;*Dw wyk'jf yD; wyk'f tvkyform;avmutwGuf aqmif7GufcJh7mY A,f
ol\uavmifrsm;rS xGufcJhonf? oDcsif; &dk;&dk;rS *Dw Aif. t-uD;qHk;aom atmifjrifrw = 7yfrSm 1922 ckESpf
jyZmwf-uD;rsm;txd pyfqkad 7;om;cJh7m/ ol. *DwpGr;f wGif o,f,lydk\aqmifa7;ESifh taxGaxG tvkyform;
7nf rnfr~xufjrufxl;c`efyHkudk tuJcwfEdkifayonf? orC-uD; jzpfvmatmif zefwD;EdkifcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf?
aA;xdk;Aifonf aumif;pGm ruse;f rrm jzpfae7mrS 182^ xdok rC-u;D rSm tvkyo f rm; orCaygif; 32 ckukd pkaygif;
ckESpfwGif nDjzpfolxH tvnfoGm;7if; AD,if;em;jrdK\Y xm;aom orC-uD;jzpfI/ uBmay:7Sd tiftm;t-uD;
uG,v f eG o
f nf? aA;xdk;Aif uG,v f eG jf yD;onfh aemufwiG f qHk;aom tvkyform;orC-uD;rsm;wGif wcktygt0if
xl;jcm;aom *Dwynm7Sif-uD;udk *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh jzpfonf? A,fAifonf xdo k rC.taxGaxG twGi;f a7;
ol.Zmwdjzpfaom AGef;jrdK\wGif›if;/ ol.ocsK‹if;7S7d m rSL;tjzpf aqmif7Guf7avonf?
AD,if;em;jrdK\Y›if; ol.&kyfwkrsm;udk xm;7SdjyD;v~if 'kwd, uBmppfjzpfyGm;aomtcg/ tvkyform; vl
aA;xdk;Aif arG;zGm;cJh7m aetdrfudk jywdkuftjzpf jyKvkyf wef;pm;wd\k. ta7;onf rsm;pGm -uD;rm;vmavonf?
xm;7Sad vonf? 1940 jynfhESpf arvY 0ifpwefcsmcsD 0ef-uD;csKyf jzpf
vmaomtcg A,fAiftm; tvkyform; vlxk-uD;u
A,fAifôtm;euf (c7pf 1881 1951)? ? 'kw, d -unf ndKonfudk odjrifjy;D jzpfonfhtwdik ;f tvkyo f rm;
uBmppftjyD;wGif jAdwdefEdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;a7;7mrsm;rSm ESifh trsdK;om;0efxrf;Xme0ef-uD;tjzpf cef\xm;onf?
&=yfaxG;cufcJvmonfESifh tr~yif EdkifiHjcm;a7;Xme. A,fAifonf ppftwGif; yPnf;rsm; tvsiftjref xkwf
wm0efrsm;onfvnf; tvGefyif -uD;av;vSayonf? vkyfa7;udk tm;oGe-f udK;yrf;EdkifchI
J / tvkyform; y™dQ
Todk\aom tcsdefrsdK;wGif EdkifiHjcm;a7;0ef-uD;tjzpf jzpfr=rsm;udk enf;Edkifor~ enf;atmif aqmif7Gufay;
atmifjrifpGm aqmif7GufEdkifcJhonfh ykCdKvf-uD;um; rP
wmtm;eufA,fAif jzpfonf? rnfonfhausmif;wGifr~
raecJhbl;onfh ol7if;iSm;uav;b0rS uBm-uD;wckv;Hk
. tajctaeudk ajymif;vJoGm;apEdkifavmufatmif
ta7;-uD;vSaom tpnf;ta0;-uD;rsm;wGif acgif;
aqmifyg0if7aom Edik if jH yK okcrde-f uD;wOD; jzpfonftxd
wdk;wufvmcJhaom tm;e,fA,fAif. b0jzpfpOfrSm
txl;yif rSwo f m;zG,af umif;ayonf?
A,fAifonf omref v,form;wOD;. om;r~om
jzpfI 1881ckESpf arv 9 7ufae\wGif qRm;qufe,f
0if;pzdk\jrdK\Y arG;zGm;cJhonf? i,fpOfu rdbrsm; uG,f
vGeo f jzif/h i,fi,f7, G f7G,fESihyf if ol7if;iSm;tjzpf›if;/
rif;aptjzpf›if; vkyfudkifcJh7onf? xdkaemuf "mwf7
xm;armif;orm;/ ukefwifum; armif;orm; ponf
jzifh tvkyftrsdK;rsdK;udk ajymif;vJvkyfudkifcJhonf? A,f
Aifonf oab®musi;f tvkyo f rm;orCod\k 0ifa7mufc7hJ m
rsm;r-umrD ta7;ygt7ma7mufaom toif;0ifwOD;
jzpfvmjyD;v~if/ 1911 ckESpfwGif orC.vufaxmuf
taxGaxG twGi;f a7;rSL;tjzpf wifajrm| ufjcif;cH7onf? jAdwdo~ avbmygwDacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol tm;euf A,fAif

30
A,fAifô tm;euf A,f7Dô qm*sdrf;

Edkicf Jhonf? xdo k k\d 0ef-uD;jzpfpOfu olonf ygvDref t
rwf r[kwaf o;ay? od\kaomf ZGefvY 0if;p0yf A[dek ,f
-um;a7G;aumufyGJwGif avbmygwD trwftjzpf
ta7G;cH7onf?
'kwd, uBmppf-uD; jyD;qHk;jyD;aemuf taxGaxG
a7G;aumufyGJ-uD; usif;yaomtcg A,fAifonf av
bmygwD0if ygvDreftrwftjzpf ta7G;cHch7J onf? ,if;
od\jk zifh 1945 ckEpS w f iG f avbmtpd;k 7 wufvmaomtcg/
EdkifiHjcm;a7;0ef-uD;tjzpf aqmif7Guf7onf? A,fAif
onf xdEk Spf Zlvikd „f -o*kwfvrsm;wGif usi;f yaom ayghp
'rfnDvmcHodk\ wufa7mufonf? xdkjyif armpudkjrdK\Y
usif;yaom ‘‘-uD;oH;k -uD; nDvmcH’’(1945 ckESpf)ESifh
‘‘-uD;av;-uD; nDvmcH’’ (194^ ckESpf) rsm;od\k vnf;
wufa7mufcho J nf? qdkAD,uf&7k SESifh pyfvsOf;I A,fAif
u onf;cHjcif;ESifh -uHch dik jf cif;0g'udk xm;7SdcJhonf? ok\d
aomf &k7Su taemuf'Drdkua7pDEdkifiHrsm;udk ‘‘ppfat;’’
qifEFJvmaomtcg/ ,if;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh ppfa7; EdkifiHa7;
pD;yGm;a7; yl;aygif;aqmif7Gurf = 7Sdro S mv~if jidr;f csr;f a7;
7Edkifrnf[k oabmxm; ajymif;vmonf? xdka-umifh
A7yfqpJ mcsKyf (1948 ckEpS )f csKyfq7kd mwGi›f if;/ 0g7Siw
jrdK\Y tWvMdwfpmcsKyf (1949 ckESp)f csKyfqdk7mY›if;
OD;pD;OD;aqmif jyKolrsm;xJwGif A,fAifonf a7S\wef;rS
yg0ifchaJ vonf?
EdkifiHjcm;a7;0ef-uD; tjzpf ta7;-uD;aom uBmh
a7;7mrsm;udk pDrHaqmif7Guaf evsuu f yif tvkyo
vlwef;pm;wdk\bufrS tjrJwrf; umuG,f ay;cJhaom
a-umifh tvkyform;vlx-k uD;u ‘‘'dk\t³D’’[k jrwfEd;k
wem ac:a0:jcif;udk cHcJh7aom A,fAifonf usef;rm
a7; c`w, f iG ;f vmojzifh 1951 ckEpS f rwfvwGif Edik if jH cm;
a7;0ef-uD; 7mxl;rS EkwfxGufonf? odk\aomf ol\tm;
wHqdyfawmf 0ef-uD;tjzpf cef\xm;ao;onf? A,fAif
onf xdkESpf {jyDv 14 7ufae\wGif vef'efjrdK\Yyif
uG,v f Geo f mG ;avonf?
qJyif jzpfonf? qm*sdrf;.vuf7mwdk\onf rxdwxd
[mouav;rsm;/ odrfarG\aom tvGrf;taqG;rsm;ESifh
qef;-u,faom pdwful;,Ofr=uav;rsm; yg0ifojzifh/
ol. vuf7mjyZmwfwk\donf zwfI aumif;oavmuf/
jyZmwftjzpf &HkwifjyonfhtcgwGifvnf; ESpfjcdKufpGJ
vrf;zG,f7m aumif;vSayonf? qm*sdrf;. jyZmwfrsm;
pGmwd\kukd &kyf7iS ftjzpfvnf; &du k ful;cJ-h uavonf?
qm*sdr;f A,f7Donf paumhwvefjynf um;7D;rsL;jrdK\
Y 1860 jynfhESpf arv 9 7ufae\wiG f zGm;jrifcJhonf?
i,fpOfu tpOfojzifh rusef;rmjzpfaeol cspfvpS mG aom
ol.rdcifukd ESpo f rd ahf zsmaf jz7ef pdwuf l;,Of yHkjyifuav;
rsm;udk wDxGizf efwD; ajymjywwfay7m/ aemiftcgpdwf
ul;,OfyHkjyifrsm;udk 0 Krsm;/ jyZmwfrsm;tjzpf zefwD;
cJah vonf? tuf'ifAm7mwUodv k rf S bG\J7jy;D onfah emuf
ydik ;f rSpwifI pmaya7;om;vmcJ7h m/ ol.ESpo f ufpvJG rf;
zG,f7m pdwful;,Ofr=/ ta7;tom;aumif;rGef ajymif
ajrmufr=wdk\a-umifh atmifjrif ausmf-um;vmonf?
a7S;OD;pGm paumhvlrsdK;wdk\. taetxdkif/ "avhxk;H pHwk\d
f ef
f rm;

A,f7Dô qm*sdrf;rufo,l; (c7pf 1860 193^)? ?

t*®vyd fpmzwf uav;oli,frsm;.tcspfawmf ‘‘yDwm
yif’’udk zefw;D vdkufolrSm qm*sdr;f rufo,l; A,f7D
jzpfayonf? qm*sdrf;A,f7Donf paumhvlrsdK; pma7;
q7m-uD;wOD;jzpfI 0 Kta7;tom;Y›if;/ jyZmwf
ta7;tom;Y›if; xif7Sm;ausmf-um;onf? txl;
ojzifh qm*srd f;. vuf7mjzpfaom ‘‘yDwmyif’’ jyZmwf
onf ,ckacwfwkid fatmif vl-udKufrsm;jym; xif7Sm;ae emrnfausmf jAdwdo~ pma7;q7m qm *sdrf; A,f7D

31
A,f7Dô qm*sdrf; A,f7DA,f7D

udk o7kyfazmfonfh 0 Krsm;a-umifh emrnf7vmonf? zmvrDedwfwif; A,f7DA,f7D (jrefrm tvdktm;jzifh

aemiftcgwGifrl jyZmwfrsm; a7;om;7ef ydkI pdwftm; xkef7Syfem)/ (4) tifzifwdkif A,f7DA,f7D (uav;xkef
oefjyD;v~if/ jyZmwf trsm;tjym; a7;om;cJhonf? a7m*g)wd\jk zpfonf?
1885 ckESpfwGif vef'efjrdK\odk\ ajymif;a7F\vmI 1890 0ufA,f7DA,f7Dac: xkefpdkem jzpfvmaomtcg
jynfhESpfcef\wGif xdkacwf xdktcgu txif7Sm;qHk;aom tpm;taomufysufjcif;/ 7ifjynfh7ifu,fjcif;/ tom;
pma7;q7m-uD; wOD;tjzpfodk\ a7muf7SdcJhavonf? ta7rsm; uGufIuGufI,m;jcif;/ yljcif;/ usOfjcif;/ t
1913 ckEpS w f iG f yVra*smb h 7k ifrif;jrwfu ‘‘qm’’bG\J a7jym;Y uGuI f uGufI [dkwuGufonfwuGuf ydkrdkem
jzifh cs;D jr|iho
f nf? tuf'ifAm7m/ pdef\tef'7l;/ atmufpzd\k usOfjcif;/ ajcovHk;-uGufom;rsm; emjcif;/ yxrY 'l;
ESihf udr;f A7pfwUodv k w
f \ku
d cs;D jr|iahf om *k+xf ;l aqmif acgif;.wkH\jyefjcif; ydkrdkvmjyD;aemufwGif aysmufuG,f
bG\Jrsm;udv k nf; 77Scd o hJ nf? 1930 jynfEh pS rf pS I uG,v f eG f oGm;jcif;/ cGet f m;qkw, f wk jf cif;/ 7ifwek jf cif;/ armvG,f
onfw h kid fatmif tuf'ifAm7mwUodv k .
f t"dywd t jcif;/ ajczrdk;ESifh ajcusif;0wfrsm; azma7mifvmjcif;/
jzpf aqmif7u G cf ahJ vonf? r-umrD ajcaxmuf/ udk,f/ rsufESm ponf wudk,fvHk;
qm*srd ;f A,f7D zefwD;aom ‘‘yDwmyif’’ onf tvGef wif;rma7mif7rf;vmjcif;/ qD;enf;vmjcif;/ tvGet f rif;
acwfpm; xif7mS ;cJo h nf? vef'efjrKd \/ uif;qifwefO,smOf a7mifazmvmonfhtcg touf&SLusyfvmojzifh rsuf
Yyif ‘‘yDwmyif’’ . &kyw f kwpfcu k kd xkvyk fxm;7Sdonf? ESmndKyyk fyyk jf zpfvmjcif;/ aoG;wdk;jrefvmjcif;/ tvGefarm
‘‘yDwmyif’’ jyZmwfukd 1904 ckEpS w f Gifpwif &Hwk ifjyo yef;jcif;/ vnfyif;aoG;a-umrsm; axmifvmjcif;/ tdyf
7mY tvGefvl-udKufrsm;vSI ESpfpOf emwmvl;yGJawmf 7mxJrS rxEdik f rv=yEf ikd jf zpfvmjcif;wd\k jzpfonf? ,if;od\k
csdefwGif &HkwifcJh77m/ ,ckwdkif r&dk;Edkif -uao;acs? udk,frsm; a7mifazmvmonfudk pGJIvnf; bdef;jAJuk, d f
emrnfausmf jyZmwfrif;orD;-uD;rsm;onf ‘‘yDwmyif’’ a7mifa7m*g[kvnf; ac:-uao;onf?
tjzpf yg0ifo&kyfaqmifcJh-uonf? tar7duef jynf '&dik ;f z,f7AD ,f7aD c: xkeaf jcmufemjzpfvmaomtcg
axmifpkwGif ‘‘yDwmyif’’udk &kyf7iS f&du k ful;onf? 1953 xkefpdkemuJhodk\ azma7mifjcif; r7SdbJ eAfa-umrsm; av
ckESpfwGif a0gh'pfZeDu ‘‘yDwmyif’’udk umwGef;&kyf7Sif jywfonfh vQ+mrsm; xif7Sm;jzpfvmonf? ndKwH
&du
k u f ;l cJhjyefavonf? usn;f / ajczrd;k / aygiftjyifbuf/ vufacsmif;uav;rsm;
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32
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33
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34
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jcrf;o!mef7adS om A,fvy&du k Zf ykd ifv,fatmf. awmif vma7muf wdu k cf u
dk o f drf;ydkucf haJ o;onf? xdkjyif tjcm;
zufvufwufay:wGif jrdK\wnfxm;onf? ,if;yifv,f jAdwdo~a7a-umif;Adv k fwOD;jzpfaom qm 7pfcswf a[m
atmfonf tcsi;f 3 rdkifcef\7I Sd oHk;zufo;Hk wefY obm uif;uvnf; 1594 ckEpS w f iG f jrKd \ukd wdu
k cf u
kd f vk,ufcJh
0tumtuG,f7Sdonf? odk\aomf ajrmufzufwiG f vGwf ao;onf? xdkaemuf 6 ESpft-umwGif 'yfcsa7wyfom;
aeojzifh avrkefwdkif;'+fudk cHEkid fatmif v=dif;umwef wd\k. vk,ufzsuq f D;jcif; cH7jyefonf? pydeaf 7wyfu
wdik ;f -uD;rsm;udk (xdkrmS zufY a7eufojzifh) cJc, J Of;,Of; vnf; jrKd \ukd 1866 ckEpS w f iG f tajrmufEiS hf ypfciG ;f zsuqf ;D
aqmufvyk jf yKjyifxm;7m/ acwfrI D aumif;rGeaf om qdyf ao;onf? 1891 ckESpftwGif;u jynfwGif; ppf'+f
urf;jrdK\-uD; jzpfvmavonf? a-umifh jrdK\ysufcJh7jyefonf? xdjk yif ivsif'+fudkvnf;
‘‘A,fvy&dkufZdk’’onf pydeftrnfjzpfI ‘‘ewfjynf r-umc+ cH7aomjrdK\ jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh 1906ckEpS f
csdKi0fh rS f;’’ [k t"d_g,f7onf? ,if;od\k ac:wGiaf vmuf ivsif'+fa-umifh A,fvy&dkuZf kjd rdK\onf t-uD;tus,f
atmifyif jrifuGif; om,mvSyaom jrdK\-uD; jzpfonf? ysupf D;cJh7onf? od\kaomf jyefvnfjyKjyif wnfaqmufchJ
ay 150 ausmftjrifh7daS om awmifukef;awmifwef;rsm; ojzifh ,cktcg acwfrv D yS aom jrdK\-u;D wjrKd \ jzpfaeav
u jrdK\. aemufct H jzpf wnf7adS e-u7m/ cs\JxiG v f maom jyD? vlOD;a7rSm (1958 ckESpf oefaumifpm7if;t7)
jrKd \onf awmifapmif; qifajcav~mrsm;xufo\kd wpwp 250ô000 a,muf jzpfavonf?
a7muf7SdvmcJhonf? vlae7yfuGuf. tdrfajcwdkufwm
wdk\onf awmifapmif; qifajcav~mrsm;ay:Y tqifh A,fav? ?A,favonf taemufwdik ;f obifavm
qifh wnf7SdI/ pD;yGm;a7;7yfuGufwdk\onf oab®mqdyf uY xif7Sm;aom jyZmwf wrsdK;jzpfonf? wOD;csif;
urf;em;wGif wnf7-Sd uonf? A,fvy&dkufZkjd rdK\onf vS aomf›if;/ tpktzGJ\ESifhaomf›if; ujy -u7onf? ‘‘A,f
y wifhw,faom taqmufttHkrsm;/ ausmif;rsm;jzifh av’’onf jyifopfpum;vH;k jzpfI a7S;vufwifpum;
vnf; jynfhpHkonf? csDvED idk fi. H a7wyfwUodkvfonf ‘‘A,fvm7D’’(u7ef)rS qif;oufvmonf? Zmwfvrf;
A,fvy&dkufZdkjrdK\Y 7Sdonf? vSyus,fjyef\aom O,smOf ZmwfuGuu f k›d if;/ Zmwfaumif. pdwt f ajctaeudk›if;
yef;jcHrsm;vnf; 7SdI/ c7Pwdkzm udkvHAyf/ csDvD,ef tqdktajymrygbJ tuESifh [eftrlt7mwdk\jzifh o&kyf
a7wyfudk pwifwnfaxmifcJhaom a7a-umif; AdkvfcsKyf azmfjyjcif;jzpf7m/ tcsdK\u uZmwf/ od\kr[kwf o&kyaf zmf
aumhu7def; ponfh ykCdKvfausmfrsm;. &kyfwkrsm;udk tu[k qdk-uonf?
yef;jcHrsm;twGi;f Y xm;7Sdonf? A,favwGif t"dutcsuo f nf *Dwjzpfonf? tcsdK\
A,fvy&du k Zf jdk rKd \onf ta7;ygaom pufrv = yk if ef;jrdK\ u A,favonf aw;*Dwudk o&kyaf zmfaom tu[kqkd
vnf; jzpfonf? jrdK\. t"du xGufukefrsm;rSm jcnf -uonf? A,favwcktwGuf ,if;ESiq hf ikd 7f m aw;*Dwwd\k
xnf/ pufu7d d,m/ aq;vdy/f o-um;ESit fh 7ufwk\d jzpf udpk yfq-kd u7onf? wcgw7H Zmwfvrf;ygaom aw;*Dw
onf? xdkjyif rD;7xm;acgif;wGJ vkyfief;ESifh oab®m wd\kukd A,favjzifh o&kyfazmf-uonf? aw;*Dw tjyif/
azmif'7Dvkyfief;rsm;vnf; 7Sdavonf? tef;'D;awmif t0wftpm;/ tcrf;tem;/ tvif;tarSmif/ rD;a7mift
udkjzwfI tm*siw f D;em;Edik if rH S aAG\Ekq d kid f;7ufjrdK\EiS hf quf ,ltqwdk\onfvnf; A,favtwGuf ta7;ygaom
oG,x f m;aom tef;'D;awmifausmf rD;7xm;vrf;a-umifh tpdwftydki;f rsm; jzpf-uavonf? A,favuyGJ twGuf
A,fvy&dkufZdk oab®mqdyfonf ydkI ukefwif ukefcs u-uKd ;uuGuf [eftrlt7m ponfw\u kd kd wDxiG pf pD OfneF f
rsm;jym;pnfum;onf? qefwD,m*dkjrdK\ESifh v~yfppf -um;oltm; aumf7, D *kd 7yfzm/ od\kr[kwf A,fav'g&du k f
rD;7xm;vrf;jzifh tquftoG,f7dI S / tjcm;v~yfppfrD;7 wm[k ac:onf? xl;c`efaom aumf7D,dk*7yfzmrsm;.
xm;vrf;wvrf;onf csv D ED idk fit
H wGif;zuf/ oWKwGi;f xGifOm+f/ jyifOm+fwdk\udkta-umif;jyKI A,favwGif
a'oESifh qufoG,x f m;avonf? wdk;wufr= rsm;pGm 7SdcJhavonf?
A,fvy&du k Zf jkd rdK\ukd pydevf rl sKd ; [Grf ao qmtm;aA; A,favonf a7S;a7mrESifh*7dwdk\. yefwdkrdkif;ac:
x7m;u 1536 ckESpfwGif pwif wnfaxmifcJhonf? [efZmwfwrsKd ;rS qif;oufvmI tDwvDEikd if w H iG f c7pf
wnfaxmifjyD;ptcgu wdkif;7if;om; tif'D;,ef;rsm; ESpf 1450 cef\upjy;D ay:aygufvmonf? (yefwrkd ikd ;f [ef

36
 A,fav

uBmausmf &k7S A,fav u[efw7yf

37
 A,fav
Zmwf„&=? )tvGef aiGukefa-u;us rsm;aom uyGJrsdK;
jzpfI xdpk Ofu rif;pd;k 7mZm txufwef;pm;avmuYom
acwfpm;cJo h nf? aemuf tESpw f 7mcef\twGi;f A,fav
onf tDwvDEdkifiHwGif zG\HjzdK; xGef;um;vmonf?
16 7mpkEpS f tpydki;f wGif tDwmvsH rif;orD; uufo7if;
'grJ'DcsDonf jyifopfbk7if. rdzk7m; jzpfvmaomtcg
A,favonf jyifopfeef;wGif;Y acwfpm;vmonf?
,if;od\jk zifh A,favonf tDwvDrS jyifopfEikd if o H \kd ul;puf
ysH\E\HSomG ;onf? jyifopfb7k if 14 qufajrmuf vl0o D nf
A,favudk csD;jr|ifhajr|mufpm;onf? udk,fawmfwdkif
A,favuZmwf wckY acgif;aqmifyg0ifcJhonf? vl0D
bk7ifonf *DwESifh tutu,f'rDausmif;udk wnf
axmifcJh7m/ xdkausmif;onf acwfopfOa7my A,fav
pwifaygufzmG ;7m Xmejzpfco Jh nf? xdkjyif A,favonf
awmfoHk;tjzpfrS vlxkoHk; obifw7yfvnf; jzpfvm
avonf?
xdpk Ofu A,favwGif tuwvSnhf tqd/k od\kr[kwf
vu®m7Gwfjcif; wvSnhjf zpfonf? 1600 jynfEh pS cf ef\wiG f
atmfy7m ac: *DwjyZmwfudk pwifa7;om; jyocJh7m/
A,favudk atmfy7mY csyI f ujyavh 7Scd o hJ nf? A,fav
tcef;udk atmfy7mZmwfuGuftv,fYaomf›if;/ acW
7yfem;csdefYaomf›if; ujy toHk;awmfcHavh 7Sd-uonf?
16 7mpkEpS tf wGi;f a-u;pm; A,fav uajconfrsm;
ay:aygufvmonf? yxrwGif trsdK;om;/ aemiftcg
trsKd;orD; uajconfrsm; yg7Sdvmonf? 14 quf
ajrmufvl0Dbk7if. vufxufwGif zG\HjzdK;cJhaom A,f
avonf aemiftcgwGif pnf;urf;pepf/ todik f;t0dik ;f
rsm; rsm;vGef;jyD;v~if or&d;k ustwdkif;7SdaeI rwdk;wuf
bJaecJh7m 18 7mpkESpfxJwGif Zef; aZmhZufEdkAm;onf
A,favudk tqdktajymrygbJ tuESifh [eftrlt7m
oufoufjzpfatmif jyKjyifvku d o f nf? A,fav ujyol
wd\ktm; a7S;pHepfjzpfaom rsuEf mS zH;k pGyjf cif;udv k nf; rjyKap
awmhay? xdkjyif t0wfwefqmrsm;udk ydkIvSyatmif
jyKjyifjyD;v~if trlt7mwdk\udk ydI k obm0usapcJhonf?
18 7mpkESpf tv,fydkif;avmufwGif A,favonf
Oa7mywkdufY twefi,f acwfwdrfvmonf? ,if;odk\
arS;rSed v f maom A,favudk jyefvnf ta7mifxGufvm
apolrSm &k7SrS aumf7D,dk*7yfzm (A,fav'g&dkufwm)
wOD;jzpfaom rD7S,f zdk;uif; jzpfonf? rD7S,f zdk;uif;
onf a7S;&d;k A,favudk qef;opfvyS aom A,favobif
jzpfvmatmif pDpOfrGrf;rHwDxGifvdkufonf? A,favu
Zmwfonf &k7o S k\dvnf; jyef\ymG ;a7muf7cSd h7J m 1^35 ckEpS f
38
cef\u &k7w S iG f tify;D 7D;,,f A,favtwwfoifausmif;
wnfaxmifcJhonf? xdkausmif;Y oifjyaom q7m
aumif;rsm;a-umifh &k7SedkifiHwGif A,favonf rsm;pGm
wdk;wufcJhonf? EkdifiH7yfjcm;rS A,fav'g&dkufwm t
ausmftarmfwdk\onf &k7SA,favudk tqifhtwef; jrifh
onfxuf jrifhatmif zefwD; oif-um;ay;-uonf? odk\
aomf 18 7mpkEpS t f v,fykid ;f wGif A,favobif n|dK;rSed f
vm7m rD7, S f zd;k uif;u jyefvnfjr|iw hf ifay;cJah vonf?
rD7S,f zdk;uif;onf qD,m*sD ',m*sDvsuf pDrHtkyf
csKyaf omA,favtzG\u J kd 1909 ckEpS w f iG f yg7pfjrKd \Y yGx
J wk f
apcJ7h m/ qef;opfvyS aom &k7AS ,favonf tvGeaf usmf
-um;oGm;avonf? ,if;tzGJ\wGif trsdK;om;A,fav
tu0d%m nDZif;puD;ESifh trsdK;orD; A,favtu0d%m
tNm ygAvdAk mwd\k yg0ifonf? ,if;wd\t k zG\J ujywifquf
aom A,favuZmwfwdk\rSm ‘7SD[m7mZm;'D’/ ‘yDxa7mh
7Sum’/ ‘rD;iSuf’/ ‘ief;a7tkid f’ponfw\dkjzpfI xl;uJvSy
wifhqef; vSayonf? ,if;wdk\ukd ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm r&dk;
wrf; ujycJh7avonf? ',m*sv D suf acgif;aqmifaom
,if;wd\ktzG\Jonf t*®vefEiS hf tar7duefjynfaxmifpw k k\d
Yvnf; ujy toH;k awmfcHchI J tvGefw7m csD;usL;tm;
ay;r=udk cHcJh7jyD;aomf uBmausmf-um;cJah vonf?
&k7SwGif ',m*sDvsuf uG,fvGefjyD;onfhaemufwGif
A,favtzGJ\rsm;pGm ay:aygufcho J nf? tpd;k 7tkycf sKyfa7;
pHepf ajymif;oGm;aomfvnf; A,favobifrmS rl tpdk;7
tqufquf. tm;ay;ulnrD u = kd 77Sv
d suyf if7adS vonf?
',m*sDvsufwdk\tzGJ\ vma7muf ujyoGm;jyD;aemuf/
tar7duefEiS hf t*®vefwk\dwiG v f nf; A,favonf quf
vufacwfpm;aecJhonf? A,favtuoifausmif;rsm;
A,favtzGJ\rsm; ay:aygufcJhonf? tar7duef jynf
axmifpkwGif A,fav u7AeftzGJ\/ zdv'JvzD;,m; A,f
avtzGJ\/ ayh (*s) pwkef; A,favtzGJ\/ qefz7efpPudk
A,favtzGJ\rsm;onf emrnf7aom tzGJ\rsm;jzpfonf?
txl;ojzifh 'kwd,uBmppfjyD;umvwGif A,favonf
tar7duefjynfaxmifpkY ydkradk cwfpm;I tqifhtwef;
wd;k wufvmonf? xdjk yif t*®vef7dS quf'vm0JA,fav
tuoifausmif;rS A,favtu0d%mrsm;pGm ay:xGuf
cJhavonf? uBmwGif tausmf-um;qHk; jzpfcJhaom
A,fav tu0d%m ESpfOD;rSm &k7SrS t³mygAvdkAmESifh
'def;rwfrS t'JvD eJ7SdeDwdk\ jzpf-uonf?
ajymifajrmufaom A,favuajconfwOD; jzpfvm
7efrSm vG,fulonf r[kwfacs? i,f7G,pf OfupI ESpf
aygif;rsm;pGm xdxda7mufa7muf/ jyif;jyif;xefxef avh
A,fav AJô t,fvufZNm *a7[rf

usifh7onf? &k7S tifyD;7D;,,f A,fav twwfoif

ausmif;wGif touf 3 ESpfrS 6 ESpf txd uav;ol
i,frsm;udk pwif oif-um;ay;onf? A,fav uonfh
tcg pD;aomzdeyfrsdK;udk oif-um;r=tajccH 2 ESpfausmf
rSom pD;I avhusihcf iG 7hf onf? A,favuajconf wOD;
tzdk\ u-udK; uenf;rsm;udk u`rf;usif&Hkomru/ *Dw/
yef;csDEiS fh yef;yktwwfw\dkudkyg em;vnfxm;7ef vdt
k yf
ayao;onf?

AJôt,fvufZNm*a7[rf(c7pf 18^4 1922)? ?

wae7mrS wae7m/ wjrdK\rS wjrdK\/ wEkdiif rH S wEdik if o
wOD;ESifh wOD; pum;ajymqdk qufoG,fEdkifatmif
aqmif7Gufaom pum;ajyma-u;eef;(pum;ajyma-u;
eef;„&=?)udk pwifwDxGifcJholrSm t,fvufZNm *a7
[rfAJ jzpfavonf? ,ckacwfY toH;k jyKvsu7f d-S uaom
pum;ajyma-u;eef;rsm;onf AJ. acwfrpS wifI tqifh
qifh jyKjyifr=jzifh wdk;wufvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? AJonf
pifppf i,fpOfuwnf;u od_yH nmudk avhvmqnf;yl;cJo
r[kwaf omfvnf;/ od_q H idk 7f m wDxiG rf r= sm;pGmudk jyKcu
vl\avmu tusdK;udk onfydk; aqmif7u G fay;cJhaom vl\
avmuom;wdk\. aus;Zl;7Si-f uD; wOD;jzpfayonf? xdk
a-umifh rsm;pGmaom wUodv k Ef Sihf od_Hynmtoif;rsm;
u od_Hynm7Sif-uD; wOD;tjzpf *k+fjyKjcif;udk cHcJh7
avonf?
AJonf paumhvlrsdK;jzpfI/ paumhwvefjynf tuf
'ifAm7mjrdK\Y 184^ ckEpS w f iG f zGm;jrifonf? tuf'ifAm7m
wUodkvfESifh vef'efwUodkvfwGif ynmqnf;yl;cJh
onf? 18^0 jynhfESpw f iG f usef;rma7; tajctaet7/
rdbrsm;ESifhtwl uae'gEdkiif Hok\d ajymif;a7F\ tajcpdkufchJ
-uonf? AJ.tzd;k ESizhf cifw\o kd nf pum;oHynmudk wwf
u`rf;I qGH\t em;xdki;f olrsm;tm; pum;ajymenf; oif
ay;jcif;wdk\udk aqmif7u G 7f mY xif7mS ;cJhonf? xdak -umifh
brsdK;bdk;wlaom AJonfvnf; qGH\t em;xdkif;olrsm;.
q7m jzpfvmonf? aemiftcg aAmhpwefwUodv
toHZ0D udPaA'ygarmQtjzpf aqmif7Gu7f avonf?
xdt
k csed w
f iG f a-u;eef;vkyif ef;onf acwfpm;I vsif
jrefpGm wdk;wufvsuf7Sdonf? AJonf a-u;eef;-udK; w
-udK;wnf;jzifh a-u;eef;rsm;pGm wcsed w f nf;ydk\Ekid 7f ef ‘‘rm
vwDyvuf’’enf;udk -uHpnfonf? xdjk yif vl.pum;oH
udk a-u;eef;-uKd ;jzifh wzufrS wzufo\kd yd\kaqmifEikd 7f efukd
vnf; -uHpnfonf? AJonf toHZD0udPaA' ynm7Sif
wOD;tjzpf vlwdk\. pum;oHxGufyHk/ ajymyHkajymenf;
H dk\
h l
hJ m/
pum;ajyma-u;eef;ukd wDxGifcJhol t,fvufZNm *a7[rfAJ
wd\kukd u`r;f usifojl zpfonf? pifppf AJonf v~ypf pf"mwf
ta-umif;udk u`r;f usifol r[kwfaomfvnf; tcsed ftm;
7onfhtcgwkdi;f ol.vufaxmufjzpfaom pufq7m
awmrwf at 0yfqifESifhtwl okawoejyKum trsdK;
rsdK; -uHqprf;oyf vkyfudkifcJhavonf?
18^4 ckEpS f ZGev f xJwiG f AJonf pum;ajyma-u;eef;
.tajccHpeH pfukd trSwrf xif prf;oyfawG\7cdS o hJ nf? ol.
0rf;ajrmufaysmf7Fifr=um; azmfrjyEdkifavmufatmif jzpf
awmh.? AJonf xdkpepfukd tajccHxm;I/ wdk;wuf-uH
pnfvyk fukid fum/ 18^6 ckEpS fwGif pum;ajym a-u;eef;
k w f iG f wDxGirf = rlyikd f rSwyf w
kH ifciG u
hf kd &H;k awmfY av~mufxm;77Sd
cJah vonf?
AJonf 18^6 ckEpS f zdv'JvzD;,m;jrdK\ ESpfw7mjynfh
jyyGJjydKifyJw
G iG f v~yfppf"mwf. jzpfxGef;r=w7yfjzpfaom
pum;ajyma-u;eef;ud7, d mudk wifjyEdik cf ahJ v7m/ a-u;eef;
-uKd ;wzufrS pum;ajymoHudk a-u;eef;-udK;wzufr-S um;
-u7aom jyyGv J my7dwo f wfw\dkrmS tHrh cef;Edik af tmif jzpf
-u7avonf?
AJonf tjcm;wDxGirf =rsm;pGmudkvnf;jyKcJhao;onf?

39
AJô t,fvufZNm *a7[rf
odk\aomf pum;ajyma-u;eef;avmuf vloHk;rrsm;cJhbJ/
ta7;yg t7ma7mufjcif;vnf; r7SdchaJ y? AJ. wDxiG fr=
rsm;xJwGif wkecf gaeaom tvif;a7mifjcnfukd oHk;um
udu k f 250 cef\ toHviF Ehf ikd af om a7'D,q kd efqef ud7,
d m
wrsdK;vnf; yg0ifaomfvnf;/ qufvufI wdk;wuf
aumif;rGeaf tmifjyKjyif-uHpnfjcif; r7Scd aJh y? xdkjyif *7yf
zdkzkef;ac: za,mif;"mwfjym;csyfrsm;udk pwif toHk;jyK
onfh ud7d,mwrsdK;vnf; wDxGifcJhao;onf? udk,f
c¶mxJo\dk 0ifomG ;onfu h snq f efudk vlemtm; remusif
apbJ usnq f efwnfae7mudk prf;oyf7SmazGay;Edik o f jzifh
q7m0efw\t kd wGuf tusKd ;tvGe7f adS om w,fvzD ek ;f prf;wH
wrsKd ;udvk nf; AJonf wDxiG cf o hJ nf? AJonf avxJwiG f
ysHoef;jcif;ESifh pyfvsO;f aom wDxiG rf =w\dkYvnf; pdw0f if
pm;ay7m/ pGefvFwf-unhfjcif;jzifh ta7;ygaom avxJ
ysHoef;r= tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;udk awG\7SdchaJ vonf?
AJ7if;yifv,fwGif; &k7S od_Hokawoe a7ikyfoab‡m pl;prf;7SmazG avhvmaepOf
40
AJ7if;yifv,f
AJonf pdwo f abmxm; tvGeaf umif;rGeIf olwyg;
tm; tvGefulnD ,dkif;yif;wwfoljzpfonf? aysmfaysmf
vnf;aewwfonf? olonf 1922 ckESpfwGif uae'g
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vGeo f Gm;avonf? olwDxGifcahJ om pum;ajyma-u;eef;
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41
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42

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43
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44
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ausmufr;D aoG;/ oH/ oGyf/ cJ/ a-u;eD paom oWKw\dkjzifh
ayg-uG,f0vSojzifh -uD;us,fzGH\jzdK;aom pufr=vkyfief;
rsm;7So d nf? pufr=vkyfief;wdk\rSm oHESifh oHr+dvkyfief;/
zefxnfvkyfief;/ txnftvdyfvkyfief;/ o-um;csuf
vkyif ef;/ tazsm, f rumvkyif ef;/ "mwkaA'yPnf;vkyif ef;
ponfw\kd jzpf-uavonf?
AJv*s, D rfEidk if Honf txnftvdyfvkyif ef;wGif -uD;
us,f xGef;um;vSonf? AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHrS Zmvkyfief;
onf uBmausmfjzpfI AJv*sD,rfEikd if o H nf Zmvkyfief;
wGif xdyfwef;EdkifiHwck jzpfonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;onf
Zmxdk;vkyfief;udk puf&Hk-uD;rsm;wGifomru rdrdwdk\ ae
tdrrf sm;wGiv f nf; vkyfudkif-uavonf?
AJv*sD,rfEkdiif HwGi;f 7Sd jrdK\-uD;rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;
jzifh a7S;ESpfaygif; 1ô000 ausmfcef\u wnfxm;cJhaom
jrdK\rsm;jzpf-uonf? od\kaomf acwfESihaf vsmfpGm ajymif;vJ
wd;k wufrr= sm;vnf; 7Scd o Jh jzifh acwfa[mif;ESiahf cwfopf
taqmufttHkrsm; a7mjyGrf;um awG\7Sd7onf? AJv*sD
,rf.jrdK\awmfonf A7yfqjJ rdK\jzpfonf?(A7yfqjJ rdK\„&=?)
AJv*sD,rfEdik fi. H pD;yGm;ukeo f , G fa7; tcsuftjcmjrdK\rSm
tef\wyG jf rKd \jzpfonf? (tef\wyG jf rKd \„&=?) AJv*s, D rfEidk if . H
ta7S\awmifykid ;f 7Sd vd*sjrdK\-u;D onf oHxnf/ zefxnfvyk f
ief;ESihf tjcm;pufr=vkyfief; xGef;um;onfhjrdK\-uD; wjrdK\
jzpfonf? xdkjrdK\-uD;rsm;tjyif/ om,mvSyaom urf;
ajcpcef;ESifh oab®mqdyfjrdK\-uD; wjrdK\jzpfaom twfp
wif;jrdK\/ a7S;tusqHk;ESifh tvStyqHk;jrdK\wjrdK\ jzpfaom
A&k*sjrdK\ ponfwdk\vnf; 7Sdayao;onf? (A&k*sjrdK\ „
&=?)
 AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH

A7yfqjJ rKd \/vl;Aef;jrKd \/*ihjf rKd \/vd*sjrKd \-u;D wd\w

k iG f wUodv k f vlrsdK;wrsdK;udk tpGJjyK ac:a0:jcif; jzpfonf? xdkvlrsdK;
ausmif;-uD;rsm; 7Sdonf? rlvwef;ESifh tv,fwef; wd\konf a7S;ESpaf ygif; ESpaf xmifausmfcef\u ,ck AJv*sD
ausmif;rsm;udk tpd;k 7u zGiv fh Spfay;onf? xd\kjyif tpd;k 7 ,rfEkdifiH jzpfvmaom a'oudk *sL;v,yfqDZm vm
taxmuftyHhcH wef;jrifhausmif;rsm;ESifh Oypmaum a7mufwu dk cf u
kd pf Ofu/ xdak 'oY aexdik v f su7f dS -uonf?
vdyfrsm;vnf; 7Sad vonf? *sL;v,yfqDZm wdkufcdkufvmr=udk xdkvlrsdK;wdk\u 7Gyf
AJv*s,D rfEikd if w H Gif zvif;rpfEiS hf a0gvGe;f [lI &H;k oH;k 7Gyfc`Hc`H ckcHumuG,fcJh-uojzifh ol7oWdESifh tjynfhpHk
bmompum;ESpfrsKd ;xm;I a'oXmetvdkuf oH;k pGv J suf qHk;aom vlrsdK;jzpfonf[k *sL;v,yfqDZmu ajym
7Sdonf? ta-umif;rl AJv*sD,rfEdik fiHwGif bmompum; prSwf jyKcJah vonf?
csif;rwlaom zvif;rif;vlrsdK;ESifh a0gvGef;vlrsdK;[lI bDpD 5^ ckrS 51 ckxd *sL;v,yfqDZmu AJv*sD
vlrsdK;-uD;ESpfrsdK; uGJjym;vsuf7Sd7m/ ,if;vlrsdK;-uD;rsm; ,rfa'oudk ^ ESpfwdkifwdkif wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufcJhonf
. Xmea'otvdu k f bmompum; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r=jzpf rSpI ESpfaygif;ig;7mcef\r~-umatmif a7mrwd\k. vuf
ay:cJah vonf? zvif;rif;vlrsdK;wdk\onf ajrmufyikd f;wGif atmufwGif usa7mufaecJh7onf? at'D ^00 cef\wiG f
aexdkif-uI 'yfcsvlrsdK;wdk\ESifh aoG;pyfolrsm; jzpf-u 7Sm;vrde;f bk7if-uD;onf xdak 'o. pd;k rd;k oltjzpf cH,cl hJ
onf? xdka-umifh 'yfcspum;ESifh qifwlaom zvif;rpf avonf?
bmompum;udk ajymqdk-uonf? a0gvGef;vlrsdK;wdk\ xdpk Ofu AJv*s, D rf[I
l rac:wGiaf o;ay? ta-umif;
onf awmifyikd ;f Y aexdik -f uvsuf jyifopfw\kdEiS hf aoG;pyf rl xdkacwfu a[mfvef/ AJv*s, D rfEiS hf jyifopfzvef;'g;
olrsm; jzpf-uI jyifopfbmompum;wrsdK;jzpfaom jynfe,fwdk\udk ajredrfhydkif;jynfrsm;[k ac:a0:-uonf?
a0gvGef;bmomudk ajymqdk -uavonf? u&l;qdwfppfyGJrsm;tjyD;wGif AJv*sD,rfjrdK\rsm; pnfyif
AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHom;wdk\onf vHk\v0D7d,7SdI tvGef 0ajymvmonf? 11 7mpk ESihf 12 7mpkESpt f wGif;u oD;
tvkyf vkyfaom vlrsdK;rsm; jzpf-uonf? vkyfief;wck jcm; vGwv f yfru = v kd nf; cHpm;-u7onf? 13 7mpkEpS Ef iS hf
twGuf xda7mufI tvkyw f iG rf nfeh nf;pHepfopf rSeo f r~ 14 7mpkEpS ftwGi;f wGirf /l AJv*s, D rftygt0if ajredryhf idk ;f
udk tvG,fwul vufcHusihfoHk;-uonf? xdka-umifh jynfrsm;onf Am*ef'jD ynfe,fESihf yl;aygif;vku d f7onf?
puf&t kH vky&f rkH sm;wGif acwfrDpufu7d , d mrsm;udk toH;k jyK aemiftcg Am*ef'jD ynfe,f7iS f ar7D rif;orD;onf -op
rsm;jcif; jzpfonf? wdki;f wyg;om;wdk\. pdk;rdk;r=udk ESpf -wD;,m;jynfh7Sif rUqDrDvsHESifh vufqufcJhojzifh›if;/
aygif;7maygif;rsm;pGm cHch7J ojzifh csKyfcs,fru = dk rvdv k m; ar7Drif;orD;.om;awmf zdvpfonf pydefjynfh7Sif.
bJ vGwv f yfru = kd tvGecf rkH if jrwfE;dk -uavonf? AJv*sD orD;awmfESifh vufqufcho J jzifh›if; ajredryfh dkif;jynfrsm;
,efwdk\onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh A7if*sD*dk+f;0ifrsm; jzpf udk -op-wD;,m;ESihf pydef ESpEf dik if w H \dku ydkicf Giqfh idk fcGihf 7Sd
-uonf? bmoma7;zufY csKyfcs,fr= r7Sdacs? vmcJhavonf? xdka-umifh aemiftcgwGif ajredrfhydkif;
ao;i,faomEkid if yH if jzpfvifhupm;/ AJv*s, D rfEdik if H jynfrsm;onf Oa7my ppfwvif; jzpfch7J avonf?
wGif vrf;yef;qufo, G af 7; aumif;rGefonf? armfawmf 1568 ckEpS w f iG f AJv*s,D rfEiS hf a[mfvefw\kdonf pydef
um;vrf;rdkiaf ygif; 6ô^00 ausm7f I dS / rD;7xm;vrf;vnf; EkdifiHtm; awmfvSef-uonf? odk\aomf a[mfvefjynf
rdkif 3ô000ausmf7o Sd nf? 1835 ckESpfwiG Af 7yfqjJ rdK\Y zGifh onf omv~if pydefvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufoGm;I
vSpaf om rD;7xm;blwm&Ho k nf Oa7mywdu k w
f iG f yXrqH;k AJv*s, D rfrmS rl pydev f ufatmufwiG f aemiftESpf ^0cef\
jzpfonf? xdb k w l m&Hu k zkd sucf svu kd I f / Oa7my. yXrqH;k qufvuf aecJ7h onf? pydefxD;eef;qufcaH 7; ppfyJG t
uBmh7[wfysH([,fvDaumhywm)av,mOfqdyfudk xdk wGi;f u AJv*sD,rfonf ppfajrjyif jzpfch7J jyefavonf?
ae7mwGif wnfaqmufjyD;v~if 1953 ckESpw f iG f zGihvf Spf xdkppfyGJtjyD;wGif ,l;x7ufpmcsKyft7 AJv*sD,rfonf
cJhonf? AJv*sD,rfEikd fiHY ava-umif; o,f,lyk\daqmif -op-wD;,m; vufatmuf a7mufcJh7jyefavonf?
a7;wGif 7[wfysHrsm;udv k nf; toHk;jyKonf? jrpfacsmif; jyifopfawmfvSefa7;-uD; jzpfyGm;jyD;aemuf/ 1^92 ck
wl;ajrmif;rsm;jzifhvnf; rdkif 1ô000 ausmfr~ oGm;vmEkdif wGif jyifopfwyfrsm;u -op-wD;,ef;wyfrsm;udk atmif
onf? ajredrfha'orsm;wGif wl;ajrmif;rsm;onf ul; jrifcho
J jzif/h AJv*s, D rfonf jyifopfyikd ef ,fwe,fjzpfch7J
oef;oGm;vma7;twGuf ta7;ygavonf? jyefonf? eydv k D,ef wefc;kd tm+m usqif;vmI/ AJv
AJv*s,D rf[laom trnfonf ‘‘AJva*s;’’ ac:onfh *s,D rfjynftwGi;f 7Sd 0g;wmvl; ppfyJw G iG f tnHch v H kud 7f jyD;

45
 AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH

aemuf AD,if;em;pmcsKyft7 AJv*sD,rfonf a[mfvef cdk;tm+monf eef;7if;0efESifh tpdk;7tzG\Jwk\dYom wnf

ESifh yl;aygif;vdu k 7f jyefonf? od\kaomf AJv*s, D rfEiS haf [mf ayonf? ygvDrefY trwfO;D a7trsm;qH;k 77Sad om ygwD
vefonf t,l0g'"avhxHk;pH pdwfaepdwfxm;csif; uGJ u tpd;k 7zG\7J jy;D v~i/f xdyk gwD.acgif;aqmiftm; eef;7if;
jym;-uojzifh tcsi;f csi;f rnDnw G Ef idk of nfth jyif 'yfcsw\kd 0eftjzpf aqmif7u G 7f ef bk7ifu cef\xm;7onf? ygvDref
ESihf wef;wltusKd ;cHpm;cGihf r7ojzifh 1830jynfhESpf puf wGif txufvw F fawmfESifh atmufvw F fawmf 2 7yf yg
wifbmvwGif AJv*sD,efw\dkonf a[mfvefjynf7h Sit f m; 0ifonf? vFwfawmf 2 7yfvHk;. oufwrf;rSm 4 ESpf
awmfvSeyf ek fuef-uavonf? csnf;jzpfonf? txuf vFwfawmfwGif trwfOD;a7
A7yfqjJ rdK\wGi;f Yyif wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;I/ 'yfcs wyf 1^5 a,muf7SdI/ atmufvFwfawmfwGif 212 a,muf
rsm; qkwfcGm7onf? AJv*sD,efwdk\onf 1831 ckESpf 7So
d nf?
azazmf0g7Dv 3 7ufae\wiG f tcsKyt f jcmtm+mydik f oD; 1865 ckEpS w f Gif eef;wufaom 'kwd, vD,kyd b dk k7if
jcm;vGwv f yfaomEkid fiHtjzpf xlaxmifum/ zG\Jpnf; tkyf onf AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHxuf tq 7Spfq,fru -uD;rm;
csKyfyHk tajccHOya'w7yfudk jy}mef;vufcHcJh-uonf? us,f0ef;aom uGef*dkz7D;pwdwf (tmz7duwkduf7Sd) udk
xdEk pS Zf eG v
f wGif qUqDuAkd wfrif;om; vD,ykd ku d kd bk7if udk,fwdkif -uyfrwfxlaxmifcJhonf? xdkjynfe,fonf
tjzpfwifajr|muf-u7m yXr vD,ydk b kd k7ifb\GJu,kd lI eef; AJv*sD,rf.t-uD;qHk;aom udv k ked jD zpfvmI AJv*sD,rf
wufavonf? 1839 ckESpw f Gif Oa7myEkdifiH-uD;rsm;u uGe*f [
kd ak c:wGio f nf? AJv*s, D rftpdk;7onf xdjk ynfe,f
vef'ef pmcsKyfudk vufrw S af 7;xd;k I AJv*sD,rfEikd fiH. udk 1960 jynfhESpfwGif vGwfvyfa7; ay;vdkufonf?
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfr=ESifh tcsKyftjcmtm+mydkifr=udk tod 'kw, d vD,kyd kb d 7k if-uD;onf AJv*sD,rf rD;7xm;vkyf
trSwjf yKum/ ppfumvrsm;wGif -um;aeEkdiif t H jzpf xm; ief;ESifh pufr=vkyfief;wdk\udkvnf; tm;ay;aqmif7GufcJh
7Sd7ef oabmwlnD-uavonf? onf? AJv*sD,rfEkdifio H nf 19 7mpkEpS ftwGif;wGif xl;
AJv*sD,rf Ekid if HwGif bk7ifonftxGwftxdyf jzpf xl;jcm;jcm; -uD;yGm;wdk;wufcJhavonf?
aomfvnf; [efjyr~omjzpfI wefc;kd tm+mr7Sad y? wef Oa7myEkid if -H uD;rsm;onf AJv*s, D rftm; -um;aeEkid if H

AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHwGif acG;rsm;ukd vSnf;qGJ7eftwGuf ,ae\wkdif toHk;jyKvsuf7Sd-uonf?

46
AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH AJvzkd;ô tmom *sdrf;

a7S;enf;wlyif AJv*s, D rf. -um;aea7;udk zsuq f ;D wduk f

cdu
k jf cif; cH7jyefonf? xdt k csed Yf AJv*s, D rfEidk if H jynf7h iS f
wwd, vD,ykd kb d k7ifonf wdu k cf u
kd vf maom *smrefwyf
rsm;tm; 1940 jynfhESpf arv 28 7ufae\wGif tnHhcH
vdu k o f nf? odk\aomf AJv*sD,ef uufAed uf0ef-u;D tzG\Ju
rl tnHrh cHbJ vef'efjrdK\o\kd ajymif;a7F\jy;D aomf/ AJv*sD,ef
ta0;a7muf tpd7k tzGJ\[I l zG\Jpnf;xm;onf? xdktpdk;7
tzGJ\wGif txif7Sm;qHk; ykCdKvfrSm EkdifiHjcm;a7;0ef-uD;
ayg[ife7Dpywf jzpfonf? r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf AJv
*sD,efEkdifiHtm; 1944 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif jyef
vnfwku d fcu dk f odr;f ydu
k fay;onf? ta0;a7muf AJv*sD
,eftpd;k 7tzG\Jonf A7yfqjJ rdK\o\kd jyefvmjyD;aomf vD,ydk kd
bk7if. nDawmf csm;rif;om;udk eef;apmifhxm;onf?
1944 ckEpS f 'DZifbmvY AJv*s, D rfEidk if t
H wGi;f 7Sd ‘‘Am;v
cs’’ Y *smrefESifh r[mrdwfwyfrsm; wdkufcdku-f uaom
ppfyo JG nf 'kw, d uBmppftwGi;f ta7;ygqH;k aom wdu k f
yGwJ ck jzpfavonf?
ppf-uD;jyD;qH;k jyD;aemuf 1950 jynfhESpf Zlvidk v f wGif
AJv*s, D ef uufAed uftzG\Ju wwd, vD,ydk t kd m; jyefI
AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH7SdjrdK\rsm;wGif wl;ajrmif;vrf;rsm; azmufvkyfxm; eef;wifay;aomfvnf; jynfolvlxku rvdkvm;vSacs?
-uojzihf/ jrdK\cif;om,m qdwfjidrfI oef\7Sif;ayonf? xdka-umifh om;awmf aAmf'ltifrif;om;onf 1951 ck
ESpw f Gif bk7iftjzpf bdou d fc,H al vonf?
tjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;aomfvnf; yXr uBmppf-uD; ppf-u;D .'+fa-umifh Oa7myEkid if t H rsm;tjym;yif ysuf
jzpfvmaomtcg/ todtrSwfjyKxm;csufudk azmuf pD;qHk;&=H;cJ7h m AJv*sD,efonfvnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf?
zsufvm-uonf? xdt k csed fwiG f AJv*s, D rfEkdiif H jynfh7Sif od\kaomf ppfjyD;I wdik ;f jynfjyefvnf xlaxmif-u7mwGif
yXr tJvAwfbk7ifESifh wdki;f oljynfom;wdk\onf rdrdwk\d AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHonf yXrqHk;jyefI emvefxlEkdifaom
EkdifiH. -um;aer=udk xdef;odrf;EkdifiH7ef ZGJoWd7SdpGmjzifh wdkif;jynf wjynfjzpfcJhonf? xdka-umifh Oa7mwdkufY
touft;dk tdrf pnf;pdryf supf ;D qHk;&=;H r=ukcd Hum -udK;pm;cJh ppfjyD;acwfwGif jidr0f yfyjd ym;jcif;ESihf pD;yGm;a7;zufY A,f
-uonf? odk\aomf *smrefwyfrsm;. vltiftm;/ vuf v*sD,rfEdik fiu H dk pHerlxm;7avonf? ,if;odk\ vsifjref
euftiftm; -uD;rm;pGmjzifh wdu k fcdkufvmr=udk rcHEkdifo pGm jyefvnfxal xmifEdik jf cif;onf wdik ;f jynf jyefvnfxl
jzifh *smrefw\dktm; tnHch Hc7Jh avonf? axmifrY= *d+ k ;f *+ra7G;/ wkid ;f jynf. -uD;yGm;a7;/ pD;yGm;
uBmppf-uD; ESpfckpyf-um;umvwGif AJv*s, D rfEidk fiH a7;udkomv~if a7S;&=I yl;aygif; aqmif7GufcJh-uaom
. pufrv = kyfief;pHepfonf wrsdK;ajymif;cJhonf? yHpk w H l a-umifv h nf; jzpfayonf?
trsm;tjym;xkwv f kyfonfhpHepfukd vkyu f ikd o f nfEh dik if -H uD;
rsm;. ,SOjf ydKirf = 0ifvmjcif;a-umifh pufrv = yk if ef;tajc AJvzdk;ôtmom*sdrf;(c7pf 1848 1930)? ?jAw d d
cdkifvmonftxd pHepfwrsdK;ajymif;I vkyfudkifcJhonf? o~Eidk if jH yKock rdef tmom*sdr;f AJvzd;k onf jAdwo
d ~ygvDref
AJv*s, D rfEidk if o
H nf ,if;.0daoovkyif ef;rsm;jzpfaom atmufvFwfawmfwGif uGeq f m;AwpfygwDudk tESpf 20
pdev f yk if ef;/ pmtkycf sKyvf yk if ef;/ vifeiftxnf vkyif ef; ausmfacgif;aqmifco Jh l jzpfcoJh nf?
ESihf yxrwef;pm;ausmufr;D aoG; xkwv f yk o f nfh vkyif ef; AJvzdk;udk 1848 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f 257ufae\wiG f ta7S\
ponfwdk\udk tm;oGefvkyfudkifjcif;jzifh pD;yGm;a7; tajc vdkoD,efe,f 7SpfwifhwrfjrdK\Y zGm;jrifonf? wwd,
r,dkiaf tmif -uKd ;pm;cJah vonf? rm;uGpaf qmhpAm7D. wljzpfI/ 0,fvifwefjrdK\pm;-uD;.
'kwd,uBmppf-uD; jzpfvmjyefaom tcgwGiv f nf; acgif;udkifom;jzpfonf? tDwefausmif;ESifh udrf;A7pf

47
 AJvzkd;ô tmom *sdrf;

wUodkvf x7ifeDwD aumvdyfwdk\wGif ynmoif,ljyD; pm;csD;usL;vmcJ-h uonf? 1891ck ESpw f Gif atmufvFwf
aemuf 18^4 ckEpS w f iG f [wfz\ekd ,frS uGeqf m;AwpfygwD awmfY ,le, D efepftzGJ\. acgif;aqmifjzpfvmI 1892
0if ygvDreftrwftjzpf ta7G;cH7onf? ckEpS rf S 1895 ckEpS t f wGi;f *vufpwke;f ESihf &d\pk Am7Dtpd;k 7
18^8 ckEpS w f Gif avmh'gAD.ae7mY avmhaqmhpAm7D rsm;vufxufwGif twkduftcHacgif;aqmiftjzpf *sdK;
onf Ekid fijH cm;a7;0ef-uD; jzpfvmaomtcg AJvzd;k onf ZufcsdeAf mvdefEiS ht f wl xdyw f ef;rS aqmif7u G cf oJh nf?
Ekdiif Hjcm;a7;0ef-uD;. twGi;f a7; twGif;0ef jzpfvmI/ 1895 ckEpS w f iG f ,le, D efepfygwD jyefwufvmonfrS
0ef-uD;csKyf 'pfZa7vDESihf twl bmvif nDvmcH-uD;odk\ tpjyKI 1905ckESpftxd AJvzd;k onf b@ma7;0ef-uD;
vkdufygoGm;7onf? ('pfZa7vDôAD „ &=?) 1885 ckESpf ESifh atmufvFwfawmfwiG f ,le, D efepftzG\J acgif;aqmif
wGif ta7S\refcsupf wme,frS ygvDreftrwftjzpf a7G; tjzpf aqmif7Guf7onf? 1902 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif OD;
aumufwifajr|mufjcif;cH77m/ aemif 21ESpw f ikd w
f idk f ,if; av;awmf avmhaqmhpAm7D tem;,laomtcg AJvzdk;
e,fryS if qufwu dk tf a7G;cH7onf? xdEk pS wf iG yf ifa'oM7 onf 0ef-uD;csKyftjzpf qufcHxrf;7Guf7onf? 1905
tzGJ\rsm;qdik 7f m Xme0ef-uD;tjzpf 0ifa7muf aqmif7Gu7f ckEpS wf iG f 7mxl;rS Ekwx f uG o f nf? 1906ckEpS f a7G;aumuf
onf? odk\aomfr-umcif paumhwvefjynfqdik f7m0ef-uD; yG-J u;D wGif ,le, D efepfygwDom ta7; &H;= edrchf o hJ nfr[kw/f
tjzpf ajymif;a7F\cef\xm;jcif;cH7I 188^ ckEpS fwGif tdkif AJvzd;k ud, k wf ikd v
f nf; ta7S\refcsupf wme,frS ta7G;cH7m
,mvefjynfqidk f7m 0ef-uD;tjzpf cef\tyfjcif; cH7jyefav wGif &H;= edrcfh h7J onf? odk\7mwGif r-umrD vef'efjrdK\ wae
onf? tdki, f mvefjynfwGif wdusjywfom;pGm tkycf sKyf 7mrS ta7G;cH7I 1911 ckEpS t f xd ,le, D efepf tzG\Jacgif;
cJ7h m/ OD;pGmY rsKd ;csppf w
d f tvGef jyif;xefaeaom tdki7f pf aqmiftjzpf aqmif7u G cf ohJ nf? 1911 ckEpS w f iG f acWt
rsdK;cspfrsm;u AJvzdk;.0g'udk t-urf;zuf uef\uu G f&kH em;,lchI J / 1914 ckEpS w f iG f yxr uBmppf jzpfymG ;aom
ru/ AJvzd;k tm;vnf; ‘‘t-urf;orm; AJvzdk;’’[k ac: tcg/ EkdifiaH 7;xJok\d jyefvnf 0ifa7mufcJhonf? 1915
prSwjf yKcJh-uaomfvnf;/ aemufq;Hk wGif AJvzd;k tm; av; ckESpfrS 1919 ckESpftxd nGef\aygif;tpdk;7tzGJ\rsm;wGif
a7a-umif;0ef-u;D tjzpfjzif›h if;/ Ekid if jH cm;a7;0ef-uD; tjzpf
jzifh›if; aqmif7u G cf Jhonf? 191^ ckEpS fwGif tar7duef
jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHodk\ jAdwdo~rpf7SiftzGJ\ acgif;aqmif
tjzpfomG ;a7mufI t*®vefEiS t hf ar7duef yl;aygif;wdu k f
cdkufa7; udPrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm aqmif7GufcJhonf?
1919 ckESpf Amaq;nDvmcH-u;D wGif AJvzdk;onf jAdwo d ~
EkdifiHjcm;a7; 0ef-uD;tjzpf xl;c`efpGm yg0ifaqmif7GufchJ
7m/ r[mrdwfEkdifirH sm;. csD;usL;jcif;cH7onf? Amaq;
pmcsKyf csKyfqdk jyD;onfhaemufwGif AJvzdk;onf y7DAD
aumifpD OUXtjzpf ajymif;a7F\aqmif7Gufch. J ? AJvzdk;
onf 191^ ckEpS f Ek0d ifbmvwGif ppftjyD;Y y,fvuf
pwkid w f iG f ,[l'rD sm;twGujf ynfe,f wnfaxmifay;7ef
pDrHcsufudk jAdwdo~tpdk;7u oabmwl a-unmonf?
,if;udk AJvzdk;a-unmcsufpmwrf;[k ac:onf?
AJvzd;k onf 1921 22 ckEpS rf sm;wGif 0g7Siw f efa7wyf
uGefz7ifhodk\ jAdwo d ~ udk,fpm;vS,f acgif;aqmiftjzpf
wufa7mufcJhjyD;aemuf tjyefwGif tm; bGJ\jcD;jr|ifhum
olaumif;jyKjcif;cH7onf? xdjk yif AJvzdk;onf udr;f A7pf
wUodv k .f t"dywdtjzpf 1919 ckEpS rf S 1930 jynfEh pS f
rwfv 19 7ufae\wiG f uG,v f eG o f nftxd aqmif7u G cf hJ
avonf?
jAdwdo~EkdifiHjyK okcrdef tmom *sdrf; AJvzkd; AJvzd;k onf Ekid if HjyK okcrdeo f m r[kw/f ,xmblw

48
AJvzkd;ô tmom *sdrf;
ynm7Si-f uD;vnf; jzpfonf? ,xmblw ynm7yfEiS phf yf
vsOf;aom pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;udkvnf; a7;om;cJhonf?
‘‘,xmblwESifh pyfvsOf;onfh oHo,jzpfr=udk acsy
csuf’’ (18^9)/ ‘‘ pmrGefrsm;ESifh rdef\cGefrsm;’’(1893)/
‘‘,H-k unfr=. tajccH’’(1895)/‘‘u`e;f vH;k qdkif7m vGwf
vyfpGmukefo, G fr’= ’ (1903)/ ‘‘bk7m;7S0d g'ESihf vl\usKd ;jypf
0g'’’(1914) ponfw\dk onf AJvzdk;. xif7Sm;aom
vuf7mrsm; jzpfavonf?
AJvzwfjrKd\? ?AJvzwfjrKd \onf jAwd ed Ef idk if .
H wpdwwf
a'ojzpfaom ajrmufyidk ;f tdki, f mvef. jrdK\awmf jzpf
onf? tm;pwm;jynfe,f. ta7S\zufurf;&d;k wef;/ tef
x7if; aumifwDtwGif;Y wnf7SdI/ AJvzwfavmhac:
yifv,fvuf-um;xJo\kd vuf*efjrpfp;D 0if7m jrpf0Y wnf
7Sad vonf?
vlO;D a7 438ô086 a,muf7I Sd ajrmufydkif; tdik , f m
vef. vlOD;a7trsm;qHk;/ pufr=vufr=ESifh ukefoG,fr=
vkyfief;rsm; t-uD;tus,fqHk; jrdK\-uD; jzpfonf? AJv
zwfjrdK\onf jAdwdeEf idk if HY taumif;qH;k aom oab®mqdyf
wck7Sdaom jrdK\vnf; jzpfonf? 1636 ckESpfu paumh
vlrsdK; y7ufZADwD;7D;,ef; *dk+f;om;wpkonf tar7d
ajrmufykdif; tkdif,mvef. jrdK\awmfjzpfaom AJvzwfjrdK\7Sd tpkd;7tdrfawmf
49
AJvzwfjrdK\
uwdu k o
f \kd oGm;7ef yifv,fu;l oab®mwpif;udk AJvzwf
Y wnfaqmufcho J nf? aemif tESpw f 7mcef\ -umv~if
AJvzwfY oab®musif;-uD;rsm;7SdvmI/ ,cktcg t*®
vefESifh tar7duwkdufudk ul;vl; oGm;vm aeaom
oab®m-uD;rsm;pGmwdk\onf AJvzwfoab®musif; xGuf
rsm;jzpfI/ AJvzwfonf uBmay:Y oab®mwnf vkyf
ief; -uD;us,fvaS om jrdK\-uD;wjrdK\ jzpfavonf?
,if;od\ak om jrdK\-uD; jy-u;D jzpfvmonfh AJvzwfonf
a7S;tcgu omrnwHig7Gmuav;w7Gmr~om jzpfonf?
1641 ckESpf tkdi7f pfoyl kef ta7;ay:jyD;aemufwGif jrdK\&k;d
cHwyfESifh jrdK\wjrdK\jzpfvmI ukefoG,af 7mif;0,fr= zGH\jzdK;
wd;k wufvmonf? [sL;*sEd;k rsm; jyifopfEikd fiHrS xGucf Gm
vm-u7aomtcg/ AJvzwfjrdK\Y tajrmuftjrm; vm
a7muftajcpdkuf-uonf? ,if;wdk\onf puf7ufuef;
toHk;jyKaom vifeifyw d af csmpuf&Hkrsm; wnfaxmif7m
Y ulnt D m;ay;-uonf? xdka-umifh 18 7mpkEpS f aemuf
ydkif;wGif AJvzwfjrdK\onf ydkIpnfum; 0ajymvmonf?
tdkif7pfvifeif ydwfacsmvkyfief;. tcsuftcsmjrdK\-uD;
jzpfvmonf? ,cktcg ,if;txnfvyk fief;onf AJv
zwfjrdK\. 'kw, d ta7;ygaomvkyif ef; jzpfaeavjyD? xdk
jyif AJvzwfjrdK\rS -udK;vkyif ef;/ aq;vdyfaq;vkyfief;wdk\
AJvzwfjrdK\
onfvnf; jAdwo d ~u`ef;pkwiG f t-u;D tus,fq;Hk jzpfae
avonf? pufu7d , d m/ csKyfjyD;t0wftxnf/ av,mOf
ysHESifh "mwkaA' aq;vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; AJvzwfjrdK\Y
vkyfudkif-uI/ t7ufcsufpuf/ *sHKpuf/ om;a7e,fpuf
rsm;vnf; 7Sad vonf?
AJvzwfjrdK\onf vSyaomjrdK\ r[kwfacs? odk\aomf
jrdK\taetxm; tuGufusI pepfwus7Sdonf? bk7ifr
wUodkvf/ bk7m;7Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;ESifh tpdk;7&Hk;-uD;rsm;
paom vSycef\nm;onfh taqmufttHk-uD;rsm;vnf;
7Sad vonf?
jrdK\ojl rdK\om;wdk\onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh paumh„tdki;f
7pf tquftEG,frsm;jzpfI y&dkwufpwef\rsm; jzpf-u
onf? xdka-umifh jAdwdo~ tpdk;7tm; oHa,mZOf-uD;
rm;I ,Hk-unftm;xm;um/ [kR&l;tkycf sKyfa7; wdkufyGJ
udk qef\usifwGef;vSefcJhaom tcsuftcsmjrdK\ jzpfcJhav
onf? xdka-umifh jAdwdo~tpdk;7 ttkyftcsKyf vuf
atmufwGifyif 7Sdaeaom ajrmufydkif; tdkif,mvef.
jrdK\awmf jzpfvmcJah vonf?
'kwd,uBmppftwGif;u AJvzwfjrdK\onf ta7;yg
aom a7wyfpcef;jrdK\ jzpfco Jh nf? 1941 ckEpS fu *smref
avwyf. ig;-urd w f dik w
f kid f AHk;-ujJ cif;udk cH7I 7yfuu
G f
ypdzdwforkN7mukd a7S;OD;pGm awG\jrif-u7ojzihf AJvAkdtmESihf wynhfrsm; aysmf7Fifa-uG;a-umfae-upOf
50
AJvAkdtmô Awf7Sul; El;nwf ao
tm;vH;k wGif tysuftpD; 7Scd o
Jh nf? tar7duefrS ydk\aom
7dQmrsm;/ ppfvufeufyPnf;rsm;udk AJvzwfjrdK\rSwqifh
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;odk\ wifyk\dcJh7avonf?
AJvAdktmôAwf7Sul; El;nwf ao (c7pf 14^5cef\„
151^)? ?Awf7u S ;l El;nwf ao AJvAdt k monf ypdzw d f
ork]7mudk yXrqH;k jrifz;l aom Oa7mywdu k o f m; pydev f l
rsdK;wOD;jzpfonf? ,ckyem;rm;oRwEkdiif H jzpfaom xdk
pOfu 'g;7D;,if;e,f.taemufzufwiG o f rk]7m-uD; w
pif;7SdI ,if;.urf;ajcwGif a7Faygaom wdki;f jynfrsm;7Sd
onf[al om owif;pum;a-umifh AJvAdt k monf aemuf
yg vufa7G;pif pydew f yfom; 190 cef\EiS fh 'g;7D;,if;jrKd \rS
1513 ckEpS f pufwifbmv 17ufae\wiG f taemufzufo\dk
c7D;xGufcJh-uonf? 'g7D;,if;u`ef;qufukd jzwf
ausmf7mwGif xlxyfjyD;v~if rSuf/ jcif/ ,if aygrsm;vS
aom tylykdif;Zkefopfawm-uD;rsm;ukd cJ,Of;pGm jzwf
oef;cJh7I wkdif;7if;om;vl&kdif;rsm;. wkdufckdufjcif;ukd
vnf; wGe;f vSecf 7Jh ao;onf? pufwifbmv 257ufae\
wGif awmifxdyfwckay:rSaeI tajymus,fvSaom
ork]7m-uD;ukd AJvAkdtmwk\dvpl k jrifawG\-u7onf? AJv
Akdtmu ,if;a7jyifus,f-uD;ukd rm;o,fqm; (awmif
AJvAkdtmô Awf7Sul; El;nwfao
yifv,f)[k trnfay;onf? xdkaemuf ^ ESpf -umrS
,if;ork]7mudk r*sv J ifu ypdzw d f[ktrnfay;cJo h nf?
(r*sv J if„&=?)
AJvAdt k monf yifv,furf;ajca'ow0ku d .f tusKd ;
ta-umif;udk ar;jref;pl;prf;jyD;aemuf 29 7ufae\wGif
xdkork]7ma7jyifus,fEiS fhwuG ,if;ork]7m a7jyifxd
pyf7m ajrrSeo f r~onf rdr. d t7Si/f pydeEf kdifiHbk7ifrif;
jrwfyXrzm'Deef. ydik ef uftjzpf ausnmavonf? ,if;
od\kjyKjcif;rSm pydefb7k ifrif;jrwfu rdrt d ay: rsufawmfrl
aeonfudk ajzap7ef wa-umif;jzpfayonf?
AJvAdktmonf pydefEikd if H tuf7Sx7Jrh ol;7mjynfe,f
wGif 14^5 ckcef\Y arG;zGm;onf? xdpk Ofu uBmopf[k
ac:qdk-uaom tar7duwkdufo\dk olaX;jzpf7eft-uHESifh
1500 jynfhcef\wGif a7mufvmcJhonf? taemuf tdN, d -uD;vnf; jzpfonf? e,l;t*®vefjynfe,frsm;. pD;yGm;
u`ef;pkxrJ S [PygndKvm(a[;wD;)u`e;f wGif pdkufysdK;a7;
vkyfudkifonf? odk\aomf pD;yGm;vrf;rajzmifhbJ a-uG;rsm;
0dkif;0dkif;vnfaecJhonf? xdka-umifh a-uG;7Sifrsm; rod
atmif oab®may:Y a7pnfwckx0J ifjy;D ykef;I vdu k fyg
um 'g;7D;,if;e,fzufo\dk vGihv f mcJhjyefonf?
'g;7D;,if;od\k a7mufjyD;aemufwiG f ,if;a'oudk e,f
opfxlaxmif7mY yg0ifcJhonf? odk\aomf e,fopf xl
axmif-uolacgif;aqmifydkif;Y tcsif;rsm;-u7m/ AJvAdk
tmonf tcGihaf umif;,ljyD;aomf/ ,if;e,f. bk7ifcH
7mxl;udk 0if,v l ku
d o
f nf? AJvAdt k m yke;f atmif;vdu k fyg
cJah om oab®mrSO;D pD;onf e,fopf xlaxmif7mY yg0if
7m/ acgif;aqmifrsm; tcsif;rsm;jyD;aemufwGif ,if;
oab®mOD;pD;udk oHajcusOf;cwfI pydefodk\ jyefydk\onf?
oab®mOD;pD;onf pydeo f \kd jyefa7mufaomtcg bk7ifrif;
jrwfxH ta-umif;pHkav~mufxm;I toem;cHojzifh
tcsKyfrS vGwfajrmufonf? ,if;udPESifh pyfvsOf;I
bk7ifu rdrt d m; rsuaf wmfral -umif; AJvAdt k m -um;od7
avonf?
xdka-umifh bk7iftm; e,fopf7SmI qufjcif;jzifh
trsufajy7ef wa-umif;/ a7Faygaoma'orsm; 7Sdonfh
owif;pum;a-umifhwa-umif; 'g;7D;,if;.taemuf
zufo\dk c7D;xGufoGm;jcif; jzpfonf? pydefb7k if zm'Deef
onf ork]7mtopfwpif;awG\a-umif; oHawmfOD; wif
vFmESihf tzdk;xdkut f zd;k wef vufaqmify#mrsm;udk 77Sd
I AJvAdktmtay: trsufajyawmfrljyD;v~if AJvAdktm
tm; awmifyifv,f. a7a-umif; AdkvfcsKyftjzpf cef\
tyfonf? od\kaomf 'g;7D;,if;e,ftwGurf l bk7ifco H pf
cef\xm;jyD; jzpfavonf? bk7ifcHopfonf AJvAdktmudk
51
aAmhpwefjrdK\
rvdkrkef;xm;ol jzpfonf? ,if;a'ow0dkufwGif AJvAdk
tm. aemufxyf aqmif7Gufr=rsm; atmifjrifI AJvAdk
tmvmjcif;udk rvdkvm;acs? xdka-umifh tjypff7SmI
AJvAdktmtm; EkdifiHtpdk;7udk oPmazmufr=jzifh zrf;qD;
jyD;v~if 151^ ckESpfY 'g;7D;,if;e,f tUvmjrdK\wGif
vly7dowftrsm;a7S\Y acgif;jzwf pD7ifvdkuaf vonf?
AJavmh ? ?v~Kd\0u
S rf „J &=?
aAmhpwefjrdK\? ?tar7duefjynfaxmifpk rufqcsL;
qufjynfe,f. jrdK\awmfjzpfaom aAmhpwefjrKd \onf jynf
axmifp. k e0rt-uD;qHk;jrdK\vnf; jzpfonf? uBmhxdyf
wef; oab®mqdyu f rf;jrdK\-uD;ESihf ava-umif; vrf;qH;k jrdK\
a7; ynma7; ,Ofaus;r= tcsuftcsm‘‘r@dKif’’jrdK\-uD;
[kvnf; ac:a0:-uavonf?
aAmhpwefjrKd \onf csm;jrpf0rS rufqcsL;quf yifv,f
atmfxJodk\ xdk;xGufaeaom a7SmrGwfu`ef;qG,fay:Y
wnf7Sdonf? e,l;a,mhjrdK\. ta7S\ajrmufzufridk f 230
cef\tuGm/ 0g7Siw f efjrdK\. ta7S\ajrmufzuf rdik f 440cef\
tuGmwGif 7So d nf? jrdK\. tus,ft0ef;rSm 4^ pwk7ef;
rdkijf zpfI(1960 jynfhEpS f oefaumifpm7if;t7) vlOD;a7
69^ô19^ a,muf7o dS nf?
,if;jrdK\. oab®mqdyfonf {u 30ô000 cef\7SdI
uBmwGif t-uD;qHk;ESifh ab;tM7m,f tuif;qHk;
oab®mqdyf wck jzpfonf? obm0tavsmuf aumif;
rGeaf om oab®mqdyu f kd jyKjyifw;kd cs\Jxm;ojzifh tar7duef
jynfaxmifpk. taumif;qH;k oab®mqdyw f ck tjzpfok\d
a7muf7dcS hoJ nf? rdkif 40 cef\7n S af om qdyfurf;wGif yif
v,fu;l oab®m/ ukefoab®m/ wHigoab®m/ ppfoab®m
ponfw\kjd zifh tpOfrjywf jynfEh u S v f suf7dI
S / ajrmufjrm;
pGmaom oab®musif;rsm;vnf; 7Sdonf? uBmwGif
t-uD;qHk; wckjzpfaom oab‡musif;-uD;vnf; 7So d nf?
oab®m wnfaqmufjcif;vkyfief;onf aAmhpwefjrdK\.
ta7;ygaom vkyif ef;wck jzpfavonf?
aAmhpwefjrdK\Y pufr=vyk fief;rsm;vnf; -uD;us,fvS
onf? tar7duefjynfaxmifpk odk;arG;vkyfief;zufY
aAmhpwefjrdK\onf tcsuftcsmjzpfI uBmhodk;arG;vkyf
ief;wGif vef'efjrdK\.aemuf 'kwd,t-uD;us,q f ;Hk jzpf
onf? xdkjyif ig;zrf;onfh vkyfief;vnf; -uD;us,fI
uBmY t-uD;tus,fqHk;aom ig;aps;-uD;vnf; 7Sd
onf? oab®mqdyaf umif; 7So d jzif›h if;/ rD;7xm; tquf
 NTP

aAmhpwefjrdK\

aAmhpwefjrdK\. qdwfjidrfaom vlae7yfuGuf &=cif;

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us,fq;Hk jzpfavonf? vSeaf 7;od\k a7S;7SLaom 1^^0 jynfhEpS f aAmhpweftpktjyKH
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us,q f ;kH aom zdeyfpuf&rkH sm;ESihf tar7duefY xdyw f ef;t awmifukef;wdkufyGJ (1^^5)ESifh aAmhpwefrS jAdwdo~wdk\
usq;kH aom jcnfxnfpuf&rHk sm;7So d nf? xkjd yif pmtkyyf EkH ydS f a7F\ajymif;7aom udPwd\kum; aAmhpwefjrdK\. orkid f;0if
xkwaf 0a7;vkyif ef;/ trJom; pnfow G vf yk if ef;wdk\vnf; xif7Sm;aom tjzpftysufrsm;aywnf;?
aAmhpwefjrdK\. -u;D us,af om vkyif ef;rsm; jzpf-uonf? aAmhpwefjrdK\wiG f pwiftajcpdu k v f molw\rkd mS *`ef 0if;
aAmhpwefjrKd \onf tar7duefjrKd \rsm;teuf pdw0f ifpm; xa7mhacgif;aqmifaom ysL7Dwefrsm; jzpf-uI/ 1630
zG,f taumif;qH;k jrdK\wjrdK\ jzpfonf? a7S;udkvekd aD cwfu jynfEh pS cf ef\wiG f xdak 'ood\k a7muf7v Sd m-uonf? rlvu
pdw0f ifpm;zG,f tjzpftysuw f \dkonf aAmhpwefjrdK\Y jzpf ,if;a'o7Sd awmifuke;f 3vHk;udk tpGJjyKum ‘‘x&dkif
yGm;cJhavonf? ysL7Dwefwdk\ pwiftajcpdkufcJhaom jrdK\ armif;wde;f ’’ [kac:onf? aemiftcgwGif xdkjrdK\Y vm
jzpfI/ ysL7Dwefr[kwo f rl sm;tm; jrdK\t0ifrcHbJ 7uf7uf a7muf tajcpdu k of w l \kw
d iG f t*®vefjynf vifueG ;f &=id f,m
pufpufjyKrcl jJh yD;v~i/f rdcifEidk if H. ESyd uf yG f csKycf s,rf r= sm; e,f/ aAmhpwefjrdK\rS trsm;tjym; yg0ifojzifh aAmhpwef
udvk nf; jyif;jyif;xefxef awmfvSeyf keu f efcJhonfh pdwf [k trnfajymif;cJo h nf?

52
aAmhpwefjrdK\ aAmhpeD;,m;ESihf [m;ZD*kdAD;em;

aAmhpwefonf 1^ 7mpkEpS t f wGi;f zGH\jzKd ;wd;k wufvm
onf? awmfvSefa7;tpwGif jrdK\vOl D;a7 20ô000 cef\7Sd
onf? xdkpOfu udkvdkeDrsm;teuf ta7;ygqHk; jzpfcJh
onf? awmfvSefa7; jyD;onfhaemufwGifvnf; -uD;yGm;
wdk;wufvmonf? jynfwiG ;f ppftwGif;u jynfaxmifpk
tzG\Jukd tm;ay;I aiG0,fu`epf epf y,fzsuaf 7;udv k nf;
axmufcH tm;ay;cJhonf? 18^2 ckwGif rD;-uD;avmif
u`rf;I jrdK\ysufvke;D yg;jzpfcaJh omfvnf;/ vsifjrefpmG jyef
vnfxal xmifEikd fcoJh nf? 197mpkEpS f yxrydki;f wGif aAmh
pwefonf tvGefw;dk wufcho J nf? ,cktcg aAmhpwef
onf wenf;tm;jzifq h vkd ~if jrdK\EpS jf rdK\uo
Jh \dk jzpfaeonf?
a7S;udkvdkeDacwf yHkpHrysufaom taqmufttHkrsm; 7Sd
onfh jrdK\a[mif;ESifh acwfrD taqmufttHkrsm;7Sdonfh
acwfrD O,smOfyef;jcHrsm;jzifh crf;em;wifhw,faom jrdK\
opf[lI ESpfydkif; 7Sdavonf? aAmhpwefjrdK\wGif wU
odkvfrsm;/ aumvdyfrsm; trsm;tjym;7SdI uBmausmf
[m;A'fwUodv k of nf csm;jrpf. wzufurf; aAmhpwef
jrdK\. qifajczH;k Y wnf7o dS nf? a7S;tcguyif aAmhpwef
jrdK\onf ynma7;ESifh tEkynm xGef;um;aom jrdK\-uD;
wjrdK\tjzpf xif7Sm;cJhonf? ausmf-um;aom a7S;acwf
tar7duef pm-uD;aycef\wdk\udk jyKpka7;om;cJh-uol pm
a7;q7m-uD;rsm;wGif aAmhpwefjrdK\om; trsm;tjym;
yg0ifonf[k qd-k uonf? xdka-umifh aAmhpwefjrKd \u‘kd ‘t
ar7duef tufoif;jrdK\’’ [k ac:a0:-uavonf?

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jynfe,fuav;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf;/ Oa7myedkifiH-uD;rsm; wefcdk;tm+m jydKifqdkifr=Y pufuGif;rvGwfcJhacs? xdka-umifh
yxruBmppf-uD;. ppfrD;onf r-uD;us,fvSaom aAmhpeD;,m;jynfe,f. jrdK\awmfrS xI awmufcJhavonf?

aAmhpeD;,m;ESifh [m;ZD*dkAD;em;? ?xdek ,f ESpef ,f rsm;xGufaomfvnf;/ ul;oef;oGm;vma7; cufcJjcif;

aygif;onf ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m;Ekdiif H. jynfe,fwckjzpfI
wcgu -op-wD;,m;„[efa*7D tifykid f,m. jynfe,f
wckjzpfcahJ vonf? ,if;wd\o k nf aAmfvuefu`e;f qG,.
taemufajrmufzufwiG f wnf7dI S / ajrmufzufwiG f qm;
Am;jrpfonf›if;/ ta7S\zufESifhawmifbufwGif qm;AD;
,m;jynfe,fESifh rGefwDeD;*&d;k jynfe,fw\dk onf›if;/ t
aemufzufwiG f u&dkat;7Sm;jynfe,fESihf 'gvar;7Sm;e,f
wd\o
k nf›if; e,ferd w d t f jzpf wnf7-dSuonf? aAmhpeD;,m;
ESihf [m;ZD*Adk ;D em;e,f ESpcf ak ygif;. tus,t f 0ef;onf
19ô908 pwk7ef;rdkicf ef\7I Sd vlO;D a7rSm 2ô6^9ô000 cef\
jzpfonf?
,if;e,f ESpcf o k nf awmifxx l yfaoma'ojzpfonf?
jrifhrm;rwfapmufaom awmifrsm;onf xlxyfaom
opfawmrsm; zHk;vFrf;vsu7f I dS ajr-oZm aumif;rGeaf om
awmif-um;rsm;ESifh qm;Am;jrpfESifh ,if;. vuf
wufrsm;. jrpf0Sr;f rsm;7Sd ajrjyef\rsm;wGif pdkufysdK;a7;udk
vkyfuidk -f uI/ pdu k fysKd ;a7;onf xdke,fESpfe,f. t"du
vkyfief; jzpfavonf? aq;7Guf/ *sHK/ rka,m/ ajymif;/
jrif;pm;*sHK/ ESHpm;ajymif;/ ADoGmav~mf ponfwdk\ESifh opf
oD;rsm;udk pdkufysdK;vkyfudkif-uonf? opfoD;ajcmufESifh
opfwdk\onf t"duxGufukefrsm; jzpf-uavonf? oH/
a-u;eD/ ref*ed/ ausmufrD;aoG; ponfhwGi;f xGufyPnf;
a-umifh trsm;tjym; wl;azmf vkyfudkifjcif; r7Sday? jrdK\
-uD;rsm;rSm qm;7m*sJAdkjrdK\/ armhpwmjrdK\ESifh Aef*smvl
f umjrdK\w\kd jzpfavonf? yxr uBmppfr;D -uD;udk awmuf
avmifapcJhaom rD;yGm;onf aAmhpeD;,m;e,f jrdK\awmf
qm;7m*sJAdkjrdK\rS ay:xGufcJhavonf? (uBmppf yxr
„&=)
aAmhpeD;,m;ESifh [m;ZD*kAd D;em;e,fwk\d. tajctae
rSm tjcm;aAmfvuefe,frsm; enf;wl rjidrfrouf v=yf
v=yf7G7G 7SdcJhonf? ,if;wdk\. aemufa-umif;ordkif;udk
jyef-unfrh nfqv kd ~if ,if;wd\konf w7Hcgu oD;jcm;vGwf
vyfaome,frsm; jzpfcJh-uonf? aemifwGif ,if;wdk\udk
[efa*7DEikd fiHu odrf;ydkufcho J nf? ,if;onfah emufwGif
wl7uD tifyidk f,mwGi;f od\k usa7mufc7hJ jyefonf? 18^^
ckESpfwGif &k7Sm;„wl7uD ppfyGJjzpfyGm;aomtcg &k7Sm;.
tultnDjzifh ,if;e,f ESpef ,fonf ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyaf 7;7
cJhonf? od\kaomf tjcm;Oa7myvufeufEkdifiH-uD;rsm;u
0ifpuG -f uojzifh 18^8 ckESpf bmvifpmcsKyt f 7 xdke,f
ESpfe,ftm; -op-wD;,m;EkdifiHu tkyfcsKyf7ef vFJay;
vdkufonf? 1908 ckESpfwGif -op-wD;,m;u ,if;
e,f ESpfe,fudk -op-wD;,m;ydkifeuftwGif; odrf;oGif;
vdkufonf? xdka-umifh xdke,fom;wdk\onf rausreyf
jzpfum udk,yf dkit f kyfcsKyfa7;77ef v=yf7Sm;qlylr=rsm; jyKchJ

53
aAmhpeD;,m;ESihf [m;ZD*kdAD;em; aAmhpy7yfa7vuf-um;

avonf? aAmhpeD;,m;e,fom; qAfvlrsdK;rsm;uvnf; zufrS taemufawmifbufok\d tvGef tauG\taumuf

,if;wdk\. e,fudk qm;AD;,m;ESifh yl;aygif;apvdkonf?
,if;odk\jzifh tajctae&=yfaxG;vmjyD;v~if -op-wD;,m;
tdrfa7S\Oy7mZmrif;om;ESifh -uif,mawmfwdk\ qm;7m*sJ
AdkjrdK\Y vkyf-uHcH77mrStp yxruBmppfrD;-uD; awmuf
avmifonftxd tajctaeqdk;7Gm;jyif;xefchaJ vonf?
yxruBmppf-uD; jyD;qHk;aomtcg xdek ,fESpfe,fukd
,l*dkpvm;AD;,m; EkdifiHtwGif; oGwfoGif; vdkufonf?
'kwd, uBmppftwGif;u tDwmvsHESifh *smrefwyfrsm;
onf aAmhpeD;,m;ESifh [m;ZD*dkA;D em;e,frsm;udk csif;eif;
0ifa7mufwu dk cf u
kd f cJah o;aomfvnf;/ ppftjyD;wGif ,l*pkd
vm;AD;,m;Edkiif o H k\d jyefvnfay;tyfcho
rSpI ,if;onfEh pS ef ,fukd aygif;vdu k jf yD;v~if ,l*kpd vm;
AD;,m;Ekid if .
H ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG 7hf 7Sad om jynfe,fwpfck
jzpfvmcJah vonf?
aAmhpy7yfa7vuf-um; ? ?wl7uD Ekid if yH ikd f jzpfI
tm7SwdkufESifh Oa7mywkdufudk ydkif;jcm;xm;aom e,fed
rdwf wpdww f a'ojzpfonf? ppfrufa7;7mtcgwGif t
a7;ygI uBmwGif xif7Sm;aoma7vuf-um; wck jzpf
onf? yifv,feufESifh rm;r7yifv,f/ tD;*sD;,ef;yif
v,f/ ajrxJyifv,fwdk\udk ,if;a7vuf-um;u quf
oG,af y;xm;onf? tvsm; 19 rdkifcef\7SdI tus,frSm
tcsdK\ae7mY rdkif0ufcef\/ tcsdK\ae7mY ESpfrkdifausmfcef\
ponfjzifh tusO;f tus,af e7mtrsKd ;rsKd ;7SI
d ta7S\ajrmuf
rsm;aom jrpfa-umif;ozG,f wnf7Sdavonf?
Oa7mywku d fzufo\dk usaom taemufzuftpGe;f wGif
wl7uDEdik fiH. jrdK\awmf tPwefAl(,cif uGefpwefwDEkd
y,f). qdyfurf;jzpfaom *dk;v'if;[Gef; oab®mqdyf
wnf7Sdonf? aAmhpy7yf a7vuf-um;wGif a7pD;oef
aom a7pD;a-umif;rsm;7SdI tcsdK\ae7mrsm;wGif a7pD;
tvGef oefvo S nf? xdak -umifh oab®mrsm; oGm;vm7ef
tM7m,frsm;vSI rD;jywdkufrsm;pGm aqmufvkyfxm;7
avonf?
urf;wzufwcsuw f Gif pdrf;pdv
k yS aomopfawmrsm;/
J nf? 1945 ckEpS f crf;em;vSyaomeef;awmf/ aEG7moDpt H drf/ 7Jwu
dk fponfh
taqmufttHkrsm;/ aus;7Gmrsm;jzifh vSyaom yef;csD
um;wcsyo f zG,f &=cif;om,mvSayonf? ,if;od\k om
,m-unfEl;zG,faumif;vSaom urf;wzufwcsufwiG f
wl7uDtpdk;7u tapmifhtaexlxyfpGm csxm;onf?
a7S;acwfrSpI ppfrufa7;twGu›f if;/ukefoG,af 7; t
wGu›f if; yifv,feufqyd furf; jrKd \rsm;ESihf qufo, G v f kd
v~if Ta7vuf-um;udk jzwfoGm;7onf? aAmhp7yf
a7vuf-um;onf yifv,feuf. wckwnf;aom xGuf
aygufjzpfayonf? (yifv,feuf „&=?)
1451 ckEpS rf pS I a7vuf-um;twGi;f oGm;vmcGiu hf dk
wl7uDu -uD;pdk;cJo h nf? 1^^4 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1806 ckEpS rf sm;
twGif; pmcsKyf trsdK;rsdK; csKyfqdkjcif;jzifh ,if;. a7
a-umif;udk EkdifiHtoD;oD;rS ukefoab®mrsm; toHk;jyK

yifv,feufESihf ajrxJyifv,fwkd\ukd qufoG,fay;7mjzpfaom wl7uDEkdifiH aAmhpy7yfa7vuf-um;. &=cif;wpdwfwa'o

54
aAmhpy7yfa7vuf-um;
cGifh 7cJhonf? 1923 ckESpf vdkZef;pmcsKyft7 aAmhp7yf
urf;ESpzf ufukd wl7uDtm; ydik q f ikd cf iG hf ay;xm;vifu
h pm;
a7a-umif;tkyfcsKyfr=udk EkdifiHaygif;pHkyg0ifaom aumf
r7Sif.vufatmufwGif xm;7Sdco Jh nf? odk\aomf 1936
ckESprf SpI a7a-umif;tkycf sKyaf 7;udk wl7uD tpd;k 7tm;
jyefI ay;cJah vonf?
‘‘aAmhpy7yf’’ [laomtrnfonf ‘‘EGm;r jzwfa7
wdrf’’ [k teuf7onfh *7dpum;rS qif;oufvmonf?
*7dxHk;a[mif; yHkjyift7 tdkit f dkewforD;onf [D;7ewf
orD;.7efudk a-umufIxGufajy;7mwGif aAmhpy7yf a7
vuf-um;ae7monf a7wdrfojzifh EGm;toGif zefqif;
jyD;aomf ul;jzwfajy;onf[k qdkavonf?
aAmhZ0Jô*sdrf;(c7pf 1^40 1^95)? ?t*®vyd f pm
ayavmuwGif ‘‘q,frsL,,f*`eq f if.tšK_Wd’’onf
tšK_Wdpmtkyfrsm;xJwGif txif7Sm;tausmf-um;qH;k
jzpfonf? xdkpmtkyu f kd a7;om;jyKpmolrmS paumhvlrsdK;
*sdrf;aAmhZ0JjzpfI ,if;pmtkyfonf ol.taumif;qHk;
vuf7mjzpfonf? xif7Sm;ausmf-um;aom t*®vdyfpm
a7;q7m-uD; q,frsL,,f*`efqif (*`efqifô q,frsL
,,f„&=?) . ta-umif;udk aphpyf aocsmpGmESifh
uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xifjrifvmatmif a7;om;jyKpkcJh
ol aAmhZ0Jtm; tcsdK\u tawmfqHk;aom tšK_Wda7;
ol[k todtrSwjf yK-uavonf?
pma7;q7m-uD; aAmhZ0JESihf a'gufwm q,frsL,,f*`efqifwkd\ yxrqHk;t-udrf awG\qHkrdwfqufyGJ usif;y-upOf
55
aAmhZ0Jô *sdrf;
aAmhZ0Jonf aemifavmhatmfuifvuf jzpfvmonfh
t,fvufZNm;aAmhZ0J. om;-uD;jzpfI paumhaqG-uD;
rsdK;-uD;rS qif;oufvmonf? tuf'ifAm7mjrdK\Y 1^40
jynfhESpf atmufwdkbm 29 7ufae\wiG f arG;zGm;I tuf
'ifAm7m wUodkvfESifh *vyfp*dk; wUodkvfwdk\ tjyif
a[mfvefEkid if H ,l;x7uf wUodv k fYvnf; ynmqnf;
yl;cJhavonf?
1^63 ckEpS w f iG f vef'efjrdK\o\kd a7mufcphJ Ofu *`eq f if
ESihf yxrqH;k t-udrf awG\qkzH ;l onf? aAmhZ0Jonf xdkESpf
wGif Oa7mywdkuo f \dk oGm;a7mufvnfywfjyD;v~if ,l;x
7ufwUodkvfY Oya'ynm qnf;yl;onf? xdkaemuf
†wvDEikd if o H dk\ oGm;a7mufcJh7m/ aAmfvwJ,m;/ &l;qdk;/
aumfpu D efacgif;aqmif yg;tdkvD paom EkdifiaH 7;ykCKd vf
ausmfrsm;ESihf odu`rf;cJo h nf?
aAmhZ0Jonf oGufvufcsufcsmI azmfa7Gvu dk favsm
pGm aygif;oif;qufqHwwfol jzpfonf? xdka-umifh p
aumhvlrsdK;udk rkef;wD;aom *`efqifonfyif aAmhZ0Judk
cifrifvmcJh7onf? *`efqifESifh cifrif7if;ESD;vmonfrS
pI aAmhZ0J.b0wGif tcsdK;wauG\ ajymif;vmonf?
1^66 ckEpS w f iG f tuf'ifAm7mjrdK\Y 0wfvkH vdu k cf iG 7hf aomf
vnf; aAmhZ0Jonf pma7;om;7ef ydI k pdwo f efvmonf?
*`efqif.ta-umif;udk pmwapmif aywzGJ\jyKpk7ef -uH
pnfpdwful;vmonf? xdka-umifh *`efqif oGm;av7m
waumufaumuf vdu k fygjyD;v~i/f *`eqf if. tajymt
aAmhZ0Jô *sdrf;
qd/k taetxdkif/ pdwfaeoabmxm;wd\kudk aphpyfaocsm
wduspmG rSww f rf;wifonf? xdt k awmtwGi;f pmwdak yp
rsm;udvk nf; a7;om;7m 0ifaiGraumif;ojzifh a-uG;0dik ;f
aeavonf? 1^68 ckESpw f Gif †wvDEdik if H aumfpu D m;
u`ef;odk\ oGm;a7mufpOfu ta-umif;udk pmwtkyf a7;
om;xkwaf 0onf?
*`efqifESifh aAmhZ0Jwdk\onf wwGJwGJEiS hf 7SdaecJhaomf
vnf;/ olw\ko d nf oufw7l , G rf ~ r[kwb f /J aAmhZ0Jonf
*`efqifxuf tESpfoHk;q,fcef\ i,fonf? *`efqif.
ajymifavSmifoa7mfr=/ usDp,fr=w\dkudk yrmrxm;bJ aAmh
Z0Ju olov d o kd r~w\ku
d kd pyfpyfppk k ar;jref;rSwfom;wwf
onf? xdka-umifhvnf; aAmhZ0JjyKpkaom *`efqif.
tšK_Wdonf tjcm;aom tšK_Wdrsm;xuf jynfhpHk
jyD;aomf uGufuGufuGif;uGif; 7SdvSavonf? aAmhZ0J
onf *`eq f ifudk ta-umif;jyKI *pfAef/ *dk;prpf/ tuf'
refAwf/ qm a7;aem paomykCdKvfausmf-uD;rsm;ESifh
vnf; 7if;ES;D cJo h nf? aAmhZ0J. 0goemrSmvnf; ykCKd vf
tausmftarmfrsm;ESifh odu`rf;vdkjcif; jzpfonf? *`ef
qifOD;pD;I txufwGif qdkcJhaom pma7;q7mESifh yef;
csDq7m tausmftarmf-uD;rsm; yg0ifonfh ‘‘pmay t
oif;’’ wGif *`efqif. axmufcHcsuft7 aAmhZ0Jonf
toif;0if wOD; jzpfcahJ vonf?
1^^3 ckESpfwGif aAmhZ0Jonf paumhwvefjynf
[ufA7d'Du`ef;od\k *`efqiftm; rvdkufvu dk fatmif ac:
aqmifI ESpfv-umr~ tvnftywf oGm;onf? *`ef
qif uG,fvGefjyD;aemuf ESpfEpS fcef\t-um (1^85 ckESp)f
wGif xdo k k\d c7D;xGu-f upOfu trSwfw7 tjzpftysuf
uav;rsm;ESit hf wl ‘‘[ufA7d';D u`e;f c7D;oGm;rSwfwrf;’’
pmtkyfudk a7;om;xkwfa0cJhonf? xdkaemuf 1^91 ck
ESpfwGif pmayavmuwGif ol.*k+fowif;udk xGef;
ajymifaprnfh a'gufwm*`efqif. tšK_Wdpmtkyf-uD;
udk a7;om;xkwfa0onf? ,if;pmtkyf ESpftkyfvHk;wGif
xdkpOfu touf7SifaeqJ ykCdKvftcsdK\. ta-umif;udk
bGif;bGif;7Sif;7Sif; xnfhoGif; a7;om; xm;ojzifh xdk
pmtkyfrsm; xGufonfhtcg qlqlylyl jzpfcJhao;onf?
rnfodk\yifjzpfap aAmhZ0J. *`efqif tšK_Wd pmtkyf
um; taumif;qH;k tšK_Wd pmtkyfwtkyf jzpfvm
avonf?
,if;tšK_Wd pmtkyfukd a7;om; xkwfa0jyD;aemuf
wGif aAmhZ0Jonf rdrd tESpfESpf tvv -udK;pm;tm;cJ
aqmif7Gucf aJh om vkyfief; jyD;pD;jyDjzpfI pdwftm;avsmh
onfwa-umif;/ a-uG;rsm;twGuf aomursm;7ojzifh
56
aAmf'd;k jrdK\
wa-umif;a-umifh pmtkyf xkwfa0jyD;I 4 ESpf t-um
1^95 ckESpf arvwGif vef'efjrdK\Y uG,fvGef oGm;
avonf?
aAmfw,fyif? ? aAmfw,fyifonf -opa-w;vD;,m;
wkud /f uGi;f pvefjynfe,fEiS hf twGi;f ydik ;f usaom tylyikd ;f
a'orsm;Yom aygufa7mufwwfaom t7G,ftvwf
pm; opfyifrsKd ; jzpfonf? yifpnf. yHo k !mefEiS haf yguf
a7mufyHkrSm tvGef -uD;rm;aom ykvif;vHk;-uD; wckudk
axmifxm;onfESifh wlaoma-umifh ykvif;yif[laom
t"d_g,fjzifh aAmfw,fx7D;[k t*®vyd fbmomjzifh ac:
a0:jcif;jzpfavonf?
aAmfw,fyifonf pwm;usLvDa,;pDt;D rsKd ;7if;wGif
yg0ifonf? yifpnfonf yk0dki;f 0dkif;jzpfI tudki;f tcuf
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6 aph ygonf?
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yif.yifpnfudk ckwfxpfI EGm;rsm;tm; au`;v~if a7
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vGefESpfouf7m tyifudk ckwfxpf7mrS vGifhpifusaom
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 aAmf'd;k jrdK\

jrdK\onf ZD;7Ge;f pD7ifpek ,f. jrdK\awmfjzpfI/ yg7pfjrdK\awmfrS A7ef't D 7uf/ o-um;/ 7Smvum7nf/ tdk;cGuf/ zefxnf/
taemufawmifzuf rdik f 360 cef\uGma0;avonf? aumfaZm/ pULESihf wHigvkyfief;wdk\uv kd nf; aAmf';dk jrdK\Y
aAmf';kd jrdK\o\kd ta7mufwiG f *7Ge;f jrpfonf auG\aumuf vkyu f ikd -f uao;onf?
ae7m/ ,if;onfyif aAmf'k;d jrdK\twGuf tvGeaf umif;rGef aAmf';dk jrdK\ESifh wzufurf;7Sd jrdK\. qifajczH;k a'oudk
aom oab®mqdyfudk jzpfaponf? obm0oab®mqdyf aygif;ul; 1^ ck7Sdaom aAmf'dk;wHwm;jzifh qufoG,f
aumif;udk jyKjyifrGr;f rHxm;jyefojzifh tvGe-f uD;rm;aom xm;onf? ,if;wHwm;ay:rS aAmf'dk;jrdK\. om,mvSy
oab®m-uD;rsm;rSty oab®m-uD;rsm;pGmwdk\onf aAmf aom &=cif;udk awG\jrifEikd o f nf? aAmf';kd jrKd \. cef\nm;vSy
'd;k jrKd \o\kd 0ifxu G o f mG ;vmEdik -f uonf? txl;ojzifh awmif aom taqmufttHrk sm;rSm 12 7mpk/ 14 7mpk acwfu
tar7duwku d frS jyifopfEidk if o H k\d vma7mufaom oab®m aqmufvkyfcJhaom pdeftef'a70wfausmif;/ pdefrD7S,/f
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jrdK\. jrpfurf;wav~mufY acwfro D ab‡musi;f -uD; rsm; xdkjyif a7mracwf Zmwf&Hk0dkif; tysuftpD;wckESifh cef\
pGm7SI d oab‡mwnfaqmufaomvkyfief;onf aAmf'k;d jrdK\ nm;vSaom jrdK\wcH g; 4 aygufvnf; 7Sad o;onf? aAmf';kd
. ta7;ygaom vkyif ef;w7yf jzpfavonf? jrdK\. wUodkvfausmif;awmf-uD;ESifh pm-unfw h u dk f-uD;
aAmf'dk;jrdK\onf awmifukef;xlxyfI aea7mifjcnf7 rsm;onfvnf; jrdK\usufoa7aqmif-uD;rsm; jzpf-u
aom tufu;D wde;f a'o.tv,fY wnf7o dS nf? ,if; onf? vlOD;a7 2^5ô946 a,muf 7So d nf?
a'owGif pyspfjcHrsm; jzpfxGef; aygrsm;vSonf? xdk aAmf'dk;jrdK\onf a7S;tcgu uJhvlrsdK;wdk\. jrdK\jzpf7m
a-umifh 0dkift7ufvkyfief;udk aAmf'dk;jrdK\Y t-uD;tus,f aemiftcg a7mrvlrsdK;wd\ku vma7muf-uD;pdk;onf? a7m
vkyu f ikd of nf? aAmf'k;d jrKd \xu G f 0dik tf eDESifh tjzLonf a7m racwfwGif ukefoG,fa7;tcsut f csmjrdK\EiS fh e,f-uD; w
racwftcguyif ausm-f um;xif7Sm;cJah vonf? xdjk yif e,f. jrKd \awmfvnf; jzpfco hJ nf? 1154 ckEpS w f iG f jyifopf

emrnfausmf aAmf'kd; 0kdift7ufESihf pyspfo;D rsm;xGuf7m aAmf'kd;jrdK\. &=cif;

57
aAmf'kd;jrdK\ aAmfeD,u
dk `ef;

rif;orD; t,fveD monf t*®vefjynf7h iS f 'kw, d [ife7D . tapmifhta7SmufcH jzpf-uaom jAdwdo~udkvdkeDe,f

ESifh vufqufaomtcg/ aAmf';dk jrdK\onf rif;orD;.cef; 2 e,fEiS fh apmfbmG ;e,f we,fwk\d yg0ifayonf?
0ifvufzJ\Gtjzpf t*®vdyv f ufok\da7mufc7hJ m/ 1453 ckEpS f rsm;aomtm;jzifh aAmfeD,dku`ef;. ajrrsufESmjyif
wGirf S jyifopfvufo\kd jyefIa7mufco Jh nf? jyifopfawmf onf awmifrsm;xlxyfonf? aAmfeD,dku`ef;. awmif
vSeaf 7;acwfu aAmf';dk jrdK\wiG f qlyal omif;use;f r= rsm;pGm pOf awmifwef;wdk\wGif tjrifhqHk;jzpfaom uDemAmvl
jzpfymG ;cJI
h jrKd \vnf;ysufp;D cJh7onf? 18^0 jynfh ESpw f iG f
yg7pfjrdK\awmfudk *smrefwdk\u odrf;ydkufxm;aomtcg/
aAmf';dk onf jyifopfjrdK\awmf acWjzpfcaJh o;onf?
yXruBmppf-uD;twGi;f uvnf; yg7pfjrdK\. tajc
tae pdk;7drf7aomtcg/ jyifopftpdk;7onf aAmf'dk;odk\
ajymif;a7F\ &Hk;pdkufc7Jh onf? xdjk yif tar7duefjynfaxmif
pkrS r[mrdwfrsm;twGuf vl/ 7dQmESihf vufeufrsm;udk
aAmf'k;d odk\ ydk\jyD;aomf xdkrwS qifh jzef\jzL;7onf? 'kwd,
uBmppftwGif; (1940 jynfhESpf ZGefv)uvnf; jyif
opftpdk;7onf AD7jSD rdK\o\dk rajymif;rD/ aAmf';dk jrdK\Y ,m,D
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uBmppftwGi;f Y›if; AH;k '+f t-udr-f udrcf Hc7Jh onf? yg
7pfjrdK\awmf usqHk;jyD;aemuf r-umrD *smrefwyfrsm;u
aAmf'dk;udkvnf; odrf;ydu k fI a7ikyfoab®m tajccHpcef;
jyKxm;onf? 1944 ckESpf -o*kwfvukefavmufwGifrS
jyifopfESihf tar7duefwyfrsm;u aAmf';dk jrdK\udk jyefvnf
odr;f yduk cf 7hJ avonf?

aAmfeD,dku`ef;? ?aAmfeD,ku d `ef;onf ta7S\tdNd,

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aAmfeD,kdu`ef; wnfae7mjyajryHk
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onf cef;ajcmufonfr7SdbJ a7rsm;jzifh jynfhv~HIom
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Y r[murfjrpfwdk\ jzpf-uonf? ,if;wdk\ tm;vHk;wGif
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onf 7FH\EGHxlajymaom ajraysmhajredrfhrsm; jzpfonf?
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jzpfI ajrmufzufurf;&dk;wef;wGif 7So
d nf? 'kw,d uBm
ppftwGi;f u ,if;onf *syefw\k. d tajccH a7wyfpcef;
jzpfcahJ vonf?

58
 aAmfeD,u
dk `ef;
tDauGwmrsO;f jzwfoef;oGm;7m tylyidk ;f Zkeaf 'ojzpf
ojzifh 7moDOwk yltku d fpGwfjyD;v~if wESpyf wfvk;H vdkvdk
yif rdk;7Gmwwfonf? yljyif;ajcmufaoG\aom tcgor,
[lI ajymyavmufatmif r7Sdacs? yifv,fav aumif;
pGm77Sdaeaoma-umifv h nf; tyltat;vGefuJjcif;vnf;
r7Sad y? rdk;rsm;vSaom a'ojzpfojzifh odyfonf;xlxyf
aom opfawm-uD;rsm; 7Sdonf? ,if;opfawm-uD;
rsm;rS opftrsdK;aygif; 50 ausmfxGufI u`ef;opf
paom tzkd;wefopfrsm;vnf; yg0ifavonf?
aAmfe,D dku`ef;onf o,HZmw wGif;xGufyPnf;rsm;
jzifh ayg-uG,0f onf? tzdk;wefvSaom a7eHajrrsm;pGm
vnf; 7So d nf? t-u;D qHk; a7eHcsufpuf&-Hk uD;onf ta7S\
awmifzufurf;&d;k wef;Y 7Sdaom AmvpfygyefjrdK\Y wnf
7Sdonf? pdefESifh tjcm; ausmufrsuf7wemrsm;udkvnf;
wl;azmf 77Sdonf? odk\aomf pdefrsm;onf tmz7du pdef
rsm;avmuf trsdK;tpm; raumif;vSay? a7F/ a-u;eD/
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vnf; wl;azmf77Sad vonf?
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vufeuf
59
aAmfeD,dku`ef;. ta7;ygaom vkyif ef;rsm;rSm a7eH
ESifh -uufaygifap;vkyfief; jzpfonf? 'kwd, uBmppf
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ESifh ta7mif qef;jym;aom jcnfxnfrsm;ESifh jrufzsm
rsm;onfvnf; ausmf-um;vSayonf?
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 aAmfeD,u
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ayjyD? odk\aomf eufacgifaom awm-uD;awmif-uD;rsm; jAdwdo~ ajrmufaAmfeD,dk uk$+DvufatmufcH jzpfvm
tv,fYrl r,Ofaus;ao;ol trsm;tjym; 7Sd-uao; avonf?
onf? ',ufwdk\onf *sm;Am;/ qlr-wm;ESifh tjcm; A&l;ae;e,f. plvwefapmfbmG ;onf ukefo, G fa7;
u`ef;rsm;rS rav;vlrsdK;rsm; a7mufvm-uaomtcg ESifh yifv,f"m;jy ESdrfESi;f a7;twGuf jAdwdo~tpdk;7ESihf
ukef;zufodk\ wjznf;jznf; qkwfay;cJh-uonf? rav; 184^ ckESpfwGif pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkcJhonf? 1888 ckESpfwGif
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onf? rav;wdk\tjyif w&kwv f rl sKd ;rsm;vnf; vma7muf ajrmufaAmfeD,dke,fwdk\onfvnf; jAdwdo~tapmifht
aexkdi-f uonf? aAmfe, D u dk `ef;onf 5 7mpkESpcf ef\uyif a7SmufcH e,frsm; jzpfvm-uavonf?
w&kwfEkdifiHESifh ukefoG,fr= tquftoG,f 7SdcJhonf? 'kwd,uBmppftwGif; 1942 ckESpfwGif *syefonf
od\ak omf 12 7mpkEpS cf ef\url w&kww f \o kd nf aAmfe, D u
kd `e;f Y aAmfeD,dku`ef;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufaomtcg/ jAdwdo~
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7Sad vonf? ZlvdkifvrSpI q7m;0yfe,fESifh ajrmufaAmfeD,dke,f
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16 7mpkEpS ftwGi;f Y a7mufc-hJ uonf? ay:wl*/D 'yfcsEiS hf onf trnfcHtm;jzifh apmfbmG ;e,fjzpfaomfvnf; jAdwd
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u`ef;.q,fyHk ckepfykcH ef\rSm 'yfcswk\d. vufatmufo\dk e,fwe,fjzpfvmonf? tus,t f 0ef; 2ô226 pwk7ef;
a7mufcho J nf? 1891 ckESpw f Gif jAdwo d ~ESihf 'yfcswdk\ ydkif rdkif7ISd vlO;D a7 (1958 ckESpf cef\rSe;f acs) 80ô2^^ cef\7dS
aome,frsm;. e,fedrdwfrsm;udk ydkif;jcm; owfrSwfcJh onf? ajrmufaAmfeD,dkonf (vm;Al;tef;u`ef; tyg
avonf? t0if) 29ô38^ pwk7ef;rkid f us,0f ef;I vlO;D a7 (1959
jAw
d o d ~ aAmfe, D w kd iG f yg0ifaom q7m;0yfe,f/(q7m; ckEpS f cef\rSef;ajc) 500ô000 cef\ 7Sdonf? q7m;0yfe,f
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onf 1840 jynfhESpfwiG f q7m;0yfe,fodk\ a7muf7Sdvm ckESpf cef\rSe;f ajc) 6^5ô000 cef\7daS vonf?
aom jAdwo d ~vrl sdK; qm*srd f;A7Gw. f pGrf;aqmifra= -umifh aAmfeD,dku`ef;. -uD;rm;aom tpdwt f ydik f;jzpfonfh
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d f
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60
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dk `ef; aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,f

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61
 aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,f

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aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,o f nf rsm;aomtm;jzifh awmif ydik ;f jcm;vsuf aeawmhonf?
xlxyfonf? aAmfvuefawmifwef;onf Oa7mywdkuf aAmfvuefu`e;f qG,w f iG f 7moDOwk taxGaxGtjym;
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,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;ESifh &lareD;,m;EkdifiHwdk\. e,fedrdwf xyfaom a'orsm;wGif ukef;wGi;f 7moDOwkrsdK;7Sdonf?
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62
aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,f aAmfv*gjrpf

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qG,fY wl7uD. wefck;d tm+m usqif;cJjh yD;v~if jyefI avonf?
acgif;raxmif Ekdifawmhacs?
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aAmfv*gjrpfESihf 'Gefjrpfwkd\ukd qufoG,fazmufvkyfxm;aom aAmfv*g„'Gef wl;ajrmif;7Sd a7wHcg;

63
aAmfv*gjrpf
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jrpfa-umif;wav~muf ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7;onf w
ESpfywfvHk; tqufrjywfvSacs? rnfonfh ork]7ma7
jyifEiS fhr~ wdkuf&dkufqufpyfvsuf r7Sdaomfvnf;/ jrpf.
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wl;ajrmif;rsm;jzifh qufo, G fxm;avonf?
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av~mufrS xGufukerf sm;udk &k7Se,fpyfa'orsm;ta7muf
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aAmfv*gjrpf. a7pD;a-umifh urf;yg;rsm; jydKjydKvdkufo
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a*:7uDjrdK\w\dkonf aAmfv*gjrpfurf;ay:7Sd ta7;ygaom
pufr=vkyfief;jrdK\-uD;rsm;jzpfonf? qm7mawmhESifh tuf
p-wmcefjrdK\w\dkonfvnf; xdkjrpf0Srf;wGif ta7;ygaom
jrKd \-uD;rsm; jzpf-uavonf?
aAmfv*gjrpfukd a7S;acwf tD*spyf nm7Sif-uD;wOD;jzpf
aom awmfvrD. yx0D0ifpmtkyx f JY azmfjyxm;onf
udk awG\7onf? a7S;acwfordkif;wav~mufwGif tm7S
wdkurf S Oa7mywkdufok\d vltrsm; a7F\ajymif;oGm;vma7;
Y aAmfv*gjrpfonf ta7;ygcJhonf? um;rjrpfEiS hf aAmf
v*gjrpfw\kd aygif;qH7k mt7yfwiG f wcgu Alva*;7D;,ef;
tifydkif,mwck xGef;um;cJhzl;onf? &k7SvlrsdK;wdk\onf
64
aAmfvwJ,m;
aAmfv*gjrpf-uD;tm; cspfjrwfEdk;-uyHkudk aw;uAsmrsm;
pmayrsm;jzifh zGJ\qx
kd m;-uavonf?
aAmfvwJ,m;(c7pf1694 1^^8) ? ?txif7Sm;qHk;
aom jyifopfpma7;q7m-uD;wOD;jzpfol aAmfvwJ,m;
uavmiftrnfcH z7efqmG rm7D tma7G;onf obm0
aA'ynm7Sif/ orkdi;f ynm7Si/f 0 KjyZmwfEiS hf uAsma7;
q7m/ pG,fpHkusrf;jyKynm7SifESifh pmajymifa7;q7m jzpf
onf? uBmay:wGif t-uG,f0qH;k ESifh tausmf-um;qHk;
pma7;q7m[kyif qd-k uonf?
aAmfvwJ,m;udk 1694 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv 21 7ufae\
wGif yg7pfjrdK\Y zGm;jrifonf? rdcifjzpforl mS aAmfvwJ,m;
^ ESpfom;t7G,fuyif uG,fvGefonf? rdcifjzpfol.
rdwfaqG 7Smwl;Edk\ bkef;awmf-uD;u pmaya7;7mrsm;udk
nFef-um; jyocJhayonf? touf 10 ESpft7G,fwGif
*sufZl;tpf*dk+f;0ifrsm; wnfaxmifxm;aomausmif;Y
0ifa7muf ynmoif-um;7m 1^11 ckEpS ftxd jzpfonf?
7Smwl;Edk\ bke;f awmf-uD;onf aAmfvwJ,m;tm; jyifopf
txufwef;vFmwGif xif7Sm;aomtrsdK;orD;-uD; eDEGef
'g vef;uvdk\ESifh 7if;ES;D atmifrdwfzGJ\ay;7m/ 1^05 ckESpf
wGif ,if;trsdK;orD;-uD; uG,fvGeaf omtcg aAmfvwJ
,m;twGuf pmtkyfrsm;0,f7ef z7ef\ 2ô000 tarGay;
cJo
h nf?
1^11 ckESpw f Gif aAmfvwJ,m; ausmif;rS xGuv f mI
tdrjf yefa7mufaomtcg pmaya7;7mjzifhom tcsdefukef
vGefaeaom om;jzpfolonf pmayudk txifr-uD;bJ
Oya'ynmudk vdkufpm;oif,lapvdkonfh qNjyif;jyae
aom zcifjzpfolEiS hf tjrJyif oabmrwdu k q f ikd Ef idk af tmif
jzpfaeawmhonf? zcif auseyfap7ef Oya'ynmudk
twefi,fvu kd pf m;jy;D aemuf e,fomvefqikd 7f m jyifopf
oHtrwf-uD;.twGi;f 0eftjzpfjzifh [dwjf rKd \o\kv d u kd yf goGm;
onf? ,if;odk\ tr=xrf;,if; tqifrajyaom tcspf
a7;a-umifh yg7pfjrKd \o\kd jyefc7hJ onf? yg7pfjrKd \YaepOf zcif
auseyfap7ef 0wfvk-H u;D wOD;xH 0ifa7muf tvkyf vkyf
udkif[efaqmif7if; jyifopfeef;wGif;ol eef;wGif;om;
rsm;tm; jyuf7,fjyKonfhpmayrsm; tpOfwpdkuf a7;
om;onf? atmfvD,ef;pm;tm; jyuf7,fjyKa7;om;
aomuAsmtwGuf tzrf;cH7I AufpwD;axmifwiG f 11
vwdkifwdkif tusOf;csxm;jcif; cH7onf? 1^18 ckESpf
{jyvD wGif axmifrv S w G o
f nfrpS I z7efqmG trnfrS aAmf
vwJ,m;trnfodk\ ajymif;vdkufonf?
AufpwD;axmifwiG f tusO;f usaecJph Ofu ol.a7S;OD;

xif7Sm;ausmf-um;onhf jyifopfobm0 aA' u0daAmfvwJ,m;
qH;k jyZmwfjzpfaom ‘td'k pf’udk a7;om; tacsmudkio
axmifrS vGwfaomtcg tkd'pfjyZmwfudk usus
eepDpOfjyo7m vl-udKufrsm;I 0ifaiGrsm;pGm 7onf?
1^21 ckESpfwGif zcifjzpfol uG,fveG fojzifh wESpfv~if
vDAm'*®g; 4ô000 0ifaiG7Sdaom tarGyPnf;rsm; 77Sd
vdu k of nf? 1^24 ckEpS fwGif jyifopfEikd if H pwkš[ife7D
bk7ifta-umif;jzpfaom ‘‘vm [ife7D,uf’’ tufypf
uAsm-uD;udk a7;om;jyD;onf? 1^25 ckESpfwiG f jyifopf
EdkifiHY -oZmtm+m tvGef7Sdaom ykCdKvf-uD;wOD;ESifh
roifrh wifch u kd f7efjzpfojzifh AufpwD;axmifwiG f tusO;f
cscH7jyefonf? aAmfvwJ,m;onf ol.awmif;qdck suf
t7 7ufoW 2ywf-umaomtcg t*®vefjynfo\kd tydk\
cH7onf? aAmfvwJ,m;onf t*®vyd v f rl sKd ;wd\k. vlaer=
pepfESifh t*®vefjynf. vGwv f yfru
= dk oabmusojzifh
t*®vefjynfY 3 ESp-f umr~ aexkdifonf? t*®vefY ae
pOf 0gvydk/ aAmvif;A&kwf/ ykyf/ rmvAm7me,fpm;
uawmf qm7m paom xif7Sm;onhf ykCdKvf-uD;rsm;ESifh
cifrif7if;ES;D cJo
h nf?
1^29 ckESpw f Gif yg7DjrdK\o\dk jyefvmum ol.jyZmwf
rsm;udk pepfwus xkwaf 0jcif;/ pepfwus pifwifjcif;
jyKvkycf Jh7m tvGe0f ifaiGaumif;cJhonf? ,if;wdk\ teuf
1^32 ckEpS w f iG f xGufay:vmaom ‘ZJ,m;’ jyZmwfonf
ol. taumif;qH;k vuf7mvnf;jzpfI jyifopfjyZmwfw\kd
aAmfvwJ,m;
teuf taumif;qH;k jyZmwf wckvnf;jzpfonf? 1^33
ckESpfwGif t*®vdyf vlr=a7;pepfudk csD;usL;I jyifopf
omoem0efxrf;tzGJ\ESifh tpdk;7tzGJ\wdk\. jyKrlyHkrsm;udk
apmif;ajrmif;ykwfcwfa7;om;xm;onfh ‘t*®vdyfvlrsdK;
ta-umif;ay;pmrsm;’ [laompmtkyfESifh jyifopfpma7;
q7mtausmf &l;qd;k tm; oa7mfxm;aom ‘wify,f'l
a*gh’ pmtky2f tkyf a7;om;xkwfa0onf? 1^34 ckESpf
wGif ol. t*®vdyfvlrsdK;ta-umif; ay;pmrsm; pmtkyf
udk tpdk;7tm+mydkiw f \ku
d awG\7mt7yfwGif odr;f I rD;&d\=
ypfum aAmfvwJ,m;tm;vnf; zrf;7ef 07ef;xkwo f jzifh
yg7pfjrdK\rS xGufajy;7onf? 1^34 ckESpfrS 1^46 ckESpf
twGif; aAmfvwJ,m;onf 7Srfyed ;f ESiv fh 7dk def;e,ft-um;
pDa7;t7yf7dS tdrw f tdrYf r'rf7w S w f av;ESit hf wl aexdik f
onf? r'rf7w S w f av;.tm;ay;r=jzifh tdik Zf yfEsLwef.
y7ifpDyD,m;pmtkyu f dk jyifopfbmomodk\ jyefqakd 7;om;
I 14 qufajrmuf vl0b D 7k iforkid ;f ponfw\u kd kd a7;om;
jyKpck h.
J ? 1^35 ckESpfwGif aAmfvwJ,m;tm; zrf;qD;7ef
trdef\ &kyfodrf;oGm;ojzifh vGwfvyfpGm aexdkifEdkifcJhjyef
onf? 1^46 ckEpS w f iG f jyifopfynmhwcH eG t f oif;0if tjzpf
f nf? a7G;cs,w f ifajrm| ufjcif;cH7onf?
1^49 ckESpw f Gif r'rf7w S fwav;uG,fvGefI 1^15
ckEpS wf iG f y7yf7mS ;bk7ifz7uf'7pf.zdwaf c:csut f 7 y7yf
7Sm;eef;awmfwGif oGm;a7mufaexdkifonf? yxrwGif
bk7ifuvnf; tvGe-f unfnKd onft h avsmuf ajr|mufpm;
aomfvnf;/ aAmfvwJ,m;. rif;vdv k u kd f rif;-uKd urf ae
wwfonfh tavha-umifh bk7ifESihpf um;rsm;um 1^53
ckEpS f rwfvwGif jyifopfEidk if o H \kd jyefvmonf? od\k7mwGif
y7yf7Sm;EkdifiHY oGm;a7mufaexdkifcJholjzpfI jyifopf
Edik fiHuvnf; vufrcHojzifh qGpfZmvefEidk fiH *seD D;Am;jrdK\
teD; jyifopfe,fpyf7Sd zm;ae;7GmwGif tdrw f vHk; 0,fum
wlrjzpfolEiS fh aexdik fonf? zm;ae;7GmwGifaepOf pmtkyf
pmwrf;rsm;pGmudk vGwfvyfpmG a7;om;onf? t,l0g'
a7;qdkif7m tjrifusOf;r=ESifh pyfvsOf;aom pmtkyfpm
wrf;rsm;ESifh pG,fpHkusrf;twGuf obm0 aA' t
a-umif;7yfrsm;qdkif7m aqmif;yg;rsm; a7;om;onf?
aAmfvwJ,m;onf zm;ae;7GmYaepOf pD;yGm;jzpfvkyfief;
rsm;udk vkyfudkif,if; -uG,f0onfxuf -uG,f0vmum/
qif;7Jom;rsm;ESifh t,l0g'a7;7m n|Of;yef;r=a-umifh
xGufajy;vm7aom 'kQonfrsm;udk au`;arG; jyKpkI/
,if;wdk\ ta-umif;udk wifjyaom jyZmwfrsm; a7;om;
onf? aAmfvwJ,m;um; xdktcsdefwGif tausmf-um;
qH;k jzpfonf?
65
aAmfvwJ,m; aAmfv'Giôf pwefav

1^^4 ckEpS w f iG f 15 qufajrmuf vl0b D 7k if ewf7mG pH a7; wnf;[laom vlra= 7;0g'udk jyifopfvlxk oabm
aomtcg aAmfvwJ,m;onf yg7pfjrdK\odk\ jyefoGm;7ef aygufEidk -f ujcif; jzpfonf?
tcGiafh umif; apmifah eavonf? 1^^8 ckEpS w f iG f 28ESpf aAmfvwJ,m;onf w7m;r~wr=ESifh vGwfvyfr=udk
vHk;vHk; uGJumG ae7aom yg7pfjrdK\odk\ jyefoGm;aomtcg/ vdv
k m;oljzpfonft h avsmuf t7m7mwGif r[kwrf cH vGwf
aAmfvwJ,m;tm; pmayorm;ESifh EkdifiHjcm;om; t vyfpmG ajymqdka7;om;wwfojzifh cspfcifz, G f raumif;
ajrmuftjrm;u aomif;aomif;zszs qD;-udK*k+fjyK-u onfh 7efpG,fESifh aigaig vlwa,muftjzpf tcsdK\u
onf? toufuvnf;-uD; c7D;uvnf; yef;ojzifh yg7pf jrif-uonf?
jrdK\o\akd 7mufI 7ufoW 2ywft-um aAmfvwJ,m;onf
tjyif;zsm;avonf? jyefvnf usef;rmvmaomtcg aAmfv'Gifôpwefav(c7pf 186^„194^) ? ?t}r
ol. tvGr;f jyZmwf ‘tdki7f if;’udk &Hw k ifujy7ef pdik ;f jyif; tuf'Gyf bk7if eef;pGef\onfh ta7;wGif jAdwdefEdkifiHESifh
onf? ,if;jyZmwfujypOf vlxu k ol\tm;0dki;f I *k+f wuG tifykid , f m-uD; wckv;Hk udk rwdr;f rapmif;7atmif
jyK-obmay;-uonf? aAmfvwJ,m;onf yg7pfjrdK\Y ae xde;f odr;f cJo h nfh jAdwdo~ 0ef-u;D csKyf pwefavaAmfv'Gif
xdkifpOf ynmhwHcGeftoif; tpnf;ta0;rsm;odk\ rem; udk 186^ ckESpf -o*kwfv 37ufae\wiG f 0kpwm&d=if,m
raewufa7mufjcif;/ vlxkcsD;usL;yGJrsm;od\k wufa7muf e,f AsL'vDjrdK\wiG f zGm;jrifonf? t*®vefjynf7Sd t-uD;
jcif;wdk\a-umifh yef;zsm;zsm;um xdkESpf arv 30 7ufae\ qHk;aom tif*sifeD,mvkyfief;jzpfonfh aAmfv'Gif vDrd
wGif uG,fvGefavonf? wufyikd 7f iS fEiS hf 'g&duk wf mvl-uD; tJvz7uf aAmfv'Gi. f
aAmfvwJ,m;. ynmyg7rD xl;c`efyHkudk rnfolr~ wOD;wnf;aomom; jzpfonf?
rjiif;Edik af cs? od\7k mwGif rnfonfv h yk if ef;wckc/k bmom7yf [,f&akd usmif;ESihf x7ifew D aD umvdywf iG f ynmoifchJ
wckckwGif xl;c`efI ausmf-um;onf[lIrl twdtus I 1888 ckwGif bGJ\7cJhjyD;aemufzcifjzpfol. vkyfief;
rqdkEdkifacs? aAmfvwJ,m;. jyZmwfrsm;onf ausmf udk 0ifa7muf OD;pD;vkyfuidk cf o Jh nf? tESpf ESpq f ,fausmf
-um;aomfvnf;/ ol\udkum; taumif;qHk; jyZmwfa7; ausmf pD;yGm;a7;zufwGif vHk;yef;cJhjyD;aemuf 1908 ckESpf
q7m[k ac:Irjzpfay? xdk\twl aAmfvwJ,m; a7;om; wGif zcifjzpfol. ae7mjzpfaom AsL'vDrS uGefqm;A
aom orkdif;rsm;onf zwfaumif;jyD; ausmf-um;aomf wpftrwftjzpf a7G;aumufwifajr|mufjcif; cH7onf?
vnf;/ ol\uu dk m; taumif;qH;k ordkif;a7;q7m[k rqdk 1916 ckESpfwGif Akdemavm tpdk;vufxufY aAmfv'Gif
Edik facs? olum; tjypfjrifa0zefa7;orm;jzpfonf? ol\ onf ygvDref twGi;f 0eftjzpf xrf;7Guf7onf? 191^
acwfEkdiif Ha7;ESihf t,l0g'a7;qdik f7m tzGJ\tpnf;rsm;udk ckEpS wf iG f b@ma7;0efuav; jzpfvmI 1920 jynfhESpf
cyfjyif;jyif;ESifh -urf;-urf; a0zefa7;om;ol jzpfonf? wGif ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7; 0ef-uD;tjzpf aqmif7Guf7
ol. ‘‘uif'pf'’D ’[lonfh pmajymif jyZmwfYyif vlra= 7; onf? 1922 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif usif;yaom
pepf. c`w, f iG ;f csurf sm; jyKjyif7ef 7nfoefI a7;om; uGeq f m;Awpf ygwDpnf;a0;yGYJ aAmfv'Gif rde\f-um;aom
cJo
h nf? *`eef oefqpG u f o
hJ \kd olonf vl\obm0udk oa7mf rdef\cGef;. *,uf&dkufr=a-umifh vGdKufa*smh. nGef\
onf r[kwfbJ/ vl\tzGJ\tpnf;udkom oa7mfjcif;jzpf aygif;tpdk;7 jyKwfusI Adkemavmtpdk;7 wufvmav
onf? (qGpôf *`eef oef„&=? ) od\7k mwGif tcsed Ef iS t hf ajc onf? (avmôAdkem„ &=? ) Adkemavmtpdk;7 tzG\JwiG f
taeajymif;vJr=wdk\a-umifh ol\acwfu tvGefxufjruf aAmfv'Gio f nf b@ma7; 0ef-uD;tjzpf aqmif7u G 7f if;
yHk7aom ol\pmayrsm;onf ,ckacwfwGif ysif;7dzG,f 1923 ckEpS w f iG f jAdwed Ef ikd if u
H qyf7ef7daS om ppfa-uG;rsm;
aumif;vsuf 7Sad yonf? udPudk pDpOf7ef tar7duefEkid if H od\koGm;a7mufco Jh nf?
jyifopfawmfveS fa7;udk aoG;xd;k ay;ol &l;qd;k uJo h \kyd if xdkESpf arvwGif Akdemavm 0ef-uD;csKyf7mxl;rS Ekwf
aAmfvwJ,m;onf vlra= 7;qdik 7f m obm0 aA' ynm xGufvu dk af omtcg aAmfv'Gif0ef-uD;csKyf jzpfvmonf?
7Sifjzpfonf?( &l;qdk;ôa*s/a*s„&=? ) olonf tdk;opf odk\7mwGif 1924 ckESpf Zefe0g7DY usif;yaom a7G;
tdro f pfwnfaqmuf7ef cvkwu f efoif;jzifh jynfEh u S af e aumufy-JG uD;Y aAmfv'Gif.ygwD &H=;edro fh mG ;aoma-umifh
onfah jrudk 7Si;f ay;olEiS v fh nf;wlonf? vlxt k m; ol. aemufw-udrf usif;yaom a7G;aumufyGJ-uD; txd
uavmifvufeufjzifh rsupf zd iG ahf y;cJI h om &l;qd;k . vGwf twdkuftcHacgif;aqmiftjzpf aqmif7Guf7avonf?
vyfa7;/ cGihw f l a7;wl 7a7;/ tcsi;f csif; cspfcifr~wr=7dS xdkESpf atmufwdkbmv a7G;aumufyGJwGif aAmfv'Gif.

66
 aAmfv'Gifô pwefav
jAdwdo~ eef;7ef;0efjzpfcJhol pwefavaAmfv'Gif
ygwD tEdkif7ojzifh 1929 ckESpftxd 0ef-uD;csKyftjzpf
aqmif7Guf7onf? xdktcsdefumvtwGif; aAmfv'Gif
tpd;k 7onf qdAk D,uf&k7SEiS fh qufqaH 7;/ tvkyfvufrJh
jy©em/ oydwfta7;awmfykH paom jy©em-uD;aygif;
rsm;pGmESifh -uHKawG\cJh7avonf? 1929 ckESpfwGif
aAmfv'Giftpdk;7 jyKwfusavonf? 1931 ckESpfwGif
7Raq rUa':e,f acgif;aqmifaom nGef\aygif;
tpdk;7wufcJh7m aAmfv'Gifonf y7DADaumifpDOU}ESifh
wHqyd af wmf0ef-uD;tjzpf xrf;aqmifc7Jh onf? ygvDref
wGif uGefqm;Awpf trwfrsm; tm;aumif;aeav7m/
aAmfv'Gifonfvnf; tpdk;7tzGJ\wiG f -oZmt7Sdq;Hk ykCdKvf
jzpfaeavonf? 1935 ckESpf ZGefvwGif rUa':e,f
7mxl;rS EkwfxGuaf omtcg aAmfv'Gio f nf 0ef-uD;csKyf
tjzpf wifajrm| ufjcif; cH7avonf?
wwd,ESihf aemufqHk;t-udrfajrmuf 0ef-uD;csKyf t
jzpfaqmif7Gufc7Jh pOf aAmfv'Gifonf Oa7mywkdufY ydkrdk
jyif;xefvmonfh EdkifiHa7;wif;rmr=rsm;udk›if;/ jAdwdo~
eef;wGi;f a7; jy©emudk›if; 7ifqdkifcJh7avonf? rlqkd
vDeDESifh [pfwvmwdk\onf usL;ausmfr=rsm;jzifh EkdifiH
aygif;csKyftoif;-uD;udk zufjydKiftefwkcJhojzifh uBmh
67
Ekid fiaH 7; tawmfv=y7f mS ;cJh7avonf? xdt k awmtwGi;f
yVra*smb h 7k if ewf7mG pHI om;awmf t}rtuf'yG b f 7k if
t&kduft7m qufcHcJhjyD;aemuf/ rif;aqGrif;rsdK; r[kwf
aom tar7duefol wckvyf rPpfqifyqiftm; rdzk7m;
wifajr|mufa7;ESifh pyfvsOf;I oabmuGJvGJr=rsm; jzpf
ay:cJhavonf? Teef;wGi;f a7;udk aAmfv'Gio f nf at;
at; csrf;csrf;ESifh jyD;jidrf;oGm;atmif vdRmyg;eyfpGm
aqmif7GufchJ avonf?
aAmfv'Giu f m; tvGerf sKd ;csppf w
d f xufoefol tjzpf
ausmf-um;cJhonf? 1919 ckESpfwGif ol.pnf;pdrf 5 yHk
1 yHkudk jAdwdo~ tpdk;7odk\ ay;vSLcJholjzpfonf? odk\7m
wGif twdkuftcHwdk\url aAmfv'Gifonf Oa7mytm+m
7Siw f \k.
d tiftm;udk csucf si;f r7drrf o d /l jAw d do~ avwyf
tiftm; jznfw h if;a7;twGuf uwdysuo f t l jzpf pGyfpcGJ hJ
-uonf?
193^ ckESpf arv 28 7ufae\wGif aAmfv'Gifonf
Ekid if aH 7;rS tem;,lonf? r-umrD q}a*smb h 7k ifu aAmfv
'Giftm; qmbGJ\jzifh olaumif;jyKonf? 194^ ckESpf
'DZifbmv 137ufae\wGif aAmfv'Gifonf 0kpwm&d=if
,me,f pwl;0g;ydk\„tGe„f qJAef;jrKd \wiG f uG,v f eG o
f nf?
aAmfv'Gif pwefav
aAmfv'Gifum; Ekdiif Ha7;Yomr[kwf/ rnfonfh bm
om7yfYrqdk pum;ajymxdol jzpfonf? ol. rdef\cGef;
rsm;udk pkI ‘‘t*®vefjynfta-umif;’’ (1926) /‘‘u`Eyfk f
wdk\.tarG’’ (1928)/ ‘‘rdef\cGe;f rsm;ESifh rSwfwrf;rsm;’’
(1935) [lI pmtkyrf sm;xkwfa0cJhonf? ol. tjcm;
pmayvuf7mrsm;rSm ‘‘vGwfvyfa7;. rD;&SL;wdkif’’
(1935)/ ‘‘t*®vefjynftm; o&kyfazmfol’’ (1939)/
‘‘*ª0ifESifh vljydef;’’ (1926) ponfwdk\jzpfonf?
aAmfv7SDApf? ?20 7mpkEpS t f pESifh yxruBmppf t
jyD;umvwGif &k7SEkdifiHY xif7Sm;aom EdkifiHa7;tzGJ\-uD;
um; aAmfv7SAD pfygwD jzpfonf? &k7ES dik if rH S rwf0g'Dw\ku d
&k7SEdik if t
H m; qdk7S,v
f pf'rD udk 7ufwpftvkyo f rm; Edkiif H
tjzpf xlaxmif7ef tm;xkwf7if; ay:aygufvmaom
EkdifiHa7;tzG\Jyifjzpfonf? aAmfv7SAD pf[laom pum;vH;k
onf &k7Sbmoma0g[m7 aAmfv7SifpwpfrS qif;ouf
I vlrsm;pk[k t"d_g,f7onf? ,if;ygwDonf 1918ckEpS f
aemufyikd ;f wGif &k7S uGejf rLepfygwDtjzpf uBmwGif ausmf
-um;vmavonf?
aAmfv7SAD pfygwD. rlvtprSm 1813 ckEpS af vmufu
jzpfonf? ay:pu ,if;trnfjzifh r[kwfbJ yavcg
aemhESifh tufZJa7mhwdk\acgif;aqmifaom tvkyform;
vGwaf jrmufa7; tkypf t k jzpfrS wjznf;jznf; aAmfv7SAD pf
ygwDtjzpf a7muf7Sdvmjcif;jzpfonf? xdktkypf k. 0g'
pnf;rsOf;um; awmfvSefa7;-uD; atmifjrifa7;twGuf
t"duvlpo k nf pepfwusz\JpG nf;xm;aom tvkyo f rm;
vlwef;pm; jzpf7rnf[o l wnf;? xdktyk pf o k nf pm7Guf
pmwrf;rsm; xkwfa0jcif;/ aqG;aEG;yGJ usif;yjcif;r~om
jyKvkyfI tvkyform;vlwef;pmwdk\tay:Y -oZm r
anmif;ao;acs? tkypf w k Gif acgif;aqmifom7SdI aemuf
vdkufr7Sdoavmuf 7Sm;aeonf? 1898 ckESpfavmuf
a7mufI vDeif/ u7yfqif/ rmawmh paom xif7mS ;onfh
ykCdKvf-uD;rsm; 0ifa7muftm;ay;rS xdktkyfpkrsm; zGH\jzdK;
vmavonf? ,if;tcsed ftxdyif ygwDonf rnfonfh
0g'vkyfief;pOfjzifh rnfo\dkaomenf;twdik ;f aqmif7u G f7
rnfukd jywfjywfom;om; r7Sad o;acs? od\k7mwGif tvkyf
orm;wd\k. qdk7S,'f rD u kd 7uftzG\Juav;rsm; jrdK\widk ;f wGif
ay:vmavonf?
1902 ckEpS fwGif ‘u`Efyk w f k\dbmvkyf7rvJ’ [laompm
tkyYf vDeifu ‘tzGJ\0ifwOD;pDtm; toD;toD; vkyif ef;
wm0ef cstyfay;I ppfwyfrS ppfom;yrm xrf;aqmif
apjcif;jzifh awmfveS fa7;tiftm;pkukd pkpnf;um aZmuf
68
aAmfv7SDApf
csvkyu f ikd f7rnf’ [k a7;vdu k rf S ygwD. 0g'vrf;pOfukd
aqG;aEG;7ef vrf;pay:vmonf? 1903 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f rS
-o*kwfvtwGi;f vef'efjrdK\Y usif;yaom tjynfjynf
qdkif7m qdk7S,f'Drdku7ufwpf avbmygwD. 'kwd,
uGe*f 7ufY ygwD0g'ESiv hf yk if ef;pOfukd aqG;aEG;I oabm
uG7J mrStp vDeifacgif;aqmifaomtkypf Ek iS hf rmawmhacgif;
aqmifaom tkypf [ k I
l tkyfpk 2 ck jzpfvmonf? vDeif
tkyfpo k nf vlrsm;pkjzpfonfupdk I GJ aAmfv7SDApf/ rmawmh
tkyfpkonf vlenf;pkjzpfonfudkpGJI rif7SDApf[lI jzpf
ay:vmonf?
aAmfv7SDApfwk\du ygwDukd tiftm;awmifhwif;atmif
zGJ\pnf;I wdkufa7;cdkufa7;udPrsm;udk aqmif7Gufaom
tzGJ\tpnf;jzpfatmif ysdK;axmif7rnf? ygwDvkyfief;udk
ud, k xf v d ufa7muf 0ifa7mufaqmif7u G of rl S ygwD0ifjzpf
7rnf[k owfrSwfonf? rif7SDApfwdk\url ygwD7efyHkaiG
xnfh0ifolrSefor~ ygwD0ifjzpfEdkifonf[k avsmhvsnf;
vsnf;zG\Jpnf;csif-uonf? TonfwGirf S oabmrwkduf
qkdifjzpfum oD;jcm;ygwD axmif-uaomfvnf; &k7S
qd7k S,fvpf 'Drdku7ufwpf avbmwD uGe*f 7ufuku d m;
qufvuf usif;yoGm;avonf? wwd,ESifh pwkš
'sL;rm;wGifrl 2 zGJ\vHk;rS ykCdKvfrsm;onf qdk7S,f 'Drdk
u7uf udk,pf m;vS,ftjzpf wufa7muf-uao;onf?
1912 ckESpf y7m[jrdK\wGif usif;yaom uGef*7ufwGif
rS aAmfv7SDApfwdk\u tjywftowf tiftm;-uD;um
rif7SDApfwdk\ arS;rSdefoGm;ojzifh &k7Sqk7d , S fvpf 'Drdku7uf
wpf avbmygwD (aAmfv7SAD pf)[k ygwDtrnfyg twd
tvif; ajymif;vJay:xGuv f monf? ,if;od\kjzifh jrefrm
EkdifiHrS zvyv tzGJ\csKyf-uD; 2 jcrf;uGJonfhtcg
zqyv(wnfjrJ)/ zqyv(oef\7iS ;f ) [kjzpf7mrS tzsm;
qGwfI oef\7Sif;ygwD0if/ wnfjrJygwD0if[lI jzpfay:
vmouJhodk\ qdk7S,f'Drdku7ufygwD trnfwdrfI aAmf
v7SDApfygwD trnfwGifvmonf? aAmfv7SDApfwdk\um;
vuf0J Edkiif Ha7;udk pGJjrJpGm ,Hk-unf-uolrsm; jzpfonf?
vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJ 0g'udk t-uGif;rJh axmufcHI/ qif;
7Jom; tvkyform;rsm; vufxJodk\ EdkifiHa7;tm+m
a7muf7aSd 7;udk a7S;&=aqmif7u G f-uonf?
&k7*S syefppfyYGJ &k7w
S \dk &H;= 7onfukd rcHr7yfEdik jf zpfum/
Zmbk7iftpdk;7tm; oydwfarSmuf qNjy/ ykeu f ef qlylr=
rsm; jzpfcJh7mwGif aAmfv7SDApfygwDonf ta7;ygaom
tzG\JwzG\Jjzpfonf? aAmfv7SAD pfw\kd. OD;aqmifr=jzifjh rdK\-uD;
rsm;Y puf&Hktvkyform;rsm;u›if;/ ppfom;rsm;ESifh
awmifolv,form;rsm;u›if; qdkAD,ufac: aumifpD
aAmfv7SDApf aAmfvDabmupm;jcif;

tzG\Jrsm; zG\J-uonf? yxruBmppf jzpfaomtcg &k7w S k\d vmjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;odk\ upm;enf;wrsdK;udk atmif
ppfxJ0ifa7muf-uonfudk vDeifacgif;aqmifaom aAmf jrifpGm wDxGifjyD;aemuf/ uBmt7yf7yf7Sd c7pf,ef vl
v7SDApfwk\du t7if;7Sif e,fcs\Jtm;ay;jcif;om jzpfonf i,frsm;toif;rsm;u wqifh jzef\vdkuf7m/ ,cktcg
[kqu kd m uef\uu G -f uonf? aAmfv7SAD pfw\ku d ‘‘ppfonf tESH\tjym; acwfpm;aeaom upm;enf;wrsdK; jzpf
awmfw\kdtwGuf jidr;f csr;f a7;/ tvkyform;twGuf aygif aeavjyD? jrefrmEkdifiHodk\rl 1920 jynfhESpfavmufwGif
rkef\/ v,form;twGuf v,fajr7atmif vkyaf y;rnf’’ c7pf,efvli,frsm;toif;ESifh ppfykvdyfwyfrsm;udk t
[k 0g'jzef\ uwday;vdku7f m vlxkoabmus jzpfomG ; a-umif;jyKum a7muf7v Sd monfrSpI aAmfvDabmupm;
avonf? 191^ ckESpf rwfvwGif Zmbk7iftpd;k 7usI enf; tpysdK;cJhavonf? 1921 22 ckESpfwGif ausmif;
-um;jzwftpd;k 7wufonf? t,fvufZNm um7ifpuD. aygif;pHk aAmfvDabmupm;jydKifyGJ-uD; usif;ycJh-uonf?
-um;jzwftpd;k 7onfvnf; vlxak wmifw h aeaom jidrf; odk\7mwGif tpOfwpdkuf acwfpm;jcif;r7SdbJ wdrjf rKyfae
csrf;a7;/ aygifrkef\ESifh v,fajrudk ray;Edki&f Hkru qlyrl = ouJhok\d jzpfjy;D rS 1946 ckEpS f 'kwd,uBmppfjyD;p tcsed f
rsm;udkyif rxde;f odr;f Ekdifojzifh 191^ ckEpS f Ek0d ifbmv wGif r[mrdwfwyfom;rsm; upm;-uonfwGif wzef
^ 7ufae\wiG f tvkyform;/ v,form;/ ppfom;paom jyefay: vmjyefonf? odk\7mwGif pepfwus upm;-u
vlxt k -kH uG awmfveS vf u
kd 7f m um7ifpuDtpd;k 7 jyKwu f sI ao;onf r[kwfacs? 1951 ckESpfwGif trsdK;om;
aAmfv7SDApfwdk\ OD;pD;zGJ\pnf;xm;aom qdkAD,uftzGJ\rsm; udk,fvuf-uHhcdkifa7; aumifpDrS upm;enf; pnf;rsOf;
tm+m7vmonf? xdktcsdefrSpI qdkAD,ufqdk7S,f Oya'rsm; 7SmazGowfrw S fonf? 1952 ckESpw f Gif jrefrm
vpfoRwEdik if H tpd;k 7 ay:aygufvmI/ aAmfv7SAD pfygwD EkdifiH taysmfwrf; aAmfvDabm tzGJ\csKyfudk zGJ\pnf;I/
acgif;aqmif vDeifonf xdq k kAd D,uftpd;k 7. yxrqH;k 1956 ckESpfwGif tjynfjynfqdkif7m upm;enf; Oya'
aom obmywd jzpfvmavonf? rsm;ESifh n|dE=dif;csrSwfonf? xdkaemuf EdkifiHwGif;Y
aAmfv7SDApfygwD tm+m7jyD;aemuf 1918 ckESpf aAmfvaD bmupm;jydKifyJrG sm; usif;yI EdkifijH cm;Y usif;y
rwfv 6 7ufae\rS pwifusi;f yaom aAmfv7SAD pfygwD. aom upm;yGJrsm;wGifvnf; yg0if,SOfjyd|ifEdkif7ef tm;
oWrt-udrfajrmuf uGef*7ufwGif aAmfv7SDApfygwD ay;onf? 1961 ckESpf 'DZb‡mwGif 7efukefjrdK\Y usif;
tm; &k7SuGefjrLepfygwD (aAmfv7SDApf) [laomtrnf ycJhonfh 'kwd,t-udrfajrmuf ta7S\awmiftm7S u`ef;
opfo\kd ajymif;7ef wnDwnGww f nf; qH;k jzwfvu
kd o
f nfrS qG,f tm;upm;jydKifyw GJ Gif 0ifa7muf,OS fjydKif7m/ jrefrm
,if; ygwDonf ,ckwikd f uGejf rLepfygwDtjzpf uBmwGif aAmfvDabmtoif;u AkdvfpGJum a7FwHqdyfqk 77SdcJh
xif7Sm;vsuf 7Sdavonf? avonf?
aAmfvDabm upm;onfhtcg pnf;rsOf; wus
aAmfvDabm upm;jcif;? ?wif;epfabmvk;H upm; upm;rnfqdku wzufv~if vl 6 a,mufpD yg0if,SOf
ouJhokd\ upm;uGif;tv,fwGif ykdufwef;I wzuf jydKif7onf? odk\7mwGif udk,v f ufv=yf7Sm;r= oufouf
ESihfwzuf abmvkH;ukd vufjzihf ykwfupm;jcif;ukd aAmf twGuf tanmif;ajy tnmajy upm;rnf qdkygrl 11
vDabm upm;jcif;[k ac:onf? ,if;upm;enf;onf a,mufp/D od\kr[kwf xd\kxufyI kd yif yg0ifupm;Edik o f nf?
tyifyef; rcHEkdifolrsm;/ tm;upm;zufY u`rf;usifr= ,if;upm;enf;onf upm;&HkwGif;Yjzpfap/ jyifyuGif;
r7dv S Solrsm; upm;Ekid faom taxGaxG udk,v f uf v=yf jyifYjzpfap rnfonhaf e7mYrqdk upm;Edik o f nf? upm;
7Sm;upm;enf; w7yf jzpfonf? &HkwGif; aAmfvDabm upm;uGif;onf xHk;pHtm;jzifh t
aAmfvDabmupm;enf;udk 1895 ckESpfwGif tar7d vsm;ay 60/ teHay 30 7Sd7onf? wif;epfabmvHk; u
uefjynfaxmifpk/ rufqcsL;qufjynfe,f [dk\va,mh pm;onft h cguJo h \kd uGi;f tv,fab;wzufwcsupf w D iG f
jrdK\rS c7pf,mefvil ,frsm;toif;. um,enf;jyq7m wdkiw f wdkipf D pdkuI f ,if;wdkirf sm;wGif ydkufudkwef;xm;
0DvsH armf*ifqkod u
l pwifwx D Gicf o
hJ nf? abmvH;k / Awf 7onf? ydkufxdyftjrifo h nf ajr-uD;txuf 8 ayjrifh7
puufabm/ wif;epf paom upm;enf;wd\kuho J \kd yifyef; onf? upm;7mY vH;k ywf 25 vufrrS 2^ vufrtxd7dS
onfu h pm;enf;udk rupm;Edik o
f rl sm; upm;Ekdi7f ef ouf aom om;a7pjzifh csKyfxm;onfh abmvHk;udk oHk;7
oufomomESihf ud, k vf ufv=yf7mS ;r= jzpfaponfh upm; onf? aAmfvDabmupm;jcif;. 7nf7G,cf sufrmS upm;
enf;udk wDxGif7mrS aAmfvDabmupm;enf; ay:ayguf enf;Oya't7 ydkufudk ausmfI abmvHk;ykwyf \dkum ,if;

69
 aAmfvDabmupm;jcif;

1961 ckEpS f/'DZifbmv 117ufrS 167ufae\xd jrefrmEdkiif H 7efuek fjrdK\awmfYusif;yaom 'kwd,ta7S\awmiftm7Su`ef;qG,f tm;upm; yGJawmf
abmf vD abmjydK if yG J wG i f/ jrefr mEk di fi H vufa7G ;pif t oif; (tusˆj zL)ES ih f uaºm'D; ,m;Ekd i fi H vuf a7G; pif toif ; wk d \ t-ud wf t e,f
,SOfjydKifupm;ae-upOf? ,if;jyKdifyGJwGif jrefrmwkd\u (15;^)/ (15;10) ESihf (15;12)jzihf/ 3 yGJpvHk;wGif uaBm'D;,m;wkd\tay: tEkdif
77SdcJhojzihf/ ta7S\awmiftm7Su`ef;qG,f abmfvDabmjydKifyGJ yxrqkjzpfaom a7FwHqdyfudk qGwfcl;cJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiH abmfvDabm vuf
a7G;piftoif;onf avmEdkifiH/ ,kd;',m;Ekdifiw H kd\ESihf ,SOfjydKifupm;7mwGifvnf;/ 3 yGJpvHk;wkdif;Y tEkdif77SdchJonf?

70
aAmfvDabmupm;jcif; aAmf,m

abmvHk;udk rdrdzufok\d jyefvnf rydk\Eikd fap7ef jzpfonf? tcg wzuftoif;rS wzefjyefI ykwyf \k7d onf? ,if;od\k
abmvH;k udk wzufrw S zufo\kd tqufrjywf ykwI f yd\kae tjyeftvSef rydk\Edkifygu abmvHk;usaomzufu w
7onf? wzufykwfaom abmvHk;udk usefwzufu zufok\d trSwaf y;7onf? abmvH;k udk pay;aom zufrS
jyefI ykwrf yd\Ek idk af omf yxr ykwyf \akd omtzG\zJ ufu trSwf trSw7f v~if rlvu pay;olyif abmvH;k udk qufvufI
77So d nf? wzufu jyefyw k f ryk\Ed ikd o
f nft h cgwdik ;f wzuf pwif&dkufyk\d7onf? Tod\kr[kwfbJ pay;aom toif;
tzG\Ju wrSw7f 7SI d OD;pGm trSwf 15 rSwf77Sad omtzG\Ju zufwGif abmvHk;usI wzuftoif;u abmvH;k pwif
tEdik f7onf? od\k7mwGif yGjJ yD;aomtcg tEdkif7onfhtzG\J &du
k yf \7kd onf7adS omf/ rlvu abmvH;k pay;olonf vuf0J
u &H=;onfhtzGJ\xuf tenf;qHk; 2rSwo f m7onf? rom zufae7modk\ a7F\I usefvlrsm;uvnf; ,if;uJhodk\yif
ygu qufvufupm;7onf? yrmtm;jzifh 15 rSwEf Sihf em7DvufwHvSnfhouJhodk\ tpOfvdkufa7F\I ae7m ,l7
13rSwf? tu,fI trSwfcsif;wlaeygu (14rSwfÓ14 onf? Tenf;twkdif; qufvuf upm;oGm;7onf?
rSw)f 14 rSwEf iS fh 16 rSw/f od\kr[kwf 15 rSwfEiS hf 1^rSw/f aAmfvaD bmupm;jcif;onf Om+fzswv f wfjcif;/ud,
k f
od\kr[kwf 16 rSwEf iS hf 18rSwf ponfjzifh 2 rSwf yd7k onf taetxm; zswfvwfjcif;/ aiGukeaf -u;us oufompGm
txd qufvufupm;7onf? &dk;&dk;,SOfjydKifupm;yGJY ESifh upm;Edik fjcif;/ 'dkifvl-uD; rygbJ acsmarmpGm upm;
3 yGJ wGif 2 yGJEdkifv~if tEkdif7onf? EdkifiHtcsif;csif; Edkifjcif;wdk\a-umifh wpwp vl-udKufrsm;vmavonf?
,SOjf ydKiu f pm;yG-J uD;rsm;Yrlum; 5 yGw J iG f 3 yGEJ ikd rf o
S mv~if
tEdkif7avonf? aAmf,m? ?yifv,fwdrrf sm;/ a7vuf-um;rsm;/
aAmfvDabmupm;olrsm;onf rdrdxHodk\ abmvHk; jrpfrsm;/ tdki-f uD;rsm; ponfw\dkwiG f oGm;vmae-uaom
a7mufvmaomtcg zrf;udkifjyD;rS jyefypfjcif;rsdK; rjyK7 avSoab®mrsm;tm; ausmufaqmifrsm;/ aomifrsm;
acs? teD;odk\ abmvHk; a7mufvmonfESifh vufjzifh ESifh oab®mysufrsm; tp7Sdaom ab;tM7m,f7Sdonfh
wzufodk\ csufcsif;ykwfxw k 7f onf? rdrdzufodk\ a7muf ae7mrsm;rS uif;a0;pGm oGm;vmEdkif-uap7ef jyKvkyf
aom abmvH;k udk vl 3 a,mufxufykI d wzufodk\yw k f xm;aom a7a-umif;trSwftom;rsm;udk aAmf,m
yd\kjcif; rjyK7acs? ,if;od\k ykwf7mwGif wOD;jyD;rS wOD;ykwf [kac:onf? aAmf,m[lonfrSm t*®vdyfpum; AGdKifrS
7onf? vlwOD;wnf; 2 -udrq f ufI jyefyw k fjcif; rjyK7 qif;oufvmaom pum;ysufjzpfonf? aAmf,mrsm;
acs? rdrdyw k fvu dk faom abmvH;k onf tjcm; wa,muf udk opfom;jzifh jzpfap/ oHjzifhjzpfap jyKvkyfI a7
ESifh rxdrD rdrdvufjzifh rqdkxm;bd rdrdukd,t f *®gtpdwf
tydik ;f wckcjk zifyh if rxd7acs? tu,fIxdrv d ~if tcsuf
qifyh w k o f nf[k rSw, f 7l onf? abmvH;k pwifay;aom
t-udrw f Gif abmvHk;onf ydkufukad usmo f nfhtcg rxdrd
ap7aomfvnf;/ aemuft-udrfrsm;Yxdu ta7;r-uD;
acs? upm;ol.ajconf A[dkpnf;udk ausmfeif;jcif;
rjyK7acs?
upm;yGJ ponft h cg wbufv~if 3 a,muf pD2wef;
a7S\aemufcI JG ae7m,l7onf? tu,fI 3wef;cGJ ae7m
,lvdkygu 2a,mufpD a7S\aemuftpOfvdkuf ae7m,l
upm;7onf? ,if;odk\upm;7mY a7S\wef;vlrsm;onf
aemufzufo\dk qkwfI upm;Edik faomfvnf;/ tpOfojzifh
aemufwef;vlrsm;.a7S\Yom 7S7d onf? vuf,maxmifh
aemufwef;vlupI yGJOD;xGuf {7d,mtwGif;rS abm
vH;k ykw7f onf? abmvH;k udk pykwo f nft h cg vufwzuf
jzifh abmvH;k udk avxJo\kdajr|mufI wzufjzifh ykwx f w k f
tay: (0J) &kd;&kd;aAmf,m 2 rsKd;ESihf (,m) acgif;avmif;wyf t
7onf? vufwzufay:wifI vufwzufjzifh ykwjf cif; csufay; aAmf,m 2 rsKd;wkd\jzpf-uonf? atmufyHkrsm;rSmrl rD;jy
rjyK7acs? abmvHk;onf ydkufudk ausmfvGefoGm;aom aAmf,mrsm; jzpf-uonf?

71
 aAmf,m
atmuf ausmuf-udK;csI pGJapum a7ay:Y ayg
avmay:aeatmif vkyfxm;-uonf?
a7S;usaomumvu a7a-umif; trSwt f om; tjzpf
opfom;wHk;udk csI oHk;cJh-uonf? xdkaemuf 1883
ckESpf rwdkifrDumvtxd rdrdEdkifiHESifhrdrd oD;jcm;trSwf
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72
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75
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76
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77
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78
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ponf xkwfvkyfaom puf&k-H uD;rsm;7So d nf? 0ef;usif7Sd
vGifjyifa'owGif od;k EGm; wd7>mefrsm; arG;jrLI tcsdK\
ae7mwGif *sHK/ rka,m/ opfawmfoD;/ yef;oD;/ rufro
rsm;udk pdu k fysdK;-uonf? ,if;xGuu f kefrsm;udk Edik fiHjcm;
od\k tajrmuftjrm; wifyk\donf?
awmiftar7duwdkuf wwdu k fv;Hk wGif txif7Sm;qHk;jzpf
onf? xdka-umifh ‘awmiftar7duwkduf. tufoif;
jrdK\’ [kyif ac:prSwfjyK-uonf? 15^2 ckESpfu wnf
axmifcJhaom trsdK;om;wUodkvfonf›if;/ 1604 ck
ESpu f wnfaxmifchaJ om qefAmwdkvkad rtrsKd ;om;aum
vdyo f nf›if;/ 1653 ckESpfu wnfaxmifchaJ om *suZf ;l
tpfaumvdyfonf›if;/ Oya'ynmY ausmf-um;aom
tjcm;wUodv k f 2ckonf›if; Ad*k ;dk wm;jrdK\. pmay tEk
ynmESihf ,Ofaus;r=qikd 7f m taqmufttHrk sm;jzpfonf?
xdkjyif 1823 ckESpfu wnfaxmifcJhaom trsdK;om;jy
wkduf/ eQwf-unfah r~mfpif -uD;/ pm-unfyh d™uwfwdkuf/
*Dwynmoifausmif; ponfwdk\vnf; txift7Sm; 7Sd
onf?
jrKd \ay:wGif 167mpkEpS Ef iS 1hf ^7mpkEpS rf sm;u wnfaqmuf
f iG f cJhaom bk7m;7Sdcdk;ausmif; paom a7S;a[mif;taqmuf
ttHk-uD;rsm;ESifhtwl oRwtdrfawmf/ tpdk;7&Hk;/ vFwf
awmf paom acwfrD taqmufttHk-uDaygif;rsm;pGm
udv k nf; awG\Eidk o f nf?
Adk*dk;wm;jrdK\. vlOD;a7onf 1959 ckESpf cef\rSef;
oef;acgifpm7if;t7 1ô180ô000 jzpfavonf?
Adkvfpm;iSuf ? ?pEdu
k if Su„f &=?
Adkvpf m;yJyif ? ? Adv k pf m;yJyifonf vD*rl ED ;kd pD;rsKd ;7if;/
yufyDvDtdkEGdKuf'D; rsdK;7if;cGJ. zmpDtdkvyf rsdK;pdwfwGif
yg0ifaom yJyifrsdK;jzpfonf? ,if;udk &kQaA' tvdk
tm;jzifh zmpDtdkvyf Amv*g7pf[k ac:onf?
Adkvpf m;yJyifukd tar7duwdu k f tv,fyikd ;f ESiahf wmif
tar7duwku d f7Sd wdki;f 7if;om;wd\ku yXrOD;qH;k pdkufysdK;
cJhonf? 16 7mpkESpfwGif jAdwdefEdkifiHYvnf; pdkufysdK;cJh
onf? tdN, d Edik if w
H iG f pwifaygufa7mufaom tyifjzpf
onf[k tqd7k daS omfvnf;/ t,fvzke;f a'uGe'f k;d qdo k lu
Adkvpf m;yJyifonf awmiftar7duwdu k fwGif rlvayguf
a7mufaom tyifjzpfonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? Adkvf
pm;yJaph[k xifrSwf7aom taphESifh tar7duefEdkifiH
ayguf tjcm;yJaphrsm;udk ckESpfoU7mZf taotcsm
razmfjyEkdifonfh tcsdefuwnf;u wnfaqmufcJhaom
yD;&l;AD;,ef; oif;csKid f;*lrsm;wGif awG\7onf?
Hk D; yifaxmifrsdK;/ yifEG,frsdK;[lI Adkvfpm;yJyif 2rsdK;7Sd
onf? ESppf Of pdkuyf sdK;7aom tyifrsdK; jzpfonf? t&dki;f
aygufonfh Adv k pf m;yJyif[I l rnfonfah 'owGirf ~ rawG\

79
Adkvfpm;yJyif Adkvwmôaumifht,fvufZjNdK

7acs? 7GufjrFm 3 7Gufyg7So d nfh 7Gufaygif;rsm;rSm c`eI f wufvsuf toD;oD;onf? 7Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f rd;k 7GmpwGif
t7Guftem;wGif acG;oGm;pdyf ryg7Sdacs? tyGifhrsm;rSm pdkufonf? rdk;ukefv~if rpdkufawmhacs? odk\aomf prf;a7
tjzLa7mif/ od\kr[kwf 0g-uef\-uef\a7mifjzpfonf? c7rf; 7onfha'owGif a7ay;oGif;I pdu k fysKd ;ojzifh wESpfywf
a7mifoef;onfh tyGirhf sm;vnf; 7Sdao;onf? t7G,t f m; vH;k Adv
k pf m;yJukd pm;oH;k 7onf? jrefrmEkid if w
H iG rf l aqmif;
jzifh tvsm;vufr0ufcef\7Sdonf? tyGifhwGif 0wfqHzdk 7moDESihf aEGrul;rDpyf-um;wGif pdu k fysKd ;onf? odk\7mwGif
10 ck 7Sdonfhteuf 9 ckrSm wom;wnf; aygif;pyfae yljyif;aom 7moDa7mufv~if yifE, G frsdK; Adkvfpm;yJyifudk
jyD;v~if usef 1 ckrSm oufoufvGwfvsuf7Sdonf? rpdkuaf wmhacs?
Adkvfpm;yJoD;onf ESpfajrmif;uGJ oD;awmifhrsdK; jzpfI
a,bk,stm;jzifh tvsm; 6 vufrcef\ 7Snfaomf S f?
AdkvfwJiu ?iSuo
f cl ;kd „ &=?
vnf;/ 6 vufrxuf7Snfaom oD;awmifhrsm;udkvnf;
awG\7onf? oD;awmifhwGif taphrsm;yg7Sdonf? taph AdkeywfôeydkvD,ef ? ?eydv
k ,
D ef bk7ifrsm;„&=?
rsm;. ta7mifrSm tjzL/ tndK/ odk\r[kwf eDusifusif
a7mifjzpfonf? tjyma7mifrS teufa7mifxd ta7mif Adkem avm? ? avmôtef'&l; Adkem„&=?
trsKd ;rsKd ; uGJjym;vsuf 7Sdonfudkvnf; awG\7ao;onf?
Adkvfpm;yJudk jyifopfyJ/ yJykawmifh [lIvnf; ac: Adkvwmôaumift h ,fvufZjNdK (c7pf1^45 „ 182^)
onf? jyifopfy[ J k ac:qdkaomfvnf; jyifopfEkid if rH S vm ? ?†wmvsHvlrsdK; &lyaA'ynm7Sif aumifht,f
aomyJrsdK; r[kwaf y? tar7duefjynfaxmifp/k uae'g/ vufZjNdKAdkvwmonf v~ypf pfynm vufawG\7mS azGavh
*7dwfjAdwde/f Oa7mywdkuaf jrmufydki;f / tdN, d / jrefrm p vmolw\w kd iG f a7S\aqmifyCk Kd v-f uD; wOD;jzpfonf? Adv k wm
aomEkdifirH sm;wGif pdkufysdK;onfhtyifjzpfonf? vGifjyif tm; *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh v~yfppfzdtm;,lepfudk Adk\[k
ajrjyef\rsm;rSmxuf ukef;ajrjrifhrsm;wGif ydkrdkoefpGrf; rSnafh c:xm;-uonf?
onf? jrefrmEdik if H ajrnDt7yfa'owGif -o*kwv f v,frS Adv
k wmudk †wvDEikd fiH udk;rdk;jrdK\Y 1^45 ckESpf az
atmufwdkbmvxd pdkufysdK;Edkifonf? ukef;jrifht7yfa' azmf0g7D 18 7ufae\wiG f *k+o f a77Sd rdbwd\rk S zGm;jrifonf?
orsm;wGirf l {jyDvrS ZGefvtxd pdu k yf sdK;-u.? Adkvpf m; 1^69 ckEpS fEiS hf 1^^1 ckEpS rf sm;wGif v~yfppfqkid 7f m puf
yJyifonf tvif;udk -udKufaomfvnf;/ aeyludkrl rESpf opfwckta-umif; pmwrf; 2apmifa7;om; xkwfa0
oufay? uGif;jyif/ v[mjyif ponfwdk\wGif pdkufysdK; onfwiG f emrnf-uD;vmonf? 1^^4 ckEpS w f iG f ud;k rd;k jrdK\
jcif;xuf opfyiftumtuG,7f adS om O,smOfyef;jcHrsm;Y awmf0ifausmif;wGif &lyaA'ygarmQjzpfvmI/ 1^^9
pdkufoifhayonf? od\k7mwGif avmif;7dyu f sonfh ae7mY ckwGif yg;AD;,m;wUodkvfY obm0,xmblwynm
um; aumif;pGm7Sifoefjcif; r7Sdacs? rmuspaf om ajrrsdK; (&lyaA') ygarmQ tjzpf ajymif;a7F\cef\tyfjcif; cH7
Y Adv k fpm;yJudk pdu k fIr7acs? rdk;rukefrpD u dk fv~if ajrmif; onf? olonf 1^^^ ckEpS u f yif tDvufx&dak zm7yfac:
azmfI pdkuf7onf? pdkpGwfaom7moDwGif a7rvdkaomf v~ypf pf"mwfvkyf ud7, d mESihf tDvufx&dpk ukyaf c: v~yf
vnf;/ajcmufaoG\aom7moDwGif ajrmif;udkwywfw-udrf ppfjywdk\ukd wDxGifcJh7mrStp v~yfppfynm avmuwGif
a7oGi;f ay;jcif;/ od\kr[kwf ae\pOf a7yufzse;f ay;jcif; p xif7Sm;aom wdk;wufr=rsm; jzpfcJhavonf? Adkvwm
onfwdk\udk jyKvkyfay;7onf? pdkufysdK;pOfwGif ajrudk onf a7aowGif jzpfay:vmaom AvHpk rD sm;udk avhvm
ruspfap7ef r-umr-um wl;qGI aygif;jrufrsm;udk jcif;jzifh "mwfaiG\rsm;ta-umif; tzdk;weftcsuftvuf
oifay;edkifu omIaumif;.? taphcsonfhtcg 6 rsm;udk 7SmazGawG\7SdcJhonf? v~yfppfyPwdk/ ,l'DtdkrDwm/
vufrpDjcm;I ajrwGif teufwvufrcef\jrKyfatmif v~yfppfuGef'if;qm; ponfwdk\onf Adkvwm. wD
taphcsoifhonf? Adkvfpm;yJyif wwef;ESifh wwef;udk xGifr=rsm; jzpfonf? 1800 jynfhESpfwGif Adk\vwdwfydkif;
waycGcJ ef\ jcm;ap7rnf? ac: v~yfppfAufx7Dtk;d udk wDxGijf yKvkyfvu dk f7m txl;
yifEG,rf sdK;jzpfaom Adkvfpm;yJudk arjrdK\yJoD;awmifh/ yif emrnf-u;D vmonf? 1^49 ckEpS w f iG f ol. uGe'f if;
odk\r[kwf Adkvfpm;yJ wdkiaf xmifrsdK;[k ac:onf? tyif qm; ta-umif;pmwrf;twGuf vef'efjrdK\ awmf0ift
EG,w f ufap7ef pifrxd;k 7bJ 0g;vuf/ od\kr[kwf 0g;wdik f oif;-u;D rS aumhyvD,efwq H yd u
f kd cs;D jri| chf o
hJ nf? Adv k wm
ponfudk axmifay;7onf? tyifrmS vlw7yfcef\ EG,f wDxGifaom v~yfppfud7d,mrsm;ta-umif;udk jyifopf

80
Adkvwmôaumifht,fvufZjNdK
bk7ifeydv k D,ef -um;odaomtcg/ 1801 ckESpfwGif Adv k
wmtm; yg7pfjrdK\ok\dvma7mufI ol. wDxiG fr=rsm; t
a-umif; a[majymap7m txl;yiftm;7ojzihf a7FwHqyd f
csD;jri| ohf nf? od\kjzifh Adv
k wmonf vD*se;f „atmh„atmfem
bGJ\wHqdyfESifh tdkif,ef;ua7mif; bGJ\wHqdyfudk 77Sd&Hkru
aumifhbGJ\ukyd g tyfEiS ;f jcif;cH7onf?
Advk wmonf 1804 ckEpS fwiG f vkyfief;rS tem;,lchJ
onf? 182^ ckESpf rwfv 5 7ufae\wGifudk;rdk;jrdK\Yyif
uG,fveG favonf?
AdkvpfAm;ôqkdirf eG f (c7pf 1^83 1830) ? ? qdik rf eG *f kd
vpfAm;onf awmiftar7duwdkuf rsdK;cspfykCdKvf/ ppf
Adv
k cf sKy-f u;D ESihf Edik if jH yK okcrdef jzpfonf? awmiftar7du
EkdifiHrsm;udk pydeftpdk;7 vufatmufrS vGwfajrmufap
7ef -udK;pm;aqmif7u G of l jzpfojzifh ol\tm; ‘‘u,fwif
ol’’ [k ac:a0:-uonf? ‘‘awmiftar7du a*smh0g7Sif
wef’’ [kvnf; wifpm;ac:a0:-uonf? (0g7Sefwefô
a*smh „&=?)
Adv
k pfAm;udk xdkpOfu pydeu f v
dk edk jD zpfaeaom AifeZD ;GD
vm;jynf u7uyfjrKd \wGif 1^83 ckESpf Zlvidk v
wGif zGm;jrifonf? Adv k pfAm;.rdbrsm;onf tkycf sKyaf 7;
AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH vGwfvyfa7;udk a&S\aqmif7,lay;cJhol
qdkifrGefAdkvpfAm;
AdkvpfAm;ôqdkifrGef
vlwef;pm;avmurS -u, G 0f csr;f omolrsm; jzpf-uonf?
pydefEikd fiH r'7pfjrdK\awmfo\dk Oya'ynm oGm;a7muf oif
,ljyD;aemuf/ Oa7mywcGif vSnfhvnf oGm;vmcJhonf?
Advk pfAm;onf u7uyfjrdK\Y 1801 ckEpS rf S 1804ckEpS f
txd jyefIaexdik o f nf? ZeD;jzpfol uG,fveG af omtcg/
Oa7myod\k wzefjyefomG ;onf? xdktacgufwiG f a7mrjrdK\
od\k a7mufcphJ Ofu Adv k pfAm;onf rdrZd mwd wdik ;f jynftm;
vufatmufcHb0rS u,fwif7ef o³d}mefcschaJ vonf?
rsdK;&dk;*k+fodQmtvdkufqdkaomf/ AdkvpfAm;onf pydef
tpdk;7zufawmfom;jzpf7efom ta-umif;7Sdaomfvnf;
ol.xufoefaom rsdK;cspfpw d fa-umifh tkycf sKyfol pydef
tpdk;7tm;yif acgif;aqmif awmfvSefol jzpfavonf?
1810ckESpf awmfvSeyf keu f efr= rjzpfyGm;rDuav;wGif ol
onf AifeDZGD;vm;odk\ jyefoGm;onf? OD;pGmY rsdK;cspfol
ykefrsm; ta7;&H=;edrfhoGm;aomfvnf; AdkvpfAm;onf r
avsmhaomZGJoWdjzifh tcGifhaumif;,lvsuf qufvuf
-upH nfcahJ vonf? 1819 ckEpS w f iG f AifeZD ;DG vm;rS tef;'D;
awmifudkausmfI e,l;*7me'gjynfe,fzufodk\ atmif
jrifpGm csDwufEkdifcJhonf? xdkaemuf e,l;*7me'gESifh
f 27ufae\ AifeDZGD;vm; 2 jynfaxmifudk yl;aygif;I udkvHk;AD;,m;
jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHtjzpf zGJ\pnf;vdkufonf? ,if;jynf
axmifpkwGif Adv k pfAm;tm; oRw wifajr|muf-uonf?
Advk pfAm;onf udv k k;H AD;,m;jynfaxmifprk S pydew f \dkukd
armif;xkwfjyD;aemuf/ tufuGma'gESifh yD;&l;jynfrsm;
wGif jzpfyGm;aeaom awmfvSefa7;udk oGm;a7muf ulnD
onf? odk\aomf tufuGma'g rsdK;cspfacgif;aqmifwdk\ESifh
Adv
k pfAm;onf aphpyfr7ojzif/h yD;&l;jynfuo kd m 0ifa7muf
tultnDay;onf? Adv k pfAm;tm; yD;&l;vlxku tm+m
7Sifwifajr|mufI pydeftyk fcsKyfr=udk wGe;f vSe7f m/ r-umrD
yD;&l;jynfonf pydev f ufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufomG ;onf?
Adv
k pfAm;vnf; yD;&l;Ekid if . H tm+m7Sit f jzpfrS Ekwx f u G f
vdu k o f nf? 1825 ckEpS w f iG f yD;&l;awmifyidk ;f jynfe,frsm;
onf oD;jcm;Edik fix H al xmifI Adv k pfAm;tm; *k+fjyKaom
tm;jzifh AdkvpfAD;,m;EkdifiH[k rSnfhac:onf? øAdkvpfAD;
,m;Edkifi„H &=?) AdkvpfAm;ud, k w f kdifyif AdkvpfAD;,m;Ekdif
iHtwGuf zG\Jpnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccHOya' a7;qGJay;av
onf? 1825 ckEpS w f Gif yem;rm;jrdK\Y usi;f yaom tar7d
uwdkufrsm;7Sd oRwEkid if Hrsm;. yxrqHk; uGefz7ifw h iG f
tar7duEdkiif Haygif;csKyf tzGJ\-uD;zGJ\7ef pDpOfonf? odk\7m
wGif ratmifjrifacs? 1826 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1828 ckEpS rf sm;wGif
AdkvpfAm;onf udkvHk;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpk oRw tjzpf
jyefvnf ta7G;cH7onf? od\k7mwGif 7DywfAvpfuefygwD
81
AdkvpfAm;ôqdkifrGef AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH

0ifw\dku Adv k pfAm;onf awmiftar7duEkdiif rH sm;udk tif tpifoHk;pGJvdkufjyD; jzpfojzifh qif;7JndK| ;i,fpGm aexdkif
ydki,f mzGJ\I tm+m7Sio f zG,f tjrJwrf;tkyfpk;d 7efvdkvm; 7onf?
ol[kpGyfpGJum ol\tm;vkyf-uH7efyif -uHpnf-uonf? 1830 jynfhESpf 'DZifbmv 10 7ufae\wiG f awmif
,if;odk\jzifh oludk,fwkdif vGwfvyfa7; 7,lay;cJhaom tar7duEkdifiHrsm;. u,fwifol-uD; qdkifrGefAdkvpfAm;
awmiftar7du EdkifirH sm; wpfvHk;wpfpnf;wnf; nDnD onf udv k ;kH AD;,m;Ekid if H qefwmrmwmjrdK\teD;wGif uG,f
nGwfnGwf jynfaxmifpkzGJ\pnf;7ef AdkvpfAm;.t-uH vGeo
f nf?
onf ysujf ym;7onf? 1829 ckEpS w f iG f AifeZD ;DG vm;jynf Adv
k pfAm;. *k+o f wif;onf touf7iS fpOfuxuf
onf udv k k;H AD;,m;jynfaxmifprk S cGJxuG fvkud af omtcg uG,fvGefaomtcgrS ydkrdkausmf-um;cJhonf? awmift
Advk pfAm;onf oRw7mxl;rS EkwfxGufvu dk 7f I udkv;Hk ar7duwku d Ef iS hf tar7duefjynfaxmifp7k Sd jrdK\-uD; jrdK\i,f
AD;,m;EkdifiH umw*sD;em;jrdK\ok\d oGm;a7mufum tem;,l tcsdK\udkyif AdkvpfAm;. trnfudk *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh
aecJah vonf? AdkvpfAm;onf ol. pnf;pdrOf Pmrsm;udk rSnfhac:jcif;/ AifeDZGD;vm; Ekid fiHok;H '*®g;udk Adv
k pfAm;[k
awmiftar7duEkdifiHrsm; vGwfvyfa7;twGuf tukef trnfay;jcif; ponfjzifh ol\tm; *k+jf yKcJ-h uavonf?

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ukef;acgifacgifY wnf7Sdaom EdkifiHjzpfI awmiftar7du oRwEdkifiHrsm;teuf vlodenf;vSaomEdkifiHjzpfavonf?
odk\aomf xdkEdkifiHta-umif;udk avhvm-unfhonfhtcg/ aea7mifjcnfESifhqD;ESif;uJhodk\ qef\usifbufrsm; tjydKif7Sdae
onfh pdwf0ifpm;zG,f EkdifiHjzpfa-umif; awG\7ayrnf?
AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH? ?awmiftar7duwdkuf. yVr Adv
k pfAD;,m; Ekdiif Honf vloal exdkif7m uBmh ukef;
tus,f0ef;qHk;EdkifiHjzpfaom AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiHonf ajrtjrifhqk;H a'owckjzpfonf? tef;'D;awmifwef;-uD;
obm0wGif;xGufyPnf;wdk\jzifh t-uG,f0qHk;aomEdkifiH onf Adv k pfAD;,m;Edkiif H taemufzufrS ta7S\awmifzuf
wEdkifiHvnf;jzpfonf? xdkjyif awmiftar7duwdu k w f iG f odk\ wef;qif;wnf7Sdaeonf? tef;'D;awmifwef;onf
yifv,fESifh qufpyfjcif;r7Sdaom ukef;wGi;f ydki;f EdkifiH 2 Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Ekid if w
H iG ;f Y aumf'v D m;7m;atmhqD'ifw,fEiS hf
EdkifiH7Sdonfhteuf AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiHonf wEdkifiHjzpf aumf'v D m;7m;7D,[ J al om rsO;f jydKiaf wmifwef; 2 oG,t f
onf? ajrmufzufwiG f A7mZD;Edik if /H ta7S\zufwGif A7mZD; jzpf jzmqif;vmonf? ta7S\zuf7Sd aumf'Dvm;7m;7D,J
ESifh yg;7a*G;EdkifiH/ awmifzufwGif tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH/ awmifwef;onf taemufzuf7Sd csDvED kid if EH iS hf e,fedrdwf
taemufzufwGif csDvDEiS yfh D;&l;Edik fiHwk\dESihf e,ferd dwf pyf ozG,f wnf7daS eaom aumf'Dvm;7m; atmhqD'ifw,f
vsuf7o dS nf? ,if;Edkifiu H kd awmiftar7duwku d f rsKd ;cspf awmifwef;ESifh rdkif 80 cef\a0;onf? AdkvpfAD;,m;Edik if H
ykCdKvf-uD; qdkifrGefAdkvpfAm;tm; *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh Adk ukd ajrrsuEf SmoGijf yift7 oHk;ydki;f cGjJ cm;Edkio f nf? aumf'D
vpfAD;,m;EdkifiH[k ac:wGifcJhonf?(AdkvpfAm;ô qdkif vm;7m;awmifwef; 2 ck-um;7Sd atmfvwDyvmEdkukef;
rGe„f &=?) 1825 ckESpfrSpI AdkvpfAD;,m; oRwEdkifiH jrif/h ta7S\aumf'v D m;7m;awmifwef; ta7S\zuf7dS ,Ge*f wf
jzpfvmcJo h nf? a'oESifh tDvmaemhac: awmifykid f;ajredrhv f Gif jyifa'o
d pfA;D ,m;Edik if Honf rlvu pwk7ef;rdik f 900ô000
Akv wd\jk zpfonf? atmfvwDyvmEdu k ek ;f jrifhonf ay 11ô500
cef\us,0f ef;I ypdzw d f ork]7murf;ajctxda7mufaomf rS 15ô000 txdjrifo h nf? ,if;onf Adv k pfA;D ,m;Edik fiH
vnf;/ 19 7mpkEiS hf 20 7mpkEpS f tpavmufu tdref ;D csi;f tus,t f 0ef;. 16 7mcdik Ef e= ;f r~om 7Sad omfvnf; wEdik if H
5 Edik if EH iS hf t-udr-f udrf ppfjzpfch7J mrS a'oaygif;rsm;pGmudk vH;k 7Sd vlO;D a7. ^5 7mcdik Ef e= ;f wd\k rSw D if;aexdik 7f m vlae
vufvw F v kd 7f 7m/ ,cktcg pkpak ygif; 424ô162 pwk
f u pdyfaom tydkif;jzpfonf? tzdk;wef oWKwGif;rsm;jzifh
7ef;rdik fom 7Sad wmhojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHxuf wqcGJausmf -uG,0f aom a'ojzpfonf? oHjzLrsm;pGm xGufonf?
us,f0ef;onf? 1884 ckESpw f Gif csDvDEkid if HEiS fh ppfjzpfjyD; ,Gef*wfa'oonf AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH tus,ft0ef;.
onfhaemuf yifv,furf;&dk;wef;a'oudkvnf; vuf 14 7mcdkifE=ef;7SdI tDavmaemh ajredrfhvGifjyifa'orSmrl
vFwcf 7hJ ojzifh ukef;wGi;f Edik if H jzpfch7J onf? ^0 7mcdik Ef e= ;f us,0f ef;onf? ,Ge*f wfa'owGif jrpf0rS ;f

82
 AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH

i,frsm;/ apmufrwfaom awmifapmif;rsm;ESifh nGef Ekid if EH iS hf yD;&l;Edik if H 2 Edik if u

H dk cGI wnfaeonf? yifv,f
acsmufrsm; 7Sdaomfvnf; 7moDOwkaumif;rGefI a7 a7rsufESmjyif txuf 12ô645 ay jrifhI pwk7ef;rdkif
aumif;rGefpGm7aoma-umifh EdkifiHwGif; v,f,mpdkufysdK; 3ô200 us,f0ef;onf? wzufurf;rS wzufurf;odk\
a7; xGef;um;7m t"dutydkif;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh oab®m-uD;rsm; ckwfarmif;oGm;vmEdkifonf? xdktdkifxJ
AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH. -uufaygifap; txGufqHk;tydkif; 7Sd a7rSm tvGeaf t;jraomfvnf; rnfonft h cgr~ a7rcJ
vnf; jzpfonf? tif'D;,ef;vlrsdK;wdk\ trsm;tm;jzifh acs? atmfvwDyvmEdkukef;jrifhay:Y ydktdk;ydkac: qm;
aexdik af vonf? tDvmaemh ajredrv hf iG jf yif a'oYrl vlae ieftkid -f uD;7S7d m/ wDwu D mumtdkicf ef\yif us,f0ef;onf?
uso J nf? tcsKd \ae7mwGif rd;k rsm;I opfawmxlxyfjy;D v~if tdkif-uD; 2 ckonf a'pm*Gga';&dk;jrpfjzifh qufvsuf7Sd
tcsdK\ae7mY rdk;yg;I u`/J EGm; arG;jrLEdkif&Hk jrufcif;rsm; avonf?
om 7So d nf? Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Ekid if o H nf awmif,OfpeG ;f wef;. ajrmuf
Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Edkifiw
H Gif -uD;us,x f if7mS ;aomjrpf-uD; zufwGif vHk;vHk;usa7mufae7m/ tylykid ;f ZkefEkid fiyH if jzpf
rsm; r7Sdaomfvnf;/ jrpfacsmif;rsm;tm;jzifh ul;oef; onf? od\ak omfvnf; tat;qH;k rS tylq;kH txd 7moDOwk
oGm;vmEdik o f nfh c7D;vrf;rSm rdkifaygif; 5ô580 cef\7d. S ? trsdK;rsdK;7Sdonf? ukef;jrifha'owGif at;I ajredrfhvGif
,Gef*wfa'owGif tRZkefjrpf-uD;. jrpfvufwufrsm; jyifa'owGif ylaEG;I xdkif;rd=if;onf? atmfvwDyvmEdk
jzpfom rmrdk;a7;/ *Ggyl7J/ aAeD/ rJ'7ma''Datmhpaom ukef;jrifha'owGif tylcsdeyf srf;r~jcif; zm7if[dkuf 50'D*
jrpfrsm;wGif a7rsm;onft h cg oab®mi,frsm;jzifh ul;oef; 7D7I Sd aEGESifh aqmif;tylcsed f ruGmvSacs? wEdkifiv H Hk;.
oGm;vmEdik o f nf? xdka'orS xGufaom -uufaygifap; ysrf;r~tylcsed o f nf zm7if[ku d f ^^ 'D*7Djzpfonf? Adkvpf
rsm;udk jrpfa-umif;rsm;jzifh tRZkefjrpfodk\ ta7muf AD;,m; ajrmufydkif;onf awmifydkif;xuf rdk;rsm;onf?
ydk\I EdkifiHjcm;od\k wifydk\a7mif;cs-uonf? uBmay:wGif ajrmufydki;f wGif rdk;a7csdef vufr 40 rS 80 txd 7GmI
tjrihfq;kH aom wDwDumum tdik -f uD;onf AdkvpfAD;,m; awmifydkif;wGif vufr 20 rS 40 txd7Gmonf?
1959 ckEpS f cef\reS ;f ajc oef;acgifpm7if;t7 Adv k pfA;D
,m;Ekdiif H. vlOD;a7onf 3ô349ô000 cef\jzpfI tif'D;
,ef;vlrsdK; w0ufausmf yg0ifonf? vljzLrsdK;157mcdkif
E=ef;cef\om7SdI tif'D;,ef;ESifh vljzLujym; rufpwDZdk
vlrsKd ;um; 357mcdik Ef e= ;f 7So d nf? atmfvwDyvmEdu k ek ;f jrifh
a'owGif vlaepdyI f tDvmaemh ajredrv hf iG jf yifa'owGif
vlaeenf;onf? vljzLrsm;ESifhtpdk;7ydkif;u pydefbmom
pum;udk ajymqdkaomfvnf;/ tif'D;,ef;vlrsdK;wdk\url
,if;wdk\. a7S;a[mif;bmompum;jzpfaom trm;7m;
ESifh auGcsLtm; bmompum;udkom ajymqdkI bdk;pOf
abmifqufrS "avhxHk;pHwdk\udkom vdkufem aexdkif-u
onfukd awG\7onf? tif';D ,ef;vlrsKd ;wdk\onf rdrdwk\d.
pm;0wfaer= zlvaHk 7;om *7kpu kd fI Ekdiif aH 7;/ uBmha7;7m
ponfw\kYd pdwv f nf; r0ifpm;/ yg0ifpu G zf ufjcif;vnf;
vH;k 0rjyKacs? Adv k pfA;D ,m;Edik if w H iG f tpd;k 7 todtrSwjf yK
t,l0g'onf a7mruufovpf c7pf,mef*+ kd ;f jzpfonf?
odk\7mwGif vlwdki;f vGwv f yfpmG udk;uG,fEkdifcGih7f do S nf?
Advk pfA;D ,m;Ekid if o H nf wGi;f xGufoWKrsm;jzifh -uG,f
0aomEdkifiHjzpfonf? a7S;tcgu aiGtrsm;qHk; xGufcJh
aomfvnf;/ ,cktcg oHjzLwGif;rsm; awG\7Sdojzifh aiG
onf 'kw, d txGurf sm;qH;k oWKjzpfI oHjzLu yxrpGJ
AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH wnfae7mjy ajryHk onf? uBmay:wGif oHjzL 'kwd,trsm;qHk; xGufaom

83
 AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH

AdkvpfAD;,m;wdkif;7if;om;wdk\ a7S;a[mif;"avhxHk;pHt7 usif;yonfh yGJawmfwckwGif oDqdkwD;r=wfae-upOf

Edik if jH zpfonf? tef;qD;,m;/ ydw k ;kd qD;/ td&k ;l &d;k ESihf vmyuf wGif AdkvpfAD;,m;Edkiif YH rD;7xm;vrf; rdkiaf ygif; 1ô491
e,fw0du k fwGif oHjzLtrsm;qHk;xGuo f nf? tjcm; xif r~77dS m 1ô12^ rdik cf ef\rmS ykCvduuk$+Drsm;.vufxw J iG f
7Sm;aom oWKrsm;rSm 0l;z7rf/ caemufpdrf;/ cJ/ oGyf/ 7Sdonf? xif7Sm;aomrD;7xm;vrf;-uD;rsm;rSm vmyuf
a-u;eD/ a7FESifh -uGyfwdk\jzpfonf? AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH. jrdK\rS tef;'D;awmifudkausmfI csDvDEdkifiH tm;7D;um;jrdK\
t"du pD;yGm;a7;vkyif ef;onf oWKwiG ;f vkyif ef;jzpfonf? txd›if;/ vmyufjrKd \rS wDwu D mumtdik af y:7Sd *GguDjrdK\ok\/d
Edik if xH u G uf ek w
f efz;kd . 95 7mcdik Ef e= ;f udk oWKrsm; a7mif; ,if;rSu;l wd\koab®mjzifh yD;7l;Edik if zH ufurf;7Sd ylEjkd rdK\o\kjd zwf
jcif;jzifh 77Sdonf? a7eHvnf; tenf;i,f awG\xm;jyD; um xdkrw S qifh yD;7l;urf;ajc7Sd armfvif;'dk;jrdK\txd›if;/
jzpf7m/ aemufxyfI tajrmuftjrm; awG\z, G 7f oSd nf[k vmyufjrdK\rS awmifzufodk\ tdk7;l 7dk;/ ylvum,dk; paom
cef\reS ;f -uonf? jrdK\rsm;udkjzwfum csv D DEikd if Hurf;ajc7Sd tefwzdk *ufpwm;
Adv k pfA;D ,m;Edik if H vlO;D a7 3 yHk 2yHck ef\onf v,f,m jrdK\ok\d ›if; qufoG,fxm;onfh vrf;rsm;jzpfonf? armf
pdu
k yf sdK;vkyu f ikd -f uaomfvnf;/ wEdik if v H ;Hk . 2 7mcdik Ef e= ;f awmfum;vrf;rSmrl tpkpk rdkifaygif; 6ô000 cef\7o Sd nf?
r~om ajrwGio f m pdkufysdK;vkyfuidk -f uonf? t"du pdu k f vrf;rsm;rSm wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmonf[lI r7Sdaomf
ysdK;a7; xGufukefrsm;rSm uau;tdk;/ o-um;/ ajymif;/ vnf; Owkra7G; oGm;vmEdkifaomvrf;rsm; jzpfonf?
rka,m/ tmvl;/ umzD/ -uufaygifap;wdk\ jzpfonf? ,cktcg ava-umif;c7D; ay:aygufvm7m AdkvpfAD;
AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiHonf awmiftar7duwdu k fwiG f -uuf ,m;EkdifiHonf uBmt7yf7yfESifh tquftoG,f ydkrdk
aygifap; 'kwd,trsm;qHk; xGufaomEdkifiHjzpfonf? vG,u f vl mavonf?
awmifydkif;vGifjyifwGif u`J EGm; arG;jrLojzifh om;a7 AdkvpfAD;,m;Edik fiHwiG f jrdK\awmf 2 ck7do S nf[k qdk7ay
rsm;vnf; a7mif;cs-uonf? rnf? vmyufjrdK\onf A[dktpdk;7 &Hk;pdku7f mjrdK\awmf-uD;
Adv k pfA;D ,m;Edik if .
H ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7;rSm awmif jzpfaomfvnf;/ qlua7;jrdK\onf w7m;vFwfawmfcsKyf
ukef;jrifhrsm;a-umifh cufcJonf? rD;7xm;vrf;/ um; wnf7m jrKd \awmfjzpfonf? ,if;jrdK\ukd Adv k pfA;D ,m; yxr
vrf; ponfwdk\wGif vG,fulpGmrazmufEdkiaf cs? 1951ck oRw qlua7;tm; *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh rSnfhac:xm;

84
 AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH

jcif;jzpfonf? vmyufjrdK\onf yifv,fa7rsufESmjyif tm;vH;k .w0ufonf 2 ESpw f -urd x f u G f ay;7avonf?

txuf 11ô800 ayjrifI h / qlua7;jrdK\onf 8ô532 ay touf 21ESpjf ynfholwidk f; rJqN ay;Edkicf iG 7fh do S nf?
jrifhonf? vrf;rsm;rSm usOf;I taqmufttHkrsm;onf Adv
k pfA;D ,m; Ekid if w
H iG f e,f 9 e,f7o dS nf? ,if;wd\rk mS
pydefAo d u
k m yHkptH wdik f;jzpfonf? vmyuf/udkcsmArf;Am;/ ydkwdk;qD;/ qefwmu7k/ csLuGDq
Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Ekid if o
H nf a7S;acwf tif;um; tifyikd ,
f m um;/ w7dZ/ td&k l;&dk;/ aAeD/ yef'w dk dk\jzpfonf?
.wpdwfwa'ojzpfcJh.? xdkaemuf pydefwdk\.vuf rlvwef;ynma7;rSm tcvGwfroifrae7 jzpf.?
atmufo\kd ESp7f maygif;rsm;pGm usa7mufc7hJ m/ 1825 ckEpS f 193^ckEpS u f rl rlvwef;ausmif;aygif; 2ô000 7SI d ausmif;
wGif vGwfvyfaom oRwEdkiif H jzpfvmonf? 1938ck om;aygif; 145ô000 7So d nf? qlua7;jrdK\/ vmyufjrKd \EiS hf
ESpfwGif twnfjyK jy}mef;vdkufaom zGJ\pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk udkcsmArf;Am;jrdK\w\kdY wUodv k af usmif; wausmif;pD 7Sd
tajccHOya't7 Ekid if aH wmfoRwudk 4 ESpw f -urd f jynfol avonf? qlua7;jrdK\7dS qefz7efpPudak q;AD;,m; wU
wdk\u wdkuf7kduaf 7G;aumufwifajr|muf7onf? ygvDref odvk o f nf tar7duwdu k f7Sd wUodv k frsm;teuf Oya'
Oya'jyKtzGJ\wGif txufvFwfawmf atmufvFwfawmf ESifh aq;ynmqdkif7m r[mXmersm; tjynfhtpHk7Sdaom
[lI ESpcf k7Sd7m txufvFwfawmfwGif 6ESpfw-udrf a7G; yxrqH;k wUodv k jf zpfonf?
aumufwifajr|muf7aom trwf 2^OD; yg0ifI atmuf touf 19ESpfrS55ESpt f wGi;f 7Sd a,musfm;wdki;f ppf
vFwfawmfwGif 4 ESpfw-udrf a7G;aumufwifajr|muf7 ynmudk roifrae7pepf7Sd.? xdkjyif touf14ESpfrS
aom jynfol\udk,fpm;vS,f 120yg0if.? 3 yHk 1 yHk 18 ESpftwGi;f 7Sd a,musfm;uav;rsm;onfvnf; a7S;OD;
aom txufvFwfawmftrwfrsm;onf 2 ESpfv~if w oifppfynmudk ausmif;wGif tjrJwrf;oif,l-u7onf?
-udrf xGufay;-u7.? atmufvw F fawmf trwf OD;a7 omreftcsed frsm;wGif tjrw J rf; ppfwyftwGuf owfrw S f

AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH wdkif;7if;om;wkd\onf &dk;om;I aysmf7FifpGm aexdkifavh7Sd-uonf?

85
AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH Adk[D;rD;,m;e,f

xm;aom ppfom;OD;a7rSm 1943 ckEpS f Oya't7 15ô000 tawmifw h if;qHk; wdik ;f jynfwjynf jzpfvmonf? 1200
jzpfavonf? jynfhESpfaemufydkif;wGif tkypf k;d aom vlZif;Awfrif;quf
jzpfaom Ad[ k ;D rD;,m;bk7ifrsm;onf {u7mZfbk7ifcsn;f
Adk[D;rD;,m;e,f? ?Ad[ k ;D rD;,m; e,fonf csuu f kd jzpf-uonf? odk\7mwGif 15 7mpkESpfrsm;Y *`efwyfpudk
qvdAk m;uD;,m;Ekdifi. H taemufzuftusq;Hk e,fjzpf ta-umif;jyKI jzpfyGm;aom t,l0g'a7; ppfyGJrsm;ESifh
onf? yxruBmppfrwdik rf u D ,if;onf -op-w;D ,m;„ 1618 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;aom ESpo f ;kH q,fppfyJrG sm;a-umifh
[efa*7Dtifydkif,mtwGi;f Y xif7Sm;aom jynfe,f w Adk[D;rD;,m;EdkifiHonf arS;rSdefoGm;7onf? jynfoljynf
e,fjzpfco hJ nf? om;rsm;onf trsdK;om;pdwf"mwfrsm; usqif;csdefY
Adk[D;rD;,m;e,fonf rSefuluGuf yHko!mef7Sdaom [ufZAwfrif;rsm; tkypf ;kd vsuf7do S nf? 18 7mpkESpfusrS
ukef;jrifh-uD;jzpfonf? taemufajrmufzufwGif qU yif Adk[D;rD;,m; vlxo k nf EkdifiHa7;Ed;k -um;vmum t
qGeef jD ynfe,fukd tdk;awmifwef;u›if;/ ta7S\ajrmufzuf rsdK;om;tcGifhta7;rsm;/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa7;ESifh EdkifiH
wGif qdkifvD;7Sm;e,fudk *sdKif;,ifah wmifwef;u›if;/ t a7;vGwv f yfrw = k\dukd awmif;qdv k m-uonf? 19 7mpkcef\
aemufawmifzufwGif AmaA;7D;,m;jynfe,fukd Adk[;D rD; wGif -op-wD;,m;„[efa*7Dtpd;k 7tm; tawmfyif raus
,m;opfawmac: awmifwef;rsm;u›if;/ ta7S\awmif reyfjzpfaecJ-h uonf? yxruBmppfjyD;aomtcg Ad[ k D;
zufwGif rdka7;AD;,m;e,fudk tpf*avmif;ukef;jrifh-uD; rD;,m;jynfe,fonf csufuq kd vdAk m;uD;,m;Edik if o H pf.
u›if; Adk[D;rD;,m;e,fESifh jcm;xm;avonf? *sKd if;,ifh e,fwe,f jzpfvmonf? 'kw, d uBmppftwGi;f Yrl *sm
awmifwef;Y jrpfjzm;cHaom tJhvAjrpf txufydkif;ESifh reftkyfcsKyfcHe,f jzpfaecJhjyD;v~if 'kwd,uBmppfjyD;rS
,if;. jrpfvufwufrsm;onf we,fv;kH Y jzmI pD;qif; csufuq dk vdAk m;uD;,m;Ekdiif . H jynfe,ftjzpf jyefvnf
vsuf7Sdonf? Adk[D;rD;,m;. xGufaygufrsm;onf a7muf7o Sd nf?
ajrmufzufwGif tJhzAjrpf0Srf;rSty useftm;vHk;onf Ad[
k ;D rD;,m;e,fonf csuu f qkd vdAk m;uD;,m; wEdik if H
awmif-um;vrf;rsm; jzpfonf? vHk;wGif t-uG,0f tpnf;um; tzGJ\jzdK;qHk;aom e,fjzpf
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kd y7m[jrKd \awmfonf Ad[ k ;D rD;,m;e,fwiG f
I/ jrefrmEdkifiH weo®m7Dwdkif;cef\ 7Sdonf? vlOD;a7 wnf7SdI 7D;uifAwf/ yDvqef/ AGwfApf/ um;vpAwf
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qausmf7Sdavonf? trsm;tm;jzifh csufvlrsdK;ESifh *sm yg0ifonf? Ad[ k D;rD;,m;e,f. jrifrh m;aom uke;f jyifESihf
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onf? trsm;tm;jzifh A7if*sD*k+ d ;f 0ifrsm; jzpf-uonf? vkyu f ikd f7ef tvGeaf umif;rGeo f jzifh *sHK/ rka,m/ tmvl;/
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tcsed u f rmudrk efvrl sdK;wd\ku wdu k x f w
k If aexdki-f ujyef us,fvyk fudkif-uonf? Adk[D;rD;,m;jynfe,f taemuf
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tEG,f0if csufw\dk u›if; armif;xkwf aexdki-f uonf? rsm;pGm7Sdonf? a-uGxnfyPnf;rsm;vkyfudkifEdkifonfh 7FH\
62^ ckEpS w f iG f qrdb
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Adk[D;rD;,m;e,fonf pnf;vHk;rdavonf? 805 ckESpf ,if;tydki;f wGif oH/ oHr+d/ jcnfEiS hf od;k arG;/ tdraf xmif
wGif 7Sm;vrdef;bk7ifu odrf;ydu k fxm;cJhjyD;aemuf r-um y7dabm*/ pUL/ "mwkaA'yPnf;rsm;/ a-uGxnf/ zef
rDyif rdka7;AD;,m;EdkifiH. vufatmufcH jzpfcJhonf? xnf ponfh pufrv = yk if ef;rsm; vkyu f ikd 7f m puf&-kH uD;rsm;
1000jynfhESpfausmfcef\url Adk[D;rD;,m;onf *smref jzifh pnfum;onf? Ad[ k ;D rD;,m;e,fxu G f zefxnfonf
e,fwe,ftjzpf a7muf7SdaeI 1198ckwGif oD;jcm; uBmausmf jzpfonf? Adk[D;rD;,m;. tjcm; xif7Sm;
jynfaxmif jzpfvmjyefonf? 1253 ckESpfrS 12^8 ckESpf aom xGufukefrSm yDvZifemAD,mac: uBmausmf
twGif;Y Adk[D;rD;,m;onf Oa7mywdkufwGif tiftm; AD,mjzpfonf?

86
Adk[D;rD;,m;e,f
Ad[k ;D rD;,m;e,fonf jynfwiG ;f ul;oef; oGm;vma7;
twGuf tvGefaumif;rGefaom rD;7xm;vrf;ESifh um;
vrf;-uD;rsm; 7Sd&Hkru jynfyjrdK\-uD;rsm;jzpfaom AD,if;
em;/ '7ufZ'if ponfhjrdK\-uD;rsm;ESifh rD;7xmvrf;jzifh
tquftoG,7f o dS nf?
Ad[ k ;D rD;,m;e,fwiG f *smrefwUodkvfEiS fh csufwU
odv
k rf sm;7So d nfh teuf 1348 ckEpS u
f wnfaxmifcahJ om
y7m[wUodv k o f nf Oa7mywdu
k 7f dS a7S;tusqk;H wU
odkvw f ckjzpfonf?
Ad;k ôeD;v(c7pf 1885 1962) ? ?eD;vAd;k onf 'de;f rwfvl
rsdK; &lyaA'ynm7Sif wOD;jzpfI/ tufwrf. c¶mtdrzf J\G
pnf;yHk 0g'opfudk pwifazmfxw k cf ahJ vonf? t7m0 K
rSeo f r~. tajccH,lepfjzpfaom tufwrfrsm;. zGJ\pnf;
wnfaeyHo k nf aep-um0 m zG\Jpnf;wnfaeyHEk iS hf tvm;
wljzpfonf? tufwrf.tv,fA[d7k dS av;vHaom 0wf
qHuJhodk\jzpfonfh EsL;uvD;,wfudk v~yfppf"mwftm;
aqmifaom tDvufx7Gefrsm;u/ aeudk j*dK[frsm;vSnfh
ywfae-uonfhenf;wl vSnyfh wfae-uonf? tufwrf
wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh (ae7mvGwf) [if;vif;jyifrsm;
yg7So d nf[k Ad;k uol.t,ltqrsm;udk xkwaf zmfco hJ nf?
Ad;k .tufwrf0g'opfukd tajcjyKI ta7;ygaomod_H
ynmwd;k wufr=rsm;udk jyKvkyfEkid cf -Jh uonf? ,if;wd\kwiG f
tufwrf.pGr;f tifukd xkw, f t
l oH;k jyKjcif;vnf; yg0ifchJ
tEkjrL okawoevkyfief;wGif EdkAifqk csD;jr|ihfcH7onfh
&lyaA' od_Hynmausmf eD;v Adk;
87
Adk;ôeD;v
I/ tufwrf(tEkjrL) AHk; vkyfudkifEkdifonftxd ayguf
ajrmuf atmifjrifcho J nf? Adk;onf rdr. d 0g'opfukd wd;k
wuf jyKjyifch7J m/ a7'D,dkoWd-uGjcif;udk awG\7d7S mrS ay:
aygufvmaom jy©emrsm;ud›k if;/ *smref &lyaA'
ynm7Sif yvef\. uGrfwefot D dk7rD S ay:aygufvmaom
jy©emrsm;udk›if; ajz7Si;f Edkicf ahJ vonf?
Akd;onf 'def;rwfEidk if H udkyif[m;*if;jrdK\Y 1885 ckEpS f
atmufwb kd mv ^ 7ufae\wiG f zGm;jrifI/ udyk if[m;*if;
wUodv k rf S 'D*7Db\J7G 7Scd o
hJ nf? a7S;OD;pGm Ad;k . od_o H ak w
oevkyif ef;wdk\rmS oWKrsm;rS tDvufx7Gefot D 7dk uD kd pl;
prf;avhvmjcif; jzpfonf? aemiftcgwGif t*®vefjynf
odk\ oGm;a7mufI 7lyaA'ynm7Sif tausmftarmf-uD;
rsm;jzpf-uaom a*s/ a*s/ oGerf qifEiS hf avmh7m;om;zd\kw\kd
vufatmufwGif od_Hoak woevkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif
7Guo f nf? tufwrfc¶mtdrzf \JpG nf;yH0k g'opfukd xkwaf zmf
cJph Ofu Adk;onf touf28 ESpt f 7G,fr~om 7Sdao;onf?
1920 jynfEh pS w f iG f udyk if[m;*if;wUodv k wf iG f oDt7kd uf
wpfu,f& lyaA'od_Hausmif;udk uln Dwnfaxmif
ay;onf? 1922 ckEpS f touftm;jzihf 3^ ESpw f iG f 7ly
aA'twGuf uBmausmf EdkAq J -k uD;udk 77S7d m/ xdak cwft
xd EdkAJqk 7olrsm;xJwGif toufti,fqHk; jzpfav
onf? tjcm; Ekid if rH sm;pGmwd\kuvnf; ol. 7lyaA'ynm
pGrf;7nfudk *k+fjyKcsD;usL;aomtm;jzifh qkwHqdyfrsm;
csD;jr|ih-f uavonf? 1926 ckESpw f iG f awmf0iftoif;-uD;
. EkdifiHjcm;toif;0iftjzpf a7G;cs,fjcif; cH7onf?
1938 39 ckESpfwGif tar7duefjynfaxmifpkodk\ acW
oGm;a7mufI/ tufwrfprG ;f tif okawoevkyfief;rsm;
udk aqmif7u G cf 7hJ m/ od_yH nm7Si-f uD; tJvAwftidk ;f pwdik ;f
ESiv hf nf; awG\qkEH ;SD aESmcJah vonf?
xdt k csed w f Gif Ad;k onf ,la7;eD;,rf;tufwrfukcd JpG w d f
I ,la7;eD;,rf;xJY odrk ;DS vsu7f adS eaompGr;f tifukd trsm;
tjym; xkw, f ltoH;k jyK7ef -udK;yrf;vsu7f o Sd nf? 1940
jynfhEpS w f Gif *smrefwyfrsm;u 'de;f rwfEidk fiu H kd wdu k fcu kd f
odrf;ydu k v f kud faomtcg/ t*®vefjynfok\d xGufajy;wdr;f
a7SmifaecJhonf? xdkaemufwGif t*®vdyEf Sifh tar7duef
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;udk ulnDcJh7m/ tufwrf (tEkjrL) AHk;
vkyfudkif7eftwGuf od_Hynm7yfqkid f7m tcuftcJrsm;
ajz7Sif;ay;jcif;jzifh trsm;qHk;ulnDcJhonf? aemiftcg
Adk;onf e,l;rUqDudk avmhpt,fvrdk; tufwrfrpf
y&dk*sufwGif t-uHay;t7m7Sdtjzpf aqmif7Guf7onf?
1945 ckEpS fwGif 'de;f rwfEidk if Hok\djyefoGm;.? 1962 ckEpS f
Ekd0ifbmv 18 7ufae\wiG f uG,fvGefonf?
 Adk;0g;ppfyGJ

Ad;k 0g;ppfyJG (c7pf 1899 1902)? ?tmz7duwdu k f aemufq;kH Y 1899 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 11 7ufae\
awmifydkif;7Sd Adk;0g;jynfe,frsm;jzpfaom -o7def;z7D; wGif jAdwdo~ESifh Adk;0g;wdk\ ppfpwifwdkufcdkuf-uonf?
pwdwfESihf x7efpAm;jynfe,frsm;ESihf jAdwdo~tpdk;7wdk\ -o7de;f z7D;pwdwfjynfe,fonf Ad;k 0g;wdk\ESifhy;l aygif;um
1899 ckESpfrS 1920 ckESpftwGif; jzpfyGm;aom ppfyGJudk jAdwdo~tm; wkdufcku d favonf? xdpk pfyGJwiG f -uD;us,f
Ad;k 0g;ppfyJ[ G k ac:onf? xdpk pfyu GJ kd awmiftmz7duppfyJG aom wdu k yf J-G uD;rsm; r7SdvSacs? acsmif;ajrmif; wdu k cf ku d f
[k vnf;ac:-uonf? jcif;/ axmifzrf;I wdkufjcif;/ jrdK\-uD;rsm;udk 0dik ;f 7Hydwq f k\d
Adk;0g;[laompum;rSm 'yfcsbmomjzifh v,form; jcif;rsm;om rsm;avonf? ppfy. GJ tpwGif Adk;0g;wdk\u
[k ac:jcif;jzpfonf? 1652 ckEpS cf ef\u a[mfvefEkid firH S ta7;omavonf? Ad;k 0g;wdk\onf typftcwfu`r;f usif
'yfcsvlrsdK;wpkonf tmz7duwdkufawmifydkif; a'o jyD;v~if xdka'o. ta-umif;7if;udk aumif;pGmodol
rsm;od\k oGm;a7mufI v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;jcif;jzifh tajcpdu k f rsm;jzpf-u.? Ad;k 0g;wdk\zufrS 'DApf/ vl0AD kw d m/ 'vma7;
aexdkif-uonf? xdkolwdk\rS qif;oufolrsm;udk Adk;0g; ponfh Adkvcf sKyf-uD;rsm;u tkycf sKyw f du
k fcukd . f ? jAdwo d ~
[kac:-uonf? 1^96 ckEpS w f iG f tmz7duwku d 7f dS Ad;k 0g; wdk\onf 1990jynfhESpf Zefe0g7Dvwdkifatmif Adk;0g;wdk\
wdk\. a'oopfrsm;udk jAdwdo~wdk\ 0ifa7mufodrf;ydkuf zdEdyS w f u kd fcu kd jf cif;udo k m cHae7avonf?
onf? jAw d od ~tyk cf sKyo
f nfukd rvdv k m;olw\o kd nf 1836 1900 jynfEh pS f Zefe0g7DvwGiaf vmha7mAwfEiS haf vmh
ckwGif olwdk\.a'orsm;udk pGef\I x\dkxufajrmufzuf upfcsemwdk\ OD;pD;onfh tiftm;-uD;rm;aom jAdwdo~
usaom a'orsm;odk\ ajymif;a7F\um tdk;opftdrfopf wyfopfrsm; a7mufvmavonf? (upfcsemôtdyf/ tdyf
xlaxmif-uonf? xdka'oudkvnf; awmiftmz7du „&=?) xdEk pS f azazmf0g7Dv 2^ 7ufae\wiG f Ad;k 0g;ppfAv kd f
oRwEdkifiHESifh -o7def;z7D;pwdwf[lI udkvdkeDEkdifiHopf csKyf-uD; u7Gef,DESifh wyfom; 4axmifcef\onf yg;'D
wnfaxmifonf? awmiftmz7du oRwEdkifiH[kac: AwfY vufeufcs-u7avonf? xdkEpS f rwfv 137uf
aoma'oonf aemiftcg x7efpAm;jynfe,f[k wGif ae\wGif -o7def;z7D;pwdwfjynfe,f. jrdK\awmf AvGrf;
vmonf? zGew f ed ;f jrKd \ukd avmha7mAwfu csDwuford ;f ydu k u f m ,if;
1884 ckESpfwGif awmiftmz7duoRwEdkifiHY a7F jynfe,fudk jAw d od ~yikd tf jzpf a-unmEkid cf o hJ nf?
wGif;rsm; awG\onfhowif;a-umifh EdkifijH cm;om;rsm; t avmha7mAwfacgif;aqmifaom jAdwdo~ppfwyfrsm;
rsm;tjym;yif xdka'oxJodk\ 0ifa7mufvm-uonf? xdk onf ajrmufzufo\kcd sw D ufum *sKd [³ufpAwfjrdK\ukd odr;f
EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh jAdwdo~ vlrsdK;rsm; ydu k o f nf? xdkaemuf ZGev f 57ufae\wiG af wmiftmz7du
jzpf-uonf? Adk;0g;wdk\uvnf; olwk\d. tkycf sKyfa7;wGif oRwEdkiif . H jrdK\awmf y7Dwk;d 7D;,m;jrdK\ukd odrf;ydu k jf yef
jAdwdo~wdk\ 0iffa7mufjc,fvS,frnfudk pdk;7GH\-uonf? avonf? xdEk pS f pufwifbmvwGif Ad;k 0g;Adv k cf sKyf Adw
k m
xd\ak -umifh awmiftmz7duoRwEdik if . H oRw aygu&l; ESihf vufatmufcw H yfrsm;udk avmha7mAwfu vufeuf
*g;u EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;tm; csKyfcs,fuef\owfonfh csapI/ awmiftmz7duoRwEkdifiHudk x7efpAm;jynf
Oya'rsm;udk jyKvkyfavonf? xdt k cg EkdifijH cm;om;rsm; e,f[t k rnfajymif;um jAdwo d ~yikd tf jzpf a-unmonf?
uvnf; rcHr7yfEidk jf zpfum/ tcGiht f a7; ydkay;7ef qlyl useAf k;d 0g;wyfrsm;onf awmcdkoGm;um ajymufusm;
awmif;qdk-uonf? Edkiif Hjcm;om;wdk\zufrS jAdwo d ~wdk\u pepfjzifh wdkufcdkufao;onf? xdktcsdefwGif avmha7m
tm;ay;avonf? Awfonf t*®vefo\kjd yefomG ;I avmhupfcsemu jAdwo d ~
,if;wdk\jzifh xdkta7;rSm Adk;0g;wdk\ESifh EdkifiHjcm;om; wyfrsm;udk OD;pD;wdkufcdkufvsuf7Sdonf? avmhupfcsem
wdk\ tiftm;jydKif-uonfh tajcrS/ Adk;0g;ESifh jAdwdo~wdk\ onf Adk;0g;wdk\. ajymufusm;ppfqifr=udk tpGrf;ukef
tiftm;jydKifonfh tajcodk\ qdkufa7mufoGm;avonf? ESrd ef if;vdu k 7f m 1902 ckEpS f arv 317ufae\wiG f Ad;k 0g;ppfyJG
1896 ckEpS w f iG f vufeufpu JG ikd f wdu k cf u kd -f uonfh tajc onf tqHk;owftjyD;wdkifa7mufchaJ vonf?
od\ak 7mufvmonf? t*®vyd v f rl sKd ; *srd ;f qefqo kd ul vuf Ad;k 0g;wd\konf wyfom;tiftm; 95ô000r~EiS hf jAw d o d ~
eufukid f wdkucf dkufa7;udk OD;aqmifch7J m/ ,if;x-uGr=udk wd\k. 200ô000ausmf7daS om wyfudk 3 ESprf ~ -uHh-uHhcHI
*sdr;f qefwdkufy[ GJ k ac:-u.? xdkta7;wGif *sdrf;qefw\dk wdkufcdkufcJhonf? y7Dwdk;7D;,m;jrdK\Y 1902ckESpf arv
zufu &=;H edro fh Gm;avonf? od\k7mwGif jAdwo d ~ESihf Ad;k 0g; 317ufae\wiG f csKyq f akd om zma7;epf*if;pmcsKyt f 7/ x7ef
wdk\ ta7;onf jyD;jidr;f oGm;jcif; r7Sdacs? pAm;ESifh -o7def;z7D;pwdwfwdk\onf jAdwdo~ udkvedk Drsm;

88
Adk;0g;ppfyGJ
jzpfvm-uonf? Adk;0g;wdk\vnf; jAdwdo~tpdk;7 oPmcH
rsm;tjzpf cH,l-uonf? odk\aomf 1906 ckESpfwGif t*®
vefjynfY vpfA7,fygwD -uD;pdk;vmaomtcg/ xdkjynf
e,f 2 e,fudk wm0efcHtkyfcsKyfa7;ay;tyfonf? jynf
e,frsm;wGif Adk;0g;ppfa-umifh ysupf D;7onfhtwGuf a':
vm 15ô000ô000 avsmaf -u;tjzpf jAdwo d ~wdk\u ay;
avonf? ausmif;rsm;Yvnf; 'yfcsbmomudk oif
cGifhjyKonf? ,if;odk\ jAdwdo~tpdk;7. oufn|mr=rsm;
a-umifh Adk;0g;ESifh jAdwdo~qufqHa7;onf txl;yif
aumif;rGefvmonf? 1910 ckEpS w f Gif xdjk ynfe,f 2e,f
onf awmiftmz7dujynfaxmifpkEdkifiHtwGif;Y udk,f
ydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh7 jynfe,frsm;jzpfvmavonf? (awmif
tmz7du jynfaxmifpk„&=? )
Aufpudk 'g *g;r(c7pf 1460cef\„1524)? ?e,fajr
opfpl;prf;7SmazGcJholrsm;teuf ay:wl*DvlrsdK; Aufpudk
'g*g;ronf uBmwGif tausmf-um;qHk; ykCdKvfwOD;
jzpfayonf? e,fajropf7SmazGro = nf pGef\pGef\pm;pm;jyK7
oavmuf tvGeftusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;vSojzifh a7S;acwf
rsm;rStpjyKI Oa7mywGifacwfpm;cJhonf? wEdkifiHESifh
e,fajropf7SmazGr=Y tausmfqHk; ykCdKvfjzpfonfh Aufpudk'g*g;r
89
Aufpudk 'g *g;r
wEdik if H tjydKife,fopfrsm;7Sm-ujyD;v~i/f oufqidk 7f m rdrd
wd\kEdik fi. H ydik feufEiS fh wefc;kd tm+mudk e,fcsJ\c-Jh uonf?
wcgu wefcdk;-uD;EdkifiHrsm;jzpf-uaom pydefESifh ay:wl
*,fEkid fiHw\dkonfvnf; csr;f om-uG,0f aom ta7S\wikd ;f /
txl;ojzifh tdNd,EkdifiHodk\ ydkifeufcsJ\vdk-uonf? xdk
a-umifh ,if;a'orsm;od\k tjrefq;Hk aygufa7mufaom yif
v,fc7D;vrf;udk tjydKif-udK;pm;7SmazGc-Jh uonf?
ay:wl*w D \dkonf ESpfaygif; 60cef\r~ tmz7duwdu k f
taemufzufurf;ajcwav~muf awmifzufo\dk c7D;vrf;
udk wjznf;jznf;prf;I oab®mvFi-fh unfch -Jh u7m/ 1488
ckEpS w f iG f Amwl;vl;ar,k't D wfqo kd o
l nf tmz7duwdu k f
awmifzufpGef;udk ywfrdjyD;v~if ta7S\zufurf;ajc w
av~muf tawmfyif c7D;aygufcJhonf? ('D;twfôAmwl;
vl;ar,k„&=?) xdkaemuf 10ESpfeD;yg;r~ ay:wl*Dwdk\.
a7S\qufvuf-udK;yrf;r=onf c7D;ra7mufbJ 7SdaecJhav
onf? xdktawmtwGif; pydefEkdifiHu 1492 ckESpfwGif
ta7S\wikd ;f od\k oGm;aom yifv,fc7D;ud7k mS 7ef udkvAH yfukd
vFwv f u kd 7f m tar7duwdu k of \kd oGm;7mc7D;vrf;p 7cJah v
onf? (udkvAH yfôpD„&=?) xdt k cg ay:wl*w D \kdonf tm;
usrcH/ tmz7dwdkufudk ywfI ta7SoGm; c7D;vrf;udk
qufvuf7mS azG7ef t-uHtpnfjyK-uavonf?
,if;onft h csderf wdkirf uD Aufpud'k g*g;ronf xif
xif7Sm;7Sm; r7SdcJhao;acs? odk\aomf rSL;rwfrsdK;&dk;rS
qif;oufvmolwOD;jzpfI uufpwD;Edik if EH iS hf ay:wl*,f
EdkifiHwdk\ ppfjydKif7mwGif yg0ifqifEFJcJhz;l a-umif;r~om od
-uonf? yifv,fqdyfurf;jrdK\uav;jzpfaom qD;ae;Y
arG;zGm;cJo h l Aufpudk'g*g;ronf yifv,fc7D;u`rf;usif
oljzpfI yifv,frsm;Y oGm;vm7ef ESpfoufjyD;v~i/f r
a-umufr7G\H oGm;vm0Ho h l jzpfavonf? xdak -umifh 149^
ckESpfwGif ay:wl*b D k7if yXrtDref;EsLt,fonf Aufp
udk'g*g;rtm; oab®m 4 pif;udk uGyfuJtkyfcsKyfapjyD;
aomf ta7S\wkid ;f oGm; yifv,fc7D;vrf; 7SmazGap7ef cef\
tyfonf? Aufpud'k g*g;ronf xdEk pS f Zlvikd v f wGif vP
AGe;f jrdK\rS pwifI c7D;xGufcahJ vonf?
4vtwGif;Y Aufpudk'g*g;rwdk\onf *Gwf[kyftil
udk aumif;rGefpmG ywfr-d uonf? xdktiludk ausmfvGeI f
c7D;qufrnfjyKaomtcgoab®mom;wdk\onf rvdu k fvdk
-uawmhbJ awmfvSefykefuef-uawmhonf? xdkjyif av
jyif;rkew f idk ;f rsm;ESiv
hf nf; tcgcg-uHKc7hJ onf? Aufpudk'g
*g;ronf oab®mom;rsm;. ykefuefrE= Sihf avjyif; rkef
wdkif;ponfh tcuftcJwdk\rS vGwfajrmuf ausmfeif;Edkif
atmif trsdK;rsdK; -udK;yrf;cJh7avonf?
Aufpudk 'g *g;r AufpyGwfcsDôtar7d*dk

,if;odk\aom tcuftcJrsm;udkausmfeif; ajz7Sif; -udK;yrf;aepOf/ udkcsifjrdK\Y xdEk pS f 'DZifbmv 24 7ufae\

,if;yif tmz7duwdkuf ta7S\zufurf;&d;k wef;7Sd rvif'D wGif uG,fvGefomG ;avonf?
qdyfurf;jrdK\wGif tdNd,Edik fiHom; ukefonfrsm;ESifh awG\
avonf? ,if;wdk\txJrS tdNd,a7a-umif;jy wOD;. AufpyGwfcsDôtar7d*dk (c7pf 1451 „ 1512)? ?
tultnDjzifh tdN, d ork]7mudjk zwfausmu f m/ vPAGe;f jrKd \ uBmopf (tar7duwkduf)udk tOD;qHk; awG\7Sdoltjzpf
rS xGufcjJh yD;aemuf 10 vt-um 1498 ckEpS f arv t ajymprSwf jyKjcif;cH7ol tar7d*kAd ufpyGwcf s;D tm; tpGjJ yK
wGif;Y tdNd,taemufzufurf;ajc7Sd umvduwfjrdK\ok\d I tar7duwdu k f[k rSnhaf c:-uonf?
a7mufcahJ vonf? ,if;od\jk zifh Aufpud'k g*g;ronf Oa7m AufpyGwcf so D nf †wvDEikd if o H m; ukeo f nfwOD;jzpf
yrS tdNd,odk\ yifv,fc7D;udk pwifawG\7SdcJhavonf? I/ 1451 ckEpS f rwfv 97ufae\wGif zavmf7ifhjrdK\Y zGm;
umvduwfjrdK\wGif;Y xdktcsdefu rl;0g;vlrsdK; ukef jrifonf? i,fpOfu OD;avawmfol 'drk ifeDuef*dk+f;0if
onfrsm;vnf;7Sdaeonf? rl;0g;wd\ku ay:wl*w D \dka7muf bke;f -uD;wyg;u pmayoif-um;ay;cJ7h m/ eQWaA'ESihf
vmjcif;udk rvdk-uacs? xdka-umifh jrdK\tkyfcsKyfoltm; ocs®mynm7yfrsm;udk txl;yif avhvmwwfajrmufcJh
ay:wl*w D \dkudk aumif;pGm vufcH rjyKpkavatmif jyK-u ayonf? zavmf7ifjh rdK\wiG f twef-umr~ ukeo f nftvkyf
onf? xdak -umifh aAmfpud'k g*g;ronf jrKd \. tajctaeudk ESihf aexdik cf .hJ ? 1492 ckEpS w f iG f pydeEf ikd if H qJAh ;D jrKd \o\›kd if;/
avhvmpHkprf;jyD;aemuf ay:wl*,fodk\jyefcJhonf? rlv xdkaemuf au;'pfjrdK\od\k ›if; oGm;a7mufaexdkifI ukef
ay:wl*,fEidk if HrS xGufcmG cJhpOfu oab®mom; 1^0 yg7Sd oG,frv = yk if ef;jzifh toufarG;avonf? 1495 ckEpS w f iG f
cJh7m vrf;c7D;wGif zsm;emaoqHk;-uojzifh 55 a,muf yifv,fwGicf 7D;7SnfxGuf7eftwGuf oab®mrsm; wnf
r~om ay:wl*,fEkid fio H \kd jyefa7mufEikd -f uavonf? aqmufay;aom tvkyf&HkwckESifh qufoG,frdcJh.? xdk
ay:wl*,fEkdifiHodk\ jyefa7mufaomtcg/ bk7ifrif; tcgrSpI AufpyGwcf st D wGuf pGe\pf m;c7D;xGu7f ef vrf;p
jrwfu Aufpud'k g*g;rESihf oab®mom;rsm;udk qkawmf ay:cJo h nf?
v'fawmfrsm; csD;jr|iho f nf? Aufpudk'g*g;rtm; t*®vyd f c7PwdkzmudkvHApfonf 1492 ckESpfwGif w-udrf/
‘‘qm’’ bGJ\EiS hn f rD ~aom ‘‘'Grf’’ bGJ\ay;tyfonf? ay:wl
*,fESihf tdN, d Edik fiw H \kd ukeo f , G fvrf; yGihaf vonf? Auf
pud'k g*g;ronf tdN, d Edik if EH iS hf ukeo
f ,G 7f ef tcGit hf a7;
rsm;vnf; 7Sdch7J m/ tvGefcsrf;om -uG,f0vmavonf?
aemuf 3ESpcf ef\t-um 1502 ckEpS w f iG f Aufpud'k g*g;
ronf a7wyf wwyfukd tkycf sKyI f tdN, d Edik if o
H \dk oGm;
a7mufcJh7jyefonf? ta-umif;rl umvduwfjrdK\wiG af y:
wl*Dukefonfrsm;ESifh tdNd,wdik ;f om;wd\k y™dyQ jzpfymG ;
aoma-umifw h nf;? Aufpudk'g*g;ronf umvduwfjrdK\
om;wd\ktm; jyif;jyif;xefxef ESrd ef if;cJ7h m/ Aufpud'k g*g;r
.trnfwiG t f rnf;pufxifco hJ nf? xdak emuf udck sijf rKd \o\kd
oGm;a7mufI ukefoG,fr=rsm; jyKvkyf7m a7FaiGyPnf;
awmify7kH myHk 77Sdcho J nf? rdZk rfApfEiS hf qdzk mvme,fw\kw d iG f
ay:wl*jD ynfe,frsm; wnfaxmifcJhonf? xdkaemuf xdk
ESpfwiG fyif vPAGef;odk\ jyefcaJh vonf?
Aufpud'k g*g;ronf ta7S\widk ;f wGif ay:wl*w D \kd ajc
uky7f 7ef pwif vrf;cif;ay;cJah omfvnf;/ 1524 ckEpS w f iG f
rS tNd,Edik fi7H Sd ay:wl*yD kid ef ,frsm;. bk7ifccH sKyftjzpf
cef\ tyfc7H I tdN, d od\k vmcJjh yefonf? tdN, d od\k a7mufI
7mxl;vufcHjyD;aemufwGif tdNd,7Sd ay:wl*D tpdk;7.
tkyfcsKyfa7; uarmufur jzpfaeonfrsm;udk jyKjyif7ef tar7duefEdkifiHudk pwifawG\7SdcJhol tar7d*dkAufpyGufcsD

90
AufpyGufcsDôtar7d*dk AufqDrmôqm [ife7D

1493 ckEpS w f iG f w-udrf 2 -urd w f ikd fwikd f taemufzufo\kd

oab®mvGihpf Ofu AufpyGwcf sDonf pydefY 7Sad vonf?
(udkvHAyfôpD„&=?) xdk 2acgufwGif udkvHAyfonf t
ar7duwkduf uke;f r-u;D od\k ra7mufbJ ,ck taemuftNd d
,u`e;f pk[w k Giv f su7f Sdaom u`e;f pkrsm;odk\om a7mufchJ
onf? 1504 ckEpS Yf xkwaf 0aom pmwrf;wckY Aufp
yGwcf so D nf taemufo\dk oab®mjzifh 149^ ckEpS /f 1499
ckEpS /f 1501 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1503 ckEpS rf sm;wGif 4 -urd w f ikd wf ikd f
oGm;a7mufcJha-umif;/ yXrtacguf 149^ ckESpf ZGefv
16 7ufae\wiG f awmiftar7du taemufajrmuf urf;
ajcodk\ a7muf7SdcJha-umif; a7;om;azmfjyxm;avonf?
149^ ckEpS w f iG f tu,fyif c7D;xGucf o hJ nf rxGucf o hJ nf
udk taotcsmrod7aomfvnf;/ 1499 ckEpS w f iG f awmif
tar7duwdkufodk\ c7D;xGufcJha-umif;um; taotcsm
od7onf? xdkjyif AufpyGwcf so D nf tar7duwdu k f (0g)
uBmopfudk awG\7SdcJha-umif; ajymqdkcJhonfudkvnf;
udv k AH yfu jiif;qdjk cif;rjyKcahJ cs? xdak -umifh 150^ ckEpS w f iG f
xkwfa0cJhaom yx0Dpmtkyf wtkyfY *smrefygarmQ
wOD;u uBmopfukd tar7d*akd wG\7o dS jzifh tar7duwdu k f
[kac:oifha-umif; t-uHay;cJhavonf? od\kaomf rsm;pGm oHr+dusdKenf;opfudkwDxGifcJhol qm[ife7DAufqDrm
tjiif;yGm;cJ-h ujy;D aemuf/ yXrwGif oltu,fawG\7cdS hJ aom
awmiftar7duwkduf rUqDudk yifv,fauG\ae7m7Sd axmif vkyu f kid af eol emrnf-uD; tif*sife, D m tefwedk D
ukef;jyifudkom ol\trnfjzifh ac:cJhaomfvnf;/ aemuf AufqrD m jzpfavonf?
r-umrD awmiftar7du wwdu k v f ;kH ESihf ajrmuftar7du [ife7DAufqrD monf i,fpOfrpS I zcifjzpfo. l cJpm
wdu k uf ydk g ol.trnfjzifh ac:a0:cJ-h uavonf? vHk;oGef;pufwGif pufr=vkyfief;udk avhvmoif-um;jyD;
AufpyGwcf so D nf yXrESihf 'kw, d t-urd rf sm;wGif pydef aemuf/ touf 1^ESpt f 7G,w f iG f vef'efjrdK\o\kd ajymif;a7F\
Edik if t
H wGuf c7D;xGucf I hJ / aemuf 2-urd w f iG rf l ay:wl*,f aexkdifum/ yHkqGJoltjzpf toufarG;onf? xdktwGif;
Ekid if t
H wGuf c7D;xGucf o hJ nf[q k okd nf? xdo k \kcd 7D;xGu7f m trsKd ;rsdK; prf;oyfI wDxiG frr= sm;udk vkyfudkio f nf? Auf
wGif AufpyGwcf sDonf acgif;aqmiftjzpfEiS fh r[kwb f /J qDrm. woufwmwGif wDxiG rf w = \okd nf rsm;jym;vSaom
eQwfq7m (0g) a7a-umif;jy tjzpfvu dk fygcJ7h onf[k a-umifh ol\tm; txGifyg7*l[kyif ac:qdkxkdufonf?
vnf; qdak vonf? 1512 ckEpS f azaz:0g7Dv 227ufae\ pmcsKywf q H yd af cgif; &du k Ef ydS 7f mY &du k 7f mudk zsuI f jyefvnf
wGif qJhAD;jrdK\Y uG,fvGefonftxd/ AufpyGwfcsDonf toHk;jyKwwf-uojzifh EdkifiaH wmftpd;k 7 tcGeaf wmf vpf
pydeEf idk if .H a7a-umif;jy t7m7Scd sKyftjzpf tr=xrf;um/ [if;qHk;&=H;7onf[k ,lqum/ zsufr7onfh aq;cdkif
uBmopf.ajryHrk sm; a7;qGjJ cif;jzifh tcsed u f ek v f eG cf o
hJ nf? wHqyd af cgif;&du k Ef ydS ef nf;udk xGicf . hJ ? xdjk yif cJwcH vJ yk if ef;/
a7Frifaq;vkyif ef;/ cJpmvH;k oGe;f enf;opf ponfw\o kd nf
AufqrD môqm[ife7D (c7pf 1813 1898)? ? vnf; AufqDrm. wDxGifr=rsm;jzpfonf?
AufqrD menf;[k xif7mS ;aom oHr+dusKd enf;udk wDxiG f AufqDrm. txif7Sm;t-uD;us,fqHk; wDxGifr=rSm
ol qm[ife7DAufqrD monf t*®vyd v f rl sKd ; wDxiG o
f lEiS hf AufqrD menf;[k wGiaf om oHr+dusKd enf;yif jzpfonf?
oHr+dvyk if ef; ydki7f Sijf zpfonf? AufqrD mudk 1813 ckEpS f u&dkif;rD;,m;ppfyGJjzpfyGm;pOfu toH;k jyKaom tajrmuf
Zefe0g7Dv 197ufae\wiG f t*®vefjynf Aufz\k&d id= , f me,f -uD;rsm;. oHr+drsm;aysmhyHkudk tm;r7aom AufqDrm
csmvwefjrdK\Y zGm;jrifonf? zcifjzpforl Sm cJpmvH;k oGef; onf ydkrdkaumif;rGeaf om aoewftajrmufrsm; wDxGif
vkyif ef;/ a7Feef;-udK;qGv J yk if ef;wd\kukd csmvwefjrdK\Y wnf jyKvyk f7ef prf;oyfvo dk nf? odk\7mwGif jAdwo d ~ tm+m

91
AufqDrmôqm [ife7D AufwDuifeef;jrdK\

ydik wf \u
kd tm;ray;ojzifh jyifopfb7k if wwd,eydv k , D ef wDxiG fjy;D jzpfaomfvnf; uBmho_d aH vmuwGif pxGicf o hJ l
.zdwaf c:csuu f kd vufcu H m jyifopfEikd if w
H iG f oGm;a7muf AufqrD m. aus;Zl;um; -uD;ygbdonf? AufqrD monf
prf;oyfvkyfukid fonf? AufqrD m. prf;oyfcsuf atmif t*®vefjynf 7Suzf ;D jrKd \wiG f ol. prf;oyfrr= sm;udk jyKvyk 7f m
jrifI ,ckwidk f AufqrD menf;rSm ausm-f um;vsu7f o dS nf? t-udrf-udrf ratmifjrifcJhaomfvnf; tm;ravsmhbJ ZGJ
AufqDrmonf oHpdrf;rS oHr+d rnfodk\ usdKcsuf77SdEkdif vHk\vjzifh -udK;pm;jcif;a-umifh 1865 ckESpfwGif oHr+d
onfukd jyocJhonf? oHr+dcsufpuf&-Hk uD; wcko\kd oGm; vkyef nf;udk 77SdcahJ vonf? t*®vefjynf 7Suzf ;D jrKd \Y Auf
a7mufvnfywfchv J ~if puf&HkxJY pOfhtdk;o!mef7Sdaom qDrmoHr+dvkyfief; wnfaxmifI vlaygif;rsm;pGmudk
oHr+dt;kd -uD; wck. xdy0f rS rD;&SL;rD;yGm;wd\k w&SL;&SL;yef; tvkyaf y;Edik &f rkH u wuBmvH;k udyk g ynm jzef\Eikd cf o hJ nf?
xGufaeonfudk awG\7ayvdrfhrnf? atmufzufY t 1859 ckESpfwGif AufqDrmonf jrdK\jy tif*sifeD,m
aygufrsm; yg7Sdaom uGefAmwmac: pOft h k;d o@mef oH toif;. wJvzd\w k q
H yd uf 7kd 7SI
d 18^2 ckEpS w f iG f tEkynm
r+dtdk;-uD;wGif t7nfaysmfjyD; oHpdrf;rsm; xnfhum toif;rS tJvAwfa7Fwq H yd u f dk 77So d nf? 18^1 ckEpS frS
atmufzufrS jyif;xefaom avudk r=waf y;jcif;jzifh oH 18^3 ckEpS t f wGi;f *7dwjf Adwed Ef ikd if H oHEiS hf oHr+dvyk if ef;
pdr;f rS umAGe"f mwfukd xkwyf ,fypfjcif;jzpfonf? avvH;k OU}jzpfI 18^9 ckEpS w f iG f awmf0iftoif;. tjrw J rf;
&dkuo f nfht7Sdeaf -umifh uGefAmwmxJ7dS oH.tyl7deS o f nf toif;0if jzpfvmonf? xdEk pS w f iG yf if 0dw7kd ,
d bk7ifru
tvGefjrifhwufvmI umAGe"f mwfonf avmifu`r;f vGifh AufqrD mtm; qmbGJ\jzifh olaumif;jyKonf?
yg;oGm;jcif;jzifh rdepf 20 twGi;f oHprd ;f rS oHr+d jzpfvm qm[ife7DAufqrD monf 1898 ckEpS f rwfv 157uf
Edik o
f nf? oHr+dwiG f tap;oWd jzpfay:vmap7ef oHEiS hf ae\wiG f vef'efjrdK\ 'de;f r[D;7yfuu G w f iG f uG,v f eG o f nf?
ref*eda7mpyfxm;aom pyD*,fvidk fZifac: oWKa7mudk
oHpdrf;ta7usdKxJodk\ aygif;xnfhay;7onf? ,cktcg AufwDuifeef;jrdK\? ?Aufwu D ifeef;jrKd \onf c7pf,ef
AufqDrmenf;udk tajccHI ydkradk umif;rGefaomenf;rsm; t,l0g'a7;qdkif7mjrdK\jzpfonf? ,if;onf oD;jcm;vGwf

ykyf7[ef;rif; oDwif;oHk;7mjzpfaom AufwDuifeef;jrdK\7Sd AufwDuifeef;awmf

92
 AufwDuifeef;jrdK\
vyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm+mydkif EdkifiHuav; wck o
zG,f wnf7adS eonf?
AufwDuifeef;jrdK\onf †wvDEidk fiaH 7mrjrdK\awmf.
taemufajrmufyidk ;f Y wdkif;Am;jrpf. taemufzufurf;
Aufwu D ifuek ;f jrifhay:wGif wnf7do S nf? tus,ft0ef;
tm;jzifh 108±^{u7Sdonf? uBmay:wGif tao;i,f
qHk;aom EdkifiHrsm;teuf wEdkiif H jzpfavonf?
c7pf ^54 56 ckESprf sm;wGif z7ifhb7k if ypfyifonf
c7pf,efomoemydkif yky7f [ef;rif;-uD;tm; †wvDEikd fiH
wGif ajr,mrsm;ay;vSLI oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa7; tm+m
rsm;ay;cJo h nf? rlvu yky7f [ef;rif;-uD;rsm;onf ae7m
twnfwus [lI r7SdcJhaomfv nf; / {u'or
yky7f [ef;rif;-u;D *7uf*7D vufxuf/ c7pf 13^^ckEpS rf S
pI ,ckAufwu D ifeef;jrKd \wnf7m t7yfwiG f pwiftwnf
wus aexdkicf o hJ nf? xdkacwfu omoemydkif yky7f [ef;
rif;-uD;ydkif e,fajrrSm pwk7ef;rdkif 1ô6007SI d vlO;D a7
3ô125ô000 cef\yif7SdcJhonf? odk\7mwGif c7pf,ef*dk+f;
rsm; uGo J mG ;jcif;ESihf †wvDEkid if H aoG;pnf;r=ta7;awmfykH
ay:ayguf jcif;wd\ka-umifh 18^1 ckEpS w f iG f yky7f [ef;rif;
-uD;onf AufwDuif O,smOfY tus,cf sKyfozG,f rdrd
tvdt k avsmufaexdik cf o hJ nfrpS I yky7f [ef;rif;. Edik if aH 7;
tm+m avsmus7avonf? 1929ckESpf azazmf0g7Dv
117ufae\wiG f vufwm7rfpmcsKyjf zifh †wvDtm+m7Sif
rlqv dk eD uD yky7f [ef;rif;-uD;tm; ,ck AufwDuifeef;jrdK\
ae7mudk vHk;0tm+mydkiftjzpf tkyfcsKyf7ef vFJtyf7mrS
tp Aufwu D ifeef;jrKd \ aygufzmG ;vmonf? vuf7dS AufwD
uifeef;jrdK\wGif pdefyDwmeef;awmf/ AufwDuifeef;awmf
O,smOfrsm;ESifh jywdu k f/ pm-unfhwu dk fponfh taqmuf
ttHk 13 ck7daS vonf?
1958 ckEpS fcef\rSe;f ajc oefaumifpm7if;t7 AufwD
uifeef;jrdK\. vlO;D a7onf 890 a,mufjzpfonf? ,if;
wd\kteuf 85 7mcdkiEf =e;f onf †wmvsHvrl sdK;rsm; jzpfI
15 7mcdkiEf =ef;onf qGpfEiS fhtjcm;vlrsdK;jzpfonf?
Aufwu D ifeef;jrdK\. tcsKyt f jcmtm+mydik o f nf A7if
*s*D +
kd ;f omoemydik yf ky7f [ef;rif;-uD;jzpfonf? od\k7mwGif
tkyfcsKyfa7;udPrsm;udk vlykCdKvfbk7ifcHwOD;tm; wm
0efvFJtyf tkyfcsKyfaponf? ykyf7[ef;rif;-uD;atmuf
wefcdk;tm+m t7Sdq;Hk rSm um'ife,f*dk+;f csKyfrsm; jzpf
onf? xdkum'ife,f *dk+f;csKyfrsm;onf ykyf7[ef;rif;
-uD;. twdkiyf ifcH ykCKd vrf sm;jzpfonf? 1509 ckEpS rf pS I
um'ife,faumvdyfac: um'ife,f*dk+f;csKyftzGJ\onf
yky7f [ef;rif;wyg; ysv H eG v
f ~if t&duk t f 7mudk qufcrH nfh
93
ykCKd vftm; rdrdw\dktxJrS rJpepfjzifh a7G;cs,w f ifajr|muf7
onf? (um'ife,f*dk+f;csKy„f &=?)
AufwDuifeef;jrdK\awmfwGif oD;jcm;tkycf sKyfaom rD;
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toHvFifhXme/ jynfolhvkyfief;Xme/ yHkESdyfXmeponfwdk\
7Sdonf? yky7f [ef;rif;-uD;Y EdkifijH cm;odk\ oHwrefrsm;ap
vFwfjcif;/ Edik if jH cm;rS oHwrefrsm; vufcHEidk fjcif; paom
tcGifhta7;ESifh tm+m7Sdavonf? udk,fydkif av,mOf
uGi;f wckaqmufvky7f efyif tpDtpOf 7Sdavonf? Ekdiif H
awmf. b@ma7;twGuf uBmt7yf7yfrS A7if*sD
*d+ k ;f 0ifrsm; vSL'gef;aom tvSLaiGESifh AufwDuifeef;
jrdK\wGif;rS aumufcH77Sdaom tcGefawmfay:wGif trSDjyK
avonf? xdjk yif †wvDtpd;k 7u ,cif omoemajr
rsm;udk odrf;ydkufxm;cJhonfhtwGuf avsmfa-u;oabm
jzifh ay;aom aiGvnf;7So d nf?
Aufwu D ifeef;jrKd \onf uBmay:7Sd A7if*s*D + kd ;f 0ifw\.
kd
txGwt f jrwf xm;7mXmejzpfonf? yXr yky7f [ef;rif;
vnf;jzpfI ocifa,&=ESifh t7if;ESD;qHk; wrefawmf-uD;
vnf;jzpfaom pdeyf Dwm(7Sifayw&k)onf a7mrbk7ife;D
&d;k vufxuf c7pf 6^ckEpS w f iG f Tt7yfY um;pifwifI
towfc7H onf[k A7if*sD*k+ d f;0ifrsm;u ,H-k unf-uo
jzifh ESpfpOf A7if*sD*dk+f;0ifrsm; tajrmuftrsm; vm
a7muf-uonf?
Aufwu D ifeef;jrdK\onf uBmha7S;a[mif;pmayESifh tEk
ynmvuf7mrsm; pka0;7ma'o tjzpfjzifhvnf; ausmf
-um;onf? a7S;a[mif;jywdkuf-uD; 5 ck/ yef;csD jywdkuf
2ckESifh pm-unfhwkduf-uD;wckwdk\rSm uBmausmfrsm; jzpf
onf? a7S;a[mif; jywkduf-uD;rsm;wGif a7S;*7d/ a7mr
ESifh tD*spfvuf7m &kyfwkrsm;/ ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm
rykyfrodk;ap7ef aq;jzifh pDrHjyKvkyfxm;aom rHrD&kyfu
vmyfrsm;ponfw\u kd kd awG\Eikd If / yef;csjD ywku
d wf iG rf l uBm
ausmf yef;csDynm7Sif-uD;rsm;jzpfaom zdvpfydkvpfyd/ vD
,dkem'dk'gAifcsD/ 7ufzDt,f/ wpf7eS /f rdkufu,ftef*svkd
ponfwdk\. vuf7mrsm;ESifhwuG tjcm;xif7Sm;aom
yef;csDausmw f \dk. t,l0g'a7;7m yef;csDum;rsm;7Sdonf?
Aufwu D ifpm-unfw h u kd -f uD;rSmrl uBmay:wGif 7Sm;yg;I
tzdk;wefvSaom a7S;a[mif;pmayrsm; pka0;7mXme jzpf
onf? a7S;*7dpmrlrsm;/ a7mrpmrlrsm;/ ta7S\wdkif; qdkif
7mpmrlrsm;/ 47mpkacwfavmufu ynm7Sd-uD; qDq&dk
a7;om;cJah om ‘‘'D7yD wfAvdum’’usr;f vufa7;pmrluo hJ \kd
aom 7Sm;yg;onfh pmrlrsm;/ bmom7yf trsdK;rsdK;ESifh
usrf;*eftrsdK;rsdK; 7Sdonf? pkpkaygif; pmtkyfpmwrf;3
AufwDuifeef;jrdK\
odef; 5 aomif;cef\ 7SdI vufa7;pmrl 5 aomif;ausmf
7So
d nf?
AufwDeef;jrdK\. xl;jcm;csuf w7yfum; ppfwyf
yif jzpfonf? ppfwyfonf jrKd \ukd umuG,7f ef t"duxm;
I zG\pJ nf;xm;onfr[kwb f /J yky7f [ef;rif;-u;D . ud,k 7f H
awmfwyftjzpf tr=xrf;aqmif7efESifh t,l0g'a7; t
crf;tem;rsm;wGif vdu k yf gqifEJ7F efom t"dujzpfonf?
ppfom;rsm;rSm EkdifiHjcm;ppfom;rsm; jzpfonf? vGefcJh
aomESpaf ygif; 450 cef\u vlZef;ESifh Zl;7pfe,f 2e,fEiS hf
yky7f [ef;rif;-uD;wd\k csKyq
f ckd ahJ ompmcsKyt
f 7 xdek ,f 2e,f
rS ppfom;rsm; vma7muftr=xrf;7jcif;jzpfonf? ppf0wf
wefqmrSm tv,facwfyef;csDausmf rdkufu,ftef*svkd
wDxGifcJhaom yHkprH sdK;udk ,ckwdkif 0wfpm;oHk;pGJvsufyif
7Sdonf? ppfwyfwGif ppfom; 100 cef\7Sdavonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;? ?Aufw;D 7D;,m;qdo k nfrmS omref
rsufpjd zifh -unfIh rjrifEdkifaom qJwckom7Sdonfh tyif
i,fuav;rsm; jzpfonf? rdkU&dpk ukyfac: rSefbv D ;l jzifh
-unfhrSom jrifEdkifonf? ,if;wdk\onf &dk;&dk;qJuav;
rsm;jzpfI tyifavmuwGif tqifhtwef;tedrfhqHk;ESifh
ta7twGuf trsm;qHk;jzpfonf? odk\7mwGif tjcm;t
yifrsm;rSmuJhodk\ uvdk&dkzD;ac: pdrf;a7mifj'yf ryg7Sdacs?
Aufw;D 7D;,m;wGif y&dw k kyd vmZrfac: oufO;D &kyjf zifh jyD;
aom qJwckpD 7Sdonf? t7G,ftm;jzifh AufwD;7D;,m;
t0dki;f wckonf wvufr.25ô400yHkwyHkom-uD;onf?
vl-uD;vli,fra7G; jzpfyGm;avh7Sdaom 'pfzoD;7D;,m; qHkqdk\em(0J)
ESifh tqkwfa7mifem(,m)wdk\. AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;? (tqaygif;
rsm;pGm yHk-uD;csJ\xm;onf)?
94
AufwD;7D;,m;
,if;udk tqaygif; 1ô000 t-uD;cs\JI -unfrh S cJwHxyd f
zsm;cef\7doS nfudk awG\7onf?
AufwD;7D;,m;udk yHko!meftvdkuf 4 rsdK; cGJxm;
onf? t0dik f;/ od\kr[kwf tvH;k yH7k o dS nfh Aufw;D 7D;,m;udk
aumhqkid f[kac:I/ wkwfacsmif;yHk Aufw;D 7D;,m;udk Auf
qDvdkif[kac:onf? 0uftluJhodk\ auG;aumufaeaom
Aufw;D 7D;,m;udk pydik f7v D m[kac:I/ 0uftyl kH Aufw;D 7D;
,m;tqef;wrsdK;udk pydkif&dkud[kac:onf? 0ufjcHESifh
tylzrk sm;udk jzpfapwwfaom pwufzv D dkaumhqkid f/ EsL
rd;k eD;,m;ac: tqkwfa7mifemudk jzpfapwwfaom EsLrdk
aumhqdkif/ wdkufzGdKufac: tla7mifzsm;udk jzpfapwwf
aom Aufqv D dkif/ tqkwfausm&dk; emAfa-um tqpft
jrpfponfY a7m*gjzpfapwufaom p-wufwkad umhqdkif
ponfwk\drSm tm;vHk; AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;jzpf-uonf?
a7m*gjzpfapwwfaom AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;onf vl/
wd7>mefESifh tyifw\dkwiG f aoG;/ t&d;k / aysmhaysmif;aom
wpf&LS ;/ yifpnfEiS hf toD;rsm;twGi;f Y aewwfI wd;k yGm;
vm-uonf? ,if;wdk\onf taoG;/ -uGufom;/ wpf&LS ;
wdk\udk pm;aomufI tvGeftqdyfjyif;aom "mwfudk
xkwfypf-uojzifh ,if;wdk\rSDwif;aexdkif7m opfyif/ wd
7>mefESihf vlwk\dtm; a7m*gusa7mufapwwfonf? T
AufwD;7D;,m;rsdK;udk uyfyg;[k ac:onf? 'pfzoD;7D;
,m;qHq k \ekd m/ tqkwaf 7mifem/ *dEk akd nmif;usa7m*g/ ukwf
[D;acsmif;qdk;/ wufwewfa7m*g/ wsLAmu,fydk;pGJem/
qpfzvpfa7m*g/ OD;aESmufajr|;a7mifa7m*g/ a'gifhoef;
em/ uk}Elem/ yvdyaf 7m*gponfw\rkd mS tqdyk g Aufw;D 7D;
,m;rsm;rS xGufaom tqdyfa-umifh jzpfvmaom a7m
*grsm; jzpf-uonf? oD;ESyH ifrsm;od\k txufyg Aufw;D 7D;
,m;rsm; 0ifvmaomtcg uGif;vdu k f jcHvdkuf ysufjyKef;
wwfonf? tpm;taomufrsm; ykyo f dk;jcif;/ pnfoGwf
Al;rS tpm;tpmrsm; tqdyfjzpfjcif;wdk\onfvnf; T
Aufw;D 7D;,m;wd\ka-umifyh if jzpfavonf?
opfyif/ wd7>mefESifh vlwdk\tm; tusdK;rsm;pGmjyK
aom AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;vnf;7SdI ,if;wdk\udk qufy&dk
zdkuf[kac:onf? ,if;wd\konf ajrqDvFmwGif toifh7Sd
aom -o*JepfyPnf;rsm;udk tpmtjzpfjzifh tokH;jyKI
,if;rS7aom pGr;f tifjzifh avxJrS Edu k xf &d*k siuf kd ajrqD
vFmxJo\kd a7mufatmif oGi;f ,l-uonf? od\kjzifh oD;ESyH if
rsm;udk -uD;xGm;oefpGrf;atmif tusdK;jyKay;-uonf?
tvm;wl Aufw;D 7D;,m;wd\k. tjcm;tusKd ;jyKenf; wck
rSm tyifaoESifh wd7>mefaorsm;udk trd=uf7Sif;orm;
uJho\kd okwo f if7iS ;f vif;ay;jcif;yif jzpfonf? ,if;tykyf
AufwD;7D;,m;
todk;rsm;udk tqdkygAufwD;7D;,m;rsm;uom pm;rypf
ygu uBmajray:wGif tyif7SifESifh wd7>mef7Sifwdk\
xuf tyifao wd7>mefaowd\ku rsm;IaernfrSm rkcs
jzpfayonf? xdjk yif 'decf /J axmywf/ aq;wHaomufaq;/
vufzufajcmuf/ udkudk;r=ef\ ponfwdk\udk teH\t7om
wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf tmifjyKjyif7mY toH;k jyK7aom Auf
wD;7D;,m;rsKd ;vnf;7Sad yonf?
a7m*gjzpfapwwfaom AufwD;7D;,mwdk\. xl;jcm;
csufw7yfrSm tyltat;'+fESifh tpma7pm acgif;yg;
jcif;'+fukd xl;xl;uJucJ EH idk 7f nf7jdS cif;yif jzpfonf? ,if;
wd\konf toufwnfwHhaeedik f7ef tajctae rom,m
aomtcg ,if;wdk\rS pydk;(a7m*gatmif;ydk;)[kac:aom
qJrsm; aygufyGm;vmonf? pydk;wdk\Y xlxJaom eH7H
rsm;7SdI tyltat;'+f ponfrsm;udk -uHh-uHhcHEdkif
onf? qlaeaoma7wGif &dk;&dk;AufwD;7D;,m;rsm; csuf
csif;vdkyif aoqHk;oGm;aomfvnf; pydk;rsm;rSmrl 16em7D
wdik af tmif raobJaeEdik -f uonf? tylcsed f oknatmuf
3207Sad omt7nfwiG f pydk;rsm;udkxnfhI tat;cHxm;
aomtcg touf7Sijf rJ 7Sifvsuf7Sdonfudk awG\7onf?
pydk;wdk\onf tHh-ozG,faumif;avmifatmif -umjrifh
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AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;onf ae7mwumwGif 7Sdae7m/ ,if;wdk\onf vloW0gwdk\tm; aumif;usdK;udkay;Edkifonfhenf;wl
aoapavmufaom tema7m*grsm; pGJuyfaprnfh qdk;usdK;rsm;udkvnf; ay;Ekdif-uonf? AufwD;7D;,m;aA'onf
AufwD;7D;,m;wdk\.ta-umif;udk avhvmI/ aq;ynmESifh a7m*ga0'emrsm;udk umuG,fonfh ynm7yfrsm;twGuf
tajccHynmtjzpf tusdK;7SdpGm toHk;csEdkifonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'? ?Aufw;D 7D;,m;aA'onf Auf
wD;7D;,m;udkavhvmaom ynm7yfjzpfonf? (AufwD;
7D;,m;„7=?) ,if;ynm7yfonf omrefrsufpdjzifh
rjrifEdkifaom tyifESifhoW0guav;rsm;udk avhvm
aom rdkU&dkAdkif-ovdk*sD ynm7yfwGif tusHK;0ifonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udk aq;ynmYa7m*ga0'emrsm;udk
umuG,af 7;twGufaomf›if;/ 0dkift7uf vkyfief;rsKd ;uJh
od\ak om Aufw;D 7D;,m;ESihf oufqikd o
f nfh pufrv
= ufrv
= yk f
ief;rsm;twGufaomf›if;/ wd7>mefrsm;wGifjzpfyGm;aom
a7m*grsm;udk avhvm7eftwGufaomf›if;/ tyifrsm;Y
jzpfyGm;aom a7m*gudk avhvm7eftwGuf aomf›if;
toH;k jyKEkid fonf? 19 7mpkEpS f tv,favmufwGif Auf
95
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'
pGmtouf7Sif aeEdkifjyD;v~if tajctaeaumif;vm
onfESifhwjydKifeuf AufwD;7D;,m;rsm; jyefIjzpfvm-u
jyefonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;wdk\onf tajctaeaumif;v~if t
vGefvsifjrefpmG -uD;jyif;aygufyGm;wwfonf? AufwD;7D;
,m; tcsdK\wGif em7D0uftcsdeftwGif; AufwD;7D;,m;
wckrS -uD;jyif;vmI ESpfcktjzpfodk\ uGJxGufEdkifonf?
TuJo h \kd wem7DwGif w-udruf Jx
G u
G rf nfqkyd gu Aufw;D
7D;,m; wckrS 24 em7DtwGif; AufwD;7D;,m;aygif;
18ô000ô000 txd wdk;yGm;vmEdkifI 48em7D-umaomf
Aufw;D 7D;,m;aygif; uka™uk™m jzpfvmEdkifayonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;wdk\udk enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh aoapEdkif
onf? avxJY7Sdaom AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;udk aoap7ef
twGuf aea7mifESifh tmv-wm0dkiftdkvuf ac: c7rf;
ab;a7mifjcnfwdk\udk toHk;jyKavh7Sd-uonf? tpm;t
aomufrsm;udk rD;ESifhcsufjyKwfjcif;/ aygif;jcif;wdk\onf
,if;wdk\wGif7Sdaom AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;udk owf7ef t
aumif;qHk;enf;rsm;yif jzpfonf? tat;cHjcif;ESifh t
ajcmufvSef;jcif;wdk\jzifh AufwD;7D;,m;tm;vHk;udk rao
apEdik /f ,if;wd\k r-uD;ryGm;atmifom wm;qD;Edik af yonf?
wD;7D;,m;aA'onf vl0yD g;pwm;. vkyu f idk f-udK;pm;r=
a-umifh wdk;wuf-uD;yGm;vmaom od_Hynm7yf jzpf
onf? (yg;pwm;ô vl0„D &=? )
AufwD;7D;,m; a7m*goufa7mufaponf r[kwf
acs? vl.udk,cf ¶m twGi;f tjyifwiG f a7m*grjzpfapbJ
7Sdaeaom Aufw;D 7D;,m;rsm;vnf; 7Sdao;onf? xdkjyif
tcsdK\aom AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;onf ,if;wdk\ rSDcdkaexdkif
aomoltwGuf tusdK;7Sdaom tvkyfudkyif aqmif7Guf
ay;avh7odS nf? yHyk rm·vlw\kt d wGuf toH;k 0ifaom ADwm
rif bDrsm;udk tlxw J iG 7f daS om tcsKd \aom Aufw;D 7D;,m;
wd\ku azmfxw k fay;-uonf?
Aufw;D 7D;,m;rsm;a-umifh ul;pufwwfaom a7m*g
 AufwD;7D;,m;aA'
trsm;yifjzpfwwfacsonf? (ul;pufwwfaom a7m*g
rsm;„7=? ) ,if;txJwGif tvGefao;i,fonfh Adkif;
7yfrsm;a-umifh jzpfaoma7m*gvnf; 7Sdonf? yHkyrm „
ausmuf-uD;a7m*g/ 0ufoufa7m*g/ ydkvD,dka7m*grsm;
jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif AufwD;7D;,m;a-umifh jzpf
aom xif7Sm;onfh a7m*gtcsdK\wk\drSm wkdufzdKG uftla7mif
zsm;/ 0rf;udkufa7m*g/ wsLAmu,f ydk;pGJema7m*g (wD
ADa7m*g)/ yvdyfa7m*g/ umv0rf;a7m*gESifh 'pfzoD;7D;
,m; qHkqdk\ema7m*grsm; jzpfavonf? ,if;a7m*grsm;
rjzpfymG ;ap7ef AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udk tajccHxm;aom
umuG,ef nf;rsm;7Sad vonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'wGif ,if;a7m*gydk;rsm;ta-umif;
udk pHv k ifpmG oif-um;avhvm7onf? xdjk yif ,if;a7m*g
yd;k rsm;onf vl.udk,cf NmwGif rnfodk\rnfyHk a7m*gjzpf
yGm;apyHk/ ,if;wdk\a-umifh jzpfymG ;aoma7m*grsm;udk rnf
uJo h \kd prf;oyf-unf7h I
= a7m*g.ta-umif;7if;udk rnfo\kd
azmf7yHkESifh ,if;a7m*grsm;udk rnfok\dukoI rnfokd\um
uG,f7ef vdktyfyHkwdk\udk tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh oif-um;
avhvm7avonf?
prf;oyf-unhfaom pwufzvkdaumhuyf atm7d, a7m*gykd;onf
yifeDqvif tp7Sdaom ywdZD0eaq;rsm;ESihf ukoI7Ekdirf nhf t
a-umif; txufygyHkwGif awG\7onf? a7m*gykd;rSm aq;ESihf xd
awG\onhfae7mwGif raygufryGm;I/ oufqkdif7m ywdZD0eaq;yg
aom a7ppfpUL0dkif;ywfvnfwGif -unfvifaom t0kdif;rsm;ukd
awG\Edkifonf?
aomufa7/ EGm;Ed\k paom vlw\dk rSD0o
J nfh tpm;tpm
rsm;rSvnf; ul;pufwwfaom a7m*grsm;jyef\yGm;Edkif7
um;/ oef\7Sif;aomaomufa7/ EGm;Edk\ ponfwk\d77Sad p7ef
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udk toHk;jyKI ppfaq;7ayonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;onf tema7m*grsm;udk jzpfapEdkifaom
a-umifh tema7m*gwdk\rS umuG,fEdik 7f ef AufwD;7D;,m;
ADZrsdK;udk pif-u,fap7ef jyKvkyfenf;trsdK;rsdK;7Sdonf?
96
,if;enf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh cGJpdwfynmonf
rsm;pGm xajrmufatmifjrifhcJh7Hkru vlem tajrmuf
tjrm;. toufuv kd nf; u,fq,fEkid cf haJ yonf? Auf
wD;7D;,m;aA'okawoDrsm;. aus;Zl;a-umifh tpGrf;
xufaom yifeDqvifpaomywdZD0eaq;rsm; ay:
cJ7h ayonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udkavhvm7mwGif a7m*god<daA'
udkvnf; em;vnf7ayonf? odk\rSomv~if aq;nmESifh
a7m*ga0'emrsm;udk umuG,fonfh ynm7yfwdk\twGuf
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udk tajccHynmtjzpf tusdK;7SdpGm
toH;k csEikd af yrnf?
ul;pufwwfaoma7m*gjzpfymG ;vmonfhtcg a7m*g
.ta-umif;7if;udk 7SmazG7mwGif AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udk
toHk;cs7onf? ,if;uJo h \dka7m*gydk;udk pH;k prf;7SmazGonfh
tcg atmufygenf;pHepfudk toHk;jyK7onf? zwf7=ol
vG,fulpGm em;vnfEdkifapjcif;iSm tqkwfema7m*gudk
yHkpx H m;I 7Sif;vif;azmfjyygtHh?
(u) vlem. a7m*g7mZ0ifudk pHkprf;jy;D v~if prf;oyf
-unf7h rnfh yPnf;rSmtqkwef m a7m*goonf[k
xif7aom vlem.ovdyf jzpfonf?
(c) wDADa7m*gydk;7Sdr7Sd ,if;ovdyfudk rSefjym;ay:
wGif wifI aq;a7mifqdk;jyD;v~if rdkU7dkpukyf
rSeaf jymif;ESifh -unfh7p= pfaq;jcif;?
(*) ovdyw f iG f wDAD a7m*gydk; 7Srd 7SdodEdkif7ef ydk;udk
rsdK;yGm;I-unfhjcif;?
(•) ,if;rS wDAaD 7m*gydk;[kxif7aomydk; aygufyGm;
vmygu ,if;. "mwkaA'"mwfobm0udk
ppfaq; -unfhEdkifjcif;? wDADa7m*gydk;twGuf
Tppfaq;r=ukd toHk;rjyKwwfacs?
(i) ,if;wDAaD 7m*gyd;k udk ywdyPnf;yg7Sdaom aoG;
-uufwuf7nfESifh ppfaq;-unfhjcif;? a7m*g
ta-umif;7if;7SmazG7mwGif Tenf;udk roHk;
acs?
(p) vlem.ovdyfudk oifhawmfovdk jyKjyifum
wd7>mefrsm;Y xdk;oGif;I vufawG\prf;oyf
ppfaq;jcif;?
a7m*g. ta-umif;7if;udk 7SmazGonfhtcg pHv k ifap
jcif;iSm txufyg pHkprf;r= enf;pHepfudk azmfjyxm;aomf
vnf;/ tcsdK\aom a7m*grsm;twGuf txufazmfjyyg
enf;tm;vHk;udk toHk;jyK7ef rvdkay?
ppfaq;aom ovdyfrS wsLAmu,f AufqDvyfac:
wDAaD 7m*gyd;k udk 7SmazGawG\7dyS gu vlemwGif wsLAmu,f
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'
ydk;pGJem tqkwfwGifjzpfyGm;a-umif;od7ojzifh oifhawmf
aomaq;rsm;ESihf tjrefqk;H ukoEdkifayrnf?
wcgwpf7w H iG f a7m*gyd;k udk 7SmazGarG;jrLIr7onft h cg/
vlem.aoG;udk azmufxkwfppfaq;I a7m*gydk;. t
a-umif;7if;udk 7SmazG7onf? yHyk rm „ umvom;a7m*g
jzpfaom qpfzvifa7m*gudk ppfaq;7ef AD/'D/tmt,f[k
rSnfhac:xm;aom aoG;ppfenf;wpfrsdK;jzifh ppf7onf?
vl. ta7jym;wGif oufqkid f7m a7m*gydk;rS xkwfxm;
aomt7mjzifh ppfaq;jcif;jzifhvnf; a7m*g.ta-umif;
7if;udk odEikd favonf? wsLAmu,fy;dk pGJem 7Sdr7Sd prf;oyf
enf;wpfrsdK;jzpfaom wsLAmuvif prf;oyfenf;onf
ta7jym;wGif;odk\ a7m*gydk;oGif;I prf;oyfenf;wpfrsdK;
jzpfonf?
a7m*gumuG,fa7;wGif Aufw;D 7D;,m;aA'udk toHk;
jyKjcif;tm;jzifh a7m*gjzpfEdkifaomolrsm;udk ,if;a7m*g
jyD;aomolrsm;rS cGx J wk f Edik fjyD;v~if umuG,af q;rsm;udk
xdk;ay;jcif;jzifh a7m*grS umuG,fay;Edkio f nf? ausmuf
-uD;a7m*grjzpfap7ef ausmufaq;xdk;ay;jcif; oabm
rsdK;jzpfonf? (usef;rma7;„7=?) xdkjyif a7m*gudk
jyef\yGm;apaomolrsm;udkvnf; pHkprf;7SmazGI oifhavsmf
ovdk ta7;,ljcif;tm;jzifh ul;pufwwfaom a7m*ga0
'emrsm; jyef\yGm;jcif;r7Sdatmif ESdrfeif;Edkifavonf?
a7m*g77SdjyD;aomtcgwGifvnf; aysmufuif;ap7ef
oihfavsmfaomaq;jzifh uko7avonf? yHkpHtm;jzifh
'pfao;7D;,m; qHq k k\dema7m*gjzpfaeaom vlemtwGuf
tefwDawmhqif tqdyfajzaq;xdk;ay;I uko7efvdk
onf? ( aq;ynmESifh cGJpdwfynm„7=? )
oifhavsmfaom ywdZ0D eaq;udk vlemodk\ay;7ef t
wGuf Aufw;D 7D;,m;aA'udk toH;k jyKEkid fonf? ,cktcg
wGif ywdZ0D eaq; trsm;tjym;yif ay:xGufaejyD;jzpfI/
a7m*gyd;k ESihf oifhavsmfaom ywdZD0eaq;udk AufwD;7D;
,m;aA'jzifh prf;oyf7mS azGEkid o f nf? yHw
k iG -f unfyh g? ,if;
odk\v~if temESihfaq; udkufatmifay;Edkifjcif;a-umifh
a7m*gvsifjrefpGm aysmufuif;um vlemvnf;oufom/
aq;zdk;aiGvnf; tukeftusenf;onf tusdK;aus;Zl;cH
pm;7onf? xdkjyif vlem.ta7jym;wGif prf;oyfjcif;
tm;jzifhvlemESifhroifhaom ywdZD0eaq;udkvnf; od
Edkifaoma-umifh rvdkvm;tyfaom a0'emcHpm;r=rsm;udk
a7Smif7Sm;Edkifayonf? yHkyrm„yifeDqvifESifh roifh
a-umif;prf;oyfawG\7d7S aomoltm; yifeq D vifrxdk;jcif;
tm;jzifh vlem.toufudkyif u,fq,f7ma7mufEkdif
ayonf?
97
Aufx7Dtkd;
,if;odk\v~if Aufw;D 7D;,m;aA'udk umuG,af 7;/ uko
a7;/ pl;prf;a7;wd\kwiG f tzufzufrS wd;k wuf-uD;yGm;ap7ef
aqmif7Gufjcif;jzifh uBmay:7Sdvlwdk\twGuf tusdK;
jzpfxGef;apjcif;a-umifh yg;pwm;/ aumh paom ykCdKvf
-uD;rsm;tm; uBmhaus;Zl;7Sif-uD;rsm;tjzpf rSwfwrf;
wif7ayonf? a'gufwma':azh
Auf x 7Dt dk ; ? ?armfawmfum;wGif toHk;jyKaom
v~yfppf"mwftk;d udk t*®vdyf bmomjzifh Aufx7Dtdk;[k
ac:onf? jrefrmarmfawmf tvkyf7Hkwdk\wGifvnf; Auf
x7D[laom a0g[m7udk vloHk;rsm;onf? odk\aomf xdk
tdk;udk pwd;k 7dwAf ufx7D/ od\kr[kwf tufusLrlav;wm;/
odk\r[kwf v~yfppf"mwfavSmift;dk [k od_Hynma0g[m7
tvdk ac:wGio f ifo
h nf?
tqdkyg Aufx7Dt;dk rsm;udk armfawmfum;/ a7'D,dkt
oHzrf;pufrsm;Y omru "mwfr;D xGe;f 7mYvnf; toH;k jyK
Edkifonf? xdkr~ruao;/ tcsdK\ v~yfppf"mwfESifh oGm;
aom ,mOfrsm;udkvnf; Aufx7Dtdk;jzifh oGm;vmckwf
armif;EkdifI/ a7ikyfoab®mrsm;onfvnf; a7atmufY
oGm;vmvsuf7SdpOf Aufx7Drsm;udkomv~if vHk;vHk;
vsm;vsm;rSDcdk-u7onf? T"mwftdk;rsdK;udk toHk;jyK7
onfh tjcm;udPrsm;vnf;tajrmuftjrm;yif 7Sday
ao;onf?
Aufx7Dtdk;[kqdkonfhtwGuf v~yfppf"mwfudk odk
avSmifxm;aomtd;k [lI xifrw S faumif; xifrw S f-uay
rnf? trSerf mS rnfonfhv~ypf pf"mwftk;d / v~yfppf"mwf
cJrsdK;yifrqdk twGif;7Sd"mwfyPnf;rsm; v=yf7Sm;azmuf
jyefrj= zifh v~ypf pf"mwfukd zefw;D xkwaf y;onfh t7mcsn;f
yifjzpfavonf? Aufx7Dtdk;ESifh tjcm;omref Auf
x7Dtdk;/ v~yfppf"mwfcw J dk\. jcm;em;csufrSm Todk\jzpf
onf? omrefAufx7Dt;kd / od\rk [kwf "mwfcw J \o
kd nf tm;
ukecf ef;oGm;aomtcg twGi;f 7S"d mwfyPnf; (t7nf/ od\k
r[kwf tzwf)tjyif v~ypf pf"mwfzko d WKjym;rsm;udk t
opfvJay;rSomv~if tm;opfjyef7Ekdifonf? Aufx7D
tdk;rlum; "mwftdk;twGif;odk\ v~yfppf"mwfudk ajymif;
jyefjzwfpD;apjcif;jzifh xyfwvJvJ tm;jyefoGif;ay;Edkif
avonf?
Aufx7Dtdk;rsm;udk-unfhv~if twGi;f Y v~yfppf"mwf
avSmifcef;uav;rsm; wpfckESiw fh pfckyl;wGv J suf wnf7Sd
onfudk awG\7Sd7vdrfhrnf? tqdkyg "mwfavSmifcef;rsm;
wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh qmvzsL7pftufqpftaysmh
7nfudk xnfx h m;I/ xdkt7nfxw J iG f ESpx
f m;aom v~yf
 Aufx7Dtkd;
ppf"mwfzdk "mwfroWKjym;rSm cJjym;rsm; jzpf-uonf?
"mwfzdkoWKjym;tjzpf cJjym;rsm;udk vufyga7muf
qdu k Ef iS fh zHk;tkyx
f m;onf? "mwfroWKjym;tjzpf toHk;
jyKaom cJjym;rSmum; a7jr|KyfuJhodk\yGa,mif;a,mif; 7Sd
onf? xdkcJjym;rsm;udk tzdkwck trwck tpOfvdkuf cs
xm;I/ wpfcEk Siw hf pfcpk yf-um;wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh opf
jym;cHxm;avh 7So d nf?
xdkaemuf v~yfppf"mwfavSmifcef;rsm;udk zef/ odk\r
[kwf u`Jaumfjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom udk,fxnftdk;wGif
tpOfvdkufyl;wGJIxnfhxm;7onf? xdktjyif tcef; t
oD;toD;.txufY "mwftm;prf;oyf7eftwGuEf iS hf t
aiG\ysHoGm;aoma7tpm; a7opfjznfhay;7eftwGuf t
zH;k 7Siw
f yfxm;aom taygufwpfcpk v D nf; yg7Sjd rjJ zpfonf?
"mwftm; 6 Adk\7Sdaom v~yfppf"mwfavSmiftdk;rsm;wGif
"mwftm; 2 Ad\kcef\pD7aSd om "mwfavSmifcef; 3cef; ygavh
7SdI/ 16 cef;/ tcef; 60 txdyg0ifaom "mwftdk;-uD;
rsm;vnf; 7Sad vonf?
v~yfppf"mwftm; toHk;csenf;ukd pwifawG\7SdcsdefrpS I rsufarSmufacwfwkdifatmif wDxGiftoHk;jyKcJhaom Aufx7Dtkd; trsKd;rsKd;
tqihfqihf wkd;wufajymif;vmyHkukd awG\jrifEkdiaf yonf?
98
v~ypf pf"mwfavSmiftk;d rS v~ypf pf"mwfukd toHk;jyKae
csdewf Gif cJjym;rsm;tay:Y vufqmvzdwf pGJuyfvmI
tufqpf.tm;vnf; wjznf;jznf; avsmo h mG ;avonf?
v~yfp pf"mwfavSm iftdk; twGif; wGif tufqpf7nf
. odyo f nf;qonf "mwft;kd Ytm;jynfhcsed w f iG f 1±39r~
7SI
d tm;enf;oGm;csed w f iG f 1±11 cef\7dS a-umif;od7onf?
"mwft;kd 7Sd tcef;toD;toD;wd\k. "mwftm;onf tm;
avsmo h Gm;v~if "mwft;kd udk tm;opfjyefoGif;7ef vdktyf
jy[D ok 7d monf?
Aufx7Dtdk;tm;jyefoGif;onf[kqdk7mrSm "mwftdk;
twGif;7Sd "mwfyPnf;rsm;udk rlvtajcodk\ jyefa7muf
atmif jyKvkyfay;jcif;yifjzpfonf? tm;jyefoGif;aom
tcg/ 'D„pDum;7ifhac: v~ypf pf"mwfwzufowfp;D aom
"mwf-udK;tzdkudk "mwftdk;"mwfzdkwdkifodk\vnf;aumif;/
"mwf-udK;trudk "mwfrwdkifodk\vnf;aumif; qufay;
jcif;jzifh v~yfppf"mwfudk ajymif;jyefpD;0ifap7avonf?
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rufqdkydkaw;rD;,m;(tD7wf)EdkifiH. ae7mY ESpfaygif; 5000 cef\u/ bkef;awmufcJhaom EdkifiH-uD;jzpfonf?
wl;azmfawG\7Sd7aomausmufwHk;rsm;/ pOfhtkwfrsm;rS yef;csDyef;ykvuf7mrsm;/ yd™uwfwdkufrS 7FH\pmcsyfrsm;udk
avhvm7jcif;jzifh tvGef-uD;us,fcrf;em;aom a7S;acwfEdkifiH-uD; wpfEkdifiHjzpfa-umif; od7avonf?

AufADvHk;eD;,m;Ekdifi?H ?uBmhordki;f wGif a7S;acwf aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm wnfaxmifaexdkif-uonfrSm

,Ofaus;r=pwifxGef;um;7ma'orsm;teuf wcktyg bDpD 2500 cef\wdkifatmifjzpfonf? (AufADvHk;jrdK\„&=?)
t0ifjzpfaom AufADvHk;eD;,m;onf tm7Swdkuf t xdpk Ofu xdak 'owav~mufukd qlrm;[kac:a0:-uonf?
aemufyidk f; wdki;f *7pfjrpf ESihf ,lza7;wD;jrpf 2 oG,fwdk\ bDpD 2500cef\wiG f qlrm;jrdK\uav;rsm;. ajrmufzuf
,SOfjydKifp;D qif;7m awmifbufjrpf0rS f;a'owGif wnf7cdS hJ tufuwfa'orS qm*Get f rnf7dS qD;rdkuv f rl sKd ; od;k xde;f
I/ ,ck tD7wfEdik fiH. awmifykid f;jzpfavonf? (wdki;f * acgif;aqmif-uD;wOD;onf ppfa7;ppf7mY u`rf;usifo
7pfjrpf? ,lza7;wD;jrpf„&=?) jzifh jrdK\uav;rsm;udw k jrdK\jyD;wjrdK\ wdu
k cf u
kd of rd ;f ydu
k u f m/
a7S;a7S;tcguyg;7Si;f yifv,fauG\onf ,ckAC'uf AufADvHk;jrdK\ukd tajcjyKjyD;v~if/ AufADvk;H eD;,m;Edik if Hudk
jrdK\wnf7m t7yftxda7mufonf[k od_Henf;pHepfrsm; pwif xlaxmifavonf? qD;rdkufwdk\onf qlrm;wdk\
jzifh avhvmpl;prf;olwdk\uqdk-uonf? ESpfy7da>'7Snf avmuf,Ofaus;r= tqifhtwef; r7Sday? xdk\a-umifh
-umaomf jrpf 2 jrFmrS ygvmaom oJajrrsm; ydk\wufI ql;rm;wdk\.,Ofaus;r=ukd twk,lusifhoHk;-uonf? odk\
ay:vmaom ukef;ajronf wjznf;jznf; us,fjyef\ aomfajrmufbufyidk ;f wGif qD;rdkufvlrsdK;wdk\. "avhx;Hk pH
vmonf? xdkjyifjrpf 2 oG,fwdk\onf ESpfpOfa7vFrf;rdk; rsm;vnf; vFrf;rdk;cJhonfjzpfI/ AufADvHk;eD;,m;EdkifiH
avh7Sdaoma-umifh eHk;ajrrsm;urf;ajcay:wifI wif ajrmufyikd ;f udk tufuwf[I l vnf;aumif;/ awmifyikd ;f udk
I usefcJhonf? xdkEkH;ajrrsm;onf ajr-oZmxufoef qlrm;[lIvnf;aumif;ac:a0:-ujcif;jzpfavonf? od\k
aumif;rGefI/ jrpf 2oG,frSa7udkvnf; vHkavmufpGm7 aomf aemiftcg AufAv D k;H eD;,m;[lIac:a0:vm-uav
Edkifojzifh xdka'ow0dkufonf pdkufysdK;jzpfxGef;onf? onf?
xdk\a-umifh tm7Stv,fydkif;rS ajropfae7mopf7SmazG qm*Ge. f vufxuf vGejf y;D onfah emufwiG f AufAv D ;kH
olrsm;onf jrpf 2 jrFma'owGif tajcpdkufaexdkif-u eD;,m;EdkifiHonf n|dK;rSdefvmavonf? EdkifiHwGif;odk\ t
jcif;jzpfonf? rdk;yg;aomfvnf; jrpf 2 oG,frS a7oG,f jcm;vlrsdK;rsm; 0ifa7mufwkdufcdkufjcif; jyK-uojzifh
wl;ajrmif;rsm;jzifh pdkufysKd ;vkyuf kid Ef idk fojzifh xdak 'owGif aemufqHk;wGif Edkiif H-uD; jydKuyGJ supf D;7avonf?
vma7muf aexdkifolrsm; wpfpwpfp rsm;jym;vm od\kaomfbpD D 2000 cef\wiG f qm*Ge. f tEG,fawmfjzpf
avonf? aom [RL7mADrif;onf jydKuGJaeaomAufADvHk;eD;,m;
jrpfEpS jf rmF a'owGif vlw\kd pwif0ifa7mufaexdik o f nfh EkdifiHudk jyefvnfpkpnf;onf? EdkifiHudk armfuGef;wif
acwfrmS bDpD 5000cef\ujzpfonf? ,if;wd\o k nf awmif avmuf atmifpHepfusepGmtkyfcsKyfonf? tkyfcsKyfa7;
uke;f / awmifypl mrsm;ay:wGiv f nf;aumif;/ uke;f zd\kIvnf; pHepfaumif;rsm;udv k nf;xGicf ho J nf? txl;ojzifh [RL
aumif; td;k tdrw f nfaqmufaexdik -f uonf? xdak 'owGif 7mADrif;-uD;onf ,if;jyKpkcJhaom Oya'rsm;twGuf
pwifvma7mufaexdkifolrsm;onf qD;rdkufESifh qD;rdkuf Ekid if Horkdif;wGif xif7mS ;ausmf-um;aom rif;wpfyg;jzpfcJh
r[kwaf omvlrsKd ;rsm;jzpf-uonf? onf?
qD;rdkufr[kwfaomvlrsdK;tkypf x k JwGif qlrm;7D;,ef; [RL7mADrif;-uD; uHukejf yD;aemufwiG f ta7S\ajrmuf
vlrsdK;wdk\um ,Ofaus;r=t7mwGifacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf zufa'orsm;rS uufqdkuf vl7dkif;rsdK;wdk\onf csOf;eif;
-uonf? bDpD 3000 ausmcf ef\wGif jrpfESpjf rFma'o w wdu k cf ukd fjy;D aomf/ AufAvD ;kH eD;,m;Ekid fit
H wGi;f 0ifa7muf
av~mufY qlrm;7D;,efw\ko d nf AufAv D ;Hk tygt0if jrKd \7;dk aexdkif-uonf? wpESihw f p Edkifit H wGif;Y pdk;rdk;rif;rlcJh
jzifh0ef;7Hxm;aom oD;jcm;vGwfvyfonfh jrdK\uav; -uonfrmS bDpD 1^50rS 1200 cef\widk af tmif yifjzpf.?

99
 AufADvHk;eD;,m;EkdifiH

,cktcg ysufpD;vsuf7SdI AufADvHk;eD;,m;EkdifiH aumif;pm;pOfu wnfaqmufcJhaom tpf7Swm taqmufttHk

od\kaomf AufADv;kH Edkiif t H wGif;rS 7S7d if;pGv J rl sKd ;rsm;u uuf onf? od\kaomf om;awmf tDqm[uf'ifu jrdK\awmf-u;D
qdkuw f \kdukd wjznf;jznf; jyefvnfvrF ;f rd;k jyD;aemuf AwfAD udk jyefvnf jyKjyifavonf?
vHk;eD;,m;wGif rlvwdki;f 7if;om;rif;wdk\ jyefvnftyk pf k;d bDpD 606 ckEpS w f Gif AufAv D k;H eD;,m; Edik fio H m;rsm;ESihf
-uavonf? rd'vlrsKd ;wdk\y;l aygif;I tqD;7D;,m;Edik if . H -uD;us,fcrf;
xdtk csed fwGif ajrmufzufrS Edkiif eH D;csif;jzpfaomtqD; em;vSyaom jrdK\awmfeif;edA (eif;edAjrdK\? rd'vlrsdK;
7D;,m;onf wpwp xif7Sm;vmonf? (tqD;7D;,m; „7=?) udk wkdufcdkufodrf;ydkufI zsufqD;vdku-f uonfrS
„7=?) AufAv D k;H eD;,m;ESifh tqD;7D;,m;Edik fiHwk\donf t pI tqD;7D;,efwdk\ wefcdk;arS;rSdefoGm;um acgif;rxl
csif;csif;xdyg;wdkufcdkufr=rsm;7Sdvm-u7mrS tiftm;jydKif Edkif-uawmhacs? AufADvHk;eD;,m; EdkifiHawmf-uD;um;
vm-uavonf? xdt k wGi;f AufAv D ;kH eD;,m;Edik if H twGi;f aumv'D;,ef;vlrsdK; 'kw, d eufAsLcufeufZmbk7if.
Yvnf; 7Sd7if;pGJ wkdif;7if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh oJuMm7 vufatmufwGif jyefvnfpnfum; om,m0ajymvm
bufrS csO;f eif;0ifa7mufvmaom aumv'D;,ef;vlrsKd ;/ jyefonf? xdt k cg'kw, d AufAvD ;kH eD;,m;Edik if aH wmf-u;D [lI
tm7rD;,ef;vlrsdK;wd\konf wdu k fcu
dk fvsu7f o Sd nf? vnf;aumif;/ aumv'D;,ef;Edik if aH wmf[I l vnf;aumif;
aumv'D;,ef;ESifh tm7rD;,ef;wd\konf AufADvHk;eD; ac:a0:-uonf? eufAsLcufeufZmrif;-uD;onf jrdK\-uD;
,m;Y ta7;omvm-uonf? tqD;7D;,m;uvnf; rsm;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufaponf? ukeo f , G rf E= iS hf vkyf
AufADvHk;eD;,m;udk vFr;f rd;k Edik af tmif-udK;pm;onf? Auf ief;aqmifwmwdk\uv kd nf;wdk;wufzH\GjzKd ;aponf?qnf/wl;
ADvk;H eD;,m;ESifh tqD;7D;,m;wd\konf tiftm;jydKif-ujyef ajrmif;rsm;udkjyKjyifay;ojzifh pdkufysdK;a7;vnf;aumif;
onf? tqD;7D;,m;EdkifiH. qifemu7pfrif;onf bDpD rGef jzpfxeG ;f vmavonf? eufAsLacwfeufZmonf AufAD
689 ckEpS w f iG f AufAv D ;Hk jrdK\awmf-uD;udk wdkucf ku d zf sufqD; vHk;eD;,m;EkdifiH-uD; us,fjyef\atmifvnf; aqmif7GufcJh

100
 AufADvHk;eD;,m;EkdifiH

7m/ xdpk Ofu e,ferd w d w f iG f qD;7D;,m;Edik if HEiS hf y,fvuf t,fvufZNm;tm; qufcHolrsm;onf AufADvk;H eD;
pwkid fEikd if wH \dk yg0ifonf omru tD*spfEidk if eH ,fpyfwkid f ,m;tm; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;rjyKbJ oifhwifhavsmuf
atmifyif a7mufcahJ vonf? ywfaom cs;D jri| ahf jr|mufpm;r=ukd jyKco hJ nf? od\kaomf [,f
eufAsLcufeufZmrif;-uD; vGefjyD;aemufwiG f qufcH vifepfpwpfacwf. v=y7f mS ;r=ujkd yKco hJ nf? od\ak omf [,f
aomrif;rsm;rSm bkef;vuf7Hk;enf;yg;aomrif;rsm;om vifepfpwpfacwf. v=y7f mS ;x-urG r= sm;.'+fukd AufAD
trsm;tm;jzifhjzpf-uI/ EdkifiHawmf-uD;tiftm; qkwf vHk;eD;,m;uJho\dk a7S;acwfa[mif;Edik fi-H uD;onf cHEidk f7nf
,kwv f monf? xdk\a-umifh bDpD 539 ckwiG f yg;7Si;f bk7if r7Sday? xdk\a-umifh wjznf;jznf; tajctaeqkwf,kwf
qdik f;7yf.wyfrsm;u wdu k fcku d fvmaomtcg tjyif;t vmcJh7m at'D 200 jynfEh pS fvGeEf Spfrsm;wGirf l a7S;acwf
xef ckcrH r= 7Sb d /J yg;7Si;f wd\k.vufatmufo\dk usa7muf7 a[mif; AufADvHk;eD;,m;EdkifiH-uD;onf wjznf;jznf;
avonf? (qkid f;7yf„7=? )AufADv;Hk eD;,m;onf yg;7Sif; acwfwdrv f m7mrS wdrjf rKyfuG,faysmufomG ;awmhonf?
wdk\.pdk;rdk;r=udk tESpEf pS f7mausmfcHc7Jh onf? bDpo D Hk;7mrS AufAv D ;kH Edik if -H uD;onf ,if;od\ku, G af ysmufomG ;cJah omf
av;7mtwGi;f Y AufAv D k;H eD;,m;tygt0if yg;7Si;f jynf vnf;/ AufAv D ;kH ,Ofaus;r=. vufpvufewd\u k kd ,[l'D
e,frsm; wefc;kd arS;rSed v f monf? *7db7k ift,fvufZNm„ ,Ofaus;r=Yvnf;aumif;/*7d,Ofaus;r=Y vnf;aumif;
o„*7dwo f nf yg;7Si;f wyfrsm;udk atmifEidk I f AufAv D ;kH eD; awG\7-dS u7onf? xd\ka-umifh AufAv D ;kH ,Ofaus;r=. tarG
,m;od\k a7muf7v dS maomtcg AufAv D ;kH eD;,m;wGif t,f tESpu f dk acwfopf,Ofaus;r=w\dku qufcH7a-umif;od7
vufZNmtm; ckcw H eG f;vSeo f rl 7Sb
d J/bk7iftjzpfvufcH-u onf? ,if;odk\ acwfopf,Ofaus;r=wdk\u vufcHEkdif
avonf? t,fvufZNmonfvnf; AufAv D k;H jrdK\awmfudk avmufatmifvnf; AufADvHk;,Ofaus;r=onf tqifh
rdrdvufeufEdkifiHawmf-uD;. jrdK\awmftjzpfxm;7efyif twef;jrifch o hJ nf? bDpD 3500 cef\uyif AufAv D ;kH eD;,m;
7nf7, G cf haJ o;onf? (t,fvufZNm„o„*7dw?f &=) Ekid if jH zpfvmrnfh jrpfEpS jf rmF a'owav~mufwiG f aexdik af om
qlrm;vlrsKd ;wd\o k nf pma7;pmzwfwwf-uonf? qlrm;wd\k

AufADvHk;EkdifiHom;wkd\onf aA'ifusrf;*efrsm;ukd Tokd\7FH\jym;xuftQ7mwifum rSwfom;xm;cJh-uonf?

101
AufADvHk;eD;,m;EdkifiH AufADvHk;jrdK\

.tQ7mrsm;rSm jrm;OD;yHko!mef7SdI 7FH\jym;uav;rsm; AufADvHk;jrdK\? ?AufAv D ;kH jrdK\onf tm7Swku d . f a7S;

ay:wGif oH;k ajr|mifyh kH usL7d;k t7if;ESihf zdEydS af 7;om;-uonf? a[mif;jrdK\-uD;jzpfI uBmay:Y a7S;tusqHk;jrdK\-uD; w
a7;om;jyD;aom 7FH\csyfrsm;udk aevSef;rD;zkwfaoma-umifh jrdK\jzpfonf? AufAv D ;kH eD;,m;Ekid if H jrKd \awmf-u;D tjzpf bDpD
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm -umatmif cdik cf aHh vonf? 1800 539 twGif; xif7Sm;cJhI ,lza7;wD;jrpfonf
qlrm;wd\k. pma7;enf;udk aemiftcg jrpf 2 jrFma' ,if;jrKd\ujkdzwfIpD;qif;onf? tD7ufEidk if H AC'ufjrKd \ awmif
oudk 0ifa7mufpdk;rdk;aomqD;rdkufvlrsdK;rsm;/ tqD;7D; zuf rdki6f 0cef\tuGmwGif wnf7do S nf?
,ef;vlrsdK;rsm;/ t,fvrdkufvlrsdK;rsm;/ [pfwkdufvlrsdK; AufADv;Hk jrdK\7Sd c7pfray:rD tESpf 3000 ausmfcef\u
rsm;/ yg;7Sif;vlrsdK;rsm;uvnf; vufcH-uonf? pwifwnfaxmifonf[k qdo k nf? AufAv D ;Hk [laom t
,Ofaus;pvlrsdK;wdk\. tavhtxtwdkif; ql;rm;wdk\ "d_g,frmS ewfwcH g;0[kjzpfonf? aemifwiG f ,lza7;wD;
onf ajr a7avpaomobm0rsm;udk udk;uG,-f u ESihf wdik f;*7pfjrpf 2 ckt-um;jrpf 2 jrGma'oY Ekid if w H nf
onfjh yif v,form;rsm;jzpf-uonfhtwdkif; aus;Zl;7Sif axmifaomtcg ,if;jrdK\trnfukd tpGJjyKI AufAD vH;k eD;
EGm;rsm;udkvnf;udk;uG,f-uonf? ,m;EkdifiH[krSnfhac:onf? (AufADv Hk;eD;,m;EdkifiH
vufr= tEkynm7yfESifh pyfvsOf;I AufADvHk;eD;,m; „7=?) bDpD 2000 ce\w f iG f [RL7mADrif;vufxufY Auf
EdkifiHom;wdk\jyKvkyfcJhaom vufr=yPnf;rsm;teuf a7S; ADv;Hk jrdK\onf AufAv D ;kH eD;,m;Edik if aH wmf.jrdK\awmf jzpfvm
tusq;kH yPnf;rsm;rSm bDpD 3000 ausmfcef\u tdk;cGuf onf? [RL7mADrif;-u;D bDpD 1925 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG jf y;D
rsm;jzpfonf? ,if;onfhtdk;cGufrsm;udk aq;a7mifrsm; aemuf [pfwu dk Ef iS hf uufqikd v f lrsKd ;rsm; AufAv D ;Hk jrdK\awmf
jc,fI yHpk H 'DZkid ;f rsm; azmfjy xm;onfudk awG\7onf? udk 0ifa7mufwdu k cf u dk -f uonf? xdk aemuf jrpfzsm;a'o
bDpD 3000cef\wGif ausmufwHk;rsm;udk xkxGif;jcif;/ 7Sd tqD7;D ,ef;vlrsKd ;wd\ku t-udr-f udrf0ifa7mufwu dk fcu kd f
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rsm; vkyu f kid fjcif;udv k nf;jyKvyk -f uonf? xdjk yif pmcsKyf onf? tqD;7D;,m;bk7if tDqm[uf'if vufxufodk\
pmwrf;rsm;twGuf wHqdyw f k;H rsm;toH;k jyKonfukd vnf; a7mufaomf AufADvHk;jrdK\awmfudk jyefvnfwnfaxmif
awG\7avonf?
qlrm;wd\konf rlvu7F\HEiS u hf sLyifrsm;jzifh jyKvkyo f nfh
wJtdrfrsm;jzifh aexdkifcJh7mrS/ aemiftcg aevSef;tkwf/
rD;zkwftw k frsm;jzifhjyKvkyfaom wxyftkwfwku d rf sm;jzifh
aexdik v f m-uonf? xdjk yif ,if;wdk\uk;d uG,f7m ewft
rsKd ;rsdK;wdk\twGuf Adrmefjzpfaom wefaqmif;jrifhjrifh-uD;
rsm;udkaqmufvkyf-uonf? jrdK\7dk;wefwdkirf sm;jyKvkyf7m
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H m;wd\k vuf7majrmuf-uay
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EdkifiHESifh ,Ofaus;r=ESifh tapmqHk; aexdkifvm-uolrsm;
wGif yg0ifcahJ vonf?
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aus;r=rsm;teuf AufADvHk;eD;,ef;ESifh tD*spf,Ofaus;r=
wd\o k nf rnfonfua7S;usI rnfonfu aemufusonf
[laom jy©emtwGuf ynm7Sifw\dk tjiif;yGm;ae-uqJ
yifjzpf.? od\kaomf ,Ofaus;r=qkid f7m ta7;ygaom wd;k
wufrw = k\donf AufAv D ;kH eD;,m;Y OD;pGmpwifco hJ nf? od_H
ynm/ tkyfcsKyfa7;pHepf/ t,l0g'a7;/ vufr=ynm7yf
ponfwk\donf AufAv D k;H eD;,m;YtpysKd ;cJI h AufADvHk;eD;
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ydki;f ,Ofaus;r=rsm;. jrpfzsm;cH7mjzpfcaJh vonf? aqmufc-hJ uavonf?

102
AufADvHk;jrdK\
onf? bDpD 602 ckwGif tqD;7D;,m;EkdifiH-uD;ysufpD;I
'kwd,AufAv D Hk;eD;,m;EdkifiH jyefvnfxeG f;um;vmaom
tcg AufADv;Hk jrdK\onf -uD;us,x f if7mS ;vmjyefonf?
bDpD 604 rS 561 txd xD;eef;wufaom 'kw, d euf
AsLcufeufZmbk7ifonf AufADvHk;jrdK\awmf-uD;udk a7S;u
xuf omvGefcrf;em;atmif wnfaqmufonf? AufAD
vHk;jrKd \awmfukd aqmufvyk 7f mY txl;ojzifh jrdK\7;kd -uD;rsm;
ESifh O,mOfysrH sm;udk pDrHavonf? jrdK\7k;d -uD;rsm;udk cdkeef;
csdK;rsm;jzifh vSyatmif aqmufvkyfonf? jrdK\7dk;eH7Hrsm;
ay:Yvnf; wd7>mef7kyfrsm;jzifh jc,fvS,fxm;onf?
jrdK\7;kd -uD;rsm;twGi;f zufwiG f aumif;uifY wGv J q
JG aJG e[ef
xifrSwf7aom O,smOfysHrsm; pDrHxm;onf? ,if;onfh
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tHjh cD;zG,f7m ckepfjzmwGif tygt0ifjzpfonf? eef;awmf
-uD;wGirf l a7S;jrefrmbk7ifrsm; wnfaqmufchaJ om tm
vdefrsm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;onfh ar~mfpif-uD;rsm;uJhodk\ t
qifhqifh t7pf7pfjyKvkyfxm;aom ar~mfpifrsm;7Sdonf?
xdkar~mfpif-uD;rsm;. tqifhrsm; t7pfrsm;wGif ta7mif
rsdK;pHkyGifhaom yef;yiftrsdK;rsdK; pdkufysdK;xm;7m yef;rsm;
jzifh a0qmjrdKifqdkifaeaomtcg xdkar~mfpif-uD;onf
awmif-uD;rsm;uJhodk\ xifrSwf7onf? aumif;uifwGif
O,smOf-uD;rsm;ESifh yef;rsdK;pHk,drf;EGJ\aeouJhodk\yif xif
rSwf7onf? eufAsLcufeufZmbk7ifuHukefjyD;aemuf
bDpD 539 ckESpw f Gif ,ck tD7ef (yg;7Sm;) vlrsdK;[k xif
7Sm;aom tm7d,efvlrsdK;wdk\onf AufADvHk;jrdK\awmf-uD;
udkodrf;,lonf? xdkaemufwGif ukefoG,fr=A[dkXmet
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oGm;avonf?
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7d;k ESpfxyf7I dS wxyfu 10 ayxljyD;v~i/f tjcm; wxyf
u 12 ayxlonf? twGi;f jrdK\7;kd ywfvnfwiG f usKH ;7So d nf?
7efolrsm; jrdK\udk 0ifa7mufwdkufcdkufonfhtcg 7dQmt
cuftcJr7Sad p7ef jrKd \7k;d 2 ck -um;wGif v,f,majrjyKvkyf
I aumufyJo;D ESHrsm; pdkufysdK;-uonf? twGi;f jrdK\7k;d wGif
a-u;ndKwHcg;rsm; wyfqifxm;I ,if;wHcg;rsm;odk\ OD;
wkdufI jrdK\wiG ;f odk\ oGm;aomvrf;rsm; azmufxm;onf?
jrdK\wGif;Y vltrsm;tjym;aexkdif-uI vlaetdrfrsm;
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vHk;jrdK\. -uD;us,fcrf;em;aom taqmufttHkrsm;rSm
bk7ifrsm;pHjref;onfh eef;awmftaqmufttHkrsm;ESifh
AufADv;Hk jrdK\awmf7Sif rm;'yfAJewfrif;. ausmif;aqmif
wdk\jzpfonf?
103
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awoDwdk\. aus;Zl;a-umifh wcguuBmwGif xif7Sm;
-uD;us,fcJhaom jrdK\-uD;ta-umif; od7SdEdkifcJh-uonf?
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u [DvmjrdK\wnfxm;onf? [DvmjrdK\rS taqmufttHk
rsm;udk AufAv D Hk;jrdK\ysufrS wl;azmf77So
d nfh tkwrf sm;jzifh
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jrdK\[kazmfjyyg7Sdaom AufovD[rfjrdK\onf c7pfawmf
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jzpfaeI Adwv f rf[kac:wGio f nf?
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zuf 6 rdkifcef\tuGmwGifwnf7SdI c7pf,ef t,l0g'
a7;7mwGif *s7l;qvrf;jrdK\rSvGJv~if 'kwd,ta7;ygqHk;
aomXmejzpfonf? xdak -umifh ESppf Ofc7pf,mef t,l0g'D
wdk\ axmifaomif; csI D bk7m;zl;vma7muf -uavonf?
c7pf,mefoRmusrf;pmrsm;Y xif7Sm;aom ,[l'v D l
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rsm;jzifh 0dkif;7Hxm;aponf? aemiftcgrsm;wGif zGm;
awmfrl 0wfausmif;udk 0dkif;7HI vufwif/ *7d/ tmar;
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vky-f uavonf?
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c7pfawmfzGm;jrif7ma'ojzpfaom AufovD[rfjrdK\
7onf? xdkaemufwGif y,fvufpwdkifonf wl7uDwdk\
vufatmufo\ku d sa7mufc7Jh jyefonf? c7pf,eft,l0g'D
wd\konf rdrw d \dktxGwftjrwfxm;7mjzpfaom aoOfajr
rsm;udk jyefvnfodrf;ydkufxm;7ef u7l;qdwfppfyGJrsm;
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104
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105
A*‡vm;qD;oD;
jrdK\EiS hf wl7uDEikd if HrSvmaom rD;7xm;vrf;rsm;udk yg;7Sm;
(tD7ef)Edkiif rH S rD;7xm;vrf;rsm;/ umuGwaf 7eHajrrS vm
aomrD;7xm;vrf;rsm;ESihf tquftoG,jf yKEdik 7f ef vnf;
aumif;jyKjyifcho J nf? 1933wGif zGiv hf pS cf ahJ om AC'ufjrKd \
av,mOfuiG ;f onf ta7S\Eidk firH sm;wGif taumif;qHk; av
,mOfuiG f;wckjzpfonf? ,if;odk\jzifh AC'ufjrdK\. ukef
oG,fa7;vrf;a-umif;rsm; jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmo
jzifh ukefoG,rf w = dk;wufzGH\jzdK;I jyefvnfpnfum;0ajym
vmonf? 1939 wGif uGwfAma7\ trnf7Sd qnf-uD;
jyD;pD;oGm;av7m/ jrdK\. ajrmufzuf7Sd oJuMm7 jzpfae
aom ajrrsm;udk a7oGif;I jyefvnfpdkufysdK;EdkifcJhonf?
AC'ufjrdK\wGif tD7ufEikd if w H Gif; t7yf7yfrS xGufukerf sm;
udk ta7mif;t0,fjyK-uonf? ,if;xGufuek rf sm;rSm pGef
yvGo H ;D / *sHK/ odk;arG;ESifh a7eH ponfwdk\jzpfavonf?
acwfro D ,f,yl k\daqmifa7;vrf;rsm; yGihv f mojzifh AC
'ufjrdK\onfvnf; a7S;a[mif;jrdK\-uD;wjrKd \tjzpfrS acwfrDS
jrdK\-u;D wjrdK\ tqift h wef;od\k wd;k wufvmvsuf 7Sad vjy?D
acwfrSDtaqmufttkHrsm;/ v~yfppftoHk;taqmifrsm;/
vrf;yef;tquftoG,rf sm;jzifh crf;em;odu k fjrdKufvsuf
7SdvmavjyD? ('g0kyg;7Sm;aqmufvkyfaom aps;-uD;rSm
-uD;us,cf ef;em;vSojzifh ,ckwkid f taumif;qH;k uBmh
aps;-uD;rsm;xJwGif tygt0if jzpfaeavao;onf?)
AC'ufjrKd \wiG f tm7yfrsm;/ wl7uDrsm;/ yg;7Si;f rsm;/ uwf
rsm;/ tmar;eD;,ef;rsm;/ ,[l'D(*sL;)rsm; ponfjzifh
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pufr=vkyfief;tcsuftcsm jrdK\-uD;vnf;jzpfonf? wdki;f
*7pfjrpfurf;wav~muf vSyaom 7=cif;omrsm;onf
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A*®vm;qD;oD;? ?A*®vm;qD;oD;udk t*®vyd v f dk at
y7Daumh[k uBmtESH\tjym;od7-Sd uonf? 7kQaA'tvdk
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rsm;onf pkIaomfvnf;aumif;/wyGifhcsif;aomfvnf;
aumif; yGi-fh uonf? yef;onf tjzLwGif yef;a7mifaoG;
pGef;vsuf7Sdwwfonf? t7GufnGef\rsm; rxGufrDaomf
vnf;aumif;/ t7GufnGef\rsm;ESifh wcsdefwnf;aomf
vnf;aumif; xGufay:vmwwfonf? yGifhzwfrsm;
A*‡vm;jynfe,f
a-uG7mrSoD;uif;rsm;jzpfvmonf? toD;rSm t7nf7Frf;
aomtumom;/ ,if;.twGi;f tvGefrmaom taphcHG
ESihf taphct HG wGi;f Y wckwnf;aomtaph7o dS nf? taphcHG
rSm acsmrGwfI ecrf;onf xljyD;v~if t7pf7Sdonf?
A*®vm;qD;oD;yifudk tylydkif;a'oY atmifjrifpGm
pdkufysKd ;Ir77SdEdik [ f k ,cktcsdefxd ,lq-uonf? tdN, d
Edkiif aH jrmufykid f;7Sd ay waomif;cef\jrifhaom awmifay:
a'orsm;/ wdAufEikd fi/H w7kwfEidk fi/H qD;7D;,m;Edkiif H/ tD
7efEdkifiH/ t*®vefjynftp7Sdaoma'orsm;wGif toD;
pm;yiftjzpf atmifjrifpGmpdkufysdK;-uonf? ,if;tyif
udk a7aumif;pGmpD;qif;onfh xHk;ausmufEkH;ajrwGif
atmifjrifpGm pdkufysdK;Ekdifonf? a7aumif;pGmpD;qif;
onfh 3 aycef\eufaom oJE;kH ajrwGifpu kd yf sdK;ygu toD;
aumif;pGm 77SdEkdifonf? roifhavsmfaomajrwGif pdkuf
ysdK;ygu acgif;nGe\fuikd ;f ajcmufjcif;/ tjrpfwiG f ua7mif;
a*gac: a7m*gusa7mufjcif;rsm; awG\7o Sd nf? puvm7dk
wD;eD;,m; z7ufwD*seD m;ac: r=drsdK;a-umifh toD;ykyjf cif;/
puvm7dkwD;eD;,m; vmZa-umifh yef;yGifhESifh udkif;nGef\
rsm;n|dK;jcif; a7m*grsm;vnf; jzpfay:wwfonf? ykyf
aomtoD;rsm;udk ajrjr|Kyfjcif;/ n|dK;aomyef;/ tudkif;
rsm;udkjzwfI rD;&d=\zsufpD;jcif;jzifh xdka7m*grsm; jyef\yGm;
r=udkumuG,fEkdifonf? tyifrsm;ysdK;7ef udkif;ul;I jyef
vnfpu kd yf sKd ;Ekid o
f nf?
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wify\dka7mif;cs-uonf? tom;omr[kwf taphcHw G iG f;rS
f G,frE= iS hf taphuvnf; t7omqdro fh jzifh vlw\kEd pS o
f uf-uonf?
A*®vm;jynfe,f? ?Ak<pmayusr;f *efw\Ykd t*®wikd ;f /
0*‡wdkif;[kac:qdkaom A*®vm;jynfe,fonf jAdwdo~
tpd;k 7wd\k. vufxuftcgu -u;D rm;us,0f ef;I ta7;
ygaom jynfe,f-uD;wckjzpfonf? tdNd,Ekdifi. H ta7S\
zufpeG ;f jzpfI A*®vm;yifv,fatmf.xdyYf wnf7o dS nf?
tdNd,u`ef;qG,ftydkif;onf A*®vm;jynfe,f. t
aemufzufY7SI d / [dr0Mmawmifajc7Sd qpfuifEiS hf blwef
jynfw\o kd nf ajrmufzufYvnf;aumif;/ tmoHawmifuek ;f
rsm;ESihf jrefrmEdik if w
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kd nf ta7S\zufYvnf;aumif; wnf7dS
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jrpf0u`e;f ay:udjk zpfapcJah om a'ojzpfayonf? xd\ak -umifh
A*®vm;jynfe,f. ajrrsuEf mS oGijf yifonf [dr0Mmawmif
106
 A*‡vm;jynfe,f

A*‡vm;jynfe,f umvuWm;jrdK\7Sd xif7Sm;ausmf-um;aom 0dwkd7d,bk7ifr txdrf;trSwftaqmufttHk

ajc7if;jzpfaom ajrmufzufykid ;f YomjrifI h useaf 'owdk\ jynfe,f. tus,ft0ef;onf 33805 pwk7ef;rdik jf zpf
wGif ajredrahf 'orsm;jzpfavonf? I/ vlOD;a7onf 26±25 oef;cef\7rdS nf[k cef\rSef;7onf?
A*®vm;jynfe,f. 7moDOwkonf yltu kd If pdpk w G xf ikd ;f xdv k Ol ;D a7. 20 7mckid Ef e= ;f cef\onf tPvrft,l0g'Drsm;
rd=i;f onf? ysr;f r~tylcsdef zm7if[ku d f ^0 H rS 80H txd7dS jzpf-uonf? ajrmufzufydki;f usaom ul;cs„AD[m;e,f/
onf? ysrf;r~rdk;a7csdefonf ^8 vufrjzpfonf? rdk;t 'g*sDvif/ *sydkif*l7Dc7dkifwdk\onf taemufA*®vm;jynf
rsm;qHk;tydik ;f onf ajrmufbufpeG ;f ESifh ta7S\zufpeG ;f a' e,f. jynfrrS ta7S\yguPwefEiS hf AD;[m;jynfe,fw\kjd zifh
orsm; jzpf-uavonf? A*®vm;jynfe,fonf ajrEk jcm;vsuf7Sdonf? tdNd,EdkifiHwGif t-uD;qHk;jzpfaom
u`ef;ay:a'ojzpfI/ yltkdufpdkpGwfaom 7moDOwk7Sdo umvuWm;jrdK\onf taemufA*®vm;jynfe,f. jrdK\
jzifh tdN, d Edik if w
H iG f qefpyg;trsm;qH;k pdu k yf sKd ; vkyfukid f awmfjzpfavonf? (umvuWm;„7=?)tjcm; xif
aom jynfe,fjzpfavonf? 7Sm;aomjrdK\-uD;rsm;rSm umvuWm;ESifh wqufwnf;
194^ ckEpS w f iG f tdN,d 'drk eD ,
D efEikd if EH iS fh yguPwef 'drk D jzpfI *Hkav~mfvkyfief;XmecsKyfjzpfaom a[mif7mjrdK\ESifh
eD,efEkdifiH[lI cGJjcm;wnfaxmifvkdufjyD;aemufY/ A*® aEG7moDpcef;jzpfaom 'g*sv D ifjrdK\wk\d jzpfavonf?
vm;jynfe,fudkvnf; taemufA*®vm;jynfe,fESifh t taemufA*®vm;jynfe,fonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh
a7S\A*®vm;jynfe,f (ta7S\yguPwef) [k cGJjcm;vdkuf v,f,mpdkufysdK;7ma'ojzpfonf? odk\aomf vlOD;a7
onf? taemufA*®vm;jynfe,fonf tdNd, 'krd eD D,ef rsm;jym;vSojzifh jynfe,fxGufqefpyg;onf jynfe,f
Edik if YH yg0ifI ta7S\b*‡vm;jynfe,fonf yguPwef'rkd D vlxt k zd\kyif rvHkavmufacs? taemufA*®vm;jynfe,f
eD,efEikd fiHtwGi;f Y yg0ifavonf? wGif pufrv = kyfief;zGH\jzdK;xGef;um;onf? tdNd,EdkifiHxu G f
taemufA*®vm;jynfe,f? ? 1950 jynfhESpfwGif yl; ausmufr;D aoG; oH;k yHw k yHo k nf Tjynfe,frx S u
G fonf?
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e,frsm; jyefvnfzJ\Gpnf;a7; tufOya't7 xyfrHxnfh vnf;7So d nf? tqefq;kd jrdK\7dS oHr+dpuf7-kH uD;onf acwf
oGif;aom c7dkief ,ftcsdK\w\dktygt0if/ taemufA*®vm; rDSpuf7Hk-uD;jzpfonf? 'g*sDvifESifh *sydkif*l7DjrdK\rsm;onf

107
 A*‡vm;jynfe,f

A*‡vm;ajrmufykdif; uvifyHkjrdK\. aps;ae\&=cif;rsm;

108
A*‡vm;jynfe,f
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rsm;wGif vufzufajcmufpuf7Hkrsm; 7Sdavonf?
taemufA*®vm;jynfe,f. vrf;yef;qufo, G fa7;
rSm armfawmfum;vrf; 1453 rdkif/ rD;7xm;vrf; 180^
rdkif7SdI/ ul;oef;oGm;vmEdkifaom wl;ajrmif;rdkifaygif;
484 7Sdavonf?
ta7S\b*®vm;jynfe,f ? ? ,if;onf ta7S\ yguPwef
jynfe,fjzpfonf? ,cif A*®vm;jynfe,f. ta7S\yikd ;f e,f
rsm;ESihf tmoHjynfrS qD;v[ufc7dik fw\dkyg0ifI tus,f
t0ef;onf 54501 pwk7ef;rdik 7f o dS nf? 1951 ckEpS f oef
aumifpm7if;t7 vlOD;a7 42 oef;ausmf7Sdonfhteuf/
32 oef;ausmo f nf tPvrft,l0g'Drsm;/ 9 oef;ausmf
onf [dNLt,l0g'Drsm;jzpfI c7pf,meft,l0g'D wode;f
ausmfcef\7Sdonf? Ak<t,l0g'Drsm;vnf;7Sd.? taemuf
yguPwefjynfe,frS rdkifukd;7mcef\r~om tdNd,e,fajr
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qdyfurf;jrdK\-uD;rsm;rSm ppfwaumif;ESifh csmvemjrdK\wdk\
jzpf-uonf?
ta7S\A*®vm;jynfe,fonf **®gjrpf/ jA¦ykW7jrpfEiS hf
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onf? qefpyg;tjyif/ 0g*Grf;/ o-um;ESifh vufzuf
ajcmufrsm;xGufonf? ta7S\A*®vm;jynfe,frS xGuf
aom*Hkav~mfonf uBmvHk;oHk;*Hkav~mf. ^0 rS 80
7mckdiEf e= f;jzpfonf? -uD;us,af ompufrv = yk fief;wdk\onf
'Um;jrdK\ESifh ppfwaumif;jrdK\rsm;Yom7S-d uonf? A*®vm;
jynfe,fwGif a7S;tpOftqufu vkyfukid fvmonfh tdrf
wGi;f vufry= nmvkyif ef;rsm;udk qufvufxed ;f odr;f vkyf
udik cf -hJ u7m/ yd;k ESihf jcnf vuf7ufxnf vkyif ef;rsm;vnf;
yg0ifonf? 'Um;jrdK\rS rmvusiyf dwfonf Oa7mywdu k f
wGif 167mpkcef\uyif vl-udKurf sm;cJhavonf?
wd7>mef7Hkrsm;YawG\-u7aom emrnfausmf A*‡vm;
usm;onf ta7S\A*‡vm;jynfe,fwGif aexdkifusufpm;
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rsm; acwfrrDvSao;acs? trsm;tm;jzifh a7a-umif;
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A*®vm;jynfe,f. aemufa-umif;ordkif;udk jyefI
-unfhv~if/ A*®vm;jynfe,fonf a7S;ESpfaygif; 1000
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109
A*‡vm;atmf
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d ESihf yguPwef
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e,fonf tdN, d Edik if .
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jynfe,fonf tPvrft,l0g'Dwk\d rsm;jym;ojzifh yguP
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7Sdaeaom refatmifu`ef;ponfh tcsdK\u`ef;i,fuav;
rsm;wGif e*g;AGuftidk rf sm;7Sdonf?
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rsKd ;jzpfI/ aqmif;tcgwGif ta7S\ajrmuf rkwo f ek af vwdu
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Aifwl7DjyGef ? ?od_Hynm7yfrsm;onf wae\wjcm;

wdk;wufvmonfESifhtr~ od_yH nm7yfrsm;wGif toH;k jyK
-uonfh u7d,mwefqmyvm toH;k taqmifrsm;onf
vnf; wdk;wufIvm7ayonf? &lyaA'ynmwGif xdu k hJ
odk\ wdk;wufvmaom u7d,mrsm;teuf Aifwl7DjyGef
onf wcktygt0ifjzpf.?
Aifwl7DjyGefqkdonfrSm cg;usOf;aomjyGefjzpfI taiG\
ESifh t7nfrsm;pD;jzwfaomt7Sdef/ txl;ojzifh a7t
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110
Aifx7DvkduGpfZif; AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiH

onf ay:wl*,f/ -opa-w;vD;,m;/ uae'gESihf tar7d csif;xdjyD;rSxGufaom yzAbtoHrsm;udkrl E=wfcrf;

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ajymif;Ekid fap7ef avjyGefukt d pfxm;7avonf? E=wcf rf; EdkifiHvHk;udk AifeDZ;GD vm;[k ac:a0:cJh-uavonf?

111
 AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiH
awmiftar7duwku d f taemufzufurf;7d;k wav~muf
wef;vsuf7Sdaom tef;'D;awmifwef;-uD;rS awmifwef;
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awmiftar7duwdkuf. wwd,t-uD;qHk;jrpfjzpfaom
atmf7ifE;kd ud;k jrpfEiS hf ,if;. jrpfvufwufaygif; 436 ck
wdk\onf AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiH tus,ft0ef;. 5 yHk 4 yHk
AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiH wnfae7mjyajryHk
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7ifE;kd ud;k jrpfonf rdik f 1ô^00 cef\7nS I
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xGuEf ikd af vonf?
AifeDZD;G vm;EdkifiHudk obm0tm;jzifh 4 ydkif;cGJjcm;Edkif
onf? yifv,furf;7dk;wef;a'o/ awmifwef;a'o/
uke;f jyifjrifha'oESifh tDvmaem\ac: vGijf yifa'owdk\jzpf
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uav;rsm;yg0ifonf? pwk7ef;rdik f 20ô000ausmf us,f
0ef;onf? ykvJzrf;vkyfief; trsm;tjym;vkyfudkifonf?
AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiHxGuf a7eHtrsm;qHk;xGuf7m a'ojzpf
onf? 7moDOwkrSm ylI pdkpGwfonf? awmifwef;a'o
onf AifeDZD;G vm; ajrmufydkif;ESihf taemufajrmufydkif;7Sd
tef;'D;awmifwef;rS jzmxGufaom awmifwef;rsm;ESifh
112
rdkiaf ygif; 500cef\ urf;7dk;wef;ESifhjydKifI wef;qif;oGm;
aom awmifwef;rsm;7Sd7m a'ojzpfonf? ,if;a'o
onf pwk7ef;rdik af ygif; 40ô000cef\us,0f ef;I/ Ekdiif aH 7;
ESifh pD;yGm;a7;avmu. tm7kpH l;pdkuf7m a'ojzpfonf?
atmf7ifE;kd udk;jrpf. vusfmzufurf;rS AifeZD ;GD vm;„A7m
ZDEdkifiHe,fedrdwftwGif;7Sd *D,m;em; ukef;jyifjrifha'o
onf AifeZD ;DG vm;Edik if . H w0ufcef\7o dS nf? opfawmrsm;
tvGefxlxyfI tcsKd \ae7mrsm;od\k ,ckwdkif vloal 7muf
aygufjcif;r7Sdao;acs? wGif;xGufoWKrsm;ESifh tzdk;
wefopfawmrsm;7Sd7ma'ojzpfonf? vlaetvGefenf;
I tif';D ,ef;vlrsdK;rsm;om7Sdonf? tDvmaemh vGifjyif
a'oonf udkvHkAD;,m;ESifh AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiHrsm;.e,f
pyfrS u,f7pfAsefyifv,ftxd awmifwef;a'oESifh *D;
,m;em;ukef;jyifjrifha'ot-um;wGif wnf7Sdonf?
,if;a'o. rsm;pGmaomtydki;f onf yifv,fa7 rsuf
ESmjyiftxuf ay 650 omjrifah om ajredryhf ikd ;f jzpfonf?
rd;k 7moDwiG f a7vFr;f rd;k onf? jrufcif;aygI u`J/ EGm;arG;
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txufay 1ô800cef\jrifhaom yifv,furf;7dk;wef;a'
oESifh tDvmaemhviG fjyifa'oonf tylcsed f zm7if[dkuf
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kd o
xdjrifah om tef;'D;ESihf urf;7d;k awmifwef;a'oonf tyl
csdefzm7if[dkuf 50 HrS^5 HtwGi;f 7Sdonf? ukefonfav
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a7mif;t0,fzH\GjzdK;7ma'ojzpfonf? ay 6ô000 txuf
jrifhaoma'oonf at;aomtydkif;jzpfI vlaeenf;
onf? AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiHwGif pdkpGwfaom 7moDOwkESifh
ajcmuf aoG \ a om 7moD O wk [ lI wES p f v ~if 2
rsdK;om7Sdonf? arrS Edk0ifbmtwGif; rdk;rsm;pGm
7GmoGef;onf? ,if;onf yltdkufpdkpGwfaom7moDjzpf
onf? 'DZifbmrS {jyDvtwGi;f ajcmufaoG\aom 7moD
jzpfonf? ajrmufzufrSwku d fcwfaom ukefonfavrSef
a-umifh 7moDOwkrSm ydkrdkr~wonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh
rl AifeZD ;GD vm;Ekdiif . H 7moDOwkonf use;f rma7;ESihf nD
nGwaf umif;rGeaf om 7moDOwkjzpfonf?
1950 jynfEh Spfoef;acgifpm7if;t7 AifeDZ;GD vm;Ekdiif H
.vlO;D a7onf 5ô034ô838 a,mufjzpfI 1959 ckESpf
 AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiH
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onf vljzLESifhwkdif;7if;om;vlrsdK;wdk\rS aygufzGm;aom
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onf? ajrmufESifh taemufajrmufawmifwef;a'o
wGif vltrsm;qH;k aexkdifI/ *D,m;em;ukef;jyifjrifha'o
onf vlaetenf;qHk;jzpfonf? trsm;tm;jzifh pydef
bmompum;udk ajymqdk-uI/ A7if*sD *dk+f;0ifrsm;jzpf
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v,f,mpdkufysdK;jcif;ESifh u`JEGm;wd7>mef arG;jrLjcif;
onf AifeZD ;DG vm;Edik if . H t"duvkyif ef;jzpfonf? wEdik if H
vH;k 7Sd vlO;D a7. 40 7mcdik Ef =e;f onf v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;jcif;
jzifh toufarG;jrL-uonf? txl;ojzifh ajrmufydkif;
wGif pdkufysdK;a7;udk ydkrkv d yk fuidk f-uonf/ umzDyifudk t
rsm;qHk;pdkuyf sdK;vkyfukid fI uau;tdk;onf 'kwd,t-uD;
us,fq;kH pdu k yf sKd ;a7;xGuuf ek jf zpfonf? o-um;/ ajymif;/
yJ/ tkef;ESifh tylydkif;Zkef toD;tESHrsm;udkvnf; pdkufysdK;
-uonf? vGifjyifa'o7Sd jrufcif;rsm;wGif u`J EGm;
wd7>mefrsm; arG;jrLI om;a7rsm;udk wifydk\a7mif;cs-u
onf? opfawma'orSvnf; -uufaygifap;ESifh b,
AifeDZGD;vm;EdkifiH. jrdK\awmfjzpfaom u7uyfjrdK\. &=cif;
113
aq;yifrsm;pGmxGufonf? ,cktcg AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiH
wGif pufr=vyk if ef;rsm;udk tpdk;7uaiGa-u;tultnDjzifh
tm;ay;aoma-umifh pufr=vkyfief;rsm; zGH\jzdK;vmaomf
vnf;/ Ekdiif Ha7;v=yf7Sm;r=rsm; r-umc+ay:aygufaom
a-umifh/ wdk;wufoifhoavmuf rwdk;wufao;acs?
acsmu h vuf/Advwfajr/ AD,m/ pD;u7uf/ zdeyf/ b,aq;/
za,mif;wdik /f rD;jcpf/ qyfjym/ txnftvdyEf Sihf tom;
bl;vkyfief;ponfh vkyif ef;rsm; vkyfudkif-uonf?
AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiHonf uBmay:wGif a7eH'kwd, t
rsm;qHk;xGufI trsm;qHk; wifydk\a7mif;csaomEkdifiHjzpf
onf? txl;ojzifh rm7mudkif;Adka'owGif trsm;qHk;
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awG\7SdcjJh yD;aemuf/ 1499 ckEpS fwiG f tar7d*kd AufpyGwcf sD
yg0ifI tvGef;qdk ao tdkaZ'g acgif;aqmifaom pydef
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wdki;f 7if;om; tif';D ,ef;vlrsdK;wd\k r-umc+wdu k fyJrG sm;
jzpfyGm;-uonf? 1525 ckEpS w f Gif pydef {u7mZfyVrcsm;
bk7ifu *smreDjynf/ atmhpAkjrdK\rS -uG,f0csrf;omaom
ukefonfrsm;jzpfonfh AJvqm;aqGrsdK;pktm; AifeDZGD;
vm;EdkifiHudk tiSm;csvdkufonfrStp ,if;EkdifiHonf
uBmopfwiG f yXrqHk;aom *smrefudkvked Djzpfvmonf?
odk\7mwGif AJvmqm;wdk\u pmcsKyfyg 0efcHcsuftwdkif;
aemuf pydew f dk\u xdke,fajrudk jyefvnftkycf sKyfonf?
1810 ckESpfwGif AifeDZGD;vm;EdkifiHonf pydeftm; awmf
vSefonf? 1811 ckESpfwGif vGwfvyfa7;7onf? ,if;
onf awmiftar7du EkdifiHrsm;teuf vGwfvyfa7;udk
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114
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AifeZD ;GD vm;Edkiif .
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bk7if. vufxufwGifrS Aif;a'grsm;udk ESdrfeif;Edkif
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tm;awmifhwif;aom a7wyf-uD;ESihf Aif;a'gwd\k. Xme
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wDEdky,fjrdK\awmfodk\ ac:aqmifoGm;7m tcsdK\onf *syfp
wif;eD;,ef; bk7if. ppfwyfrsm;wGif 0ifa7muftr=xrf;
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115
Aif;eufôtmEkd Aif;euf7SôtD;

wUodkvf0ifpmar;yGJudk 0ifa7mufajzqdk7m atmifjrif

onf? 1885 ckESpw f Gif vef'efjrdK\ok\dwufI 0wfvHk-uD;
wpfO;D . pma7;tjzpf vkyu f ikd of nf?
0wfvHkpma7;vkyfaepOftwGif;Y Aif;eufonf 0go
emtavsmuf 0 KwdkEiS haf qmif;yg;rsm;udk 7Hzef7cH g a7;
om;cJo h nf? ol.0 Kww kd ckukd pmtky0f g *sme,frS a7G;
cs,fxnfhoGif;vdkufonfrSpI pma7;q7mtjzpf t
oufarG;7ef 1893 ckEpS fwGif a7S\aepma7;tvkyrf S xGuf
vku d fum/ vef'efjrdK\rSxw k af 0aom ‘trsKd ;orD;’ trnf7dS
rCZif;wdu k w
f iG f vufaxmuf pmwnf;tjzpf 0ifa7muf
vkyu f ikd af vonf? 1896 ckEpS w f iG f xdrk CZif;. wm0efcH
pmwnf;jzpfvmonf?
1898 ckESpw f Gif tmEdAk if;eufonf ‘‘tnmom;’’t
rnf7dS 0 K7Snf-uD;udk a7S;OD;pGm a7;om;xkwaf 0cJo h nf?
xdk0 Kudk xkwfa0onfhtcsdefwGif tmEdkAif;eufrSm t
ouf 30 cef\7adS vjy?D
1900 jynfhESpw f Gif tmEdkAif;eufonf trsdK;orD;*sm
e,fpmwnf;tjzpfrS vH;k 0Ekwfxu G v f udk jf yD;v~i/f jyifopf
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f if7Sm;aom 0 Ka7;q7m tmEkdAif;euf
zmom 0 Krsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh pmaya0zefcsuf
rsm;udk a7;om;cJhavonf? wESpfv~if pmvHk;a7 ig; tqef;uav;rsm;udkvnf; jrifaeust7mrsm;uJhodk\
aomif;cef\ a7;cJo h nf[kqdkonf? 190^ ckEpS fwGif jyif xifrSwfvmatmif a7;Edik af ompGr;f 7nf7Sdonfudk awG\7
opfuajconf rm*7pf[DAwfESihf vufxyfonf? ayonf? 1931 ckEpS f rwfv 2^ 7ufae\wiG f vef'efjrdK\Y
1908 ckEpS fwGix f kwaf 0aom ‘‘tdr7f iS rf rsm;yHkjyif’’t tmEkAd if;euf uG,v
f GefcJhonf?
rnf70Sd KrmS Aif;euf. taumif;qHk;vuf7m[kyifqk7d
ayrnf? xdk0 KxGuv f monfhtcsed frSpI Aif;eufonf Aif;euf7ôS tD; (c7pf1884 1948) ? ?csuu f qkd vdk
ol\acwf t*®vdyfpmayavmuwGif xdyfwef;0 Ka7; Am;uD;,m;Ekdiif H. Edik fijH yKock rdef-uD; tuf'yG Af if;euf7S
q7m-uD;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKjcif;cH7avonf? ,if; udk 1884 ckEpS f arv 28 7ufae\wiG f Ad[ k ;D rD;,m;jynfe,f
0 KY olarG;zGm;7m pwufzdk\7Sdki, f m ajrmufydkif;udk aumhZvmeD7GmYarG;zGm;onf? ol.zcifrSm qif;7Jom;
aemufcx H m;I a7;om;avonf? v,form;wOD;r~omjzpfaomfvnf; olh\tm; y7m[jrdK\7dS
Aif;eufa7;om;cJhaom 0 Krsm;pGm7Sdonfhteuf wUodv k fodk\ydk\I ynmoifapcJhonf? xdk\aemuf yg7pf/
xif7Sm;aom0 Krsm;rSm ‘‘uav;[if;*g;’’ (1910) vef'efEiS hf 'DZeG ;f wUodv k rf sm;wGif qufvufI ynmoif
‘‘[Dv'gvufpa0;’’ (1911) ESihf ‘‘TESpOf ;D ’’ (1915)/ -um;cJhonf? 1908 ckESpfwGif jyifopfEkdifiH 'DZGef;
tp 7Sdaom0 Krsm;jzpfavonf? xdk\jyif Aif;eufonf wUodkvfrS Oya'qdkif7m yg7*lbGJ\udk 77SdcJhjyD;aemuf/
‘‘*saumhwGeq f ef’’ [laom uavmiftrnfjzifh ‘‘acwf y7m[jrdK\odk\jyefI aumvdyfausmif;wckwGif ygarmQ
opf’’ pmapmifwiG f a0zefa7;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk tywfpOf tjzpf vkyu f ikd cf ohJ nf?
a7;om;xnfo h iG ;f cJah o;onf? Aif;euf.vuf7m pmtkyf yXruBmppf rjzpfrDu/ -op-wD;,m; „ [efa*7D
50 cef\7cSd Jhonfhteuf jyZmwf 13 ckyg0ifonf? ol. EdkifiH. wpdww f a'or~omjzpfaeao;aom csufukq d
xif7Sm;aom jyZmwfrsm;rSm ‘‘vlxkbmvdkcsifovJ’’ vdAk m;uD;,m;jynf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfa7;twGuf -udK;yrf;
(1909)/ ‘‘pGe\fpm;cef;-uD;’’ (1913) ponfw\kd jzpfonf? -u7mwGi/f a'gufwmAif;euf7Svnf;yg0ifonf? yg7pf
tmEdkAif;eufonf ae\pOfawG\jrifaeus tjzpftysuf jrdK\wiG f ygarmQtjzpfvkyu f idk fae,if;uyif csuv f rl sdK;
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JG iG f ud,k x
f v
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116
Aif;euf7SôtD; Aif;epfjrdK\

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awmrwfrmqm7pf. vuf7;Hk wpfql jzpfvmonf? (rm cg/ Aif;euf7o S nf y7m[jrdK\ok\d jyefvnfa7muf7v Sd m7m/
qm7pfôwD/*sD„7=?) yXruBmppf jzpfyGm;aepOf 1915 wdki;f oljynfom;wdk\onf ol\tm; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om-udK
ckESpfu yg7pfjrdK\Y csufudkvqdkAuf trsdK;om;aumifpD qdok nf? xdEk pS f atmufwb kd mv 28 7ufae\wiG f ,m,D
zGJ\pnf;wnfaxmifa7;udk a'gufwmrmqm7pfESifhtwl trsdK;om;vFwfawmfrS ol\tm; orwtjzpf jyefvnf
-udK;yrf;cJjh yD;v~if xdkaumifp. D twGi;f a7;rSL;csKyftjzpf wifajrm| ufonf? 1946 ckEpS f ZGevf 19 7ufae\wiG f wdki;f
aqmif7u G of nf? jyKjynfjyKvFwfawmfrS ol\tm; orwtjzpf wzef a7G;
yXruBmppf jyD;qHk;csed fwGif -op-wD;,m;EkdifiHonf aumufwifajrm| ufjyefonf? od\kaomf 1948 ckEpS f azzGm
ppf&=H;EkdifijH zpfojzifh ppfajyjidrf;pmcsKyf csKyfqkad omtcg/ 7DvwGif uGefjrLepfw\dk tm+mvFr;f rdk;cJ7h m/ orw Aif;
csufvlrsdK;wdk\ tcGifhomI oD;jcm;vGwfvyfa7; 7-u euf7Sonf tcsuftjcm ae7m[lor~udk uGefjrLepf0ef
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f ^ 7ufae\wiG f 7mxl;rS Ekwx f u
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1935 ckEpS t f xd wqufwnf;7Guaf qmifco hJ nf? (1921 3 7ufae\wiG f uG,fvGefavonf?
ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvrS 1922 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f txd 0ef-uD;
csKyf7mxl;udkyg yl;wGJaqmif7u G fcJh7onf?) csufudkqvdk Aif;epfjrdK\? ?uBmay:wGif 7=cif;tvSq;kH ESihf -unfE;l
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a7;ygt7ma7mufow l pfO;D tjzpf yg0ifaqmif7u G cf o hJ nf? 120 cef\ay:wGif vSyqef;-u,fpGmwnf7Sdonf? xdk
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7k7mS ;ESivhf nf;aumif; r[mrdwpf mcsKyrf sm; csKyq f ckd ohJ nf? [kyif wifpm;ac:a0:-uonf? ,if;jrKd \onf rDvefjrKd \.
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124
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rsdK; xdyfwef;EdkifiHjyK okcrdefjzpfonf? *smreDEkdifiH.
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onf? ApfZrwfukd 1815 ckEpS f {jyv D 1 7ufae\wiG f 7Fef
a[mifZifjrdK\uav;Y arG;zGmonf? ol.trnftjynfh
tpHkrSm atmhwdktuf'Gyf vDtdkydk zGefApfZrwf 7Fefa[mif
Zifjzpfonf? ApfZrwf. rdzrsm;rSm qif;7Jaomfvnf;
xif7mS ;onfh rSL;rwfrsdK;EG,frsm;jzpfonf?
 AwfZrwfôatmhwkdzGef

*smreDEdkifiHukd pnf;vHk;ay;cJhaom eef;7if;0ef-uD; zGef ApfZrwf (,m)ukd wwd, eykdvD,efbk7ifESihftwl awG\7pOf

ApfZrwfonf 7JprG ;f oWdESihf jynfph aHk om A7if'ifAwf refEkdifiHawmf-uD; xlaxmif7ef tjrJ-uHpnfaeaomol

rSL;rwfrsKd ;EG,rf S qif;oufoyl yD D a*ghwif;*si;f wUodv
YaepOf ausmif;om;rsm;wOD;csif; ,SOfjydKifwdkufyGJaygif;
28 yGu J kd tEdkipf JcG o
hJ ljzpfonf? wUodkvfwGif Oya'ESihf
EdkifiHa7;ynm7yfrsm;udk avhvmjyD;aemuf 1835 ckESpf
wGif 0wfvHkjzpfvmonf? xdkaemuf ppfwyfwGif acW
tr=xrf;jyD;v~if r-umrD ZmwdjrdK\odk\jyefI jrdK\7Gmta7;
aqmif7u G ,f if; ,m,Dvw F af wmfwiG f wESpcf ef\ 0ifa7muf
xrf;aqmifonf? 184^ ckESpfwGif y7yf7Sm;'dkif;,uf
vFwaf wmftrwftjzpf a7G;aumufwifajr|mufc7H onf?
1848 ckEpS fwiG f Oa7mywdu k Yf rjidrrf oufjzpfpOf y7yf
7Sm;bk7if pwkšz7uf'7pf 0DvsHonf vlxt k m; tkycf sKyf
r= tajccHOya'jzifh tkyfcsKyf7ef tav~mhay;vdkufonf
udk ApfZrwfu rESpo f ufacs? bk7ifwGif wefc;kd tm+m
ydkrdk7Sdoifhonf[k ta7;qdk7mrS ApfZrwftm; vlodrsm;
vmonf? 1851 ckESpfwiG f z7ifzh wfjrdK\7Sd *smref'kid ;f ,uf
vFwaf wmfY y7yf7Sm;jynf udk,pf m;vS,t f jzpf cef\xm;
jcif;cH7onf?
ApfZrwfonf nDnGwfa7;udkvdkvm;I x-uGvHk\v7Sd
olvnf;jzpfonf? y7yf7Sm;EdkifiHu acgif;aqmifI *sm
k f jzpfonf? ,if;od\k xlaxmifEikd 7f ef OD;pGmEdik if iH ,fuav;
rsm; aoG;pnf;yl;aygif;rdz\kdtwGuf -op-wD;,m;udk ‘‘aoG;
ESifh oH0g'’’twdkif; ESrd ef if;7rnf[-k uHK;0g;avonf? xdk
a-umifh y7uf7mS ;ppfwyfrsm;udk topfwzef wd;k cs\JjyKjyif
pDrHav7m y7yf7Sm;vFwfawmfu vdktyfaomaiGudk
cGihrf jyKojzifh ApfZrwfonf yXr 0DvsHb7k ifEiS hf wdkiyf if
um vFwaf wmfEiS hf qef\usifzufjyKI tcGeaf umufcjH yD;
v~if ppfwyfrsm;udk wdk;csJ\jyKjyifonf? 1864 ckESpw f Gif
jrdK\pm;-uD;rsm;tkyfcsKyfonfh e,fuav; 2 e,ftwGuf
'def;rwfEkdifiHESifh ydkifqdkifr=tjiif;yGm;7mrStp tiftm;
awmifhwif;jyD;jzpfaom y7yf7Sm;ppfwyfrsm;onf -op
-wD;,m;EkdifiHESifhaygif;um 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk ppfcsDwdkuf
cdkufonf? 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk atmifjrifaomtcg ,if;
e,frsm;udk roifrh wifjh zpfatmif a0jcrf;7mrStp 1866
ckESpfwGif -op-wD;,m;Edkiif HESihpf pfjzpfjyefonf? -op-wD;
,m;wdk\ ppf&=H;oGm;7m y7yf7mS ;EkdifiHonf ApfZrwf 7nf
7G,fonfhtwdkif; *smrefEdkifiHrsm;. acgif;aqmiftjzpf
a7mufvmonf? ApfZrwfonf -op-wD;,m;. t
aygif;ygEdik fiiH ,frsm;udk y7yf7Sm;Ekdiif HwiG f;odk\ oGwfoGif;

129
ApfZrwfôatmhwkdzGef ApfwmtDref;EsLt,f/ 'kwd,

jyD;aemuf ref;jrpfajrmufzuf7Sd tjcm;*smrefEdkifiH qHk; bk7ifjzpfaom 'kwd, Apfwm tDref;EsLt,fonf

i,fuav;rsm;ESifhaygif;um ajrmuf*smrefjynfaxmifpk rlvu qm'if;eD;,m;„yD;'rGe\fjynf bk7ifomjzpfonf?
udk 186^ ckEpS w f Gif zG\Jpnf;onf? qm'if;eD;,m;„yD'rGef\jynfh7Sifbk7if csm;tJvAwf.
18^0 jynfhESpw f iG f y7yf7Sm;EkdifiHESifh jyifopfEdkiif wH k\d om;awmf-uD;jzpfI 1820 jynfhESpf rwfv 14 7ufae\
onf ApfZrwf. y7d,m,fa-umifh ppfjzpf7m jyifopfykid f wGif wsL;7if;jrdK\Y zGm;jrifonf?
tm;vqm;ESihv f 7dk def;e,frsm;udk y7yf7Sm;wdk\7vkduo f nf? 1848 ckEpS wf iG f qm'if;eD;,m;ESihf -op-w;D ,m;wd\kppf
*smreDEdkifiHawmifzufydkif;7Sd EdkifiHi,ftrsm;onfvnf; jzpf7m qm'if;eD;,m;ppf&=H;avonf? xdktcg -op-wD;
y7yf7Sm;EdkifiHESifh vma7mufyl;aygif;ojzifh 18^1 ckESpf ,ef; rif;orD;wyg;ESihf vufqufxm;aom om;awmf
wGif *smreDEdik fiHawmf-uD; pwifay:aygufvmum y7yf -uD; ApfwmtDref;EsLt,ftm; xD;eef;vFJtyfygrl -op
7Sm;bk7ifonf *smref{u7mZfjzpfvmjyD;v~if Apfprwf -wD;,m;ESifh qm'if;eD;,m;wdk\ qufqaH 7;ajyjypfrnf[k
onf *smreDEkdifiHawmf-uD;. eef;7if;0ef jzpfvmonf? oabmydkufum/ crnf;awmfbk7if-uD;u 1849 ckESpf
xdEk SpfwGifyif ApfZrwfonf rif;om;bG\Judkyg77Sdonf? wGif xD;eef;pGef\vu kd fojzifh 'kw,
d ApfwmtDref;EsLt,f
ApfZrwfonf *smreDEidk if H. eef;7if;0eftjzpf tESpf bk7iftjzpfeef;wufonf?
20 wdkifwdkifaqmif7GufpOf EdkifiHawmf-uD;tm; tiftm; crnf;awmf csm;tJvAwfbk7if 7nfreS f;onft h wdkif;
vsifjrefpGm-uD;rm;vmapI pufr=vufr=ESifh ul;oef; om;awmf tDref;EsLt,fbk7ifEiS hf -op-wD;,ef;tpdk;7wdk\
a7mif;0,fa7;wGif xGef;um;ap7ef aqmif7Gufonf? .qufqHa7;onf ajyjypfvmonf? ApfwmtDref;EsL
tmz7duwdku/f w&kwfEdik if EH iS hf ypdzw d fork]7mwdk\Y *sm t,fonf vH;k 0tavsmrh ay;7bJ rdrt d vd7k o Sd nfh ta7;
refydkife,frsm;yif7SdcJhonftxd aqmif7GufcJhonf? jyif ygaom tcsufrsm;udk 7atmif,lI pmcsKyf csKyfqdk
opfEiS hf &k7ES idk fiw H \kyd ;l aygif;um *smreDtm; 7efjyKrnfah b; onf? Tod\kjzifh Edkiif H.zGJ\pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccH Oya'
udjk rifaom ApfZrwfonf 18^9 ckEpS w f Gif -op-wD;,m; twkdif; aqmif7GufEkdifcGifhESifh †wvDjynfaxmifpk t
[efa*7DEidk if HESihf r[mrdwjf yK.? wzef 1882 ckEpS w f iG f xdr;f trSwf oH;k a7mifjc,ftvHukd oHk;Edkicf iG 7hf 7Sad vonf?
aoG;pnf;wdk;wufvmaom †wvDEdkifiHESifh r[mrdwf ApfwmtDref;EsLt,fonf tuGJuGJtjym;jym; jzpfae
jyKjyefonf? ,if;od\kjzifh Oa7mywkduw f Gif rsm;pGmta7; aom†wvDEkdifiHtm; pnf;vH;k oGm;atmif aqmif7Guf
ygcJah om oH;k EkdifiH r[mrdwf ay:aygufvmcJhonf? vdkonf? tDref;EsLt,fbk7ifonf EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;wdk\
ApfZrwfonf yXr0DvsEH Sifh wwd, z7uf'7pfb7k if . qNudkvdkufavsmI pHepfwustkyfcsKyfaoma-umifh
rsm;vufxufwiG f wefck;d wufcho J avmuf 1888 ckEpS f EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;wdk\u bk7iftay: txl;yif tm;udk;
wGif eef;wufaom 'kw, d 0Dvsb
H 7k if vufxufwiG f -o ajr|mv f ifh-uonf?
ZmarS;rSdefcJhonf? 'kwd,0DvsHbk7ifonf tkyfcsKyfa7; odk\7mwGif 'kwd, Apfwm tDref;EsLt,f bk7ifonf
wGif0ifa7mufpGufzuf7mrStp ApfZrwfESifh oabmuGJ jynfysufwGif bk7ifwufjzpf7oljzpfonf? xdka-umifh
vG7J m 1890 jynfEh pS w f iG f ApfZrwftm; 7mxl;rS xGuaf po wkid ;f jynf. tajctae jyefvnfaumif;rGefatmif rsm;
jzifEh wk x
f u
G v f u kd 7f onf? 1898 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f 30 7uf pGmyif -udK;pm;7avonf? wdik ;f jynfjyKvyk if ef;wGif u`r;f
ae\wiG f ApfZrwfonf yXr0Dvsb H 7k ifu ol\tm;ay;tyf usifvdRmvSaom aumifhuAl;onf tDref;EsLt,f.
xm;aom z&ku d 'f 7pfq7me,fajrY uG,fvGeo f nf? Apf tpdk;7tzGJ\wiG f 0ef-uD;csKyftjzpf 1825 ckESpfwGif yg0if
Zrwf. tokbudk jynfo\lpsmyetjzpf tcrf;tem;jzifh vsuf7Sdjcif;rSm ol.tDwvDEdkifiHaoG;pnf;a7;t-uH
cs7efESifh bmvifbk7m;7Sdcdk;ausmif;Y *loGif;oj*dK[f7ef atmifz\dkjzpfvmonf? xdyk kCdKvf-uD;. tultnDjzifh tD
'kw, d 0DvsHb7k if. ay;vSmcsuu f kd vufrcHacs? ol.*l ref;EsLt,fbk7ifonf cef;ajcmufaeaom b@ma7;/
Y ‘{u7mZfb7k if yXr0DvsH. oPm7Sdaom *smrefaus; pdwf"mwfysufjym;aeaom wdki;f oljynfom;/ z&kdz7Jjzpf
u`ef-uD;’[k a7;xd;k 7efrSmcJhojzifh xdktwdki;f a7;xd;k aeaom wyfrawmfwk\djzifh tajctaeqdk;aeonfh wkdi;f
xm;onfudk awG\Eidk fonf? jynfukd tajctaeaumif;rGefI acwfrDv S m7ef -udK;pm;
7avonf? (uAl;ôpD/ AD„7=?) EdkifiHwGif;tajctae
ApfwmtDref;EsLt,f/ 'kwd, (c7pf 1820 aumif;rGefvmaomtcg tDref;EsLt,fbk7ifonf -op
18^8) ? ? †wvDEikd if .
H yXrqH;k ESihf tausm-f um; -wD;,ef;wd\ktm; †wvDu`e;f qG,rf aS rmif;xkwf7ef -udK;

130
ApfwmtDref;EsLt,f/ 'kwd,
tuGJuGJtjym;jym;jzpfaeaom †wvDEkdifiuH kd pnf;vHk;tkyfcsKyf
cJhonhf 'kwd, ApfwmtDref;EsLt,fbk7if
pm;7jyefonf? xdkta7;wGif jyifopfESifh t*®vdyfwdk\.
tultnD7ap7ef 1854 ckESpfY jzpfyGm;aom u&kdif;rD;
,ef;ppfyJw G Gif qm'if;eD;,m;jynfonf t*®vyd fESifh jyif
opfwdk\zufrS 0ifIulnDwdkufcdkufavonf? xdkrSwyg;
tDref;EsLt,fonf †wvD aoG;pnf;a7;udk vdkvm;
aqmif7Gufae-uol rwfZDeDESifh *,f7DaAm'D;paom vl
i,fta7;awmfyHk wyfom;rsm;tm;vnf; tultnDay;
cJhonf? ( rwfZeD Dô*sD? *,f7DaAm'D;ô*sD„7=?)
1859 ckEpS w f iG f jyifopfEiS hrf [mrdwfjyKum -op-wD;
,m;udk wdkufcdkufatmifjrifcJhaoma-umifh 1860 jynfh
ESpw f Gif ppfjyD;aomtcg avmifAm'Djynfe,fudk odr;f ,l
77Sod nf?
1861 ckEpS w f iG f †wvD tv,fyikd ;f e,frsm;jzpfaom
wyfpu³D/ rdk'Dem;/ ygrm;paom jynfe,frsm;onf qm;
'if;eD;,m;„yD;'rGef\Ekdiif HEiS fh vma7mufyl;aygif;-uonf?
xdak emuf pPvDu`e;f ESihf aey,fjrdK\rsm;udk wdu k fcu
dk o
f drf;
ydkufcJhaom *,f7DaAm'D;u ,if;a'orsm;udk tDref;EsL
t,ftm; ay;tyfjyef7m/ a7mrESihAf if;epf jynfe,frsm;rS
ty †wvDwpfEdkifiHv;Hk onf 'kwd, ApfwmtDref;EsL
131
Awfô7pfcswf
t,fbk7if. wtkyw f pfcsKyaf tmufwGif aoG;pnf;rd-u
onf? 1861 ckEpS f azzGm0g7Dv 16 7ufae\wiG f ygvDrefu
tDref;EsLt,fb7k iftm; †wvD jynfaxmifpk. bk7if
tjzpf ausnmavonf? 1866 ckEpS w f iG f tDref;EsLt,f
bk7ifonf y7yf7Sm;ESirhf [mrdwzf \JI G -op-wD;,m;ESihf ppf
jzpf7m ppftjy;D Y Aif;epfukd odr;f oGi;f Ekid cf o hJ nf? od\7k mwGif
ykyf7[ef;rif;ydik f a7mrjrdK\awmfwiG f jyifopfwyfrsm; 7Sad e
ao;ojzifh jyifopfEiS hf r[mrdwyf surf nfp;kd I t7dy-f unfh
aepOf 18^0jynfEh pS w f iG f y7yf7mS ;ESijhf yifopfppfjzpf7m jyif
opfwyfrsm; a7mrrSqw k fcmG oGm;ojzifh †wvDwyfrsm;
u 0ifa7muford ;f ,lvu dk fonf? 18^1 ckESpfwGif tDref;
EsLt,f bk7ifonf a7mrjrdK\awmfo\dk ajymif;a7F\ eef;pdu k f
onf? ,if;od\kjzifh 'kw, d ApfwmtDref;EsLt,f. †w
vDEidk if H aoG;pnf;a7;t-uo H nf atmifjrifco hJ nf? 18^8
ckESpf Zefe0g7Dv 9 7ufae\wiG f a7mrjrKd \awmfY tDref;EsL
t,fb7k ifewf7mG pHaomtcg wEkid if v H ;kH ,lusKH ;r7 jzpfchJ
7avonf?
Awfô7pfcswf (c7pf 1888 19^5 )? ?touf12ESpf
t7G,fuyif tazmfrygwa,mufwnf; uBmwywfc7D;
xGufcJhbl;ol tar7duefa7wyfAdkvfcsKyf-uD; 7pfcsuf
tufAvif Awfonf pGe\pf m;onfzh ufwiG f xl;c`eo f jl zpfay
onf? Awfonf awmif0if7dk;pGef;ESifh ajrmuf0if&kd;pGef;
ESpfckpvHk;udk av,mOfysHjzifh yXrOD;qHk; jzwfoef;ysHcJh
oljzpf&Hkru/ vlolta7muftaygufenf;aom xdka7cJ
uMm7t7yfrsm;od\k tacgufacguf pGe\fpGe\fpm;pm; a7muf
7Scd ho
J lvnf; jzpfayonf?
7pfcsuftufAvifAwfonf 1888 ckESpf atmufwdk
bmv 25 7ufae\wGif tar7duefjynfaxmifpk Am*sifeD;
,m;jynfe,f 0ifcsufpwmjrdK\Y arG;zGm;onf? Am*sif;eD;
,m;wUodv k Ef Sihf tar7duef a7wyfrawmfqkid 7f m ppf
wUodkvfwk\dwiG f ynmoif-um;jyD;aemuf/ 1912 ckESpf
wGif a7wyft7m7St d jzpf tr=xrf;cJoh nf/ 1916 ckEpS w f iG f
a7wyf. ava-umif;vuf&;kH wyfok\d ajymif;a7F\tr=xrf;
avonf?
1925 ckEpS w
f iG f rufrvD ef pl;prf;7SmazGa7;tzG\JEiS t
hf wl
avwyfr;Πtjzpfjzifh *7if;vefu`e;f ajrmufyidk ;f od\k vdu k f
ygcJhonf? 1926 ckESpfwGif tazmfavol7J zvGdKufAif;
eufESiht f wl aemfa0;Ekid fiHajrmufzuf7dS pypfAm;*ifu`e;f
pk uif;paA;yifv,fatmfrS ajrmuf0if&kd;pGef;tay:odk\
av,mOfysHjzifh yXrqHk;t-udrfjzwfoef;um ysHoef;cJh
avonf? ,if;c7D;udk 15 em7Djzifh ysHoef;EdkifcJhonf?
 Awfô7pfcswf

wzef 192^ ckEpS f ZGev f wGif AwfEiS t hf azmf 3 OD;wd\konf
e,l;a,mhjrdK\rS tWvMdwf ork]7mudkjzwfI jyifopf
EkdifiH yg7pfjrdK\o\kd ta7mufyso H ef;cJ7h m 7moDOwk tqifr
oifo h jzifh jyifopfurf;vGeyf ifv,fxo J \kd xd;k qif;7aomf
vnf; toufcsrf;omcJhayonf? xdkc7D;rSm rdkifaygif
4ô200 7SdI 42 em7Domomr~ yso H ef;cJo h nf?
1928 ckEpS fwGif Awfacgif;aqmifum e,fopfpl;prf;
7SmazGa7;tzGJ\onf tMmwdwfa'ojzpfaom awmif0if
&k;d pGef;zufo\dk oab®mESpfpif;jzifh od_Hynm7Sif 32 OD;ESifh
twl c7D;xGucf Jh7m a0vyifv,fatmf7Sd a7mhpa7cJjyif
od\k qdu k af 7mufavonf? xdak e7mudk ‘vpfw;D tar7du’
[ktrnfrSnu fh m tajccHpcef;tjzpfwnfaxmifcho
olpwifawG\7cSd ho J nf\uek ;f ajrudk ‘rm7DAwfajr’ [lI ol
. ZeD;udktpGJjyKum trnfay;cJhonf? xdkaemuf 1929
ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvwGif Awfonf vpfw;D tar7durS awmif
0if&kd;pGef;ay:odk\ av,mOfysHjzifh yXrqHk;t-udrf jzwf
ausmfEkdifcJhjyefonf? ,if;toGm;tjyefc7D;udk 19 em7D
jzifhysHoef;EkdifcJhonf? Awf. pGef\pm;r=udk jcD;usL;aom
taejzifh tar7duefuGe*f 7ufvw F fawmfu ol\tm; a7
wyf Adv k fcsKyf-uD;tqifhtwef;od\k wdk;jr|ifhay;avonf?
1933 ckEpS w f iG f Awfonf tMmwdwaf 'ood\k 'kw,
t-udrfc7D;xGufcJhI ‘vpfwD;tar7du’ Yyif pcef;cs
avonf? 1943 ckEpS f rwfvrS -o*kwv f txd Awfonf
‘‘vpfwD;tar7du’’ awmifzuf 123 rdkiftuGmY w
a,mufx;D wnf; rdk;av0otajctaeudk rSwo f m;avh
vmaecJhavonf? ol. tazmfrsm;onf ,if;a'o.
7moDOwk'+fudk cHEkdif-urnfr[kwfa-umif; odojzifh
9 ayus,I f 13 ay7Snaf om wJaqmufum wOD;wnf;
pGef\pm;aexdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? Awf.wJuav;rSm qD;
ESif;atmufwGif epfjrKyfoGm;onftxd tat;jyif;xef
aom a'ojzpfavonf? ola7muf7Sdaeaom t7yfrSm
awmif0ef&d;k pGef;rS rkid af ygif; ^00r~oma0;.? wJxJwGif
J nf? qDrD;wdkifudk tjrJxGef;n|dxm;7ojzifh rsm;r-umrD um
AGefrGefatmufqdkuf tqdyfaiG\oifhum tdyf7mrSrxEdkif
awmhacs? tpmudkcsufjyKwfrpm;Ekdifojzifh 7Sdor~pnf
oGwftpmwdk\jzifhom wif;wdrfae7avonf? xdkr~
avmuf tm;tifqw k f,kwaf eaomfvnf; ol. tvkyf
0W7m;rsm;udk rvpf[if;ap7bJ tajccHpcef;ESifh 0dkif
,mvufjzifh tjrJqufoG,fvsuf7d. S ? tajccHpcef;odk\
tultnDrawmif;bJaecJhaomfvnf; ol. tcsufay;
vFifhcsufrsm;rSm aysmhnHhI rrSefruef jzpfvmaom
d a-umifh ol\xHok\d u,fq,fa7;tzGJ\wck apvFwfvdkuf7

1926 ckESpf arvwGif 7pfcswf Awf (tv,f)ESihf tzGJ\om;rsm; ajrmuf0if&kd;pGef;okd\ av,mOfysHjzihf OD;pGma7mufcJhpOf

132
Awfô7pfcswf
ajrmuf0if&kd;pGef;Y a7muf7SdpOf 7pfcswf Awf ukd,fwkdif csufjyKwfcJh7onf?
onf? xdt k zG\Jonf Awfxo H \kd -o*kwv f 117ufae\wiG f
a7muf7v dS mI ol\tm; vpfw;D tar7duod\k jyefvnfac:
aqmifcahJ vonf?
1939 ckEpS w f iG f tar7duefyidk ef ,fy,frsm;owfrw
S af 7;
twGuf tpdk;7.apvFwfcsut f 7 Awfonf tMmwdwf
zufo\kd aemufwpf-urd f c7D;xGucf ahJ vonf? 1946 ckEpS f
wGif wzef oab®m 13 pif;ESihf av,mOfysrH sm;/ a7cJjyif
ay:Y toHk;jyKEkdifaom ,mOfrsm;udk,al qmifI awmif
0if&;kd pGe;f zufo\kd xGucf aJh vonf? Awfonf 194^ ckEpS f
wGiv f nf; tMmwdwfa'oodk\ w-udrfxGucf Jhao;onf?
1955 ckESpfwGif ajrwdkif;tzGJ\. wm0efcHt7m7Sdtjzpf
Awftm;cef\tyfco hJ nf? Awfonf 195^ ckEpS f rwfv 11
7ufae\wGif rufqcsL;qufjynfe,f aAmhpwefjrdK\Y
uG,fvGefonf? Awf. pGef\pm;r=rsm;a-umifh e,fopf
ajropfrsm;7cJh7Hkru a7a-umif;ESifhava-umif;c7D;
oGm;vm7mY ta7;-uD;aomenf;opfEiS fh yPnf;ud7d,m
rsm;yg xGifEkdifcJhonf? Awfonf ‘‘vpfwD;tar7du’’/
‘‘7SmazGawG\7cSd suf’’/ ‘‘wudk,fwnf;’’ ponfh udk,fawG\
pmtkyrf sm; a7;om;xkwfa0cJhavonf?
133
Awfôtuf'ref
Awftuf'ref ( c7pf1^29 1^9^ ) ? ? jAw d o d ~Eidk if H
jyK okcrdeEf iS hf Edkiif aH 7;pma7;q7m tuf'refAwfukd tdik f
,mvefjynf '¤vifjrdK\wiG f 1^29 ckEpS f Zefe0g7Dv 12
7ufae\wGif zGm;jrifonf? Awf.zcifonf y&kdwuf
pwef\*+ kd ;f 0ifa7S\aewpfO;D jzpfI rdcifrmS rl A7if*s*D +
kd ;f 0if
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,ljyD;aemuf x7ifew D D aumvdyfrS 1^48 ckEpS fwGif bG\J
77Sdonf? xdkaemuf Oya'ynmqnf;yl;7ef t*®vef
jynfo dk\o Gm ;a7muf7m Oya'bGJ\udkr77Sdaomfv nf;
vef'efjrdK\Yyif qufvuftajcpdkufaexkdifavonf?
Awfonf pmaya7;7mYom pdwf0ifpm;I pma7;q7m
jzpf7efom pdwftm;xufoefol jzpfonfhtavsmuf
1^56 ckESpfwGif ‘‘obm0tzGJ\tpnf;rsm; cdkijf rJapa7;’’
ESihf ‘‘rGejf rwfjcif;ESihf vSyjcif;wd\ktay: u`Eykf wf \dktjrif’’
[lonfh pmtkyf 2 tkyfudk a7;om;xkwfa0onf?
r-umrD a'gufwm*`efqifwdk\. pma7;q7muvyfY
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onf A7if*sD*dk+f;0if *sdef;EsL*sifhqdkolESifh vufxyf7m
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 Awfôtuf'ref
jAdwdo~EkdifiHjyKokcrdef tuf'refAwf
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ckEpS w
f iG f Awfonf 0Spyf gwD0ifjzpfvmjy;D aemuf 0ef-u;D csKyf
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xdk\aemuf 0if'kAd me,f. ygvDreftrwf jzpfvmI 7uf
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-um;7m txl;yif emrnfxGufvmonf? xdk\jyif ygvD
refY ta7;-uD;aom udPrSeo f r~wiG f Awfonf a7S\wef;
rS yg0ifajymqdkaqG;aEG;cJah vonf?
1^66 ckESpfwGif a7mhuif[rftpdk;7 jyKwfusaom
tcg Awfonf 0SpfygwD. pnf;&H;k a7;rSL;tjzpf aqmif
7Gu, f if; ‘jyD;cJhaom tcsdefwdk tkyfcsKyfa7; acwft
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udik fa7;rludk wGe;f vSeuf m ygwDtpd;k 7onf Ekid fiw
H Ekdiif H
134
udk tkyfcsKyf7ef taumif;qHk;tpdk;7jzpfa-umif; xkwf
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a,mhe,fu olw\k. d ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf cef\tyfonf?
1^^4 ckESpfwGif Awfonf tar7duef tcGet f wkwrf sm;
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tar7duefe,fopfrsm;ESifh cspf-unfpGm qufqHa7;
rdef\cGef;w7yf ajym-um;cJh7m txl;yif xif7Sm;cJhonf?
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vGwv f yfvkv d ~if e,fopfrsm;udv k nf; vGwv f yfa7;ay;
7rnf[lI a[majymcJhonf? xdktcsdefu tu,fI jAd
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emcJhygrl tar7duefe,fopfrsm;udk qHk;&=H;csifrS qHk;&=H;
ayvdrfhrnf[k EkdifiHa7;tjrifus,fol tcsdK\u qdk-u
onf? Awfonf jAdwdo~tpdk;7tm; tar7duefe,fopf
rsm;ESifh oifhwifhpGm qufqHI OruGJ odkurf ysufjzpf7ef
tvGev f v kd m;oljzpfonf?
1^^4 ckESpfwGif Awfonf t*®vefjynf. 'kwd,
t-uD;qHk;jrdK\jzpfonfh A7PwdkjrdK\rS ygvDreftrwftjzpf
0ifa7mufta7G;cHonf? avmhaemh tpdk;7 wufpOfwGif
Awfonf avmhazmhESifhyl;aygif;I twkduftcH tjzpf
aqmif7u G fonf? 1^80 jynfEh SpfwiG f rmvwefjrdK\rS 0if
a7mufta7G;cHonf?
Awf. rdef\cGef;rsm;ESifh ola7;om;cJhaom EdkifiHa7;
qdkif7m pm7Gufpmwrf;rsm;onf ta-umif;tcsufrsm;
cdkifvHkI ta7;tom;tpDtpOfaumif;jcif;wGif jydKif
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olonf ol. tvsifuaomfvnf;aumif;/ aemufwiG f
vnf;aumif; ray:cJhao;[kyif tcsKd \uqdk-uavonf?
a'gufwm*`eq f ifu ‘‘ AwfESifh 5 rdepfcef\r~ pum;ajym
cJ7h v~if ,cifuol\ta-umif;rod r-um;zl;olrsm;onfyif
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rnf jzpfonf ’’ [kajymcJhavonf? ,if;od\k t7nf
tcsif;ESifh jynfhpHkoljzpfaomfvnf; xdyfwef;7mxl;-uD;
rsm;wGif 2 -udrfom aqmif7GufcJh7.? a7mhuif[rf
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aemhwdk\. nGef\aygif;tpdk;7tzGJ\vufxufwGif (1^83)
w-udrf vufeufukid w f yfrsm;. vpm7dQmawmfqdik 7f m
t7m7SdcsKyftjzpf aqmif7GufcJh7avonf? odk\7mwGif
Awfôtuf'ref Awfuefô*`ef

uufAdeuf tpdk;7tzGJ\0if0ef-uD;tjzpfrl cef\tyfjcif; ypftpdk;7onf Awf. t-uHay;csufrsm;udk vufrcH

rcHcJh7acs? xdktpdk;7tzGJ\rsm;usaomtcg Awfonf ojzifh Awf pdwfraumif;jzpf7onf? xdktwGif; ol.
twkduftcHzufrS tjrJacgif;aqmifxrf;7Guf7onf? wOD;wnf;aomom; uG,v f GefoGm;I ydkrdkpdwfraumif;
xdyfwef;7mxl;-uD;rsm;wGif wm7Snfrxrf;7GufcJh7 jzpfcJh7ojzifh 1^49 ckESpfwGif EkdifiHa7;rS tem;,lum
aomfvnf; AwfonfatmufvFwfawmfY pum;ajym olyikd f AD;uGefpzD;t7yf7Sd jcaH jrwGiaf exdik pf Of 1^97 ckEpS f
taumif;qHk; ykCdKvfwOD;tjzpfum; todtrSwfjyKjcif; Zlvdkifv 8 7ufae\wGif uG,v f GefoGm;avonf?
cHcJh7avonf? xdkodk\ xl;jcm;vSonfh ol. t7nft
csi;f udk Awfonf ol.pdwfY w7m;r~wr=7o dS nf[k xif Awfuefô*`ef(c7pf18^5 1940) ? ? *`eAf wfuef
jrif,lqonfh udPrsm;Yom tcsufusus toHk;jyKavh onf paumhvlrsdK;pma7;q7mESifh EkdifiHjyKokcrdefwOD;
7Sdav.? vlwk\d-uD;yGm;wd;k wufa7;twGuf jzpfonf[k jzpfonf? t*®vyd pf mayavmuwGiv f nf;aumif;/ tkycf sKyf
xifjrifaomudPrsm;wGifvnf; Awfonf tm;-udK; a7;wGiv f nf;aumif; ESpzf ufv;kH Yausm-f um;cJo h nf? c7pf
rmefwuf aqmif7Gufavh7Sd.? olonf aiG0,fu`ef ,ef"Rq7mwOD;.om;jzpfI paumhwvefjynf ywf
pHepfudk twdkuftcHjyKcJholjzpfonf? tultnDrJhae jrdK\Y arG;zGm;cJhonf? *vyfp*d;k wUodkvfEiS fh atmufpzd\k
aom wkdi;f 7if;om;rsm;udk ESyd fpufuvljyKjyD;v~if ud, k f wUodv k fwdk\wiG f ynmoif-um;cJhavonf?
usdK;7SmcJhonf[kqdkum tdNd,jynfbk7ifcHcsKyf a0g7ef; 1901 ckEpS w f Gif 0wfvHkbGJ\ukd 77SdcI
Jh / xdkESpfwGifyif
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aqmifc. Jh ? aemiftcgwGif a0g7ef;a[hpwif;onf t . tyg;awmfjrJtjzpf cef\tyfjcif;cH7onf? 1903
jypfr7Sd vGwfajrmufomG ;aomfvnf; xdkuPd ESihf pyfvsOf; ckESpfwGif t*®vefjynfodk\ jyefvmjyD;aemuf tuf'ifAm
I AwfajymqdkcJhaom rdef\cGef;rsm;a-umifh ‘‘ttkyf 7mjrdK\Y pmtkyx f wk af 0a7; uk$+DwckwGif t-uD;tuJ
tcsKycf H wkid f;oljynfom;wd\k. tcGit hf a7;rsm;udk &kad o tjzpfaqmif7GufcJhonf? yXruBmppf-uD; jzpfvm
av;pm;7rnf’’ [lonfh 0g'oabmonf taumif
txnf usecf ahJ vonf?
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udPudkum;rvdkvm;acs? xdk\a-umifh jyifopfawmfvSef
a7;udk raxmufcHchaJ y?
1^90 jynfhESpfwGif ‘‘jyifopfawmfvSefa7;tay:
xifjrifcsufrsm;’’ ac: pmtkyu f kd a7;om;xkwaf 0onf?
Awfonf jynfydkiftpdk;7. rw7m;jcif; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f
jcif; cH7onfh jynfolvlxktm; tcGifhta7; 7atmif
aqmif7Gufay;aomfvnf; vlxktm+mjzifh tkyfcsKyf
onfh tkyfcsKyfa7; pHepfudkum; rvdkvmaomoljzpfay
onf? odk\jzpfI ygvDreftm;jyKjyifa7;udk uef\uGufcJh
onf? jyifopfawmfvSefa7;ESifh pyfvsOf;I xm;7Sd
tyfaom ol.oabmxm;a-umifh 1^91 ckEpS w f iG f azmhEiS hf
vnf;aumif;/ 0Spyf gwDEiS v hf nf;aumif; Awfonf oabm
csi;f uGcJ ahJ vonf? ,if;od\u k jJGy;D rS‘0Spyf gwDopfryS gwDa[mif;
odk\t,lcHcsuf’[laom pmtkyfudka7;om;I ol. EdkifiH
a7;0g'udk7Sif;jyonf? Awftm; bk7ifESifh wdk7DygwD
wdk\u ta7;,lajr|mufpm;um yD;,m;tqifhtwef;odk\
yif wd;k jr|iahf y;7ef -u7H ,
G cf .hJ ? od\kaomf Awfu vufrcH
bJ u&k+mawmf a-u;udo k m vufccH aJh vonf? 1^92
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f iG f tm+m7ypfw\Ekd iS hf Awfonf aygif;rdaomfvnf; emrnfausmf jAdwdo~0 Ka7;q7m *`ef Awfuef

135
Awfuefô*`ef
aomtcg ppfXmecsKyfwiG f ppfr=a7;7m twdik yf ifct H jzpf
aqmif7Guf7I/ aemiftcg jyef-uma7;0ef-uD;Xme
wGif 0ifa7muftr=xrf;7jyefonf?
*`eAf wfuefonf 192^ ckEpS rf S 1935 ckEpS w
f ikd af tmif
paumhwUodkvfrsm;. udk,fpm;vS,ftrwftjzpf
ygvDrefY 0ifa7mufaqmif7Gufco Jh nf? 1935 ckESpw f Gif
uae'gEdkifiH bk7ifcHcsKyftjzpfcef\tyfI AJ7GefbGJ\jzifh jcD;
jr|ijfh cif; cH7avonf?
*`efAwfuefonf wm0ef0W7m;trsm;tjym;udk
aqmif7Gufaeonfht-um;rSyif pmtkyfaygif; 50
ausmfcef\udk a7;om;jyKpkEdkifcJhonf? ol. pmtkyfrsm;
wGif -udK;yrf;wukwfa7;om;jyKpk7aom pmtkyf trsm;
tjym;yg0ifonf? *`efAwfuef. pmtkyfrsm;wGif yXr
uBmppf-uD;. ordkif;/ tmz7dua7;7m pmtkyftrsm;
tjym;/ tšK_Wdrsm;ESifh v~dK\0Sufonf;zdk pGef;pm;cef;
0 Krsm;yg0if-uonf? tšK_Wdrsm;teuf ‘‘qm
a0gvwmpaumh’’/ ‘‘atmfvDAmu7Gr;f 0J’’ ESihf ‘‘atmf*wf
pwyf’’ wdk\. tšK_Wdpmtkyrf sm;onf xl;jcm;aumif;
rGefvSonf? ol.pGef\pm;cef;0 Krsm;wGif ‘‘omwDEdkif;
pwuf’’/ ‘‘rPwmpwef;zuf’’ ESifh‘‘0wf&Hkpdrf;’’0 K
rsm;um t*®v dyfpmayavmuwGif vlodrsm;jym;
xif7mS ;vSayonf?
*`efAwfuefonf uae'gEdkifiH bk7ifcHcsKyftjzpf
aqmif7GufaeqJwGif uae'gEdkifiH rGef;x7D;atmhjrdK\Y
1940 jynfhESpw f Gif uG,v
f Geaf vonf?
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umvtydkif;tjcm;twGif; 7aiGrnfr~/ oHk;aiGrnfr~/
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Awf*suf[laom pum;onf jyifopf a0g[m7
aAmfa*s\rS qif;oufvmI tdwfuav;[k t"d_g,f7
onf? t*®vefjynfwGif Oya'ESifh tvkyf&Hk;qdkif7m pm
csKyfpmwrf;rsm;xnfhI o,fonfhtdwfudk Awf*suf[k
pI ac:cJhonf? xdkaemuf umva7G\avsmvmonfh
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aoWmi,fu f dk Awf*su[ f kac:-ujyefonf? a7Fwdkufp;dk
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136
Awf*suf
rSonf toif;tzGJ\wck/ pD;yGm;a7;vkyfief;w7yf/ tdrf
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vnf;jzpfonf? EdkifiHwEkid if . H Awf*swfro = nf tjcm;
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wGif qdk7S,fvpfAwf*su/f t7if;7SifEdkifiHwGif t7if;7Sif
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cwfEikd af yonf?
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rsm;wGif toHk;jyKavh r7S-d uacs?
jynfawmfom Awf*sufonf jynfolvlxk. ynm
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toHk;jyKaom Awf*surf sKd ;jzpfonf?
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onf ykvdyfAwf*sufrsdK;omjzpfcJhI vGwfvyfa7;7jyD;
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onf? ,if;udk tqifhqifh ppfaq;I pmtky&f du k fEdyS u
f m
ygvDrefodk\ wifjyrjyD;rjcif; ayguf-um;r= r7Sdatmif
xdef;odr;f xm;7onf? xdo k k\d v~dK\0Sux f m;jcif; rjyKygu
jynfwGif;jynfy pD;yGm;a7;aomif;usef;olrsm;onf
tcGeftaumufE=ef; twdk;tavsmhudk-unfhI ukefaps;
upm;um tjrwfxkwf-urnfpdk;aoma-umifh jzpf
avonf?
tpdk;7Awf*suaf 7;qGJonfhtcg tpd;k 7Xme toD;
toD;wd\ko\kd rdrw d \dXk metwGuf Awf*suf cef\reS ;f ajcpm7if;
ay;ydk\7ef b@ma7;Xmeu OD;pGmnFef-um;7onf?
tpdk;7XmetoD;oD;rS vGefcJhonfhESpfESifh vuf7SdESpf t
wGif;7oHk;p7dwfrsm;udk n|dE=dif;Ia7S\vmrnfh ESpftwGif;
0ifaiGoHk;aiGrSef;ajcpm7if; wifjy7onf? xdkodk\ Xme
toD;oD;rS a7muf7Sdvmaom 7oHk;rSef;ajcpm7if;rsm;
udk b@ma7;XmerS n|dE=dif;ppfaq;7onf? ,if;odk\
n|dE=dif;jcif;rjyKbJ 7oHk;cef\rSef;ajcwGif t7zufu vsm
xm;oa7G\ vufcHjyD;v~if toHk;zufuvnf; awmif;
oa7G\ owfrw S af y;ygu Awf*suo f nf xde;f r7odrf;r7
uarmufur jzpfEdkifonf? XmetoD;oD;rS Awf*suf
rsm;udkn|dE=dif;jyD; pkaygif;a7;qGJxm;aom ,m,D Awf
*sufudk uufAdeuf tpdk;7tzGJ\odk\ wifjyaqG;aEG;7
onf? tpdk;7tzGJ\wiG f qdik 7f mXme toD;oD;wd\ku rdrw
tpdk;7tzGJ\. 0g'7nfrSef;csufrsm; pDrHudef;rsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmf7ef EdkifiHtajctae tavsmuf
wdk;oifh av~mhoifh aqG;aEG;7onf?
,m,DAwf*sufudk tpdk;7tzGJ\wGif aqG;aEG;jyD;aemuf
tpdk;7tzGJ\rScef\xm;aom b@mawmf7SmazGa7; aumf
rDwDESifh jynfol\vFwfawmfrScef\xm;aomtjrJwrf;
b@ma7;aumfrDwDrsm;odk\ b@mawmf cGJa0owfrSwf
csufrsm;udk pdppfpOfpm;7ef vFJtyfonf? xdkaumfrDwD
rsm;u n|dE=dif;aqG;aEG;jyD;aemuf tpdk;7tzGJ\ok\d jyefvnf
wifjyonf? wifjycsufudk tpdk;7tzGJ\u rauseyfygrl
aumfrDwo D k\d jyefvnfvt FJ yfI auseyfonftxd n|dEdi= f;
tpD7ifcaH ponf? tpdk;7tzGJ\u Awf*suu f kd auseyfygrl
twnfjyKum b@ma7;0ef-uD;tm; jynfol\vw F fawmf
Awf*sufpnf;a0;yGJodk\ wifjyap7onf? jynfol\vFwf
Awf*suf
awmfwGif vFwfawmftrwfrsm;onf Awf*suf.rlESifh
tajccHoabmrSwyg; tjcm;tao;pdwf tcsuft
vufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;jcif; rjyK7acs? vFwaf wmf trwf
rsm; aqG;aEG;a0zefjyD;aemuf b@ma7;0ef-uD;u
a0zefcsufukd jyef-um;7onf? xdk\aemuf rJcJt G wnfjyK
7onf?
Awf*sufwGif vGefcJhonfhESpfrsm;u trSef0ifaiGESifh
xGufaiGrsm;/ jyKjyifcef\rSef;xm;onfh 0ifaiGESifh xGufaiG
rsm;/ vmrnfhb@mawmfESpftwGuf cef\rSef;ajc 0ifaiG
xGufaiGrsm;udk E=dif;,SOaf zmfjyxm;avonf?
Awf*suo f nf wESpv f ~if w-udrfwif&kjH zifh rjyD;acs?
b@mawmf ESpf0ufodk\a7muffonfhtcgwGif Awf*suf
awmif;qdkcsuf toHk;p7dwfaiG rvHkavmufr=rsm; awG\
-uHK7wwfonf? xdktcg azzGm7DvwGifusif;yaom
vFwfawmfpnf;a0;yGYJ jznfph Gufawmif;qdkaiGrsm;udk xyf
rHawmif;qdI k vFwfawmf.twnfjyKcsufudk ,l7onf?
Awf*sufwGif cGifhjyKxm;aom t7yf7yftoHk;p7dwf
rsm;udk b@ma7;pnf;rsOf;ESifhtnD vdkufemtoHk;jyK
onfrjyKonfudk ppfaq;7ef jynfol\vFwfawmfu cef\
xm;aom jynfol\aiGpm7if; aumfrDwD7o Sd nf? Awf*suf
Y owfrSwfxm;onfxufydkIvnf;aumif;/ av~mhI
vnf;aumif;/ acgif;pOfajymif;Ivnf;aumif; oH;k pGo J nf7dS
aomf oufqidk 7f mwm0efcHt-uD;tuJrsm;tm; xdak umfrD
wDu ac:,lIxkacsvmF awmif;7onf? 77Sdaom xkacs
vFmrsm;udk pOf;pm;jy;D aomtcg aumfrw D u D jynfo\lvw F f
awmfok\d tpD7ifcpH mwifoiG ;f I toH;k p7dwu f ykd rkd ckd iG hjf yK7ef
awmif;,l7onf?toH;k p7dwaf wmif;qdck suu f rkd auseyfonfh
d k\d trwfrsm;onf jzwfawmufa7;tqdkwifoGif;I Awf
*sufudk a0zefEdkifonf? jzwfawmufa7;tqdk &=H;aomf
tpkd;7 awmif;qkdaom toHk;p7dwfonf twnfjzpf
onf? jzwfawmfa7;tqkd atmifjrifaomf xdktrwf
.awmif;qdkcsufudk vdkufavsm7&Hkomru tpdk;7 t
ay: t,Hkt-unfuif;rJhonfhoabmod\kyif oufa7muf
Edkio
f nf?
Awf*sufwdki;f wGif t&=H;tjrwf[lI7Sdonf? 7aiG
xuf oH;k aiGuydkonfhtcg t&=H;Awf*sufjzpfI/ 7aiGu
oHk;aiGx ufydko nfhtcg tjrwfAwf*sufjzpfo nf?
tpd;k 7onf Edkiif -H uD;yGm;wd;k wufa7;udk a7S;&=I pDru H ed ;f
rsm; vkyfaqmifvdkojzifh aiGvHk;aiG7if;toHk;p7dwfudk
ydkIoHk;pGJ7ef cef\rSef;jcif;jzifhvnf; t&=H;Awf*suf xGuf
wwfayonf? ,if;odk\aom Awf*sufonf t&=H;Awf
*sufjzpfapumrl omref t0iftxGufrr~aom t&=H;
137
Awf*swfôa0:vwm Awfpuufabmupm;jcif;

Awf*sufESifh tajccHoabmcsif;rwlacs? vGwfvyfp

EkdifiHrsm;onf t&=H;Awf*sufjzifhom vkyfaqmif-u7
onf?
Awf*sufwiG f jynfwiG f;aiGtm;jzifh t&=;H tjrwf/ jynfy
aiGtm;jzifh t&=H;tjrwf[lI oD;jcm;azmfjyjcif; r7Sd
acs? xGufukefwefz;dk u 0ifukefwefz;dk xuf ydo k nft h cg
wGiv f nf;aumif;/ Edkiif jH cm;wGit f oH;k p7dwef nf;I jynfy
7aiGu oH;k aiGxufyo kd nft h cgwGiv f nf;aumif; jynfyaiG
tm;jzifh tjrwfbwf*su[ f ok 7d onf? jynfy0ifuek w f efz;kd
ESihf toH;k p7dwu
f jynfy7aiGxufyakd omf jynfyaiGtm;jzifh
t&=;H Awf*sujf zpfonf? Awf*suf avhvmolonf jynfwiG ;f
aiG Awf*suf t&=H;tjrwfESifh jynfyaiG Awf*suft&=H;
tjrwfudk-unfhI EdkifiHpD;yGm;a7;/ -uD;yGm;a7;ESifh vlr=
a7;tajctae twdk;tqkwfudk cef\rSef;Ekdio f nf?
t&=H;Awf*sufudk (1) aiGacs;,ljcif; / (2) tcGefopf
rsm; pnf;-uyfaumufcHjcif; / tcGeaf wmfrsm; wdk;wuf
pnf;-uyfjcif;/ (3) aiGpULxyfrHxkwfa0jcif;/ (4)
tpdk;7oD;oef\7efyaHk iGrS xkwEf w k foHk;pGjJ cif;wdk\jzifh ukpm;
Ekdifonf? odk\7mwGif xdkenf;rsm;onf EdkifiHtay:Y
tusdK;udk omru tjypfukyd g oufa7mufapEkdifojzifh
rvFJra7Smifomonfh tcgrSom EkdifiHtpdk;7wdk\ owd t*‡vdyfvlrsKd; abm*aA' ynm7Sif a0:vwm Awf*swf
-uD;pGmjzifh vkyfaqmifavh7Sd-uonf?
ola7;om;cJhaom ta-umif;t7mrsm;rSm EkdifiHa7;
Awf*swfôa0:vwm (c7pf 1826 18^^) ? ? t*® oabmw7m;/ aiGaps;/ pD;yGm;a7;jy©emESifh tuJjzwf
vdyv f rl sdK; abm*aA'ynm7SiEf iS hf pma7;q7m a0:vwm pmayrsm;jzpfI rvG,fulvSacs? odk\7mwGif Awf*swf
Awf*swu f kd qRm;qufe,fvef;*ydk\jrdK\Y 1826 ckEpS f az onf aumif;pGm wwfu`rf;Edik feif;onfhtjyif pmta7;
zGm7Dv 3 7ufae\wiG zf mG ;jrifonf? ol. zcifrSm vef; tom;vnf; wdusjywfom;I ay:vGifvSaoma-umifh
*ydk\jrdK\rS oab®mydkif7SifESifh b+folaX;wOD;jzpfonf? ola7;aompmrsm;udk vltrsm; *&kpdkufI zwf&=rSwf
A7PwdEk iS hf vef'efwUodv k wf \Ykd ynmoif-um;jyD;aemuf om;-u7avonf?
1846 ckEpS fwGif ocsm® / pdWaA'ESihf abm*aA'ynm7yf Awf*swf. xif7Sm;aompmayvuf7mrsm;rSm t*®
wd\kY *k+x f ;l jzifh 0d%mbG\Jx;l udk 77So
d nf? 1848 ckEpS w
f iG f vdyfzGJ\pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' (186^)/ &kQaA'
abm*aA'ynm7yfqdik 7f m r[m0d%mbGJ\x;l udk qGwfc;l I ESifh EkdifiHa7; (18^2)/ vGrf;Awfvrf; (18^3)/ pmay
1852 ckESpfwGif 0wfvHk pmar;yGJudkatmifjrifonf? avhvmcsufESifh pD;yGm;a7; avhvmcsufrsm;jzpfonf?
odk\7mwGif Awf*swfonf zcif.b+fvkyfief;wGif 0if Awf*swf. t*®vdyfzGJ\pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
a7mufvyk fukid 7f m r-umrD zcifESihf tusdK;wl pD;yGm;zuf pmtkyfrSm ,ckacwfwdkif acwfrDwdusvSojzifh tjrJ
jzpfvmonf? vufudkifjyK7aompmtkyfjzpfI bmomaygif;rsm;pGm
1858 ckESpfwGif pD;yGm;a7;owif;pmudk pwif wnf jzifbh momjyefqx kd m;avonf?
axmifol *sdrf;0Dvqef. orD;ESifh vufxyfavonf?
1860 jynhfESpfwGif *sdrf;0Dvqef tedPa7mufoGm;aom Awf p uwf a bmupm;jcif ; ? ?Awfpuwfabm
tcg Awf*swfonf pD;yGm;a7;owif;pm.t,f'Dwm upm;jcif;onf abmvHk;udv k ufjzifyh kwfIvnf;aumif;
(pmwnf;) tjzpf 0ifa7mufaqmif7Guf7m 18^^ ckESpf ypfIvnf;aumif; *d;k oGi;f um tzG\EJ iS ,
hf OS jf yKd iu
f pm;7onfh
rwfv 24 7ufae\wiG f uG,fvGefonftxdjzpfonf? upm;enf;jzpfonf?upm;7Ht k wGi;f Yjzpfap/uGi;f jyifYjzpfap

138
 Awfpuufabmupm;jcif;
upm;Edik af om upm;enf;rsKd ;vnf;jzpfonf? oHuiG ;f wGif
wyfxm;onfh jcif;uJhodk\ -udK;jzifhcufxm;aom ydkuf
xJodk\ abmvHk;udk ypfoGif;upm;jcif;jzpfI t*®vdyfbm
omjzifh Awfpuwf (jcif;) abm (abmvH;k ) upm;jcif;
[kwiG o f nf?
Awfpuwfabm upm;enf;udk 1891 ckEpS w f iG f tar
7duefjynfaxmifpk rufqcsL;qufjynfe,f py7if;zD;
jrdK\7dS 0dik f/ trf/ pD/ at/ aumvdyrf S um,ynm enf;jy
q7m a'gufwm*sdrf;ae;prpfqdkolu pwifwDxGifcJh
onf? 16 7mpkESpfavmufu rUqDudk jynfe,fwGif
rm,m vlrsdK;wdk\onf ,ckacwf Awfpuufabmupm;
enf;ESifh cyfqifqif upm;enf;rsKd ;udk upm;cJhbl;onf
[kqadk omfvnf; a'gufwm ae;prpf wDxiG faomupm;
enf;rsdK;avmuf pHepfusc[ Jh ef rwlacs?
Awfpuwfabm upm;jcif;onf abmvHk;uefjcif;
uJho\dk v[mjyifYom upm;Edkiaf om vltrsm;ESiu fh pm;
enf;rsdK;udk rupm;Edkifonfh7moDwGif upm;&HkwGif;Y
vltrsm;ESifhupm;EkdifI upm;7mY ud, k vf ufvy= 7f mS ;r=
7Sdoavmuf -urf;wrf;r=/ xdcdkuf'+f7m7apr= r7SdEdkif
Awfpuufabm tusdwfte,f ,SOfjydKifupm;ae-upOf
139
aom upm;enf;udk pOf;pm;wDxGif7mrS pwifay:
aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;upm;enf;udk pwif
wDxGipf u vlrnfr~yg0ifupm;7rnf[k tuef\towf
r7Sd/ abmvHk; t7G,ftpm; tav;csdefudkvnf; owf
rSwfjcif; r7Scd Jhacs? 1928 ckEpS fwGirf S 0dki/f trf/ pD/ at/
toif;u yXrqH;k aom Awfpuwfabm pnf;rsO;f Oya'
13 csufudk csrSwfjy}mef;vdkufavonf? ,if;upm;
enf;rsm;udk 0dkif/ trf/ pD/ at twGif;a7;rSL;rsm;u
uBmtESH\ ysH\ESH\atmifjzef\vdkuf7m ajr|mfvifhonfxuf
vl-udKufrsm;onfudk awG\7onf? ,cktcg uBmay:7Sd
vlaygif; oef; 20 cef\upm;aeaom upm;enf;wck
jzpfaeavjyD? upm;&Hkuav;twGif; vlwpk tysif;
ajyupm;7ef 7nfrSef;csufxm;cJhaom upm;enf;onf
uBmodk\ysH\ESH\I vlrsm;pkaysmf7FifpGmvufcHupm;vm
aomupm;enf;wpfck jzpfvmcJhonf? xdkr~omru
,cktcg uBmhtdkvHypf tm;upm;jydKifyGJrsm;Y yg0if
aom upm;enf;wrsdK;yif jzpfaeavjyD? 1936 ckESpf
*smreDEkid fiHbmvifjrdK\wiG f usif;yaom tdv k if;ypfyGJwGif
,if;upm;enf;udk yXrqHk;t-udrfxnfhoGif;cJh7m EdkifiH
 Awfpuufabmupm;jcif;

trsKd;orD;rsm;onf Awfpuufabm upm;jcif;tm;jzihf ukd,fvufzGH\jzdK;-uHhckdifvmapEkdifayonf?

140
 Awfpuufabmupm;jcif;
aygif; 21 EkdifiHrS ,SOfjydKifupm;-uI yXrqkudk tar
7duefjynfaxmifpu k 77Sdavonf?
jrefrmEdik if oH \kd Awfpuwfabmupm;enf;onf 1915
„16 ckESpfrsm;wGif pwifa7muf7Sdvmonf? yXrqHk;
Awfpuwfabm upm;uGif;zGiyfh o GJ k\d ,ck ,leD,ef c7pf
,ef txufwef;ausmif; (,cif ul7Siftxufwef;
ausmif;)ESifh wGJvsuf7Sdaom *syfqif aumvdyfausmif;
a[mif;-uD;wGif usif;ycJhonf? xdkzGifhyGJwGif ynmrif;
-uD;a[mif; OD;csdKudk,fwdkif upm;olwOD;tjzpf yg0if
upm;cJhonf? Awfpuwfabmupm;enf;udk wjznf;
jznf; txufwef;ausmif;rsm;/ 7Jtkyftwwfoif
ausmif;ponfwdk\wGif upm;enf;w7yftjzpf oif-um;
ay;7mrStp jrefrmEkdifiHausmif;rsm;Yvnf; acwfpm;
vmcJhonf? 1948 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiH taysmfxrf;
AwfpuwfabmtzGJ\csKyfudk wnfaxmifI tjynfjynf
qdik 7f m AwfpuwfabmtzG\JcsKyfEiS hf qufo, G fxm;onf?
jrefrmEdkifiH trsdK;om; udk,fvuf-uHhcdkifa7;aumifpD
uvnf; Awfpuwfabm txl;pnf;&Hk;a7;rŒ;cef\um
jrefrmwEkdiif v H Hk;Y Awfpuwfabm upm;enf;rsm; ydkrkd
pHepfusI wdk;wufvmatmif aqmif7Gufvsuf7Sdonf?
trsdK;om; Awfpuwfabm pnf;rsOf;Oya'qdkif7m
aumfrDwDu owfrSwfxm;aom Awfpuwfabmupm;
uGi;f tus,t f 0ef;rSm t-uD;qH;k 94 ayESifh ay 50 7SdI
ti,fqk;H ^4 ayESifh 42 ay7S7d rnfjzpfonf? od\k7mwGif
xdkxufi,faom upm;uGif;Yvnf; upm;Edkifonf?
upm;uGi;f . xdyf 2 zuf tv,fwnfw h nfYh ajr-uD;rS
9 aytjrifhwGif axmifhrSefpwk*HyHk ysOfjym;-uD;wckudk
wdkifpdkufuyf7dkufI axmifxm;7onf? odk\r[kwf eH7H
wGi7f kud I
f aomfvnf;aumif;/rsuEf mS -uufY axmufwef;
rsm;tm;jzifh csdwfqGJIaomfvnf;aumif; axmifxm;7
onf? ,if;ysOjf ym;-uD;onf tvsm; 6 ay teH 4 ay 7Sd
onf? tcsi;f 18 vufr7Sdaom oHacGudk ,if; ysOjf ym;
-uD;tv,frS 6 vufrtjyifxkwfI jrJjrHpmG wyfxm;7
onf? xdkoHacGwGif -udK;cdkifcdkifjzifh cufxm;aom ydkuf
wckppD yG xf m;7onf? ,if;ydu k o
f nf txufatmuftyGihf
jzpfI ydkuftzsm;onf ajr-uD;rS 10ay uGm7onf?
upm;7mYoHk;aomabmvHk;onf abmvHk;uef7mY
oHk;aom abmvHk;uJhodk\ twGif;avvHka7mfAmabmvHk;
jzpfjyD;v~if tjyifuom;a7jzifh ywfcsKyfxm;onf?
abmvH;k .t0ef;onf 29 vufrrS vufr 30 txd7I dS
tav;csdeftm;jzifh atmifp 20 rS 22 atmifp txd
7Sdonf? abmvH;k xJok\d avcsed f 13 aygifx;dk 7onf?
141
upm;yGw J pfyJw
G iG t f zGJ\ 2 zG\J,OS jf ydKiu
f pm;Ekid I
f wzuf
5 a,mufpDupm;7onf? uGif;tv,f7Sd A[dkpnf;0dkif;
wGif wa,mufpD/ *dk;apmifh 2 a,mufpDESifh a7S\wef;
2 a,mufpD upm;7onf? tzGJ\wzGJ\wGif yg0ifupm;
aeol 5 a,muftjyif t7Hvl ^ a,mufpD xm;EkdifI
tvJtvS,0f ifupm;Ekid o f nf?
yg0ifupm;olonf abmvHk;udk o,faqmifrajy;
7acs? tzGJ\0iftcsif;csif;xHodk\ abmvHk;a7mufatmif
ypfay;jcif;/ ajy;,if; ykwfI ykwfIydk\jcif;/ vSdrafh y;jcif;
jyK7onf? vlcsi;f wGe;f xdk; wdkufcdkujf cif;vHk;0r7Sad tmif
upm;7onf?
Awfpuwfabmupm;onfhtcg wyGJv~if rdepf40
upm;7onf? yXr rdepf 20 jyD;v~if 10 rdepfcef\em;jyD;
aemufzufajymif;I aemufxyf rdepf 20 upm;7onf?
Tum; tjynfjynfqdkif7m Awfpuwfabm pnf;rsOf;
Oya't7jzpfo nf? tar7duefjynfaxmifpkYum;
10 rdepf wcg 4 -udref m;I upm;avh7-Sd uonf?
upm;enf;rSm uGif;tv,f7Sd vl 2 a,muf-um;rS
aeI 'dkifvl-uD;vkyfolu abmvHk;udktay:odk\ 2 udkuf
omomcef\ajr|mufI ay;7onf? usvmaom abm
vH;k udk tv,fol 2 OD;u ol7ud, k f7 ckezf rf;I abmvH;k
7olu rdr*d k;d 7Sd7mzufae rdrt d zG\J0ifxH a7mufatmif ydk\7
onf? abmvHk;7aeonfhzufu *dk;oGif;Edkifatmif-udK;
pm;ouJhodk\ useftzGJ\rS vlrsm;uvnf; *dk;roGif;Edkif
atmif vdkufzsufI rdrdwdk\tzGJ\0ifrsm;vufxJodk\ abm
vHk;a7mufvmatmif -udK;pm;7onf? *dk;oGif;onfqdk
onfrSm ydkufwyfxm;aom oHuGif;xJodk\ abmvHk;udk
ypfoGif;I ydkufaygufrS abmvHk;usvmatmif jyKvkyf
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142
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143
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144
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145
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avonf?
ukef;trSwf (5) (6) (^) (8) wdk\rSm eef;awmf
ukef;[kqdkaom twGi;f jrdK\7d;k . ta7S\taemuf tkw&f kd;
rsm;ESifh tv,fydkif;ukef;jrifhrsm;wGif wl;azmfonfh
ae7mrsm;jzpfonf? trSwf(5)wGif tkwfjrpftajcom
usef7pfaom tcef;aygif;rsm;pGmyg0ifonfh taqmuf
ttHkudkvnf;aumif;/ trSwf (^)wGif tvm;wl t
aqmufttHki,fwckudkvnf;aumif; azmfxkwfawG\jrif
7.? trSwf(6)rSm taemufzuftkwf&kd;ESifh uyfvsuf
7Sad om jytd;k o!meftaqmufttHkjzpfI/ trSwf(8)rSm
twGi;f jrdK\&;dk . ta7S\zufwHcg;0jzpfavonf? ta7S\zuf
tkwjf rKd \&;dk udk xdt
k ayguf0Y twGi;f ydik ;f rS tkwwf wH idk ;f wd\k
jzifh axmufcHxm;avonf? xdkwHwdkifrsm;wGif wHcg;
apmifch 7kd ef *lwckpjD yKvyk x
f m;[efvnf;yg0if.? tayguf
0tjyifzufwiG f tapmifah usmuf&yk -fu;D 2 &kyf pdu k xf xl m;7m
,if;wdk\.tajctjrpf ydkif;rsm;udk wl;azmfawG\77Sd onf?
ukef;trSw(f 9)onf txufazmfjyyg eef;awmfuek f;
. awmifzufwGifwnf7Sd.? ,ck wl;azmfjyD;pD;or~
awG\7onfrSm awmifajrmuf tvsm; 84 ay/ ta7S\
taemuf ay 40 cef\7aSd om tkwfwu dk f taqmufttHk
-uD;jzpf.? twGif;ydkif;wGif tcef;rsm; zGJ\xm;jcif;r7Sd/
ajrmufzufeH7HwGif 0ifayguf-uD;wckom7Sd.? t
aqmufttHk.twGif;Yyif rlvuopfom;wdkif-uD;

trSwf 2 ukef;-uD;ukd wl;azmfjyD;aemuf &kyfvHk;ay:vmaom taqmufttkH-uD;ukd Tokd\&=jrif7onf?

146
 Ad©+kd;jrdK\a[mif;

trSwf 2 ukef;ESihf zkdcaemufqkdifwnf7Sdonhf trSwf 3 ukef;ukd rwl;azmfrD

8 wdkifpdkufxlaqmufvkyfxm;a-umif; od7Sd7onf? pdwf0if;pm;zG,f7maom "avhxHk;wrf; w7yfyif jzpf

Twdkuf-uD; twGif;wGif yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;yg0ifaom t&kd; avonf?
tdk; ajrmufjrm;pGm jr|KyfESHxm;onfudk awG\7Sd7av7m txufygtkwfukef;rsm;Y wl;azmf7mrS ay:ayguf
jrdK\wiG ;f Y txl;wvnf pDrHI t&kd;tdk;rsm; jr|KyfESHjcif;rSm aomtaxmuftxm;rsm;t7 Ad©+kd;jrdK\onf oa7

trSwf 3 ukef;ukd wl;azmfjyD;aemuf &kyfvkH;ay:vmaom taqmufttHk

147
acW7mjrdK\ESifh ,Ofaus;r="avhxHk;wrf;tm;jzifh quf
pyfr=tawmftwef 7SdcJha-umif;odom.? odk\aomf
oa7acW7muJhodk\ Ak<omoem xGef;um;aom t
axmuftxm;rsm;udk rawG\7ao;acs? oa7acW7mESifh
acwfjydKif/ odk\r[kwt f enf;i,f aESmif;aomumvwGif
Ad©+kd;jrdK\ xGef;um;cJhygu omoema7;qdkif7m ,Of
aus;r=tpdwftydkif;rsm; rnfonfhta-umif;a-umifh
ul;,Sufjyef\ESH\jcif; r7SdcJhonfudk tajz7Sm7OD;acsrnf?
Ad©+kd;jrdK\onf oa7acW7mxufyif a7S;usoavm
[laom jy©emvnf; ay:aygufvmavonf? pifppf
tm;jzifh pHepfwus wl;azmfokawoevkyfief;udk
Ad©+kd;jrdK\rSyif tpjyKcJh7.? TpHepftwdkif; tjcm;
jrdK\a[mif; 2 ae7m 3 ae7mr~ aqmif7GufjyD;rSomv~if
tajctjrpfckid fvkaH om n|dEi=d f;r=wdk\udk jyKvkyfEkid facsrnf?
Ad© +k d; jrdK \ a[mif; wGi f qufv ufw l ; azmfa eqJ
jzpfavonf? OD;atmifaomf
Ak< ? ? Ak<[laomtrnfukd wavmuvH;k od7edS m;
vnfae-uonfrmS bk7m;[k od7deS m;vnfae-u.? od
7Sdem;vnfae-uonfhtwdkif;yif jrwfpGmbk7m; udk,f
awmfwkdifuvnf; jA¦m,k yk#m;-uD;tm; ‘‘igbk7m;
onf odoifo h x
d du
k faom w7m;tvH;k pHu k kd odtyfayjyD?
y,foifhy,fxkdufaom w7m;tvHk;pHu k dk y,ftyfayjyD?
xdka-umifh igbk7m;onf Ak<jzpfawmfrlay.?’’ a[m
-um;awmfrlonfudkaxmufI Ak<[laom trnfum;
bk7m;. trnfawmfjzpfa-umif; odtyf.?
odk\7mwGif xdkAk<[laom trnfonf bk7m;ESifhom
oufqdkio f nfr[kwf/ yd™uwfawmf tcsdK\w\dkY wwfod
vdRmaom ynm7SdykCdKvfrsm;udkvnf; Ak<[laom
trnfjzifhyif a[mawmfrlxm;7mum;/ ynm7SdykCdKvf
rsm;ESivhf nf; oufqikd af ejyef.? xd\ak -umifh ,if;Ak<onf„
(1) okwAk< ± ± ± yd™uwfusrf;*efwdk\Y t-um;
tjrifrsm;aom 7[ef;
(2)pwko PAk< ± ± ± oPmav;yg;udk o da om
7[Mm(wenf;) tEkAk</
jrwfpGmbk7m;a[m-um;awmf
rlaomenf;jzifh oPmav;yg;
udk odaom7[Mm (om0u)
(3)yaPuAk< ± ± ± ESpfoacs®ESifh uBmwpfodef;
yg7rDjznfhI oPmav;yg;udk
udk,fwdkif xdk;xGif;Iodaom
yaPuAk<g (bk7m;i,f)
148
(4) o¤nKA<k ± ± ± av;oacsE® Sifh uBmwpfodef;/
(odk\r[kwf) 7Spfoacs®ESifh uBm
wpfodef;/ (odk\r[kwf) wpfqJh
ajcmufoacsE® Sihf uBmwpfodef;
yg7rDjznfhI w7m;tvHk;pHkudk
udk,fawmfwdkifxdk;xGif;Iod
aombk7m;
[lI av;yg;jzpfvmonf? xdkodk\ jzpfvmjim;aomf
vnf; Ak<bk7m;um; w7m;tvH;k pHkudk tuket f pifwwf
od vdrmaom ynmawmfjzifh Ak<trnf ac:wGifjcif;
jzpf.? yaPuAk<g/ 7[Mm/ om0uwdk\rSmum; w7m;
wpdww f a'oudk wwfodvdRmaomynmjzifh Ak<trnf
ac:wGifjcif;jzpf.? odk\aomf ,if;wdk\rSmum; Ak<
bk7m;ESirhf E=id ;f ,SOt
f yf/ rE=di;f ,SOaf umif;? oDv/ orm"d/
ynm paom t7m7maom *k+af us;Zl;rSmyif Ak<bk7m;
ESifh tvGefuGmjcm;vS.? Ak<bk7m;um; avmuoHk;yg;
wGif wkzufjydKuzf uf r7SdaomykCdKvfx;l jzpfonf?
avmuoHk;yg;wGif wwfodvdRmaomynm7Sd ykCdKvf
wdkif; Ak<bk7m;trnfudk cH,lxdkufonfr[kwf? (1)
Zmwdr[W „ trsdK;Zmwf. -uD;us,fjrifhjrwfjcif;
(2) yknr[W„bkef;oBm ukov dk f yg7rDawmf. -uD;
us,fjrifjh rwfjcif; / (3) oDvr[W „tusio hf v
D awmf
. -uD;us,fjrifhjrwfjcif; / (4) orm"dr[W„ wnf
-unfcdkifcHhaom orm"dawmf. -uD;us,fjrifhjrwfjcif;
(5)†<dr[W „ wefcdk;awmf.-uD;us,fjrifhjrwfjcif;
(6)Ak<dr[W„—m+fynmawmf. -uD;us,fjrifhjrwf
jcif;/ Todk\ -uD;us,fjrifhjrwfjcif;trsdK;rsdK;ESifh jynfhpHk
aom ykCdKvfxl;onfom avmuoHk;ygwGif Ak<bk7m;
[laom trnfawmf cH,lxdkufonf? ,if;ykCdKvfxl;rS
om vlewfjA¦moW0gtrsm;udk oHo7m0 fqif;7JrS
u,fwifEdik . f ? xdAk <k bk7m;. *k+fawmf aus;Zl;awmf
wdk\um; atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf?
(1) Ak<Wa0om7% —m+fawmf (2) tmo0W,
a0om7% m+fawmf (3) tM7m, a0om7% m+f
awmf (4) ed,sme a0om7% —m+fawmf/ Tav;yg;
aom a0om7% m+fawmfwk\dum; yaPuAk<g/ 7[Mm/
om0uwdk\ESifh roufqdkif/ Ak<bk7m;ESifhom oufqdkif
aom —m+fawmfwdk\wnf;?
(1) tmo,mEko, —m+fawmf/ (2) †jNd,
ya7m y7d,Wd —m+fawmf / (3) ,ruyg™d[m7d,
—m+fawmf (4) r[mu&k+m ormyWd—m+fawmf/
(5) o¤nKw —m+fawmf / (6) tem07+ —m+fawmf/
Tajcmufyg;aom tom"m7+ —m+fawmfw\dk um;
yaPuAk<g/ 7[Mm/ om0uwd\Ek iS hf roufqikd /f Ak<bk7m;
ESihof m oufqkid faom —m+fawmfwdk\wnf;?
(1) Xmem+me —m+fawmf / (2) uRM7 0dyguM7
—m+fawmf/ (3) o¤šrdeDy™dy'g—m+fawmf/ (4)
taeu"mwk emem"mwk —m+fawmf/ (5) †jNd,a7m
y7d,Wd—m+fawmf/ (6) emem'drkWdu—m+fawmf (^)
psmem'doHudavoa0g'ge0k}me—m+fawmf/ (8) yka¤
ed0kš—m+fawmf/ (9) 'd¤pQKpkwlyygw —m+fawmf/
(10) tmo0Q,—m+fawmf / Tq,fyg;aom 'o
Av —m+fawmfwd\k um; yaPuAk<g/ 7[Mm/ om0u
wdk\EiS hrf oufqkid f/ Ak<bk7m;ESio
fh m oufqkid faom —m+f
awmfwdk\wnf;?
(1) a,musfm;wusdyftm;udk aqmifEdkifaom um
}m0uqif (2) um–m0uqif q,fpD;tm;udk aqmif
Ekdifaom *a*®,sqif (3) *a*®,sqif q,fpD;tm;udk
aqmifEidk af om y@7qif (4) y@7qif q,fp;D tm;
udkaqmifEdkiaf om wºqif (5) wºqif q,fpD;tm;
udk aqmifEdkifaom yd*®vqif (6) yd*v ® qif q,fpD;
tm;udk aqmifEdkifaom *¶qif (^) *¶qif q,fpD;
tm;udk aqmifEidk af om r*®vqif (8) r*®vqif q,f
pD;tm;udk aqmifEkdifaom a[rqif (9) a[rqif
q,fpD;tm;udk aqmifEkdifaom Oaygoxqif (10)
Oaygoxqif q,fpD;tm;udkaqmifEkid af om q]Mqif/
Tq]Mqif q,fpD;tm;[laom 'oAvtm;awmfwdk\
um; yaPuAk<g/ 7[Mm/ om0uwdk\ESifh roufqdkif/
Ak<bk7m;ESifhom oufqdkifaom tm;awmfwdk\wnf;?
twdwf/ tem*wf/ yPK_ef w7m;pkY tydwftyif
r7Sdaom —m+fawmf (3) yg;/ um,uHr=/ 0pDuHr=/
raemuHr=onf —m+fawmfa7S\oGm;7Sdjcif;/ —m+fawmfodk\
tpOfvdkufjcif; (3) yg;? qN/ 0D7d,/ "Ra'oem/
orm"d/ ynm/ 0drkWd ,kwfavsmhr=r7Sdjcif; (6) yg;?
'0g/ 70g/ tzk™/ a0*g,dwW/ tAsm0 re/ t_™doc®g
EkayQm r7Sdjcif; (6) yg;? TqJh7Spfyg;aom tma0
+du *k+fawmfwdk\tm; yaPuAk<g/ 7[Mm/ om0u
wdk\EiS hf roufqkid f/ Ak<bk7m;ESio hf m oufqidk af om *k+f
awmfwdk\wnf;?
(1) yka¤ed0gomEk©wd —m+fawmf (2) 'd¤pQK
—m+fawmf (3) tmo0Q, —m+fawmf/ ToH;k yg;
aom 0d%m—m+fawmfwdk\um; Ak<bk7m;. 0d%—m+f
awmfwdk\wnf;?
(1) 0dy©em—m+fawmf (2) raemr,d<d —m+f
149
awmf (3) †<d0d" —m+fawmf (4)'d¤aomw —m+f
awmf (5) y7pdW0dZmee —m+fawmf (6) yka¤ed0gom
Ek©wd —m+fawmf (^) 'd¤pQK —m+fawmf (8) tm
o0Q, —m+fawmf/ T7Spyf g;aom 0d%m—m+fawmfw\dk
um; Ak<bk7m;. 0d%m—m+fawmfw\dk wnf;?
(1) oDvoH07 (2) †jN, d *kW (3) abmZe
rWnK (4) Zm*7d,mEka,m* (5) o<g (6) owd
(^) [d7d (8) -oW_ (9) okw (10) pm* (11)
ynm (12) yXrpsmef (13) 'kwd,psmef (14) wwd,
psmef (15) pwkšpsmef/ TwpfqJh ig;yg;aom p7+
wdk\um; Ak<bk7m;. p7+awmfwdk\wnf;?
(1) 0do}„oef\7Sif;pif-u,fjcif; (2) r¢K„om,m
jcif; (3) 0dan,sm„odv, G jf cif; (4) o0ed,m „emcsif
zG,f7Sdjcif; (5) 0dom7d„jyef\ESH\jcif; (6) AdNK„vHk;pnf;
jcif; (^) *BD7 euf&i=d f;jcif; (8) ed³m'd„yJhwifxyfjcif;/
T7Spyf g;aom t*®g7Sdaom toHawmfum; Ak<bk7m;.
toHawmfwnf;?
(1) eDv„pdrf;ndKaom a7mifjcnfawmf (2) yDw„
0g7Fifaom a7mifjcnfawmf (3) avm[dw„eDaom
a7mifjcnfawmf (4) -o'gw„jzLazG;aom a7mifjcnf
awmf (5) r¢}„armif;aom (yef;a7mifEkuJhod\k aom)
a7mifjcnfawmf (6) yb©7 jydK;jydK;jyufaom a7mif
jcnfawmf / Tajcmufyg;aom a7mifjcnfawmfwdk\um;
Ak<bk7m;. a7mifjcnfawmfwkd\wnf;? (a7mifjcnfawmf
ajcmufyg;„7=? )
(1) †©7d, (2) "R (3) ,o (4) od7d (5)
umr (6) y,W/ T ajcmufyg;aom bke;f awmfw\ku d m;
Ak<bk7m;. bkef;awmfwdk\wnf;?
oH;k qJhESpyf g;aom vQ+mawmf-uD;/ 7Spq f ,faom
vQ+mawmfi,f/ w7m\7SpfuGuf pufvQ+mawmf
wd\kum; Ak<bk7m;. vQ+mawmfw\w dk nf;? (vQ+m
awmf-uD;i,f„7=? )
Todk\ ra7wGufEidk faom bkef;awmf uHawmf —m+f
awmf wefcdk;awmf taygif;ESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom Ak<
bk7m;onf avmuoHk;yg;Y yGifhawmfrl7ef tvGef7cJ
onfhtwGuf 'kœbig;yg;wGif wyg;tygt0if jzpf
awmfrl.? Ak<bk7m;qdwfokOf;onfh oknuBmawG
t-um;0,f w7Hwcgr~om yGifhawmfrl.? yGihfawmfrl
aomtcg/ vlewf/ jA¦m oW0g tvH;k pHw k \.
kd avmuD/
avmukW7m ESpfjzmaom tusdK;pD;yGm;udkom aqmif
7Guaf wmfr. l ?
xdkAk<bk7m;onf (1) ynm"du (2) o<g"du (3)
Ak<
0d7d,m"du[lI oHk;yg;7Sdonf? xdkoHk;yg;wdk\wGif ynm
"duonf ed,wAsm'dwcf , H jl yD;aemuf bk7m;jzpfa-umif;
tusifhwdk\udk av;oacs®ESifh uBmwpfodef; jznfhusifh
qnf;yl;7.? o<g"duonf ed,wAsm'dwf cH,ljyD;
aemuf bk7m;jzpfa-umif; tusifhwdk\udk 7Spfoacs®ESifh
uBmwodef; jznfhusifhqnf;yl;7.? 0d7d,m"duonf
ed,wAsm'dwf cH,ljyD;aemuf bk7m;jzpfa-umif; tusifh
wd\kudk wpfq,fhajcmufoacsE® Sihu f Bmwpfode;f jznfu h sihf
qnf;yl7.?
bk7m;jzpfa-umif; tusifhwdk\um; „ (1) 'geyg7rD
(2) oDvyg7rD (3) aeQryg7rD (4) ynmyg7rD (5)
0d7,d yg7rD (6) cMDyg7rD (^) oPmyg7rD (8) t"d}mef
yg7rD (9) arWmyg7rD (10) OayQm yg7rD[lI
q,fyg;jzpfonf?
xdkyg7rD q,fyg;udkyif c¶mudk,frSty Amwd7
jzpfaom yPnf;OPm jynf7Gmwkdi;f um; ponfwk\dukd riJh
uGufbJ jznfhusifh qnf;yl;7aom omref yg7rD q,f
yg;? c¶mudk,f. tpdwftydkif;jzpfaom rsufpd/ em;/
ESm/ ajc/ vuf paom t*®gwd\kudk riJhuu G fbJ jznfu
h sifh
qnf;yl;7aom Oyyg7rDq,fyg;? rdrd. toufudkyif
riJuh uG bf J jznfu h siq
hf nf;yl;7aom y7rš yg7rD q,f
yg;tm;jzifh tjym;oHk;q,f jzpfvmonf? xdktjym;
oHk;q,fudk jznfhusifh qnf;yl;7.?
(1) "ey7dP*„rdrdtoufESifh ud, k ft*®g tpdwf
tydkif;rSty Am[d7jzpfaom pGef\EkdifcJaom yPnf;OPm
wdk\udkpGe\f jcif; (2) t*®y7dP*„rdrd. ud, k tf *®g tpdwf
tydkif;udkpGe\fjcif; (3) ykWy7dPm*„om;orD;udk pGef\jcif;
(4) b7d,y7dPm*„r,m;udpk Gef\jcif; (5) ZD0w d y7dPm*„
rdrdtoufudk pGef\jcif; TpGef\jcif;-uD; ig;yg;udkvnf;
pGe\f7.?
(1) avmuš p7d,„vl/ ewf/ jA¦moW0g cyf
odrf;wdk\ tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf jznfhusifhqnf;yl;7jcif;
(2) Omwšp7d,„aqGawmfrsdK;awmfwdk\ tusdK;pD;yGm;
twGuf jznfhusifhqnf;yl;7jcif; (3) Ak<šp7d,„
bk7m;jzpf7ef tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf jznfhusifh qnf;yl;7
jcif;/ ToHk;yg;aom p7d,wdk\udk jznfhusifh qnf;yl;
7.?
Todk\ yg7rDq,fyg;/ tjym;oHk;q,f/ pGef\jcif;-uD;
ig;yg;/ p7d,oHk;yg;wdk\um; bk7m;jzpfa-umif; tusifh
wdk\wnf;? xdktusihw f \dkudk ynm"du/ o<g"du/ 0d7, d m
"du bk7m;oHk;yg;vHk;yif rdrdwdk\toD;oD; ydkif;jcm;
owfrSwfxm;aom tcgumv ukefqHk;atmif jznfh
150
Ak<*,m
usifhqnf;yl;-u7.? xdkodk\ jznfhusifh qnf;yl;rSom
bk7m;jzpfEikd -f uonf?
txl;tm;jzifh bk7m;oHk;yg;wdk\ ed,wAsm'dwcf H,jl yD;
aemuf bk7m;jzpfa-umif; tusiw fh dk\ukd jznfhusifh qnf;
yl;7m yg7rDjznfh7m ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfxm;aomtcg
umvcsif; rwlaomfvnf; bk7m;jzpfvmaomtcgY
um; (oa¤Ak<gororm) [k a[mawmfrlonft h wkdi;f
oDv/ orm"d/ ynm paombk7m;wd\k 7oif7h xkduaf om
*k+faus;Zl;awmfwdk\um; twlwltnDtr~yif jzpf
ayonf? OD;-uD;az
Ak<*,m ? ? uBmay:Y t,l0g'trsKd ;rsdK;7Sd-u7m/
rdrwd \kd t,l0g'qdik 7f m r*®vm7Sad om ajrjrwf[k wae7m
7mudk &kdaojrwfEdk;pGm owfrSwfydkif;jcm;r= jyK-ujrJjzpf
onf? Ak<0g'Dwdk\onfvnf; o¤nKbk7m;7SifESifh pyf
vsOf;I xl;jrwfaom r*®vmatmifajr t7yfrsm;udk
owfrw S xf m;avonf? xkdatmifajr t7yfrsm;wGif
(1) a*gwrbk7m;tavmif;awmf zGm;jrif7m vkºdeD
O,smOf/
(2) o¤nKwOm+fawmf77Sdawmfrl7m r[maAm"d
atmifajr/
(3) "Rp-um w7m;OD; a[mawmfrl7m rd*'g0kef
awm
(4) y7ded¤mefpHawmfrl7m ukodem&Hk tif-uif;
awmwdk\yg0ifavonf? tqdkyg av;Xmeudk bk7m;zl;
vmol taygif;wdk\tm; "RoHa0* jzpfapum ewf7Gm
ok*wdodk\ vm;a7mufapwwfaom Xmexl; Xmejrwf
rsm; jzpf-uonf[kqdkonf? wzef ,if;Xme av;ck
teuf r[maAm"d atmifajrt7yfonf txl;jrwf
tvGefuq J k;H jzpfonf? uBmOD;tcg edrdwfjy -um&Hk-uD;
rsm;onf r[maAm'dyifae7mrS aygufI/ ajrjyifay:
xGef;7mwGiv f nf; OD;pGmay:xGe;f jyD;v~if/ uBmysuf7mY
vnf; aemufqHk;rS ysufonf[k usrf;*efrsm;Yvm7Sd
onf? xd\k jyif aAm"dyifESifh yœifawmfae7monf yGifh
avaombk7m;7Sifwdkif; rpGef\vFwftyfaom/ odk\r[kwf
vFJajymif;jcif;r7Sdaom t0dZ[dwXme av;yg;wGif
wpfyg;tygt0ifjzpfonf?
,if;uJhok\d Ak<t,l0g'Dwk\dtzdk\ vGefuJxl;jrwfaom
r[maAm"datmifajr/ odk\r[kwf aAm'dyœifEiS hf a7Fyœif
wdk\wnf7SdcJhaom ae7ma'o ywf0ef;usifw0dkufudk
Ak<*,m[kac:onf? Ak<*,monf tdNd,EkdifiH AD[m;
jynfe,fwGif wnf7Sdonf? umvuWm;jrdK\rS rD;7xm;
 Ak<*,m
Ak<*,m7Sd r[maAm"d apwDawmf
vrf;tm;jzifh 292 rdkif uGma0;aom *,mc&kdifxJwGif
wnf7SdI *,mjrdK\rSawmifzuf ^ rdkifa0;onf? *,m
blwmrS Ak<*,modk\ wUpDarmfawmfum;/ jrif;vSnf;
ponfwdk\jzifh vG,fupl mG oGm;a7mufEkdifonf? a7S;,cif
u xdkae7ma'ow0dkufudk r[ef\ac: [dNLbkef;-uD;
rsm;-uD;pdk;cJh7m/ Ak<t,l0g'D bk7m;zl;rsm;twGuf
rsm;pGmtaESmifht,SufawG\-u7onf? ,cktcgwGifrl
tdNd,jynfaxmifpktpdk;7u Ak<*,mudk 1949 ckESpf
bk7m;ausmif;uef tufOya't7 1953 ckESpf arv
28 7ufae\rS pI tkyfcsKyfa7;tzGJ\jzifh tkyfcsKyfvsuf
7Sdonf? xkdjyif tpdk;7u aiGajrmufjrm;pGm tukeftus
cHI omoemhtaqmufttHkrsm;udk jyifqifrGrf;rHay;
avonf?
Ak<*,monf Ak<t,l0g'Dtaygif;wdk\. txGwf
tjrwfqHk;jzpfjcif;rSm xdka'oY jrwfpGmbk7m;ocif
onf o¤nKwa7FOm+fawmfudk77SdI rm7fig;yg;udk
atmifjrifcJhaom atmifajrjzpfaoma-umifhwnf;?
xdtk 7yfu/kd jrefrmwd\u
k aAm"dr@/ od\rk [kwf aAm"dr@dKif
[kac:a0:avonf?
151
bk7m;7Sio f nf bk7m;tjzpfukd 7awmfrljyD;aemufwiG f
xdka'ow0du k f7Sd XmeckepfXmewGif wXmev~if cke7uf
pD oWoWm[ pHawmfrlcJhonf? (oWXme„7=?)
xdkXmewdk\onf Ak<*,mY t"duzl;ar~mfzG,f7mrsm;wGif
yg0if-uayonf? Ak<*,mY t"du zl;ar~mf7ef Xme
rsm;rSm„
(1) r[maAm"dapwDawmf ? ? xdak pwDawmf
onf ESpfaygif; ESpfaxmifausmf-umcJhjyDjzpfI/ oD7d
"Rmaomurif;-uD; eef;pH 10 ESpf 11 ESpfcef\wiG f pwif
wnfxm;aom bk7m;7SifyGifhawmfrl7m txdrf;trSwf
apwDjzpfonf? oD7d"Rmaomurif;-uD;. aemuf
Ak<0g'Drif;rsm;u xyfrHrGrf;rH-uI/ jAdwdo~tpdk;7
vufxufwGif jrefrmbk7if rif;wkef;rif;. tvdkt7
jAdwdo~tpdk;7u rGrf;rHjyifqifay;onf? tdNd,tpdk;7
vufxufwGif bk7m;ausmif;uef tkyfcsKyfa7; tzGJ\u
tkyfcsKyfI rGrf;rHjyifqifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfay;onf? xdk
apwDawmf-uD;onf Om+fawmftjrifh ay 180 cef\7Sd
onf? t7if;um;jyD;v~if tzsm;7SL;aom av;axmifh
yHko!mef7SdI Adokumvuf7m xl;jcm;aumif;rGefvS
onf? apwDawmfonf ESpfqifhjzpfonf? atmufydkif;
onf *lausmif;yHkjzpfI twGif;Y &kyfyGm;awmfwql
udef;0yfvsuf7Sdonf? tay:ydkif;onf apwDjzpfonf?
apwDawmf. zdeyfawmf axmifhav;axmifhY apwDr
-uD;. yHko!mefrsdK; t7HapwD wpfqlpD 7Sdonf?
(2) r[maAm"dyif ? ? Ak<t,l0g'D bk7m;zl;rsm;
twGuf Ak<*,mY t"duzl;ajrmf-uaom r[m
aAm"dyifonf ayw7mcef\jrifhonf? r[maAm"dapwD.
taemufzufwGif7Sdonf? jrwfpGmbk7m;ocif. zGm;
zufawmfwyg;jzpfI/ o¤nKwa7FOm+fawmfudk 77SdcJh
7mjzpfonfh rlvaAm"dyifum; r[kwfay? ordkif;rsm;
tqdkt7 [dNLbk7ifoou®onf xdkaAm"dyifudk ckwf
vSJzsufqD;cJhonf? odk\aomf xdkr[maAm"dyif. tjrpf
ae7mrSyif aAm"dyifwyif aygufvmonf? xdak Am"dyif
onfvnf; 18^0 jynfhEpS w f iG f tyifvo
J mG ;7m/ xdt
k csdef
u r[maAm"dapwDudk jAdwdo~tpdk;7trdef\jzifh jyif
qifrGrf;rHvsuf7Sdaom qmt,fvufZNm; u³if*rfu
rlv aAm"dyifae7mYvJusomG ;aom yifr-uD;rS tudkif;
wudkif;udk jyefI pdkufysdK;xm;cJh7m/ ,ck zl;awG\-u7
aom r[maAm"dyifonf xdkaAm"dyifyGm; jzpfavonf?
(3) oWoWm[Xmersm;?? (u) 0Zd7moe
yœifawmf? xdkyœifawmfonfr[maAm"dyœif.ajc
7if;Y7SdI/ jrwfpGmbk7m;ocif o¤nKw a7FOm+fawmf
 Ak<*,m
77Sdonfh ty7mZdwyœif. ae7m[kqdkonf? xdak e7m
onf p-u0 m. A[dkcsuf[kvnf; qdk-uonf? 0Zd
7moeyœifonf tEkynmvuf7majrmufvSpGm xk
xGif;xm;aom ausmufom; yœifawmf jzpfonf?
xdkyœifawmfonf r[maAm"dyifESifh r[maAm"dapwD
wd\k.t-um; r[maAm"dyif. ta7S\zufY 7Sdavonf?
bk7m;7Sifonf bk7m;tjzpfudk7awmfrljyD;onfrSpI
ty7mZdwyœifay:rSrxbJ ckepf7ufwikd w f kid f t7[W
zdkvcf srf;omudk cHpm;awmfrlonf? ,if;odk\ yœifxufY
ckepf7ufpaH wmfrcl o hJ nfh yXroWm[udk yœu®oWm[
[kac:avonf?
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xufrSxv~if ewfjA¦m taygif;wdk\pdwfY bk7m;tjzpf
odk\ a7mufjcif;wGif oHo,7Sdaeonfudk y,fzsuf7ef
aumif;uifo\dk wufI wefcdk;jym™d[m jyawmfrlonf?
,if;onfhaemuf yœif.ta7S\ajrmufaxmifh 104 ay
cef\tuGmwGif 7yfawmfrI l o¤nKwa7FOm+fawmfukd 77m
yœifawmfESifh aAm"dyifudk rrSdwfroHk-unhfI ckepf7uf
pHawmfrlcJhonfhae7mudk tedro d oWm[[kac:I 'kwd
,oWm[jzpfonf? xdkae7mwGif txdr;f trSwf wnf
xm;aom tedro d apwDwpfq7l o Sd nf?
(*) 7wem p-uŠawmf? ? r[maAm"d apwD
awmf-uD; ajrmufzufwGifuyfvsuf/ ta7S\taemuf
ayajcmufq,fcef\twGif; ausmuf-umyGifh qJhwyGifh7Sd7m
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p-uŠuzkd efqif;um ckepf7ufywfv;kH p-uŠ-uGvsuf wwd
, oWm[udk odwif;oHk;cJhaom ae7mjzpfonf? xdk
ae7mudk 7wepu®re oWm[[k ac:onf?
(•) 7wem•7 a7Ftdrfawmf? ? r[maAm"d
apwDawmf-uD;. taemufajrmuf ay ^0 cef\wiG f ewf
wdk\ zefqif;tyfaom 7wem•7 a7FtdrfY y}mef;usr;f
udk oH;k oyfvsu/f ckepf7uf pHawmfrlcJhonf? xdkae7mudk
7we•7oWm[[kac:onf? pwkšoWm[ pHcJh
aom xdak e7mwGif ,cktcg tkww f u
dk f apwDi,fwql
7SdI/ tEkynm vuf7majrmufaom xlygausmufwdkif
rsm;jzifh 0ef;7Hvsuf 7Sdonf?
(i) tZygvanmifyif? ? r[maAm"d apwD
awmf-uD;. ta7S\rsuEf mS ay ^0 cef\wGif jrwfpmG bk7m;
ocifonf rm7fewforD;awmfo;Hk yg;ESihf [H[ k ku H yk#m;
wdk\ukqd k;H rI ckepf7ufoDwif;oHk;awmfrcl aJh om tZygv
qdwfausmif;anmifyif7SdcJhonf? xdkae7mwGif ausmuf
pm Xmeu txdrf;trSwf pdkufxlxm;aom ausmuf
152
wdik 7f do
S nf? yVroWm[pHcahJ om xdkae7mudk tZygv
oWm[[k ac:onf?
(p) rkpvdNmtdkif? ? bk7m;7Sif q}oWm[udk
pHawmfrlcJhonfh ae7mjzpfonf? r[maAm"d apwD
awmf-uD;. ta7S\awmifzuf ay 1^0 cef\wiG f rkpvdNm
tdkif 7Scd 7hJ m/ xdktidk t
f eD; usn;f yif7if;Y ckepf7ufpaH epOf
rd;k -uD;apGojzifh rkpvdN e*g;rif;u rdryd g;ysOf;jzifh rdk;I
udk,fukad cGvsuf yœifjyKum vSL'gef;jcif;udk jcD;ajr|muf
pHaeawmfrlcJhonf? xdkae7mudk txdrf;trSwfjyKaom
taqmufttHk rawG\7aomfvnf; wcgu 7SdcJhbl;
[efwlI ajratmufjrKyfae[ef7Sda-umif; taxmuf
txm;tptersm; awG\7onf? xdkoWm[udk rkpvdN
oWm[[k ac:onf?
(q) 7mZm,wevif;vGef;yif ? ? r[maAm"d ap
wDawmf-uD;. awmifzuf ay ^0 cef\wGif bk7m;7Sif
oWroWm[ pHawmfrlcaJh om vif;vGe;f yifae7m jzpf
cJo
h nf? xdak e7mwGif ,ck txdr;f trSwf tkww f u
kd af pwD
7Sod nf? xdkae7mudk 7mZm,weoWm[[k ac:onf?
xdak e7mY ckepf7uf pHawmfrjl yD;I/ bk7m;tjzpf77Sjd yD;
onfrS 49 7ufajrmufwGif xdkvif;vGef;yif7if;Yyif
OUvm Zeyk'rf S wyk©„bœduukeo f nf nDaemifwk\d
tm; qHawmf7Spfql ay;oem;awmfrlI o7+*Hk ESpfyg;
wnfapcJhonf? qHawmfrsm;udk a7Fwd*HkapwDY Xmyem
wnfapcJhonf? ( a7Fwd*Hkbk7m;/ bœduESifh wyk©
„7?)
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qHawmfy,f7m taemfrm aomifurf;ae7m/ 'kU7p7d,
6 ESp fusifh 7m O&ka0} awmwef ; (r[maA"d
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zuf 6 rkdifcef\)/ aoeed*Hk;7GmrS olaX;orD; okZm
wm •emEdk\qGrf;csuf7mXme/ •emEdk\qGrf;udk bk7m;
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-uavonf?
qdkcJhjyD;aom r[maAm"dyifESifhwuG oWXmewdk\
wnf7Sd7m e,fajrudk bk7m;7Sif vufxufawmftcgu
*,m[k rac:ao;? xdkpOfu *,m[lonf oD;jcm;
a'owck. trnfjzpfonf? jrwfpGmbk7m;onf bk7m;
jzpfawmfrljyD;aemuf "Rmp-umw7m;OD; a[mfawmfrl7ef
r[maAm"dyœifrS wqJ7h pS , f lZemuGma0;aom rd*'g0kef
awmodk\ ajcvsif-uGawmfrl7m r[maAm"dyifESifh *,m
Ak<*,m
.pyf-um;Y Oyutrnf7dS wUwGe;f ESihf awG\qakH -umif;
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™DumYvnf; r[maAm"dESifh *,monf oHk;*g0kwf uGm
a-umif;ajymqdo k nf? r[maAm"dyœif77Sd m e,fajronf
*,me,fwGif tygt0ifjzpfcJhaomf Todk\jyqdk7ef r7Sd
ay? odk\jzpfI jrwfpGmbk7m; yGifhawmfrrlrDuyif r[m
aAm"dyifESifh oHk;*g0kwfa0;aomt7yfY *,m[kac:
aom t7yfoD;jcm;7Sdonf? bk7m;y7ded¤mefjyKjyD;aemuf
wGif *,me,f us,fjyef\vmI r[maAm"dyif7Sdaom
t7yfonf *,me,ftwGi;f 0ifomG ;jyD;v~i/f Ak<bk7m;7Sif
o¤nKw a7FOm+fawmf7jcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;aom a'o
w0dkufudk Ak<*,m[k ac:wGifvmonf? Ak<*,mY
bk7m;7Sif o¤nKwOm+f77Sjd cif;ESihf pyfvsOf;aomae7m
rsm;wGif t"dutxdrf;trSwfrsm; yXrqHk; pwif
pdkufxlcJholrSm taomuac: oD7d"Rmaomurif;-uD;
jzpfavonf?
Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0 ukRm7Dfoif; ? ?
jrefrmukRm7Dtoif;rsm;„7=?
Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0wDtoif; ? ? wGJa7; cGJ
a7;jy©emrsm; ay:aygufvmcJhjyD;aemuf Ak<bmom
jrefrm rdef;rrsm;toif; pcef;odrf;oGm;aomtcg t
rsK;d orD; tzGJ\-uD;[lI rnfrnf77 r7Sdawmhojzihf 1931
ckESpfcef\wGif rif;-uD;uawmf a':jrar/ 0wfvHkuawmf
a':apmwifwkd\u -uD;rŒ;I jrefrm trsKd;orD;tzG\J ukd
wnfaxmif-uonf? ,if;tzGJ\onf vlr=a7;ukdom OD;
pm;ay;I aqmif7GufcJh-u&Hkru tzGJ\0ifrsm;onf bm
omrsKd;pHk jzpfaeojzihf Ak<bmomESihf omoema7;ukdyg
aqmif7u G fEkdif7ef trsKd;orD; toif;wck 7Sdoihfonf[k
,lqonfuwa-umif;/ Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0
toif;[lI7Sdaomfvnf; Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0wD
toif;[lI oD;jcm;r7Sdjcif;/ Ak<bmom uvsm+
,k0toif;wGifvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm; toif;oltjzpf
yg0ifEkdifcGihfr7Sdjcif;a-umihfwa-umif; Ak<bmomuvsm
+ ,k0wD toif;[lI oD;jcm;wnfaxmifcJh-uonf?
Ak<bmom uvsm+ ,k0wDtoif;-uD;ukd 1312 ck
ESp/f wyk\dwvJG jynhaf usmf 3 7uf/ (1951 ckEpS /f azzGm7Dv
24 7uf) ae\wGif wnfaxmifonf? toif;. 7nf
7G,fcsufrsm;rSm Ak<bmom pmay y7d,Wdrsm;ukd
oD;jcm;avhvmqnf;yl; 7SmrSD;a7;ESihf tESH\tjym; jyef\
yGm;xGef;um;a7;wk\dtwGuf aqmif7Guf -udK;yrf;7ef/ 7Sif
153
Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0wDtoif;
7efukejf rdK\ Adkvfwaxmif7yf/ 62 vrf;7Sd Ak<bmom uvsm+
,k0wDtoif;wdkuf
awmfbk7m; a[m-um;cJhonhf w7m;awmfrsm;ukd ukd,f
awG\tm;jzihf enf;rSefvrf;us tm;xkwf qnf;yl;I
aygif;oif;tm;ay;7ef/ Ak<bmom0if tcsi;f csi;f ulnD
,kdi;f yif nDnw G fjcif;ESihf tqihftwef; wkd;wufaprnhf
ta-umif;ukd tm;ay;ulnD7efESihf toif;olrsm;ESihf t
jcm; Ak<bmom0if ykCKd vfrsm;. um,Av/ —m+Av
wkd;wufa7;twGuf aygif;oif;qufqHrl. ta-umif;
ukd jzpfxGef;a7;rsm;twGuf aqmif7Guf7efwkd\jzpfonf?
toif;-uD;. OU}mrSm tjidr;f pm; Edkiif aH wmfw7m;
0ef-uD;csKyf OD;odrf;armif. ZeD; a':apmwif jzpfjyD;
v~if jrdK\awmf7Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;u tr=aqmiftjzpf
yg0ifaqmif7u G fum toif; pwifwnfaxmifonhaf e\rS
pI txufyg 7nf7G,fcsufrsm; atmifjrif7ef Ak<bm
omESifh pyfvsOf;onhf udPrsm;ukd aqmif7Gufco Jh nfom
ru/ 1952 ckEpS f pufwifbmvwGif *syefEdik if HY usi;f y
cJhaom uBmh Ak<bmom uGefz7ihfokd\vnf; ukd,fpm;
vS,f apvFwfcJhonf? ESpfpOf uxdefou‡ef; uyfvSL
jcif;/ ysufpD;,kd,Gif;vsuf7Sdaom bk7m;ausmif;rsm;ukd
jyKjyif7Sif;vif;jcif; ponfh a0,s0PudPrsm;ukd aqmif
7GufcJhonfomru q}o*‡g,emwif yGJawmf-uD;Y
vnf; toif;taejzihf aiGtm; vkyftm; ulnDaqmif
7GufcJhavonf? xkdjyif Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0 t
oif;-u;D rS -uD;rŒ;usi;f yonhf r*‡vm w7m;awmf pmar;yGJ
rsm;wGif pmaumvm;7Spf qk7-uolrsm;tm; paum
vm;7Spfqak y;onhf tcrf;tem;wkdif;wGif toif;-uD;rS
Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0wDtoif; Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0toif;

tau`;tarG;jzihf {nhfcHavonf? toif;-uD;onf Ak<

bmom0if trsKd;orD; tvkyform;rsm;. um,Av/
—m+Av wk;d wufa7;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqrH = ajyjypfpmG
ESihf tzkd;E=e;f oufompGmjzihf wnf;ckEd kdirf nhf a*[m jzpf
ajrmuf7eftwGuf -uD;pm;cJhonhftavsmuf 7efukefjrdK\
62 vrf;wGif toif;ykid f wku d wf vH;k ukd 0,f,I l Ak<bm
omtrsKd;orD; tvkyform;rsm;twGuf wnf;ckdonhf
a*[mESifh toif;wkduf-uD;ukd zGihfvSpfxm;avonf?

Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0toif; ? ? 0dik /f trf/

bD/ attoif;[k jrefrmwd\k todrsm;aeaom Ak<bmom
uvsm+,k0 toif;onf jAdwdo~ vufatmufcH
jrefrmEkdifiHtm; EkdifiHa7;v=yf7Sm;r=udk tpysdK; vrf;xGif
ay;cJhaomtoif;-uD;jzpfonf? c7pf,ef vli,frsm;
.toif;udk 0dik /f trf/ pD/ at [kac:ouJo h \kd Ak<bmom
vli,frsm;.toif;udk twdkaumuftm;jzifh 0dkif/ trf/
bD/ at[kac:onf? t7Snftm;jzifhrl ,ef;rif; Ak<pf
tufppdk Dat7Si;f [k jzpfonf?
Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0toif;udk 1906 (jrefrm
oU7mZf 126^) ckESpfwGif rsdK;cspfpdwf xufoef-u
aom xdkpOftcgu vli,frsm;jzpf-uonfh OD;baz/
trfat OD;armif-uD;ESifh a'gufwmOD;b7ifw\dk 7efukejf rdK\
vefuwfpwmvrf;wGif pwifwnfaxmifcJh-uonf?
xdktcsdefu jrefrmwdk\onf tzdESdyfcHb0 a7mufae7m
toif;tyif;zGJ\r=udk rjyK7Jatmif 7Sdaecsdef jzpfojzifh
tvGefxufo efaom rsdK;cspfpdw f"mwfa-umifho m
atmifjrifpGmzGJ\pnf;EkdifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? toif;.7nf
7G,fcsufrSm trsdK;/ bmom/ omoem/ ynm[laom
ta-umif; 4 yg;udk vlr=0efxrf; vkyfief;wdk\jzifh zGH\jzdK;
atmif aqmif7Guf7efjzpfonf? rsdK;cspfpdwf xufoef
aom vli,frsm;. ZGJvHk\va-umifh toif;-uD;onf
wpwp -uD;yGm;vmcJ7h m/ armfvjrdKi/f yJc;l / ykord /f anmif
av;yif/ [o®mw/ jynf/ rMav;/ ysOf;rem; paom
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jrefrmwEkdifiHvHk;wGif toif;cGJaygif; 400 ausmftxd
ay:aygufcJhavonf? ,if;odk\ toif;-uD;onf wp
wp-uD;yGm;vmonfhtavsmuf 1911 ckESpfwGif vef
uwfpwmvrf;rS vGPvrf;odk\/ xdkrS 1920 jynfhESpw f Gif
ql;avbk7m;vrf;odk\ tqifhqifhajymif;I toif;wdkuf
iSm;um zGifhvSpfEikd v
f mcJo h nf? acwfynmwwf vli,f
rsm;jzpf-uaom OD;yk/ OD;odrf;armif/ OD;pk/ OD;aratmif/
OD;armifarmiftek ;f cdki/f OD;bpD/ OD;oif;armif/ OD;bvd=if/
Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0toif;-uD;ukd pwif ysKd;axmif7mwGif
yg0ifcJhaom rsKd;cspfykCdKvf-uD; OD;baz
OD;pdefvSatmif polwk\dvnf; toif;-uD;wGif 0ifa7muf
aqmif7u G v f mcJ-h uonf?
1911 ckESpfESifh 1914 ckESpfrsm;wGif Ak<bmom
uvsm+,k0toif;. yXrESihf 'kw, d t-udrf nDvmcH
rsm;udk 7efukefjrdK\Yusif;yEdkifcJhonf? 1915 ckESpfwGif
rMav;jrdK\Y wwd,t-udrfajrmuf nDvmcHudkvnf;
aumif;/ 1916 ckEpS w f iG f [o®mwjrKd\Y pwkWt-urd af jrmuf
nDvmcHukv d nf;aumif;/ 191^ ckEpS fwGif ysOf;rem;jrdK\Y
yVrt-udraf jrmuf nDvmcHuv dk nf;aumif; rysurf uGuf
ESpq f ufusi;f yEkid cf o
hJ nf? 191^ ckEpS w f iG f jAdwo
d ~ygvDref
atmufvFwaf wmfY tdNd,jynfqdkif7m 0ef-uD;rGefaw*l
onf jAdwdo~tifydkif,mESifh waygif;wnf;jzpfaom
tdNd,jynfudk udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa7; wpwp ay;tyf
7rnf[laom jyXmef;csufudk ausnmvdkufonf? xdk
ausnmcsufudk pdwf0ifpm;rdaom Ak<bmom uvsm+
,k0toif;onf EdkifiHa7;e,fxJodk\ pwif0ifa7muf
vmcJhonf? 191^ ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif tdNd,jynf
qkdi7f m 0ef-uD; rGefaw*l/ tdNd,jynf bk7ifcHcsKyf avmh
csrf;pzd\kwk\dESihf awG\qkI H jrefrmhtcGiht f a7; awmif;qd7k ef
0dik /f trf/ bD/ at toif;rS ud, k fpm;vS,frsm; jzpfaom
OD;az/ OD;baz/ OD;aratmif/ OD;pkwdk\tm; umvuWm;

154
 Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0toif;
0kdif/ trf/ bD/ at ac: Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0toif;-uD;ukd a7S\aqmifwnfaxmifay;cJh-uonhf rsKd;cspfykCdKvf
trf/ at OD;armif-uD; (0J) ESihf a'gufwm OD;b7if (,m)
jrdK\odk\apvFwfonf? odk\7mwGif 1918 ckESpf ZGefvwGif
xGuaf y:vmaom rGefaw*l„csr;f pzdk\ tpD7ifcpH mY jref
rmjynftwGuf tkycf sKyrf = jyKjyifajymif;vJa7; axmufcH
csufrsm;ryg7Sdojzifh 1919 ckEpS f arv 18 7ufae\wiG f
0dki/f trf/ bD/ at udk,fpm;vS,rf sm;jzpfaom OD;baz/
OD;ykEiS fh OD;xGef;7Sed fw\dktm; Advwfo\dk apvFwfI awmif;
qdkapjyefonf? odk\7mwGif jAdwdo~wdk\u jrefrmwdk\.
awmif;qdkcsufudk vspfvsLjyKjrJjyKvsuf7Sdonf? xdk\
a-umifh 1920 jynhEf SpfwGif OD;baz/ OD;yk/ OD;odrf;armif
wkd\tm; apvFwfawmif;qdkjyef7m tdNd,jynfESifh wef;
wltyk cf sKyaf 7; ay;ygrnfqakd om uwdukd Advwftpd;k 7
xHrS 77Scd ahJ vonf?
Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0toif;onf ,if;od\k wp
wp EdkifiHa7;e,fy,fwGif;odk\ 0ifa7mufcJh7m/ jrefrm
wEdkifiHvHk; ysH\ESH\ausmf-um;cJhonf? 191^ ckESpf yVr
t-udrfajrmuf nDvmcHudk ysOf;rem;jrdK\wGif usif;yjyD;
aemuf 1918 ckEpS fwiG f q}r t-udraf jrmuf nDvmcHukd
armfvjrdKifjrdK\Yvnf;aumif;/ 1919 ckESpfwiG f oWrt
-udrfajrmufnDvmcHudk ykodrfjrdK\Yvnf;aumif;/ 1920
jynfEh pS wf iG f t}rt-urd af jrmufnv D mcHukd jynfjrdK\Yvnf;
aumif;usif;ycJh-uonf? t}rt-udrf ajrmufnDvmcH
155
-uD;Yyif Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0toif;xuf Ekid if aH 7;udk
ydrk u
kd s,jf yef\pmG aqmif7u
G Ef idk 7f ef ,if;ESithf vm;wl toif;
aygif; 2000 udk pkaygif;I *s/D pD/ bD/ at ac: jrefrm
toif;csKyf-uD; wnfaxmif7ef qHk;jzwfvdkuf-uonf?
(*s/D pD/bD/at„7=?)
*sD/ pD/ bD/ at toif;-uD; ay:aygufvmjyD;aemuf
1921 ckESpfwGif rMav;jrdK\Y e0rt-udrfajrmuf nD
vmcH-uD; usif;yjyD;onfrSpI Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0
toif;ESihf ,if;. vkyif ef;wd\konf wjznf;jznf; arS;rSed f
vmcJhonf? 0dkif/trf/bD/at toif;tr=aqmif vl-uD;
rsm;yif/ *s/D pD/bD/at toif;Yyg0ifaeojzifh *sD/pD/bD/at
toif;vkyfief;ESifhyif rtm;rvyf 7Sdae-uaoma-umifh
0dik /f trf/bD/at toif;rSm avmif;7drfrdaom opfyifi,f
uJhok\d nd|K;rSed v
f mcJ7h onf? ,if;od\k uHZmwmarS;rSed af om
tcsed fydki;f wGif 192^„28 ckEpS f OU}-uD; 0wfvaHk wmf7
OD;bpD vufxufY 0dki/f trf/bD/at toif;wkduu f dk vl
pnfum;7m ql;avbk7m;vrf;rS pywfvrf;odk\ ajymif;
a7F\cJh7onf? 1929 ckESpf OU}-uD; OD;armifarmiftkef;
cdik f vufxufwiG f yef;qd;k wef;odk\ ajymif;a7F\chI J / 1935
ckEpS t f xd wnf7cdS ho J nf? 1935 ckESpw f iG f OU} 0wfvkH
awmf7 OD;odr;f armif vufxufY pywfvrf;ESihf 'gv[dk
ZDvrf;axmifhodk\ wzef ajymif;a7F\um 3 ESpf zGifhvSpfcJh
Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0toif;
jyD;aemuf 1938 ckESpfwGif ,ckvuf7Sd a7ausmfvrf;
toif;wdkuf ae7modk\ ajymif;a7F\cJhonf? 1952 ckESpf
wGif taqmufttHo k pf aqmufvyk fEkid cf o Jh nf?
Ak<bmomuvsm+,k0toif;. vkyfief;rsm;udk
vnf; 1932 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 5 7ufae\wiG f usi;f yaom
tpnf;ta0;-uD;u twdtus qHk;jzwfcsufcscJhonf?
0dik /f trf/ bD/ at toif;onf rnfonft h cgr~ wkid ;f a7;
jynfrw = iG f aqmif7u
G f7ef7,
G 7f ,
G If zGJ\pnf;aom toif;
r[kwcf jhJ cif;a-ummifh toif;. pnf;urf;Oya'wGif azmf
jyxm;aom omoema7;/ bmoma7;/ ynma7;ESifh
usef;rma7;wdk\udkomv~if aqmif7Gufrnfjzpfa-umif;
qHk;jzwfI wduspGm aqmif7GufcJh-uonf? xdkqHk;jzwf
csufESifhtnD qufvufaqmif7GufcJh7m/ ppftjyD;wGif
xdt k oif;. vkyfief;rsm; ydkrdkc7D;a7mufco Jh nf? pm7dW
r@dKif jyefvnfxlaxmif7ef r*®vmw7m;awmf pmar;
yGJrsm;usif;yjcif;/ usef;rma7;twGuf ajy;yGJ jydKifyGJ
rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;/ ynma7;twGuf bmoma7;ESifh ynm
a7; pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; xkwfa0jcif;/ a[majymyGJrsm;
usi;f yjcif;wd\kukd aqmif7u G 7f m Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0
toif;onf EkdifiHt0ef;Y xif7Sm;vmcJhonf? toif;
-uD;rS-uD;rSL;I jrefrmEdkifiHw0ef;wGif r*®vmw7m;
awmf pmar;yGJrsm;udk ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; usif;ycJh7m/ 12
-udrfajrmuf r*®vmpmar;yGJ jyD;pD;csdefY pmar;yGJ 0if
a7mufajzqdkjyD; olaygif; 25^ô511 a,muf7SdjyD; jzpf
avonf? r*®vmpaumvm;7Spf pmoifqkay;yGJrsm;
udk Ekid if HawmfoRw-uD;u ESppf Ofcs;D ajr|mufco hJ nf?
Ak<bmomudk EkdifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jy}mef;7ef
Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0toif;onf jrefrmEkid if H vGwf
vyfa 7; r7rDuyif -udK;pm;aqmif7 Guf cJ ho nf ?
1960 jynfhEpS f arv 16 7ufae\wiG f Ekid if aH wmftpd;k 7u
cef\tyfzGJ\pnf;aom EkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfajrmufa7;
t-uHay;tzGJ\wGif Ttoif;-uD;rS em,u-uD;jzpfaom
owd;k oD7o d "k R tCr[moa7pnfol tjidr;f pm; w7m;
vFwfawmf w7m;0ef-uD;csKyf OD;odrf;armif/ OU}csyf
oif;olaX; pnfolOD;bwif/ r[moa7pnfol tjidrf;
pm; w7m;0ef-uD; OD;tkef;az/ 'kwd,OU} oD7dysHcsD
jrdK\awmf0efa[mif; OD;armifarmifpaom toif;0if
vl-uD;rsm;yg0ifaqmif7GufcJhonf? xdkaemuf 0dkif/ trf/
bD/ at toif;-uD;uyif acgif;aqmifI 7efukefjrdK\v;kH
qkdif7m Ak<bmomtoif;aygif;pHk. tpnf;ta0;rsm;
udkac:I A[dkaumfrDwD zGJ\jyD;v~if/ 0dkif/trf/bD/at t
oif;wkdufY EdkifiHawmfbmomjzpfajrmufa7;udk aqmif
156
Ak<0g'
7Gu-f uonf? A[dak umfrw D w
D Gif OU}ESifh twGi;f a7;rŒ;
rsm;tjzpf 0dkif/trf/bD/atrS OU} csyfoif;oaX; pnf
olO;D bwifEiS hf twGi;f a7;rSL; OD;tke;f cdik fw\dkuyif aqmif
7Guf-uonf? EkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfajrmufa7;twGuf
ausmif;xdkifq7mawmfrsm;tzGJ\. -o0g'udk cH,lI
q7m'g,um yl;aygif;aqmif7Guf-uonf? 7Srf;jynf
e,fESihf u7ifjynfe,frsm;odk\ q7mawmfrsm; -uGa7muf
I jynfe,fvlxk. EkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfajrmufa7;
axmufcHr=udk tvSLcHjcif;/ jynfe,ftrwfrsm;.
axmufcHcsufwdk\uk7d ,ljcif; paom udPrsm;ukd aqmif
7Gufco Jh nf? ,if;ok\d jrefrmEkid if H t7yf7yfwGif Ekdiif aH wmf
bmom jzpfajrmufa7;udk wnDwnGwfwnf; 0ifa7muf
-udK;yrf;aqmif7GufEkdifcrJh a= -umifh jrefrmoU7mZf 1323
ckEpS f (1961) 0gacgifvjynfh paeae\wiG f Ak<bmomudk
EkdiHawmf bmomtjzpf vFwfawmf 2 7yfaygif; tpnf;
ta0;u rJ 324 rJjzifh atmifjrifpGm twnfjyKEkdifcJh
avonf?
Ak<bmom uvsm+,k0 toif;-uD;wGif ,cktcg
toif;om; waxmifausmfr~7SdI acwfumvt
avsmuf EkdifiHY vdktyfaom udPrsm;udk rD;7SL;wef
aqmifozG,f a7S\aqmifvrf;jy jyKvkyfcJhaom wEkdifiH
vHk;wGif xif7Sm;onf\ touf0g7ifh toif;-uD;jzpfav
onf?
Ak<0g' ? ? Ak<0g'[lonf jrwfpmG bk7m;ud, k af wmf
wdkif cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmI a[m-um;awmfrltyfaom w7m;
a'oemawmfjrwf jzpfayrnf? w7m;a'oemawmfudk
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmI a[m-um;awmfrlwwfaoma-umifh
jrwfpmG bk7m;onf 0db%0g'D jzpfawmfral -umif;udk t7Sif
r[m armCvdyW k wd©rax7fjrwfu oD7"d Rmaomu
rif;-uD;tm; rdef\awmfrb l ;l avonf? jrwfpGmbk7m;onf
[kwfreS w f dki;f aom oabmw7m;rsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwjf zmI
w7m;a'oemawmfudk rnfodk\rnfyHka[m -um;xm;
onfudk xif7Sm;apOD;tHh?
jrwfpmG bk7m; ryGihrf D tvGeaf 7S;usaom umvrSpI
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trnfudkcH,lvsuf txl;xl;aom t,l0g'rsm;udk
wDxGif a[m-um;ae-uaom wdšdq7m-uD;wd\k trsm;
tjym; ay:xGufcJ-h uavonf? txl;tm;jzifh wdšd
q7m-uD; 6 OD;wdk\onf ol\xufigom 0g'jydKifae
-uavonf? wdšdq7m-uD;wdk\. xdkt,l0g'wdk\onf
rnfr~yifrsm; jym;aomfvnf; tusOf;tm;jzifh o©w
 Ak<0g'
'd}/d Oa>''d}d [laom tpGe;f wckco k \dk oufa7mufaom
tW0g'rsdK;om jzpfavonf?
bk7m;tavmif;awmfonf xdt k ,l0g'rsm;udk pl;prf;
qifjcifawmfrlI rd>mt,l0g'rsm;jzpfa-umif; odawmf
rljyD;v~if xdtk ,l0g'rSm;-uD; ESpyf g;ESiw fh uG xdt
k ,l0g'
7Sdolw\dk. usifhpOfrsm; jzpf-uaom
(u) umrokcœdumEka,m* ac: umrcsrf;om
udkcpH m;jcif;ESifh ,SOfaomtusifh/
(c) tWudvrxmEka,m* ac: rdrdudk,fudk yif
yef;qif;7Japjcif;ESifh,SOaf omtusi/fh
[laom Ttusifh ESpfrsdK;pvHk;udkyif y,f7Sm;I r«dr
y™dy'gac: tv,ftvwf usifhpOfudk usifhawmfrlI
bk7m;tjzpfo\kd a7mufawmfral vonf?
bk7m;jzpfawmfrljyD;aemuf av;qJhig;0g umvywf
vHk; a[m-um;awmfrlaom w7m;a'oemawmfwdk\um;
tvGefus,f0ef; rsm;jym;vifhupm; tusOf;csKH ; aoWK
ppfvku d v
f ~if
(1) qif;7Jjcif; trSefw7m; /
(2) qif;7Jjkcif; udk jzpfapaom trSefw7m;
(3) qif;7Jjcif; csKyfjidrf;7m trSefw7m; /
(4) qif;7Jjcif; csKyfjidrf;7modk\a7mufa-umif; t
usiht f rSefw7m;
[laom trSew f 7m; av;csuo f k\dom ouf0ifayonf?
xdktrSefw7m;av;csufudk yg–dbmomjzifh 'kQoPm/
ork',oPm/ eda7m"oPm/ rCoPm[k ac:qdkav
onf? xdka-umifh ToPmav;yg;onfyifv~if tajccH
Ak<0g'jzpfonf?
'kQoPm
xdak v;yg;wd\kwiG f 'kQoPm0ifjzpfaom avmuDemrf
&kyfw7m;[lor~onf r7yfrpJ rwnfrjrJ csKyfaysmuf
ysufpD;vsuf7Sd.? csKyfaysmufysufpD;7mY topftopf
tpm;0ifa7muf jzpfay:vmaoma-umifhom csKyf
aysmufysufpD;vsufaea-umif; rodrjrifEdkif7Sd-uonf?
Todk\jzpfor~ ysuf7jcif; rjrJaom oabmw7m;udk
tedPac:.? jzpfay:7mYvnf;aumif;/ ysupf ;D 7mYvnf;
aumif; ol.obm0twkid ;f omjzpfonf? rnfol wOD;w
a,mufur~ tpdk;w7jyKjyifvyk fukid f pDrH7onf r[kw/f
jyKjyifprD Hvyk u
f ikd Ef dik o
f l tpdk;7ol[I
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teWac:onf? Todk\ ig olwyg; a,musfm; rdef;r
157
tW toufvdyfjym tpdk;7olr7SdbJ obm0twkdif;
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jzpfawmh.? ,if;udk 'kQoPm[kac:onf?
ork',oPm
xdk'kQoPmonf rnfonfhta-umif;a-umifh jzpf
ay:vmoenf;[k pdppf7efvdktyfayonf? xdk'kQoPm
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aomfvnf; t7if;cH OD;pD; t-uD;trm;qHk;aom t
a-umif;rSm w+Smavmbyif jzpfay.?
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t-udKuf7Smum wG,fwmrufarm 7csif,lcsif-uaom
a-umifh tyifyef;tqif;7JcHum aumif;aumif;qdk;qdk;
trsdK;rsdK;aom tvkyfrsm;udk jyKvkyf-u7m/ aumif;
aomtvkyfa-umifh aumif;aomtm&Hk aumif;aom
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aumif;aomtm&Hk raumif;aom b0wdk\udk 77Sd-u.?
,if;wdk\77Sd-uonfh taumif;tqdk; trsdK;rsdK;aom tm
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w+Sm avmb csKyfaysmufojzifhyif tusdK;jzpfaom
qif;7Jjcif; trsdK;rsdK; topfwzef rjzpfjyefbJ csKyf
aysmufav7um; jidrf;at;jcif; csrf;om oMdokc
onf qif;7Jjcif; csKyfjidrf;7m trSew
f 7m; jzpfavonf?
,if;udk ‘‘eda7m"oPm’’ [kac:onf? Ak<0g'Dwk\d tjrwf
qHk;xm;tyfonfh ed¤mef w7m;-uD;aywnf;?
rCoPm
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jidrf;at;jcif; oabmw7m;omjzpfo nfh oMdokc
"mwfe¤d mef tjrwfw7m;-uD;onf jyKvkyfpDrHwwfaom
ta-umif;w7m; r7Sdaomfvnf;/ ,if;odk\ qdkufa7muf
apEdkifonfh ta-umif;w7m;um; 7Sdayao;.? xdk
ta-umif;w7m;um; tjcm;r[kwf r«dr y™dy'gac:
tv,ftvwf usipfh Ofyif jzpf.?
xdt k v,ftvwf usiphf Ofuykd œif ed¤mefo\dk oGm;7m
vrf;ozG,fjzpfI rC[k ac:jyefonf? ,if;rConf
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o*®g,emwif-uum w7m;awmft,ltq c`wfacsmf
onfrsm;udk n|dEdi= f;twnfjyK-uonf?
omoem*d+ k ;f uGJjcif;
,if;odk\ Ak<omoemawmfudk rysufr,Gif;atmif
q7mtpOftqufwdk\ xdef;odrf;onfh-um;rSyif 7[ef;
wdk\rusifhoHk;tyfaom t"Rw7m; 10 yg;udk usifhoHk;
tyfonf[k t,l7SdcJh-uaom 0%Dwdkif;om; tv%Drsm;
onf 'kwd,o*®g,em. tqHk;tjzwfudk vufrcHbJ
7[ef;waomif;yg0ifaom r[moH•du tzGJ\wck
pifjydKifzGJ\pnf;-uonf? "Rt,ltqa-umifh r[kwfbJ
0denf;awmft,ltquGJI uGJch7J aom *dk+f; 2 *dk+f; 7Sd
onfhteuf w*dk+;f udk or&kd;us*dk+;f / tjcm;w*dk+f;
udk jyKjyifa7;*dk+f;[kac:onf? r[moH•du *dk+;f 0if
rsm;u olwdk\.*dk+f;udk or&kd;us*dk+f;[k ,lqcJh-u
aomfvnf; jynfh7Sifrif;rsm;u axmufyHh udk;uG,fr=
rjyKcJh-uI omoemwGif rvFrf;rdk;EkdifcJh-uacs? 'kwd,
o*®g,emwifjyD;aemuf tESpf 100 ausmftwGif; Ak<
omoemawmf qufvuf jyef\yGm;cJhaomfvnf; oH•m
*dk+;f -uD; uGJr=rStpjyKI *dk+;f i,fuav;rsm; wpwp
uGvJ mjyefonf?
omoemoU7mZf 218 ckESpfwGif arm7d,EkdifiH
xD;eef;udk qufcHaom oD7d"Rmaomurif;-uD;onf
rdrdudk;uG,f7if;jzpfaom jAm¦+t,l0g'udk pGef\um
Ak<t,l0g'udk ul;ajymif;udk;uG,fonfh tcsdefrSpI
Ak<omoemudk tvGefjcD;ajr|mufawmfrlaom bk7if
jzpfonf? EkdifiHawmftwGif;Y w7m;"Rrsm; a[majym
apjcif;/ "Rw7m;awmftwkdif; qHk;raomtrdef\awmf
rsm;udk -um7SnfpGm raysmufrysuf wnfwHh pdrfhaomiSg
ausmufwdkifrsm;/ ausmufjym;rsm;/ ausmuf*lvdk+f
. eH7rH sm;ay:wGif u$nf;xGi;f I pdu k fxjl cif;/ bk7m;.
arGawmf "mwfawmfrsm;udk pkaqmif;7SmazGI xlyg7Hk
apwDaygif; 7Spfaomif;av;axmifudk te,fe,fY
wnfjcif;wdk\jzifh omoemudk csD;yifhawmfrlonf? odk\7m
wGif oD7d"Rmaomurif;-uD;onf wu,fh or&kd;us
*dk+f;udkom tm;ay;jcD;ajr|mufjyD;v~if wdšdrsm;udk ESdrf
eif;awmfral omtcg wdšrd sm;onf pm;7mrJh aomuf7mrJh
jzpf-uavonf? xdktcg wdšdrsm;onf ou®ef;0wfI
7[ef;awmfwdk\ESifh a7maESmaeojzifh 7[ef;aumif;
wdk\onf wdš7d [ef;wd\kESifh twlwuG y0g7+mrjyKbJ
ae-uavonf? OykofrjyKaom 7[ef;wdk\tm; trwf
 Ak<omoem0if
rdkufwk\du owfypfojzifh 7[ef;aumif;rsm;pGm aoa-u
ysufpD;cJh7onf? xdkaemufrS armC vdykWwd©rax7f
udkyifhI 7[ef;aumif; 7[ef;qdk; a7G;cs,f pDppfum
omoemawmfukd oef\pifaponf?
ud;k wdik ;f udk;Xmeodk\omoemysH\ESH\yHk
omoemawmf. -uD;pGmaomab;7efudk Todk\
jidrf;apjyD;aomf oD7d"Rmaomurif;onf omoem
oU7mZf 235 ckESpw f Gif y7d,Wd omoemawmf-uD;udk
wpHkwa,mufaom 7efolwdk\ 0ifa7mufaESmifh,Suf
jcif;iSg rpGrf;Ekdifatmif wm;jrpfapmifha7Smufaom
taejzifh yg™vdykwfjynf tmaomum&Hk ausmif;awmf
Y 7SifarmCvdyW k wd© rax7ftm; trŒ;xm;I oH•m
aygif; 6 oef;wd\kjzifh wwd, o*®g,em wifawmfral v
onf? wwd, o*®g,emobifukd or&kd;us*dk+f;jzpf
aom ax7m0g'*dk+f;0ifrsm;uom oD;oef\usif;y
ouJhok\djzpfum r[moH•du*dk+f;0ifw\dku todtrSwf
rjyKbJae-uavonf? odk\7mwGif jynfh7Sifrif;u jcD;
ajr|mufaxmufyHhaom obifjzpfojzifh wwd,o*®g
,emyGJonf txl;yif atmifjrifcJhavonf? ,if;
o*‡g,em obifrS ay:aygufvmaom tusdK;aus;
Zl;rSm tD*spf/ *7d/ ta7S\Oa7myEkdifiHrsm;/ tdNd,t
aemufajrmufEkdifiHrsm;/ awmifzufpGef;7Sd jynfe,f
rsm;ESifh oD[dk–fu`ef;/ jrefrmEkdifiHESifh tm7Sta7S\awmif
zufu`ef;pkrsm; ponfh udk;wdkif;udk;Xmewdk\odk\ "R'lw
ac: omoemhwrefrsm; apvFwfI omoemjyKap
jcif;jzpfonf? xdktcsdefwGif ZºL'dyfu`ef;tvHk;onf
ou®ef;a7mifjzifh ajymifajymifawmufI Ak<omoem
oH;k 7yfonf ae0ef;-u;D yrm tvGeyf if xGe;f vif; awmuf
yaom acwfjzpfco Jh nf?
oD[–dk fu`e;f odk\Ak<omoema7muf7ySd Hk
,if;odk\ omoemjyKvFwfonfwdk\teuf oD7d"Rm
aomurif;-uD;. om;awmf 7Sifr[dN trŒ;7Sdonfh
oD[–dk fu`e;f omoemjyK "R'lwvkyif ef;onf tatmif
jrifqHk;jzpfonf? xdka-umifhyif Ak<omoem pwif
aygufzGm;7m tdNd,EkdifiHwGif ax7m0g'*dk+;f . tpOf
tvmrsm;/ pmayy7d,Wdrsm; aemiftcg vHk;0
aysmufuG,fonfhtcgwGif oD[dk–fu`ef;Y xGe;f um;
usefEdkifcjJh cif; jzpfonf? 7Sifr[dN. a[majym qHk;rr=
a-umifhyif rif;ESifhwuG wdkif;oljynfom;rsm; Ak<t,l
0g'udk ouf0if-unfndK vm-uonf? 7Sifr[d<onf
162
ESrawmf o•®rš d max7Dudk oD[–dk u f `ef;odk\yifI
h tEk–m
rif;orD;ESifh 7Ha7Gawmfrsm;tm; bdQKeDtjzpf oGwf
oGif;apcJhonf? xdk\a-umifh tdNd,jynfrrS tywGif
bdQKeDo• H tzGJ\ wnfaoma'oonf oD[dk–f wEkdifiH
om7Sod nfukd awG\7onf?
ax7ft7Sif tqufqufw\kd E=ww f uf tm*Hak qmifI
xdef;odrf;cJhaom yd™uwfok;H yHkukd wdr;f yg; aysmufysuf
rnfpdk;ojzifh omoem oU7mZf 450 jyn\fESpfwGif
oD[dk–fu`ef;Y 0 *gr+drif;-uD; vufxufY 7[Mm
rax7f-uD; 500 trŒ;xm;I rv, Zeyk'/f tmaomu
vd+k fwGif o*®g,emobifusi;f yI t}uxmESiw hf uG
yd™uwfawmfukd ayxuftQ7mwifonf? ,if; o*®g
,emobifukd tdN, d jynfr7Sd r[moH•u d *d+k ;f 0ifw\ukd
todtrSwrf jyKaomfvnf; ax7m0g'*d+ k ;f . pwkšo*®g
,emobiftjzpf Ak<omoem0ifwGif xif7Sm;onf?
r[m,me*dk+f; oD;jcm;ay:vmjcif;
omoem oU7mZf 255 ckEpS fwiG f oD7d"Rmaomu
rif;-uD; ewf7mG pHawmfrlaomtcg t&kdut f 7mudk quf
cH-uaom rif;tqufqufonf Ak<omoemY -unfnKd
jcif; ,kwfavsmhvm-uonf? tcsdK\ okawoDwdk\.
tqdkt7/ xdkrif;rsm;onf omoemawmfudk t-unf
ndK ysufonfr[kwfbJ omoem0efxrf; 7[ef;rsm;udk
t-unfndKysufjcif;om jzpfonf[k od7onf? ,if;
odk\jzifh tvGef xGef;vif;cJhonfh Ak<omoemawmf-uD;
onf wjznf;jznf; n|dK;rSdefoGm;avonf? odk\7mwGif
rif;-uD;ewf7GmpHjyD;aemuf tESpf 200 cef\t-um tdNd
, taemufajrmufydkif;udk *7dvlrsdK;wdk\ odrf;ydkufaom
tcg *7dw\dk. oabmxm;-uD;r=a-umifh omoemawmf
xGef;um;vmjyefonf? *7db7k if tquftEG,fjzpfaom
areNac: rdvdNbk7ifonf 7Sifem*aoe rax7fESifh
awG\jyD;aemuf Ak<w7m;awmfudk aqG;aEG;-um;em7onfh
tcg omoemh'g,umjzpfvmonf? rdvdNESifh 7Sifem*
aoewdk\. aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk pkaygif;I rdvdNyO|m
usrf;[k xif7Sm;vsuf7Sdonf? rdvdNyO|musrf;onf
orm;&kd;us*dk+;f 0if r[kwfolrsm;udk or&k;d us*k+d f;0if
jyefjzpfvmEkdifapaom usrf;-uD;[k Ak<omoem0if
qkdif7m okawoDwk\du rSwfcsufcs-uonf?
rdvdNrif;-uD; ewf7GmpHjyD;aemuf arS;rSdefoGm;aom
tdNd,jynfrrSm Ak<omoemonf omoem oU7mZf
622 ckEpS wf iG f uedou
d rif;vufxufo\kad 7mufaomf jyef
vnfxeG f;vif;vmjyefonf? uedou d rif;onf oD7"d Rm
 Ak<omoem0if

aomurif;uJho\kyd if tdN, d Edkifiu H kd Ak<bmom Edik if aH wmf cJhI [dNLomoemt,ltqrsm; Ak<omoemxJY

jzpfvmatmif aqmif7u G fawmfrlonf? xdak cwfwGif t a7maESmvmcJhjyefonf? omoem oU7mZf 1100
xl;ojzifh xD;eef;pdkuf7m yk&ko~yk7(,ckyuf70S gjrdK\) ae cef\wGif xdka'oodk\ [ef;vlrsdK;rsm; tvHk;t7if;ESifh
jynfawmfrpS I ajrmufzufwvFm; tm7Swu dk f tv,fyikd ;f csDwufodrf;ydkufjyD;aemuf 7[ef;ausmif;awmfrsm;/
ESifh w&kyfEdik fiHodk\ Ak<omoem jyef\ymG ;cJhavonf? ued pmoifwdkufrsm; ponfh Ak<omoedu taqmufttHk
odurif;onf usrf;*efwwf oH•mawmfrsm;udkyifhI rsm;udkzsufq;D I 7[ef;awmfrsm;udk owfjcif;/ yd™uwf
Ak<omoemawmfY wif7Sdaom tnpfta-u;ESifh t,l awmfrsm;udk rD;7=d\jcif;wdk\udk jyKvkyf-uojzifh Ak<om
tq rSm;,Gif;csuf ay:aygufvmonfrsm;udk okwf oemawmf-uD;onf txl;yif nd|K;EGrf;cJh7onf?
oif7ef o*®g,emobif usi;f ycJo h nf? ,if; o*®g,em ,if;od\k omoem n|Kd ;rSdecf 7Jh mrS omoem oU7mZf
obifukd orm;7d;k us*+ kd ;f . *d+ k ;f cGjJ zpfaom o¤Wd*+ kd ;f 1149 ckESpfwGif eef;wufaom [mo~bk7ifonf Ak<
u -uD;rŒ;usif;yonf? bk7m;w7m;awmfrsm;ESifh pyf omoem0ifj zpfo nfhtavsmuf omoemawmfudk
vsOf;aom t}uxmopfrsm;udk ax7m0g' tpOf tvGef csD;yifhojzifh omoemawmf xGef;vif;cJh7jyef
tvmt7 yg–dbmomjzifh rzGifhbJ oo®u&kd™f bmom onf? xdkrif;vufxuf evN Ak<wUodkvf-uD;onf
jzifh zGifhonfudkaxmufI ,if;o*®g,emobifonf tvGef xif7Sm;ausmfapmvSonf? odk\7mwGif [mo~
ax7m0g'*d+ k ;f ESifh qef\usifa-umif; odomonf? rif; ewf7GmpHjyD;aemuf Ak<omoemonf wjznf;jznf;
xdt
k csed wf iG f tcsi;f csi;f vnf; oabmuGv J I
JG ax7m n|Kd ;rSed v
f mjyefonf? omoem oU7mZf 1500 cef\wiG f
0g'*d+ k ;f ESihf qef\usifaeaom *dk+f;tm;vH;k onf uGJvJG tdNd,Ekdiif H r*"wdki;f udk ygvrif;rsm; tkypf ;kd aomtcg
aeonfh t,ltqrsm;udk n|dE=dif;I oabmwlnDcsuf Ak<omoemonf tdNd,EkdifiHY aemufqHk;taeESifh
jyKvkyfum r[m,me*dk+f;[laom Ak<omoem*dk+f; xGef;awmufcJhjyefonf? bk7ifrsm; udk,fwkdifomoem
w*d+ k ;f xlaxmif-uonf? o¤Wd*+ kd ;f u -u;D rŒ;usi;f y udk csD;yifhcJh-uojzifh Ak<omoemjyefvnf xGef;vif;cJh
aom o*®g,emobifudk ax7m0g'*k+ d ;f 0ifw\dku ,if; jcif;jzpfonf? Ak<wUodv k frsm;Y ynmqnf;yl;-uaom
wk\d. pwkš o*‡g,emobiftjzpf todtrSwjf yK-u 7[ef;awmfrsm;onf ta7S\awmiftm7SEkdifiHrsm;odk\ om
onf? Tonfuadk xmufI ,if;tcsed w f Gif ax7m0g' oemjyK7ef -uGa7muf-uavonf? wdAufEidk if rH S Ak<om
Ak<omoemonf oD[dk–u f `ef;Yom xGef;um;vsuf7SdI oemudv k nf; ygvEkid if rH S 7[ef;ynm7Srd sm;yif jyKjyifrrG ;f
tdNd,jynfrY r[m,me Ak<omoem xGef;um;csdef rHay;cJ-h uonf? ,if;od\k omoemawmf xGe;f vif;vmcJh
jzpfa-umif; odomonf? pwkšo*®g,emtjyD;wGif aomfvnf; omoemoU7mZf 1500 ausmfwGif tP
uedodurif; tkyfpdk;aom *¶m7wdkif;onf r[m,me vrf t,l0g'Drsm; tdNd,EkdifiHudk tkyfcsKyfaomtcg
Ak<omoem pnfyifwdk;wuf7mXmewck jzpfvmonf? Ak<omoemawmfonf tdNd,EdkifiHY arS;rSdefoGm;um
r[m,me*dk+;f u -uD;rŒ;wnfaxmifaom wUoDv vHk;0uG,faysmufouJhodk\ jzpfoGm;awmhonf?
tp7SdonfhjrdK\rsm;rS Ak<wUodkvfrsm;odk\ 7[ef;rsm;/ vl
ykCdKvfrsm;/ Ak<omoem0if r[kwfaomykCdKvfrsm;/ ax7m0g'ESihrf [m,me*dk+f;uGv J cGJ suf
wdAufEiS hf w&kyfEidk fiHwdk\rS 7[ef;ESifh okawoDrsm;onf Ak<omoem. rlv*dk+f;uG-J uD;jzpfaom ax7m0g'
Ak<t,l0g'udk oif,l7ef vm-uonf? tdNd,jynfrY ESifh r[m,me*dk+f; 2 *dk+f;pvHk;. tajccHoabm
-uGif;usefaeao;aom ax7m0g'*dk+f;0ifrsm;yif ,if; w7m;rsm;onf oPm 4 yg;/ rCif 8 yg;/ uH/ uH.tusKd ;
wUodv k rf sm;wGif r[m,me*dk+;f . tbd"Rmudk vm w7m;/ teWw7m;/ r*fw7m;/ zdkvfw7m; ponfjzifh
a7mufavhvm-uonf? (r[m,me„7=? ) twlwlyifjzpfaomfvnf; "Rt,ltqwGif uGJvGJcsuf
7Sd-uayonf? jrwfpGmbk7m;a[m-um;aom w7m;
tdNd,EdkifiHY omoemvHk;0arS;rSdeo
f Gm;yHk awmfonf oGQmw*dk+f;ESit fh nD tp/ tv,f/ tqH;k
wdwdusus jynfhpHkjyD;om; jzpfojzifh ,if;w7m;awmf
omoemoU7mZf 900 ausmfwGif Ak<omoem0if wdk\udk vdkufemusifh-uH tm;xkwfjcif;/ raysmufrysuf
rif;rsm;ewf7GmpHI [dNLomoem0ifrif;rsm; pdk;pHaom atmif aumif;pGm apmifha7Smufjcif;wdk\om jyKzdk\vkdonf
tcg tdNd,ajrmufydkif;wGif Ak<omoemawmf n|dK;rSdef [k ax7m0g'*d+ k f;0ifrsm;u ,lq-uonf? r[m,me

163
 Ak<omoem0if
*dk+f;0ifrsm;url jrwfpGmbk7m;a[m-um;cJhaom w7m;
awmfonf t7if;cHw7m;r~om jzpfonfhtwGuf ,if;
udk tajcjyKjyD; wdk;wuf -uHqEkdifzk\dvo dk nf[k ,lq-u
onf? ax7m0g'*dk+f;0ifrsm;u jrwfpGmbk7m; w7m;
awmf 0denf;awmfwdk\udk vdkufemusifhoHk;oifhonf[k
,lqI r[m,me*dk+f;0ifwdk\u jrwfpmG bk7m;tay:Y
o<g,Hk-unfjcif;7Sd&Hkr~EiS fh r*fzdkvftxd tqifhqifh7Ekdif
onf[k ,lq-uonf?
,if;odk\ tajccHoabmwlvsuf t,ltq uGJuGJ
aom omoem*dk+;f -uD; 2 *dk+;f onf tm7Swdkuf 3 yHk
2 yHkcef\wdkiaf tmif ysH\EH\ScJhonf? r[m,me Ak<omoem
*dk+f;onf ,ck uÆD7jynfe,fudk tajcjyKI [dr0Mm
ajrmufykid ;f eDayg/ wdAuf/ w&ky/f *syef/ &k7S/ wl7uDw\dk
od\kjyef\I ax7m0g' Ak<omoemonf [dr0Mm awmif
ydkif; jrefrm/ oD[dk–f/ ,d;k ',m;/ uaºmZ/ vmtdk EdkifiH
wdk\ok\d ysH\ESH\onf? xdka-umifh r[m,me*dk+f;udk ajrmuf
ydik ;f omoem*d+ k f;[k ac:avh7d-S uI ax7m0g'*d+ k ;f udk
awmifyidk f;omoem*dk+;f [kac:-uonf?
w&kyfEkdifiHodk\ Ak<omoemjyef\yGm;yHk
tdNd,EkdifiHajrmufydkif;Y xGef;um;cJhaom r[m
,meAk<omoemonf tm7Swku d f tv,fyidk f;rS wqifh
w&kyfEkdifiHodk\ {u7mZfbk7ifrif;wDvufxuf omoem
oU7mZf 604 ckESpfwGifa7muf7Sdvmonf? w&kyfEkdifiH
odk\ tdNd,EdkifiHom; Ak<t,l0g'D bkef;-uD; 2 yg;-uG
vmojzifh {u7mZfbk7ifrif;jrwfudk,fwdkif ausmif;
aqmuf udk;uG,fonf? xdkausmif;Yyif odwif;oHk;
,if; bke;f awmf-uD;rsm;onf oo®u&k™d f bmomjzifh
7Sdaom okww f 7m;udk w&kyfbmomodk\ jyefqkad vonf?
aemufxyfvnf; tdNd,ESifh tm7Stv,fydkif;om; Ak<
t,l0g'D bkef;awmf-uD;rsm; wokwfjyD;wokwf a7muf
vmI Ak<w7m;awmfrsm;udk w&kyfbmomodk\ jyefqdk7m
[efrif;quf ukefqHk;onfhtcg Ak<omoemqdkif7m
usrf;pmtkyfaygif; 350 cef\ jyefqjdk yD;cJhonf? od\k7mwGif
omoemoU7mZf 809 rS 1133 ckESpftwGif;jzpfaom
w&kyfEkdifiH. tarSmifacwfrwdkifrD Ak<omoemonf
w&kyfEkdifiHY zGH\jzdK;r=aES;ao;onf? omoem oU7mZf
900 cef\usaomtcg omoemawmfonf txl;ysH\ESH\I
wEkdiif Hv;Hk . udk;uG,faom t"du t,l0g'-uD; jzpfcJh
a-umif;jzihf okawoDrsm;u qdk-uonf? omoem
oU7mZf 90^ ckESpf rwdik rf u D av;wGirf S w&kywf idk ;f 7if;
om;rsm;tm; omoemhabmifodk\ 0ifcGifhudk 7SDcsDvef;
164
bk7ifu cGihjf yKcJhonf? tdNd,Ekdiif Hodk\ vma7mufI c7D;
oGm; rSwfwrf;rsm; a7;om;cJhaom w&kyfbkef;awmf
-uD; zmvD,efESihf qGe, f Ge;f wd\konf xdak cwfu xif7Sm;
aom bkef;awmf-uD;rsm;jzpf-uonf?
xdktcsdeftxd w&kyfEkdifiHY r[m,me Ak<omoem
onf ,efqDjrpfajrmufzufYom txl;ysH\ESH\I awmif
zufY uGezf l;ZD;ESifh wmtdkt,l0g'rsm; vFrf;rd;k aeojzifh
zGH\jzdK;r=r7SdvSacs? omoemoU7mZf 1ô000 cef\wGif
w&kyfEkdiif H ajrmufyidk f;Y omoema7;qkdif7m taqmuf
ttHkaygif; 13ô000 ausmf7SdI oH•mawmf wodef;cef\
7Sdonf[k rSwfwrf;rsm;Y awG\7onfudkaxmufI om
oemawmf rnfr~zGH\jzdK;a-umif; odomonf? w&kyEf dik if H
ajrmufydkif;Y tvGefzGH\jzdK;aeaom Ak<omoemonf w
jznf;jznf; ajrmufzufodk\ e,fcsJ\I refcsL;7D;,m;jynf/
xdkrSwqifh ,mvl;jrpfukad usmI f udk7D;,m;EkdifiHwGi;f odk\
omoem oU7mZf 913 ckESpfwGif a7mufvmonf?
omoemoU7mZf 1064 ckESpfwGif uefwHkjrdK\odk\
a7mufvmaom aAm"d"Rax7fonf w&kyfEikd if H ajrmuf
ydkif;Y omoemjyK7m/ txl;yifatmifjrifonf? xdk
rax7ftm; yVrajrmuf qufcHonfh rax7fonf
awmifydkif;w&kyfEkdifiHodk\ -uGa7mufomoemjyK7mrS Ak<
omoemonf w&kyfEidk fiH wEdkiif v H ;Hk wGif r-uHKzl;atmif
xGef;um;vmcJhonf? wefrif;quftpwGif {u7mZf
bk7ifrsm;onf uGefzl;ZD; t,l0g'udk ouf0ifolrsm;
jzpfonfhtavsmuf Ak<omoem0if 7[ef;/ oDv7Sif
ponfrsm;tm; vlxGufapcJhao;onf? wefrif;quf
aemufykid f;wGif Ak<omoemonf w&kyfEdkiif HYom xGef;
um;onfr[kwf/ *syefEkdifiHzufok\dyif wqifh ysH\ESH\omG ;
onftxd zGH\jzdK;cJhonf? rifrif;rsm;ESifh refcsL;rif;
rsm;vufxufwGif Ak<omoemonf wzef arS;rSdef
oGm;um orwEkdifiHacwfa7mufrS wzef yGiv fh if;vmcJh
onf? odk\7mwGif a7S;uuJhodk\ pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; xGef;
um;onfum; r[kwfacs? xdkacwfwGifyif w&kyfbm
omjzifh yd™ uwf o Hk; yHk ay:aygufv mcJho nf ?
udk7D;,m;Ak<omoem
w&kyEf idk if b
H ufY omoemxGe;f vif;aepOf omoem
oU7mZf 913 ckEpS w f iG f w&kyEf idk if zH ufrS bkef;awmf-uD;
wpfyg;onf ud7k D;,m;Ekdiif zH ufok\d-uGvmum w7m;"R
a[m-um;jyo7m/ udk7D;,mEkdifiHonf r-umrD Ak<
omoemEdkifiH jzpfvmonf? omoemoU7mZf 1462
ckESpf aemufydkif; aumf,lrif;rsm;vufxufY om;
 Ak<omoem0if
av;a,muf7Sdaom rdom;pkwGif tenf;qHk; om;w
a,muf omoemabmif0if7efyif bk7ifhtrdef\jzifh xkwf
xm;onftxd bk7ifrsm;udk,fwdkif omoemudk jcD;jr|ifh
cJhavonf? omoemoU7mZf 1936 ckESpfwGif aumf
,lrif;qufjywfI ,Drif;quf wufvmaomtcg Edik if H
wGif;Y Ak<t,l0g'Dbkef;awmf-uD;rsm; tm+mxufae
onfudk wjznf;jznf;&kyfodrf;um Ak<omoemudk rif;
rsm;udk,fwdkif vspfvsL&=I taxmuftyHh rjyKbJ ae
vdu k o
f jzifh wjznf;jznf; arS;rSdefaysmuf uG,foGm;onf
rSm ,ckwkdifyif jzpfawmhonf?
*syefEkdifiH Ak<omoem
w&kyfEkdifiHESifh udk7D;,m;EkdifiHwdk\wGif xGef;um;ysH\ESH\
cJhaomr[m,meAk<omoemonf omoemoU7mZf
896 ckEpS fcef\wGif yifv,fuu kd l;I *syefEikd fizH ufo\kd jyef\
yGm;cJhonf? xdkESpfwGif udk7D;,m;EkdifiH ydwfacs;jynfh7Sif
bk7ifu yd™uwfawmfrsm;udk *syefb7k ifhxHydk\I r[m
rdwfzGJ\7mrS pwifa7muf7Sdonf[kqdk7ayrnf? ydwfacs;
jynfh7Sifonf vufaqmifrsm;ESifhtwl o0+fvFm w
apmifyg yg;vdkufao;onf? ,if;o0+fvFmwGif Ak<
w7m;awmf. rGefjrwfyHk/ vdkufemusifhoHk;ygu xl;uJ
aom tusdK;ukd 7Sd77SdyHkwdk\udk xnfhoGif;a7;om;vdkuf
onf? odk\7mwGif rd&kd;zvm udk;uG,faeaom t,l0g'
udk ypfy,fI t,lopfudk ouf0if,-kH unf7ef tcuf
tcJ taESmifht,Sufrsm;ESifh 7ifqdkifae7ojzifh om
oemawmf jyef\yGm;r= zifhEFJcJh7onf? {u7mZf bk7if
ud, k w
f idk u
f rl Ak<t,l0g'udk ESpo f ufaomfvnf; twdik f
yifcH trwf-uD;rsm;. qNudk ,laecJhojzifh -uef\-umcJh
avonf? Ak<t,l0g'udk ouf0if-unfndKxdkufonf
[k qHk;jzwfolw\dkuwzuf/ rd&d;k zvm ewfudk;uG,fr=udk
rpGef\xkduf[k qdkolwdk\uwzuf tjiif;yGm;-u,if;jzifh
omoemoU7mZf 1131 ckEpS w f iG f jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpf7m t
,l0g' rajymif;vJvo kd w
l \kd ta7;7=;H edro
hf nfwiG f *syefEikd if H
Y Ak<omoem pwifxGef;vif;vmonf? txl;ojzifh
txufwef;vFmwdk\wGif xGef;um;cJah vonf?
xdk\aemuf qktdaumwifaem {u7Dbk7ifr vuf
xufwGif *syefEdkifiH. -uD;yGm;wdk;wufa7;udkrsm;pGm
aqmif7Gufaom &=dwdkukwkdif;7Sd rif;om;-uD;onf Ak<
t,l0g'udk txl;-unfnKd olyDyD bk7m;ausmif;uefrsm;
aqmufvkyfjcif;/ w&kyfEkdifiHok\d bkef;awmf-uD;rsm;udkap
vFwI f Ak<t,l0g'wdk;wufjyef\yGm;a7;twGuf avhvm
apum *syefEdkifiHY omoemawmfjyef\ymG ;atmif aqmif
165
7Gufapjcif;wdk\ukd jyKonf? &=dwdkukwkdi;f 7Sd rif;om;um;
*syefEkdifiH. oD7d"Rmaomurif;[k ac:qdk7avmuf
atmif Ak<omoemawmfudk txl;yif csD;yifhcJhaom
ykCdKvfjzpfonf? udk,fwdkifvnf; w7m;awmfudk a[m
ajymI omoemESifhqdkifaomudPY tm;ayonf?
xdak cwfwGif omoemawmfonf *syefEdik if YH aevdv k vdk
xGef;vif;cJhonf? w&ky/f udk7;D ,m;paomEdik firH sm;rS Ak<
t,l0g'D7[ef;rsm;onf wokwjf yD;wokwf a7muf7v dS m
-uonf? xkdaemuf rif;tqufqufwd\k omoemawmf
udk qufvufcsD;jr|ifh-u7m/ *syefEikd fiH Ak<omoemonf
t7Sed 7f vmonf?
1283 ckESpfwGif em7mjrdK\udk aejynfawmfjyKI pdk;pH
aom a7Smrlwifaem rif;vufxuf Ak<omoemudk
vGefpGmjcD;ajr|mufonf? aejynfawmfrSpI e,ftoD;
oD;Y bkef; -uD;ausmif;rsm;/ oDv7SifZ7yfr sm;udk
tajrmuftjrm; aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;onf? xdkausmif;
aygif; rsm;pGmudk tkyfcsKyfaom omoemydkifq7mawmf
-uD;ausmif;udkvnf; em7aejynfawmfY aqmufvkyf
.? xdkausmif;awmf-uD;wGif jrwfpmG bk7m; &kyfwkawmf
onf ,ckwdkif ausmf-um;aom em7mqif;wkawmf-uD;
jzpfonf? bk7ifu, kd w
f kid f r-umrD 7[ef;0wfonf[kyif
qdk-uonf? omoemU7mZf 1868 ckESpf 7=d*Gefwdk\
usaomf Ak<omoemonf arS;rSdefI 7Sifwdkt,l0g'
ydkrdkxGef;um;vmonf? xdkjyif EdkifiHjcm;om; wdki;f wyg;
om;rsm;tm; c7pfESpf 1853 ckESpfwGif wHcg;zGifhI 0if
cGifhjyKvkdufaomtcg c7pf,mefomoemjyKrsm; a7muf
7Sv
d mojzifh Ak<omoemonf *syefjynfY wjznf;jznf;
arS;rSed cf h7J avonf?
ta7S\awmiftm7S Ak<omoem
r[m,me Ak<omoemonf tdNd,EdkifiH ajrmuf
ydkif;rS ,if;odk\v~if wdAuf/ w&kyf/ udk7D;,m;/ *syef
paom EdkifiHrsm;odk\omr[kwf/ tdNd,EkdifiHESifh ul;oef;
a7mif;0,fr= tquftoG,f7Sdaom ta7S\tdNd,u`ef;pk
odk\yif ysH\ESH\oGm;cJhonf? a7S;OD;pGm od•®m7yljrdK\ (,ck
pu®myljrdK\)/ xdkrS qlrm;-wm;u`ef;/ xdkrS oD7d0dZ,rnf
aom EdkifiHawmf/ xdkrS *smAm;u`ef;/ uaºmZ EkdifiH
ponfwdk\ok\d tqifhqifha7muf7SdcJh7m/ ,ckwdkif xif7Sm;
vsuf7daS om aAma7mAka"m/ tif;aum0wf ponfh om
oedutaqmufttHk-uD;rsm;rSm omoema7muf7dS xGe;f
um;cJhbl;a-umif; taxmuftxm;rsm;jzpf-uonf?
(aAma7mAka"m? tif;aum0wf„7=? )
 Ak<omoem0if
,if;odk\ r[m,me Ak<omoemonf ta7S\awmif
tm7SEikd if Hrsm;odk\ xd;k 0ifvmonfh tcsed fwGif ax7m0g'
Ak<omoemonfvnf; xdkEdkifiHrsm;odk\ a7muf7SdjyD; jzpf
onf? oD7d”Rmaomurif;-uD; vufxuf jrefrmEdkifiH
ESifh ta7S\awmif tm7Sa'orsm;odk\ apvFwfaom om
oemjyK "R'lwrsm;.vkyfief;onf oD[dk–fomoemjyK
vkyfief;avmuf xdt k csed u
f ratmifjrifao;aomfvnf;
omoemhrsdK;aphudk csay;ouJhodk\ jzpfcJhonf? xdka'o
rsm;Y ax7m0g' Ak<omoemvnf; tiftm;-uD;rm;
jcif; r7Sdao;onfhtwGuf r[m,me Ak<omoem
a7mufvmonft h cg tjydKit f qdkif jyif;jyif;xefxef jzpf
jcif;r7Sb
d J 0g' 2 ckpvH;k udk Ekid if o
H l Edik if o
H m;rsm; pkaygif;
vufcH-u[ef wlonf?
ax7m0g'Ak<omoemxGef;um;jcif;
odk\7mwGif omoemoU7mZf 930 jyn\w f iG f ax7m
0g't,ltqrsm;udk 7Si;f vif;azmfjyEdkifaom ax7m0g'
tmZmenf r[mAk<a•morax7f xGef;um; ay:ayguf
vmonft h wGuf xdEk idk if rH sm;wGif ax7m0g'om xGe;f um;
jyef\yGm;cdkifjrJcJh7onf? (r[mAk<a•mo/ 7Sif„7=?)
o*®g,em tqufqufwifcJhjyD;/ q7mtpOftquf
xde;f odr;f cJo
h nfh ax7m0g'usr;f rsm;ESifh t}uxmusrf;
rsm;onf oD[dk–fbmomjzifhom a7;jyD;7SI d / yg–dbmom
jzifh r7Sdojzifh 7Sifr[mAk<a•moyif usrf;tm;vH;k udk
bmomjyefqdkI ,if;usrf;rsm;. tzGifht}uxmrsm;
udkyg a7;om;jyKpkavonf? 7Sirf [mAk<a•mo. t}
uxmESifh yg–dbmomjyefusrf;rsm;onf ax7m0g'Ak<
omoema7mifukd 'kwd,t-urd fxeG f;ajymifapcJo h nf?
oD[–dk u f `e;f wGif wzef xGe;f ajymifvmcJhaom ax7m
0g' Ak<omoemonf ta7S\awmif tm7Sa'orsm;odk\
jyef\yGm;vmcJhjyefonf? odk\7mwGif omoem oU7mZf
1501 ausmfcef\wGif tdNd,awmifydkif;om;rsm; jzpf-u
aom (apm–) aus;ukvm;vlrsdK;wd\konf oD[k–d fu`ef;udk
0ifa7mufwu kd cf u
kd -f uojzifh ax7m0g' Ak<omoemonf
ab;tM7m,fESifh -uHKawG\jyefojzifh arS;rSdefc7Jh jyefonf?
xdktcsdefwGif jrefrmEkdifiHY xD;eef;pdk;pHaeaom taemf
7xmrif;apmonf jrefrmEkid if Hajrmufyikd ;f rS 0ifa7mufvm
aom r[m,me Ak<omoem a7maESmaeonfh ewfu;dk
uG,rf = t,l0g'udk wkdif;oljynfom;wdk\ ,Hk-unf udk;
uG,faeonfukd rESpo f ufojzifh rSefuefaom t,l0g'
udk7SmazGaecdkuf 7Sift7[HESifhawG\I ax7m0g' Ak<om
oemudk ouf0if,kH-unfum txl;yifapmifha7Smuf jcD;
166
ajr|mufojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHY ax7m0g'omoem xGef;
awmufaeonfh tcsdefjzpfonf? (Ak<omoem0if(jref
rmEdkifiH) t7[H/ 7Sif„vnf;7=? )
ax7m0g'Edkiif H
taemf7xmrif;aemuf qufcH-uaom yk*Hrif;rsm;
onf oD[dk–fAk<omoem jyefvnfwnfaxmif7mwGif
tultnD taxmuftyHh ay;cJh-uonf? ,if;odk\jzifh
omoemoU7mZf 1^00 ausmfausmfcef\wGif jrefrm
EkdifiHESifh oD[dk–fEdkifiHwdk\onf ax7m0g'Ak<omoem.
A[dktcsuftcsm Xm-uD;rsm; jzpfvmcJh-uonf? a7S;
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif w&kyf/ wdAufESifh uaºmZEkdifiH
rsm;rSwqifh a7muf7SdvmI r[m,me Ak<omoemudk
ouf0if -unfnKd ae-uaom ,dk;',m;EkdifiHonfvnf;
13 7mpkESifh 14 7mpkESpfrsm;wGif ax7m0g' Ak<omoem
tajcusI xGef;um;ae7m jrefrmEkdifiEH Sifh ul;vl;quf
qHr= rsm;vm7mrS ax7m0g’Ak< omoem. A[dk
tcsut f csmXme-uD; wpfct k jzpfok\dw;kd wufvmcJo
h nf?
t,k<,jrdK\ysufEiS hf AefaumufjrdK\awmfwk\d7dS Ak<omoem
qdki7f m taqmufttHrk sm;udk axmufjcif;jzifh ,d;k ',m;
EdkifiHY ax7m0g'Ak<omoem rnfr~xGef;awmufcJh
a-umif;odEkdifonf? wcgu wefcdk;xGm;cJhI ,d;k ',m;
wdk\ tay:odk\yif vFrf;rdk;EkdifcJhonfh uaºmZEkdifiHonf
15 7mpkESpfwGif ,dk;',m; vufatmufodk\ usa7mufchJ
onf? ,if;odk\jzifh [dNLt,l0g'ESifh r[m,me Ak<
omoemxGef;um;7m uaºmZEkdifiHonfvnf; ax7m
0g' Ak<omoem. tcsuftjcm Xmetjzpf ajymif;
vJcJhonf? vmtdkEdkifiHodk\vnf; Tenf;yif wqifhrS
wqifh omoemawmf a7muf7SdoGm;cJhjyefonf? ,if;
odk\jzifh jrefrm/ ,d;k ',m;/ uaºmZ/ vmtdk/ oD[dk–f
Edik if -H uD; 5 Ekid if o
H nf ax7m0g' Ak<omoem xGe;f um;
7m Ekid fi-H uD;rsm;tjzpf a7muf7cdS h-J uonf?
ax7m0g' Ak<omoemonf ta7S\awmiftm7SwGif
wjznf;jznf; xGef;um;cJh7m/ omoemoU7mZf 2415
ckEpS fwiG f jrefrmEkdifiH rif;wke;f rif;w7m;-uD; vufxuf
wGif ax70g'Ak<omoem. yVro*®g,em obifukd
rMav;aejynfawmfY oH•mawmf 2400 ESifh usif;y
cJoh nf? oD[–kd Yf usi;f yonfh pwkš o*®g,em obif
wGif yd™uwfoHk;yHkudk ayxuftQ7m wifouJo h \dk T
yVro*®g,em obifwGif ausmufjym;a7 ^29 csyf
ay: ausmufxuftQ7mwifI Ak<omoemawmf-uD;
wnfwcHh ikd jf raJ tmif aqmif7u G cf o
hJ nf?
Ak<omoem0if Ak<omoem0if (jrefrmEkdifiH)

ax7m0g' Ak<omoem xGe;f um;7m oD[–kd u f `e;f ESihf
jrefrmEdkifiHudk jAdwo d ~tpdk;7uvnf;aumif;/ uaºm'D;
,m;ESifh vmtdkEkdifiHudk jyifopftpdk;7uvnf;aumif;
odr;f ydu
k v
f u
kd af omtcg omoemawmfujkdc;D jri| rhf nfh omo
emh'g,umrif;rsm;. axmufyrhH r= 7Sad wmhaomfvnf; ,if;
tpdk;7rsm;onf bmomudk;uG,fr=udk vGwfvyfcGifhay;
cJhonfhtwGuf omoemawmf-uD; raysmufruG,f jzpf
cJhavonf? omoemh0efxrf; 7[ef;rsm;u pmay
y7d,Wdudk xde;f odrf;cJh-uouJo h k\d Ak<omoem0if Ekid fiH
olEkdifiHom;rsm;uvnf; omoemh0wfudk rarhravsmh
apmifha7Smufaqmif7Guf-uonfhtwGuf arS;rSdefoGm;
jcif;r7SdvSacs? ,dk;',m;EkdifiHYrl tpOfwpdkuf vGwf
vyfaom EkdifijH zpfonft h wGuf omoemh'g,um jynfh
7Sifrif;wd\k. taxmuftyHhudk tpOfwpdkuf 77SdcJhonf?
1948 ckEpS wf iG f jrefrmEdkifiH vGwv f yfa7;7jyD;aemuf
Ak<omoemawmfonf jrefrmEkdifiHY ydkrdkpnfyif vm
avonf? usef ax7m0g'EkdifiHwdk\onfvnf; xdkenf;
twkdi;f yif jzpf-uonf? jrwfpmG bk7m; a[m-um;awmf
rltyfaom edum,f 5 7yfwdk\udk txyfxyf tqifhqifh
a7;ul;7mY owdc`wf,Gif; a7;rSm;rdjcif;udk txl;oef\
7Si;f pif-u,fapvdkIwa-umif;/ xdkpif-u,faom yd™
uwfawmfrsm;udk pufwifyHkESdyfI uBmt7yf7yfodk\ ysH\
ESH\apjcif;tm;jzifh omoemawmf-uD; t"Gef\7Snfapvdk
Iwa-umif;/ jrefrmEkdifiHawmfESifhwuG Ak<omoem0if
EdkifiHtm;vHk;u omoemawmfudk pkaygif;jcD;ajr|muf
vdkaoma-umifhwa-umif;/ jrefrm/ ,dk;,m;/ uaºmZ/
vmtdk[laom ax7m0g'EkdifiHrsm;rS oH•mawmfrsm;.
qHk;jzwfcsuft7 omoemoU7mZf 2498 ckESpfwGif
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH 7efukejf rdK\ oD7rd *®vmuBmat;
apwDteD; q}oH*Dwd r[mygom+*kom vdk+*f akl wmf
-uD;Y jynfwiG ;f rS oH•mawmf 2ô4^3 yg;/ uBmt7yf7yfrS
144 yg;wdk\ESifh 2 ESpfwdik fwdkif q}o*®g,em obifudk
usif;yonf? ,if;o*®g,emobifudk ax7m0g'Ekid fiH
rsm;uomru/ tdN, d / yguPwef/ w&kyf paom tjcm;
Ak<omoem0ifrsm;7Sd7m Ekid if rH sm;uyg wufa7mufjcD;jr|ifh
-uonf? xdkjyif omoem2500 jynfh txdrf;trSwfyGJ
rsm;udk ta7S\awmif tm7Swidk if t H m;vHk;ESifh oD[k–d fEkdifiH/
tdNd,EkdifiHwdk\Yvnf; crf;em;-uD;us,fpGm usif;y-u
avonf? ,if;odk\jzifh ta7S\awmif tm7Sa'orsm;wGif
ax7m0g' Ak<omoemawmf-uD;onf wwd,t-udrf
jyefvnf xGe;f yvmcJah vonf? (o*®g,em„7=? )
jrefrmEkdifiHtpdk;7onf omoema7;qdkif7m tuf
Oya'wck jy}mef;jyD;aemuf Ak<omoem a7mif0g
xGef;vif;a7;twGuf aqmif7Guf7ef Ak<omoemtzGJ\
udk zGJ\pnf;onf? (Ak<omoetzGJ\„7=?) ,if;tzGJ\
-uD;u tbd"Rmpmar;yGJrsm;usif;yI y7d,Wd om
oemjyef\yGm;atmif aqmif7Gufjcif;/ EkdifiHwGif; EkdifiHy
wd\kY y™dyWdXme omoe7dyo f mrsm;udzk iG hv
f pS I
f y™dyWd
omoem jyef\yGm;atmif aqmif7Gufjcif;/ "R'lwac:
omoemh wrefXmersm;zGifhvSpfI omoem rxGef;um;
ao;aom jynfwGif;7Sd awmifwef;a'orsm;ESifh jynfy
EkdifiH-uD;rsm;odk\ omoemjyKapjcif;/ "Ra7mifjcnfac:
w7m;awmfpmapmifudk t*®vdyfbmomjzifh xkwfa0I
uBmt7yf7yfodk\ jzef\a0jcif;wdk\jyKvsuf7Sdojzifh Ak<
omoemawmfonf uBmt7yf7yfY tenf;ESifh t
rsm; qdkovdk xGef;um;vsuf7Sdavonf? 1961 ckESpf
Zlvdkif v 26 7ufae\wGif jrefrmEkdifiHtpdk;7u Ak<
bmomudk EkdifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jy}mef;vdkufojzifh
omoemawmf aevdkvvdk xGef;vif;OD;rnfh edrdwfjzpf
avonf?

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jrefrmEkdifiHodk\ Ak<omoemudk wyk©/ bœdunDaemifwdk\ yXrqHk;,laqmifcJh-uonf? jrwfpGmbk7m; oufawmfxif
7Sm;pOfuyif Ak<omoemonf ok0#blrdwkdif;/ okemy7Mwdkif;/ a,mewdkif;wdk\odk\ ysH\ESH\vmonf? oxHkacwf/
yk*Hacwf/ rMav;acwfponfwdk\Y omoemudk apmifha7SmufcJhaom q7mawmf-uD;rsm;ESifh ok"Rm*dk+f;/ a7Fusif*dk+f;/
'Gg7*dk+f;[lI *dk+f;-uD;oHk;*dk+f; ay:aygufvmavonf?

Ak<omoem0if (jrefrmEkdifiH) ? ? omoem0if 7mZ0Ho„7mZ0if/ r[m0Ho„r[m0ifpaom pum;rsm;

qdkaompum;rSm omoe0Ho yg–dbmomrS qif;ouf uJo
h \dkwnf;? omoem0HoY omoewpfy'k f/ 0Howyk'f
vmonf? omoe0Ho„omoem0if/ Ak<0Ho„Ak<0if/ jzpfI ESpyf k'fwpGJ yfxm;onf? omoe„jrwfpGmbk7m;.

167
 Ak<omoem0if (jrefrmEdkifiH)

tqHk;tr-o0g'pum;/ 0Ho„tquftEG,?f omoe xdo

0Ho„jrwfpGmbk7m;.tqH;k tr -o0g'pum; tquf
tEG,f? ,if;tqHk;tr-o0g'pum;udk oif-um;vdkuf
emusi-fhut
H m;xkwo f t
l quftEG,[ f k t"d_m,f7onf?
omoemqdkaom pum;rSm (1) y7d,Wdomoem/
(2) y™dyWdomoem/ (3) y™da0"omoem[lI oH;k
yg;jzpfonf? ,if;oH;k yg;wdk\wGif y7d,Wdomoemum;
jrwfpGmbk7m;. tqHk;tr -o0g'pum;jzpfaom yd™
uwfusrf;pmrsm;jzpfonf? y™dyWd omoemum; xdk
yd™uwfusr;f pmrsm;Y yg7Sod nfhtwdki;f xdyk ™d uwfusrf;
pmrsm;. nFefjycsuftwdkif;vdkufemusifh-uH tm;
xkwftyfaomusifh0wf y™dywfrsm;jzpfonf? y™da0"
omoemum; xdkusif0h wf y™dywfrsm;udk vdkufemusifh
-uHtm;xkwfojzifh 77SdaomtusdK;rsm;/ r*fzdkvf ed¤mef
jzpfonf? ,if;omoem oHk;yg;vHk; tquftEG,fudk
omoem0ifqo kd nf?
xdkomoemoHk;yg;um; jrwfpGmbk7m;yGifhawmfrlaom
tcgrSpI ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm r«dra'oY xGef;um;cJh
onf? aemuf wpwp tjcm;EkdifiH t7yfa'orsm;odk\
qif;oufysH\ESH\vsufxGef;um;cJhonf?
k k\d xGe;f um;cJh7m jrefrmEkdifiHY qif;ouf ysH\ESH\chJ
yHu
k m; Tod\w k nf;? ok0#blrw d ikd ;f / todwVe/ aygQ7
0wDjrdK\om; wyk©ESihf bœdu nDaemifw\dkonf vSnf;
ig;7mESifh r«dra'oodk\ ukeful;oGm;7m/ jrwfpGmbk7m;
yGifhawmfrlI av;qJhudk;7uftvGef vif;vGef;yif7if;Y
odwif;oHk;awmfrlcdkuf oGm;a7mufzl;ajrmf-ujyD;v~if
toifh,laqmifv maom ysm;rHk\ qkyfE Si fh rHk\- uGuf
uspfwdk\udk vSL'gef;I a'G0gpdu o7+*Hk aqmuf
wnfum Oygoumtjzpf cH,l-uonf? aemuf jrwf
pGmbk7m;xH tjrJqnf;uyf udk;uG,f7mudk awmif;yef
aomtcg qHawmf7Spfqludk 77SdcJhI/ rdrdwdk\ae7m tod
wVe aygQ70wDjrdK\odk\ a7mufaomtcg apwDwql
wnfum qHawmf7pS q f u l kd XmyemI qnf;uyf ud;k uG,f
-uonf? ,if;apwDum; ,ck zl;ajrmfae-u7aom
a7Fwd*akH pwDyifjzpfonf? (bœduESihf wyk©? a7Fw*d kH
bk7m;„7=? )
jrwfpGmbk7m; 0gawmf ESpfq,fausmfwGif om
0 djynfrS ,lZemoHk;7m uGma0;aom okemy7Mwkdi;f
(ty7Mwkdif;) 0g+dZ*gr7Gm (v,fudkif;ausmif;awmf
7m7Gm) Y pl–yk#/ r[myk# ol-u, G nf aD emif ESpaf ,muf

7efukefjrdK\ oD7dr*‡vmukef;ajr7Sd Ak<wUokdvfyd™uwfwkdufrSm acwftrSDqHk; taqmufttkHwckjzpfonf?

168
 Ak<omoem0if (jrefrmEkdifiH)
wd\kae-uonf? aemufyg ukefonfig;7mESihf wa,muf
wvSnhf ukeful;oGm;avh7-Sd uonf?
wpfae\aomtcg r[myk#onf vSn;f ig;7mwd\kjzifh
r«dra'ood\k ukeful;oGm;7m/ om0 djynf aZw0ef
ausmif; jrwfpGmbk7m;xHodk\a7mufI w7m;awmfudk
em7ojzifh tu`wfw7m;7um vufaxmuf ukeo f nf
-uD;udkac:I TyPnf;OPmwdk\udk nDplyk–#tm; ay;
yg[k rSm-um;jyD;v~if jrwfpGmbk7m;txHawmfY 7[ef;
jyKavonf? aemufjrwfpmG bk7m;xH cGifhyefI rdrdae7m
okemy7Mwdkif;odk\ jyefvmjyD;v~if uR}mef;w7m;ukd
tm;xkwf7m/ 0gwGif;Yyifv~if 7[Mmtjzpfodk\a7muf
avonf?
wpfae\aomtcg pl–yk#onf ukeo f nfig;7mESiw hf uG
oab®mjzifh ukeful;oGm;-u7m/ rv,u`ef;odk\a7mufI
tzdk;rsm;pGmxdkufaom pNul;ESpfwdk\udk7cJhojzifh r[m
yk#rax7ftm; av~mufxm;aomtcg r[myk#
rax7fonf pl–yk#ESifh ukefonfwd\ktm; jrwfpGb7k m;
odwif;oHk;7ef pNul;ausmif;awmfaqmufv~if aumif;
rnf[k rdef\-um;aoma-umifh pNul; ausmif;awmf
aqmuf-uonf? jrwfpGmbk7m;vnf; ausmif;awmf
aqmufonfrSpI jyD;qHk;onfhwkdif -uGvmI rjywf od
wif;oH;k awmfro
l nf?
ausmif;awmfjyD;aomtcg r[myk# rax7fonf
jrwfpmG bk7m;xHomG ;I yifhav~muf7m/ cGifh7ojzif/h a7S;
OD;pGmjyefvmonf? jrwfpGmbk7m;onf udk,fawmfjrwf
t0iftyg oH•mawmf av;7mudk;q,fudk;yg;ESifhwuG
-uGvmawmfrlI oPA¶awmifa7mufv~if oPA¶
7aohtm; w7m;a[mI 7[Mmtjzpfodk\ a7mufapjyD;
v~if {[dbdQK 7[ef;jyKawmfrlI oH•mawmf ig;7m
jynfhapvsuf 0g+dZ*gr7Gm pNul;ausmif;odk\-uGawmf
rlI ckepf7ufywfvHk; odwif;oHk;awmfrlonf? pl–yk#rS
pI 'g,,m 'g,dumrwdk\vnf; bk7m;trŒ;7Sdaom oH
•mawmfwdk\tm; ckepf7ufywfvHk; tvSL-uD;ay;um w
7m;awmfudk em7ojzifh/ 7Spfaomif;av;axmifaom
oW0gwd\k w7m;xl;ud7k -uonf?
jrwfpGmbk7m;onf 0g+dZ*gr7GmrS jyef-uGawmfrlI
eR'gjrpfodk\a7mufaomtcg tajcGt7HESifhwuG eR'g
e*g;onf jrwfpGmbk7m;ESifh oH•mawmfwdk\tm; ylaZmf
oUm7jyKjyD;v~if tjrJu;dk uG,7f m apwDudk awmif;yef
ojzifh jrwfpGmbk7m;onf eR'gjrpfem;Y ajcawmf7m
wql csawmfrlonf? oPA¶awmifodk\ a7mufaom
tcg oPA¶rax7f awmif;yefojzifh ajcawmf7mwql
169
csawmfro l nf? w7Ha7mtcg jrwfpmG ;bk7m;onf aemuf
yg oH•mawmftrsm;ESifh a'opm7D-uGcsDawmfrlcJ7h m
a,meuwkdif; Zif;r,ft7yfodk\a7mufI rJydef;acsmif;
em;wGifaeaom v0-uD;onf ckepfESpft7G,f7Sdaom
rdrdom;i,fukd jrwfpGmbk7m;xHtyfESHI omra+jyKap
onf? 7Sio f mra+vnf; uR}mef;pD;jzef;ojzifh r-um
rD 7[Mmtjzpfo\kda7mufonf?
Tod\kv~if txufazmfjyyg ta-umif;rsm;udk axmuf
xm;v~if jrwfpGmbk7m; oufawmf xif7Sm;7SdpOfuyif
omoemawmfonf ok0#blrdwdkif;/ ty7Mwdkif;
(okemy7Mwdkif;)/ a,meuwkdif;tm;jzifh oHk;a-umif;
oHk;oG,f qif;oufvsuf jrefrmEdkifiHodk\ a7mufvm
a-umif;xif7Sm;onf? xdkjyifvnf; wwd, o*®g,em
rwifrDtwGif; ,if;wdkif;-uD;oHk;wkdif;odk\ 7[Mmrsm;
t-udrf-udrfa7mufvm-uonf? xdkodk\ a7mufvmaomf
vnf; omoemawmfonf ESpfumv 7Snfvsm;pGm
rwnfjrJay? ta-umif;um; yd™uwfawmfudk E=wf
aqmifaomacwfjzpfjcif;/ yd™uwf wwfajrmufaom
ykCdKvfrsm;u tjrJaexdik fvsuf omoemawmf. t7if;
rlv y"mejzpfaom yd™uwfawmfwd\k udk oif-um;csydk\
ay;r= r7Sjd cif;wd\ka-umifjh zpfonf?
omoem 235 ESpfodk\ a7mufI wwd, o*®g,em
wifjyD;aomtcg armCvdykWwd© rax7f-uD;onf
omoemwnfxGef;Edkifrnfh ae7mXmersm;udk qifjcif
-unfh&=awmfrI l / ukd;wkid ;f ukd;Xmeok\d omoemjyKapvFwf
awmfrlonf? xdt k cg jrefrmEdkifiHwGif (1) ty7Mwdki;f
(okemy7Mwdkif;)/ (2) a,meuwdkif;/ (3) ok0#
blrw d idk ;f [lI oH;k Xme yg0ifco hJ nf?
xdko;Hk Xmewd\kwiG f a,meu"R7Qdw rax7fukd ty
7Mwdkif; (okemy7Mwdkif;) odk\ omoemjyK7ef apvFwf
onf? xdkrax7fonf ckepfaomif;aom ty7Mwdkif;
om;wdk\tm; tCdQ¶KyrokWefudka[monf? rif;rsdK;rS
a,musfm;waxmifESifh rdef;rajcmufaomif;wdk\ 7[ef;
jyK-uonf?
r[m7Qdw rax7fudk a,meuwdki;f odk\ omoem
jyK7efapvFwfonf? xdkrax7fonf a,meuwdki;f om;
wdk\tm; um–um7rokWefudk a[monf? wodef;
ckepfaomif;aom oW0gwdk\ r*fzdkvfudk7-uonf?
a,mufsm;waomif; 7[ef;jyK-uonf?
ok0#blrw d ikd ;f od\k aom+rax7fEiS hf OW7 rax7f
wd\kukd omoemjyK7efapvFwfonf? ok0# blrdwdkif;Y
oD7drmaomurif; rif;jyKvsuf7Sdonf? rif;rsdK;Y arG;
 Ak<omoem0if (jrefrmEdkifiH)
Ak<wUokdvfyd™uwfwkdu7f Sd aypmrsm;xm;7m cef;raqmifwGifae\pOfvkdyif okawoDbkef;awmf-uD;rsm; ynm7SmazGavhvmvsuf 7Sd-uonf?
zGm;wdkif;aom om;orD;wdk\udk a7apmifh bDvl;r w
a,muf tajcGt7HESifhwuG ork]7mrSxGufI pm;avh
7So
d nf?
rax7fwdk\ -uGa7mufvmcdkuf rif;rsdK;wGif om;w
a,muf arG;zGm;ojzifh vlw\dkonf bDv;l rudk ESdref if;7ef
vufeufrsm; udkifaqmifIvm7m/ rax7fwdk\ESifh awG\
v~if ta-umif;pHk ar;jref;ajymqdkaecdkuf tjcHt7HESifh
wuG bDv;l rvmonf? xdt k cg rax7fw\dkonf bDv;l r
ab;7efukd ESdrfeif;jyD;aemuf rvmEkid fatmif t7Htwm;
jyKI a7mufvmaom y7dowfwdk\tm; jA¦ZmvokWef
udk a[mojzifh o7+*Hkov D Y wnf-uonf? ajcmuf
aomif;aom oW0gwdk\ w7m;xl;udk7-uonf? trsdK;
om; oH;k axmifig;7mESifh trsdK;orD; waxmifig;7mwdk\
7[ef;jyK-uonf?
Todk\v~if jrefrmEkdifiHodk\ jrwfpGmbk7m; omoem
awmf oHk;a-umif;oH;k oG,f qif;oufvmcJhonf? xdkodk\
vmcJh7m/ omoem0ifESifh pyfvsOf;aom pmtkyf pm
170
wrf; rSwwf rf;trsKd ;rsKd ;wd\w
k iG f a,meu"R7Qdwrax7f
. q7mwynfh tquftEG,Ef iS hf r[m7Qdwrax7f.
q7mwynfh tquftEG,fwdk\onf rxif7Sm;acs?
aom+rax7fEiS hf OW7rax7fw\. kd q7mwynfh tquf
tEG,fwdk\om xif7Sm;onf? xdktwGuf xif7Sm;aom
aom+ rax7fESifh OW7 rax7fwdk\. q7mwynfh
tquftEG,fwdk\udkom a7;om;ygtHh? a7;om;7mY
vnf; jrwfpmG bk7m; vufxufaomtcg 0denf;t7mY
{w'*fbGJ\xl;jzifh jcD;usL;jcif;cH7aom t7SifOygvdrS
pI oDaygrif;vufxufY xif7Sm;vdkaom omoemjyK
q7mawmfwdk\ wkdifatmif jrefrmEdkifiH omoem0ifudk
a7;om;7efjzpfonf?
(u) r«dra'o omoem0if
(1) t7SifOygvd/ (2) t7Sif'gou/ (3) t7Sif
aom+/ (4) t7SifodC0ESifh t7SifpN0%d/ (5) t7Sif
armCvdykWwd©/ T7[Mm rax7f-uD; ig;yg;wdk\
 Ak<omoem0if (jrefrmEkdifiH)
um; jrwfpmG bk7m; y7ded¤mefpHvGeo
f nfrpS I r«dra'o
Y q7mwynfhqufum omoemawmfudk apmifha7Smuf
-uonf?
(c) ok0#blrd (oxHk) omoem0if
t7Siaf rmCvdyW
k wd©. wynfh (1) t7Siaf om+
ESihf t7SifOW7/ (2) t7Siaf ombdw/ (3) t7Siaf omr
'W/ (4) t7Sifokrewd©/ (5) t7Sifaomygu/ (6)
t7Sifaomr'W/ (^) t7Sit f aemr'©D/ (8) t7Sif
t"dov D / (9) t7SiAf sme'©D/ (10) t7Sio
f v
D Ak<Ed iS hf
t7Sifr[mumv/ (11) t7Sif"R'©D (t7Sift7[H)/
T7[Mmrax7f-uD; wqJhwyg;wdk\um; ok0#blrd
(oxH)k Y q7mwynfhqufum omoemawmfukd apmifh
a7Smuf-uonf?
(*) yk*Homoem0if
t7Sif"R'©D (t7Sit f 7[H) . wynfh (1) t7Sif
*k+om7/(2) yXr t7Sit f Cy@dw/ (3) 'kw,
d t7Sif
tCy@dw/ (4) wwd, tCy@dw/ (t7Sif tC0Ho)/
(5) t7SifOW7mZD0/ (6) yXr q_' t7Sifo<R
aZmwdygv/ (^) 'kwd, q_'t7SifOm+o<R (t7Sif
o<ROm+)/ (8)wwd,q_'t7Sif o<RoD7d/ T
rax7f-uD; 7Spyf g;wd\kum; yk*aH cwf q7mwynfq
h ufum
omoemawmfudk apmifha7Smuf-uonf?
(•) ycef;-uD; omoem0if
wwd, q_' t7Sio f <RoD7.d wynfh (1) ycef;
-uD;jrdK\ acruwdkuf t7Sifok"Rpm7D/ (2) ycef;-uD;jrdK\
taemufvuf0gusOrifausmif;t7SiftC"Rmvu®m7/
(3) ycef;-uD;jrdK\ aemifb7Gm t7Sif"ReN/ (4) EG,feD
rkcfausmif; t7Siyf kn0goD/ (5) ycef;-uD;jrdK\ ta7S\vuf
bkBq7mawmf t7SifpNr¢Lom/ Trax7f-uD; ig;yg;
wdk\um; ycef;-uD;jrdK\Y q7mwynfhqufum omoem
awmfudk apmifha7Smuf-uonf?
(i) a7Fbdk/ tr7yl7/ rMav;omoem0if
bkBq7mawmf t7Sipf Nr¢Lom. wynfh (1)
omoemydkif rif;tdkq7mawmf t7Si*f +
k oD7d (*k+mbd
vu®m7 o<R r[m"R7mZm "d7mZ*k&k)/ (2) yXr
Am;u7mq7mawmf t7Si"f RmbdeN (wdy™d umvu®m7
od7d"Z r[m"R7mZ*k&k)/ (3) omoemydkif oJtif;
q7mawmf t7Sifol7d, (ol7d,m0Hombd od7dy07m
171
vu®m7 "Raoemywd r[m"R7mZm"d7mZ*k&k)/ (4)
omoemydkif 'kwd, Am;u7m q7mawmf t7Sifynm
aZmw (ynmaZmwmbd od7dy07 0dZ,mvu®m7 "R
aoemywd r[m"R7mZm"d7mZ*k&k)/ (5) omoemydkif
'kw, d armif;axmif q7mawmf t7Siaf O,s"R (aO,s
"Rmbdrek yd 07 Om+udWd od7"d Z "R aoemywd r[m
"R7mZm"d 7mZ*k&k)/ (6)awmifawmf omoemydkif
q7mawmf t7Sifrmvm (rmvmvu®m7"Z "Raoem
ywd twkv "dywd od7yd 07 r[m"R 7mZm"d 7mZ*k&)k /
Tq7mawmf-uD; ajcmufyg; wdk\um; a7Fbdk/ tr7yl7/
rMav;wdk\Y q7mwynfhqufum omoemawmfudk
apmifha7Smuf-uonf? Tum; oDaygrif;vufxuf
wdkifatmif ok"Rm*dk+f; omoem0ifjzpfonf? (t7Sif
ynmaZmwESifh t7SifaO,s"Rwdk\um; q7mwynfh
r[kw/f t7Sio f 7l ,d . wynfhrsm;jzpf-uonf?)
xdkodk\ q7mwynfh qufum ruGJrjym; omoem
awmfudk apmifha7Smufvm-uaomfvnf; oU7mZf
1214 ckESpf yVr o*®g,emwif rif;wke;f rif; eef;wuf
vmaomtcg 'kwd, armif;axmifq7mawmf t7Sif
aO,s"Rudk omoemydik f wifajr|mufavonf?
xdktcg omoemydkiftrŒ;7Sdaom ok"Rmq7mawmf
7Spfyg;wd\konf a7Fusifq7mawmf t7SifZm*7udk ok"Rm
odk\vm7ef qifhac:onfudk rif;wkef;rif;w7m;-uD; od
awmfrlv~if ok"Rm q7mawmfrsm;ESifh a7Fusifq7m
awmfudk auseyfatmif av~mufxm;jyD;aomf a7Fusif
q7mawmfudk aemuftcg ok"Rmu qifhac:jcif;rjyK
Ekdifatmif *+0drw k f trde\fxw
k af wmfrlonf? xdt k cgrS
pI a7Fusiq f 7mawmfvnf; a7Fusiw f u kd rf (r[m"Rdum
7mrwkduf)/ x7Humwdkuf/ 7rnf;oif;wdkuf/ rif;cif;
wdkuf/ jrawmifwdkuf/ Ta7Fusifig;wdkufudk OD;pD;OD;cdkif
jyKum ok"Rmq7mawmfrsm;ESifh rqufoG,fbJ 0denf;
uH oD;jcm;jyKIaeonf? xdktcgrSpI ok"Rm*dk+f;/ a7F
usi*f +kd ;f [k omoemawmfY *d+ k ;f -u;D ESp*f +
kd ;f uGo
J nf?
oU7mZf 1214 ckESpfrSmyif 7mrnwdkif; tkwfzdkjrdK\
uefukef;ausmif;wdkufY odwif;oHk;awmfrlaom tkwfzkd
q7mawmf t7SiOf UH0HormvmESifh 7mrnwdki;f 7Sd *d+ k ;f
tkyf *dk+f;axmuf q7mawmfwdk\onf Zmw©7tkdif
O'ukaQyodrfY 0denf;uHjyKjcif;udk ta-umif;jyKI
0denf;uHajrmufrajrmuf tjiif;tcHkjzpfyGm;onfhtwGuf
tkwfzdkq7mawmfu rdrdESifhoabmwl7m wynfh7[ef;
wdk\ESifh 0denf;uHoD;jcm;jyKIaeojzifh tkwfzdkq7mawmf
w*dk+f;/ useq f 7mawmfrsm;u w*dk+f; ESpf*dk+;f uGJ-u
 Ak<omoemhtzGJ\. 7nf7G,fcsuft7 Ak<0g' pmay ,Ofaus;r=wkd\ wkd;wufa7;twGuf aqmif7Gu7f ef wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfcJhaom
Ak<wUokdvf yd™uwfwkdufwGif a7S;a[mif;aypmESifh yk7ykdufrsm;tjyif/ bmompHk pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm;vnf; jynhfpHkpGm 7Sdonfjzpf7m
Ekdiif jH cm;okawoDrsm; OD;wkdu7f mXe-uD;jzpfonf?

172
Ak<omoem0if (jrefrmEdkifiH)
jyefonf? xdko\kd *dk+;f uGJaomfvnf; 'Gg7*d+ k f; trnfukd
r7ao;?
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173
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7ufom7Sdonf? ,if;onf rdrd. 0if&kd;ay:Y t-udrf onf? aA'iftvdktm;jzifh ,/ 7/ v/ 0/ – [laom
rnfr~ vnfonfudk eQWaA' ynm7Siw f k\d twdtus tQ7m 5 vHk;udk Ak<[l;eH tQ7m[k ac:avonf?
rajymEkdif-uao;acs? aeudk vSnyfh wfpOf ,if;. rsuf
ESm wzufoyfoyfonf aezufodk\csnf; usaeonfudk Aef\abG;yif? ?Aef\abG;yifonf jrefrmEkid fiHwiG f pdkpw
G f
axmufjcif;jzifh ,if;onf aeudk wywfywfpOf 0if&kd; aom ajrjyef\a'oESifh awmifukef;a'o opfawmrsm;
ay:Y w-udrfom vSnfhonf[k rSwfcsufcs-uonf? wGif aygufa7mufaom tyifrsdK; jzpfonf? tdN, d EkdifiH
odk\7mwGif tcsdK\ eQWaA'ynm7Sifwdk\u ,if;onf
rdr.d 0if&;kd ay:Y tvGev f sifjrefpGm vnfonf[k ,lq
-uonf? rmusL7Dj*dK[fonf vxuf aeESifh ydek D;ojzifh
vxuf ydI k ylonf? v.tylcsdefonf zm7if[ku d f 214
'D*7D7SdI aezufvSnfhaeaom rmusL7Dj*dK[f rsufESm
. tylcsdefonfzm7if[dkuf 550 rS ^^0 'D*7DtwGif;
7Sdonf[k tcsdK\u cef\rSef;-uonf? ,if; tylcsdefonf
cJESifhoHjzLwdk\yif aysmfoGm;apEkdifaom tylcsdefjzpfojzifh
rmusL7Dj*dK[fonf aep-u0 mwGif tylqHk;j*dK[f[k qdk
7ayrnf? aezufrusaom rsufESmrSmrl tvGefat;
onf? ,if;j*dK[fY av/ odk\r[kwf avxkr7Sdacs?
rmusL7Dj*dK[fESifh uBmj*dK[fonf aeudk vSnhfywf
,if; 116 7ufv~if w-udrf qH-k uonf? ae/ uBmESifh
rmusL7Dj*dK[fwdk\ 3 ckpvHk;rSmrl 3 ESpfrS 13ESpf-um;
umvtwGif; w-udrfqHkwwf-uonf? 190^/ 1914/
1924/ 192^/ 193^/ 1940/ 1953 ckESpfwdk\u ,if;
j*dK[f 3vHk; qHkcJh-uonf? txl;ojzifh arvESifh Edk0if
bmvrsm;wGif qHkwwfI/ Edk0ifbmvwGif tqHkrsm;
onf? xdo k \q
kd o
kH nft
h cg aewGif trnf;puf ay:aeouJh
odk\ u`Efkyfwdk\ uBmrS jrif7onf? rmusL7Dj*dK[fonf
vuJhodk\yif vSnhfywf,if; tjcrf;/ t0dkif;/ tauG;yHk
ponfjzifh toGiftrsdK;rsKd ; ajymif;vsuf7Sdonf? Aef\abG;yif. t7Gufrsm;

176
Aef\abG;yif
ESihf oD[–kd fu`e;f ponfh tylyidk ;f Zkefa'owdk\Yvnf; awG\
7Sd7onf? &kQaA' trnftm;jzifh uJ7D,mtmaAm7D
,[kac:onf? 7moDvdkuf 7Gufa-uGyifrsdK; jzpfonf?
tudkif;tvufwdk\ xlxyf rsm;jym;onf? ,if;wdk\onf
tndKa7mif7SdI acsmrGwfaeum tpif;ajrmif;rsm; ay:
aeonf?
t7Gufw\dkonf -um,yfuo Jh \dk t0dkurf sm;7SdI tay:
ydkif;wGif ydkI t0dkufus,fonf? tudkif;tvuf tqHk;
em;xdatmif t7Gufrsm;xGufI/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh
tudkif;tvufwdk\. t7if;em;wGif t7Gufrsm; pkjyHKI
aewwfonf? t7Gufrsm; a-uGcsdefeD;vmv~if teD
a7mifawmufawmuf jzpfvmavonf?
tyGifhrsm;onf tjzLa7mifESifh yef;a7mif jzpfonf?
tyGiho f nf tcsi;f 2vufr rS 4vufrtxd7I Sd yGihcf syf
wdk\onf 1 vufr 2vufrcef\ t7Snf7Sdonf? teH\eH
onf? 7Snfvsm;aom c7rf;a7mif 0wfqHzdkrsm; rsm;
pGm7Sdonf? tyGifhwdk\onf tcuftvufrsm;. t7if;
em;wGif pkcI J yGihwf wf-uavonf?
toD;wdk\onf vHk;0ef;I tpdrf;a7mif jzpfonf? t
om;rsm;onf tcsif; 2 vufr 3 vufrcef\7SdI/ xdyf
wGif t0dkuf 4 ckygaom xdyfzHk;yGifhcsyftHkuav; yg7Sd
avonf?
Aef\abG;om;onf teD7ifah 7mif7I dS opfa-um nDonf?
-um7SnfcHaom opfom;rsdK;vnf;jzpfonf? ta7mif
wifIvnf; aumif;onf? a7xJwGif toHk;jyKv~if
ydkI -um-umcHjyD;v~if/ ydk;rpm;vG,facs? aoewf'if
rsm;/ tdrfwkdifrsm;/ -urf;cif;ysOfrsm;/ vSnf;rsm;/ tdrf
axmify7dabm *yPnf;rsm; jyKvkyf7ef Aef\abG;om;udk
toH;k jyK-uonf?
Aef\abG;yif. tacgufudk cGmI77Sdaom av~mfr~if
onf tvGef cdkifrmI qifOD;pD;wdk\onf xdkav~mfr~ifudk
qifuek f; atmufcH tcif;rsm; jyKvkyf7eftwGuf toHk;
jyK-uonf? xdk\jyif 7Guf-udK;uJhodk\ -udK;-urf;-urf;rsm;
ESifh *kHtdwf-urf;rsm;vnf; 7ufvkyf-uonf? Aef\abG;
yifwdk\onf trsm;tjym; tESH\tjym; aygufa7muf
ojzifh Aef\abG;av~mfr~ifrsm;udk rsm;rsm;pm;pm; 7Edkif
avonf?
Aef\abG;acgufrS tndK7ifha7mif qdk;aq;udk xkwf,l
77SEd ikd of nf? xd\kjyif xdt
k acgufonf ajru G u kd o
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›if;/ t7Gufonf jynfwnfemrsm; aygufv~if›if; aq;
zuf0ifonf? t7Gufudk aq;vdyfvdyfI tcsdK\aomuf
-uavonf?
177
Aeful;Am;jrdK\
Aeful;Am;jrdK\? ?Aeful;Am;jrdK\onf uae'gEkdiif /H jAdwd
o~ udkvºD,m;jynfe,fwiG 7f SdI/ xdkEkdifiH. wwd,t
-uD;qHk;jrdK\ jzpfonf? jAdwdo~ udkvºD,m; jynfe,f.
ukeo f G,fpD;yGm;a7;ESifh pufr=vkyfief; tcsut f csmvnf;
jzpfI/ t-uD;qHk; jrdK\vnf;jzpfonf? ajrmuftar7du
wdkuf ypdzdwf urf;ajcwGif xdyfwef; yifv,fqdyu f rf;
jrdK\-uD;vnf; jzpfavonf?
a*sm*h sD;,m; a7vuf-um;. vufwufwckjzpfaom
Am;7wf a7ausmEf Sifh za7Zmjrpf0wdk\. t-um; ypdzdwf
ork]7m a7jyifxJodk\ xdk;xGufaeaom u`ef;qG,fay:
wGif jrdK\wnfxm;onf? u`ef;qG,f. wpfzufwcsuf
onf yifv,foab®mqdyfrsm; jzpf-uonf? oab®m
qdyfrsm;wGif w&kwf/ *syef/ -opa-w;vD;,m;/ tdNd,
paom EkdifiHrsm;ESifh ul;vl;qufqH-uonfh yifv,f
a7a-umif; uk$+Daygif; 50 ausmfwdk\rS oab®mrsm;
0ifxu G o f mG ;vm-uonf?
jrdK\.tus,ft0ef;onf 44 pwk7ef;rdkicf ef\7I Sd / vl
OD;a7 365ô844 a,muf7Sdonf? awmifrsm;/ yifv,f
a7jyifrsm;jzifh 0ef;7Hvsuf7Sdum &=cif; om,mvSy
aom jrdK\jzpfonf? ajrmufzufESifh ta7S\zufwcdkwGif
qD;ESif;rsm;jzifh azG;azG;jzLvsuf7SdjyD;v~if pdrf;vef;
aomopfawmrsm; zHk;tkyfvsuf7Sdonfh awmifukef;
awmifwef;rsm;udk awG\jrifEkdifonf? awmfzufqDodk\
&=ar~mfvdkufv~if za7Zm jrpfxJ7Sd u`ef;rsm;ay:rS
us,f0ef;aom v,fcif; ,mcif;rsm;udk awG\7onf?
taemufzufwiG rf l Aefu;l Am;u`e;f rS awmifwef;rsm;udk
woDwwef; awG\7rnf jzpfavonf?
jrdK\v,facgifwGif pwefvDO,smOf wnf7Sd7m/ jrdK\
rwnfrDu 7SdcJhonfh obm0twkdi;f -uD;rm;aom xif;
7SL;yifrsm;/ qD'gyifrsm;/ {u waxmifausmfcef\ 7Sd
onfh om,mvSyaom jrdK\.&=cif;/ r~waumif;rGef
aom 7moDOwk/ a7csdK;qdyfaumif;rsm;/ awmupm;
xGuf7ef ae7mrsm;ESifh ig;r~m;7ef ae7maumif;rsm;
7Sdjcif;a-umifh c7D;onf trsm;tjym;yif Aeful;Am;jrdK\
odk\ vma7muf vnfywf-uavonf?
jrdK\. ywf0ef;usif awmifukef;/ awmifwef;rsm;rS
a7wHcGefrsm;udk toHk;csjcif;jzifh a7tm; v~yfppfudk
vdo k avmuf 7Ekid o f nf? Aefu;l Am;jrKd \. t"du vkyif ef;
rsm;rSm opfpufvyk if ef;/ ig;aoWmvkyfief;ESifh oab®m
wnf vkyfief;rsm; jzpf-uonf? tjcm; vkyfief;rsm;
rSm oHESifh oHr+dvkyfief;/ o-um;c`wfvkyfief;/ puf
ud7, d m vkyfief; ponfwk\d jzpf-uonf? opf/ *sHKpyg;/
 Aeful;Am;jrdK\

uae'gEdkifiH. ypdzdwfurf;ajc qdyfurf;jrdK\jzpfaom Aefu;l Am;jrdK\.om,mzG,f&=cif;

ig;ESifh opfoD;rsm;udk Oa7mywkduf ajrmuftar7du wnfcJh7onf? 1891 ckESpfwGif uae'D;,ef;„ypdzdwf

wkduf/ tm7Swdkuf/ -opa-w;vD;,m;wkdufrsm;odk\ t
ajrmuftjrm; wifydk\7avonf? 'kwd,uBmppfumv
1939 ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpftwGif; ppfrufa7;a-umifh
Aeful;Am;jrdK\. pufr=vkyfief;rsm;/ txl;ojzifh opf
vkyfief;ESifh oab®mwnf vkyfief;rsm; tvGefwdk;wuf
cJah vonf?
Aeful;Am;jrdK\7Sd jAdwdo~udkvºD,m; wUodkvfonf
uae'g EkdifiHwGif tqifhtwef; tjrifhqHk;aom wU
odv k wf ck jzpfvmonf? xdk\jyif xdjk rdK\-uD;Y rlvwef;ESifh
wef;jrifhausmif;aygif; 60 ausmf 7Sdavonf?
,ck Aeful;Am;jrdK\. tajctaeudk awG\jrif-u7ol
taygif;onf vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 80 cef\u ,ck
jrdK\wnfxm;aomae7monf awm-u;D jrufrnf;jzpfa-umif;
udk od7v~if ,HEk kdifzG,f7myif r7Sdacs? 1885 ckESpfwGif
uae'D;,ef;„ypdzdwf rD;7xm;vrf;. vrf;qH;k tjzpf
owfrSwfvdkufaomtcg/ Aeful;Am;jrdK\uav;wGif vl
OD;a7 2ô000 cef\r~om 7Sdao;onf? 1886 ckESpfwGif
rD;t-uD;tus,f avmifu`rf;cJhojzifh jrdK\opfjyefI
uk$+Du ta7S\Edik firH sm;ESiahf 7a-umif;qufo, G rf = pwif
jyKvyk cf JhonfrpS I Aeful;Am;onf qdyfurf;jrdK\wjrdK\ t
jzpfxif7Sm;vmonf? Aeful;Am;jrdK\onf EkdifiHjzwf rD;
7xm;vrf;-uD; ESpfvrf;. vrf;qHk;jrdK\vnf; jzpfonf?
EdkifiHjzwf av,Ofvrf;. vrf;qHk;jrdK\vnf; jzpfonf?
ajrmufjrm;pGmaom jynfwGif; rD;7xm;vrf;ESifh av
,mOfvrf;wdk\onf Aeful;Am;jrdK\rS uGefcsmozG,f ,Suf
jzmxGuaf e-uonf? ,if;odk\ ukef;vrf;/ a7vrf;/ av
vrf; qufoG,af 7; aumif;rGefojzifhvnf; vsifjrefpmG
wdk;wufpnfum;I om,m 0ajymaom jrdK\-uD;wjrdK\
jzpfvmcJah yonf?
,if;odk\ -uD;us,fpnfum;aom jrdK\-uD;wjrdK\ jzpf
vmrnfh Aefu;l Am;jrKd \ ae7mudk 1^92 ckEpS cf ef\u xdak 'o
w0dkuf7Sd yifv,fvuf-um;rsm;Y vSnfhvnf e,fopf
7SmcJhol u_wdef a*smh Aeful;Am;qdkol jAdwdo~vlrsdK;
wOD;u pwifawG\7cSd Jhonf? 18^4 ckEpS fwGif xdka'oY
vma7muf tajcpdu k f-uaom vlwpku *7efAD;[laom
jrdK\ukd wnf-uonf? 1886 ckwGifrl jrdK\-uD;wjrdK\tjzpf

178
Aeful;Am;jrdK\
wnfaxmif zGJ\pnf;I/ xdka'oudk pwifawG\ 7Sdol.
trnfudk *k+jf yKum Aefu;l Am;jrdK\[k ac:wGiaf pcJo
h nf?
Aeful;Am;onf oab®mvrf;/ rD;7xm;vrf;rsm;/ av
,mOfvrf;zGifhjyD; aemufwGif o,f,yl dk\aqmifa7;/ ul;
oef;oGm;vma7;wdk\ aumif;rGefojzifh wdk;wuf pnf
um;vmcJh7m/ uae'gEkid fiH. xdyfwef;jrdK\-uD;wjrdK\ jzpf
vmcJhavonf?
AefaumufjrdK\? ?,dk',m; (xkdi;f ) Ekid fiH. jrdK\awmf
jzpfaomAefaumufjrKd \onf xdik ;f Ekid if .
H t-u;D qH;k jrKd \vnf;
jzpfonf? ,dk;',m; yifv,fauG\xo J \kd pD;0ifaom rJerf
(acsmifz,m;) jrpf. jrpfurf;ay:wGif wnf7SdI/,dk;
',m; yifv,fauG\rS 15 rdkifcef\ uGma0;onf? rJerf
jrpfonf ,dk;',m;EdkifiH. ukefoG,fpD;yGm;a7;twGuf
yifr aoG;a-umozG,f jzpfay7m/ EkdifiH. tv,fydkif;
a'orsm;ESifh xdkjrpfa-umif;wav~mufrS a7mufvm
-uaomqefpyg;/ u`ef;opf/ -uufaygifap;/ opfaph/
jiKwaf umif; ponfh Ekdiif .
H xGuu f ek rf sm;udk Aefaumuf
jrdK\.wbufurf;7Sd yifv,f oab®mqdyu f rf;rS wqifh
acwfrDSwdk;wufvsuf7Sdaom AefaumufjrdK\udk av,mOfysHay:rS&=jrif7yHk
179
AefaumufjrdK\
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rmyPnf;paom oGif;ukefrsm;udkvnf; AefaumufjrdK\rS
wqifh Ekid fit H 7yf7yfok\d jzef\jzL;7onf? ,d;k ',m;Ekid if .H
Ekid if jH cm; ukeo f G,rf = ^0 7mcdik Ef e= ;f cef\twGuf Aefaumuf
jrdK\rSwqifh aqmif7u G af y;7avonf?
AefaumufjrdK\udk taemufzufrS jzwfoef; pD;qif;
oGm;aom rJerfjrpf. wzufwcsufrSaeI oG,fwef;
azmufvkyfxm;aom wl;ajrmif;rsm;pGmwdk\onf jrdK\udk
jzwfoef; pD;qif;vsuf 7Sd-u7m/ xdkwl;ajrmif;rsm;udk
jrdK\wGif; ul;oef;oGm;vma7;twGufvnf; toHk;jyK-u
onf? jrdK\wGif;Y ,if;odk\aom wl;ajrmif;rsm; 7Sdojzifh
vnf; AefaumufjrdK\ukd ‘‘ta7Shwidk f; Aif;epfjrdK\’’ [kac:
a0:-ujcif; jzpfonf? xdkwl;ajrmif;rsm;xJwGif qif;7J
om;rsm; aexdkif-uaom avStdrfrsm;ESifh a7;ay:qdkif
rsm;vnf; 7Sad vonf?
AefaumufjrKd \. 7moDOwkonf tylyikd ;f Zkef 7moDOwk
rsdK;jzpfI yljyif;um pdkpGwfxdkif;rd=if;onf? rdk;7moDonf
ZlvdkifvrS atmufwdkbmvtxd jzpfI/ aqmif;7moD
onf Edik 0f ifbmvrS azazmf0g7Dvtxd jzpfjy;D v~if aEG7moD
 AefaumufjrdK\

onf rwfvrS ZGefvtxd jzpfonf? aqmif;7moDtcg AefaumufjrdK\ay:wGif bk7m;wefaqmif;ESihf bkef;

Yyif csrf;at;vGef;vSonf[lI r7Sad y?
AefaumufjrdK\onf 10 pwk7ef;rdkifcef\ us,f0ef;I/
vlOD;a7 (1958 ckESpf cef\rSef;csuft7) 1±^ oef;
cef\7Sdonf? ,dk;',m; bk7ifrif;jrwf pHjref;7m eef;
awmf-uD;7Sdaom eef;jrdK\onf pwk7ef; 1 rdkifcef\ us,f
0ef;I jrKd \&;kd ywfvnf 0dki;f 7Hxm;onf? 1^92 ckEpS f rwkdif
rDu eef;jrdK\ae7mwGif w&kwu f ek o
f nfrsm; aexkid cf o
hJ nf?
yxr 7mrbk7ifrif;jrwf vufxufwiG f xdak e7mY eef;
awmfrsm; aqmufvkyfcJh7m/ eef;awmf 2 aqmifom
7Sdawmhonf? eef;jrdK\twGif; ajrmufzufY ,dk;',m;
rif;tqufqufwdk\ udk;uG,faom xif7Sm;ausmf-um;
onfh jrom; qif;wkawmf wnf77dS m jrbk7m;wefaqmif;
7So
d nf? jrbk7m;. wefaqmif;eH7Hwdk\wiG f edygwfawmf
vm yef;csDcef;rsm;ESifh 7mrZmwfawmfvm yef;csDcef;
rsm;udk ,dk;',m; tEkynmjzifh &=rjiD;p7m o&kyfazmf
xm;onf? xdkeef;jrdK\wGif;Yyif trsdK;om;jywdkuf/
trsdK;om; yd™uwfwdkuf/ eef;wGif;ol eef;wGi;f om;wdk\
aexdkif7m taqmufttHkrsm; 7Sdavonf?
-uD;ausmif;aygif; 400 ausmf 7Sad y7m/ ,if;wdk\rS ajymif
vufaom pOfhtkwf-uGyfrdk;rsm;ESifh ao;oG,f7Snfvsm;
jyD;v~if 0if;0if;vufvuf 7Sad eaom pkvpfreG ;f c`ew f \dkukd
av,mOfay:rS jrif7v~if vSHudkifwyfwwyf 7yfwnf
aeouJhodk\ xif7onf? ,dk;',m; Adou k m vuf7mwdk\
jzifh jyD;aom bk7m;wefaqmif;/ bkef;-uD;ausmif;ESifh
eef;awmf taqmufttHkrsm;um; wrsdK;wzHk wifh
w,fvyS -uayonf? jrefrmbk7m;/ ausmif;wefaqmif;
wd\kwiG f jcao®&h yk Ef iS hf ruif;ouJo
h \kd AefaumufjrdK\rS bk7m;
ausmif; wefaqmif;wdk\Y cef\nm;aom bDvl;&kyf-uD;
rsm;udk awG\7wwfavonf?
eef;jrdK\&dk;. tjyifzufwGifum; acwfrD wdkufwm
taqmufttHkrsm;/ vrf;us,f-uD;rsm;/ O,smOf yef;
jcHrsm;ESifh okdufjrdKufcrf;em; oyf7yfvSayonf? jrdK\.
tpnfum;qHk; ae7mrSm e,l;&k'f vrf;r-uD; jzpfonf?
e,l;&k'f vrf;r-uD;tjyif/ a,m07wf vrf;r-uD;ESifh
w&kwfvlrsKd ;rsm; trsm;tjym;aexdki7f m w&kwf7yfuGuf
jzpfaom qrfyif;7yfuGufwdk\onf ta7mif;t0,f t

AefaumufjrdK\7Sd wifhw,f cef\nm;vSonfh bk7ifhpHeef;awmf

180
AefaumufjrdK\
pnfum;qHk;jzpfonf? Ekid if HxGufyPnf;/ EkdifijH cm;yPnf;
trsdK;pHkudk 7Ekdifonf? w&kwf/ tdNd,/ Oa7my/ tar7d
uefpaom EkdifiHjcm; qkdif-uD; u³m;-uD;rsm;vnf; 7Sd
onf? AefaumufjrdK\. acwftrSDq;kH tvSy toyf7yf
qHk; vrf;r-uD;rSm 7mZ'Rmef7yd fomjzpfI yg7pfjrdK\rSvrf;
r-uD;wckozG,f jyKjyifzefwD;xm;onf? xdkvrf;r-uD;
. tqHk;wzufwGif jrbk7m;wefaqmif;7SdI/ tjcm;
wzufqHk;wGif orukef; eef;awmf-uD;7Sdonf? xdkeef;
awmf-uD;udk csLvmavmifaumif bk7if pwifcJhI 0ZD
7m 0k"(q}7mr) rif;jrwfu 191^ ckESpfwGif tjyD;
owfonf? ausmufjzLom;jzifh †wmvsH7DaeqGef; yHkpH
twkdif; aqmufvkyfxm;I cef\nm;vSyonf? ,ck
tcg ygvDref vFwfawmftjzpf jyKvkyfxm;onf? 7mZ
'Rmef 7dyfomudk rsufESmjyKvsuf7Sdaom taqmuf
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qdyfwck jzpfavonf?
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uBmppfjyD;umvwGif AefaumufjrdK\onf ta7S\awmif
tm7S uGefjrLepf ESdrfeif;a7; tajccHpcef;tjzpf xif
7Sm;vmonf? uBmhukvorC. vufatmufcH tzGJ\
tpnf;tcsdK\. XmecsKyfrsm;udk AefaumufjrdK\Y zGifhvSpf
xm;onf? txufwef; ynm7yfqkdif7m taqmuf
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avmifaumif wUodkvf/ aq;od_HwUodkvf/ tEk
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avonf?
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jzpfI 1^82 ckwGifrS ,dk;',m;EdkifiH. jrdK\awmftjzpf
xm;7SdjyD;v~if wd;k cs\Jaqmufvkyf pnfum;vmavonf?
Aefa*gufôAif;qifh(c7pf 1835 1890)? ?jyifqif
rGrf;rHI v~rf;v~rf;awmufaeaom tvStyudk a7;
jc,fjcif; rjyKbJ/ &dk;om;jcif;/ oef\pifjcif;wdk\rS quf
EG,fvmonfhZmwdtvStyudkom tvSpifppf[k ,lq
181
Aefa*gufôAif;qifh
um o&kyfazmf a7;jc,fcJhaom yef;csDtEkynm7Sif-uD;
um; Aif;qifh Aefa*guftrnf7Sd 'yfcs yef;csDausmf-uD;
aywnf;? odk\aomf ol\acwf ol\tcgu/ ol. o&kyf
azmfcsufudk vltrsm;u oabmraygufEdkif-uojzifh
ol.yef;csDum;rsm;onf EGHepfyWjrm;yrm 7SdaecJh7jyD;
v~if Aefa*gufu, kd wf idk o
f nfvnf; avmu"H. ykwcf wf
jcif;udk tvl;tvSdrfhcH7um ol.b0udk a-uuGzJ G,f7m
Zmwford ;f cJ7h avonf?
Aefa*gufonf a[mfvefEkdifiH (e,fomvefEkdifiH)
ZGef;'ufjrdK\Y 1853 ckESpf rwfv 30 ae\wGif arG;zGm;
cJhonf? zcifjzpfolonf 0ifaiG tawmftoifhaumif;
aom "Rq7m wOD;jzpfonf? Aefa*guf. aqGpOfrsdK;
qufudk 16 7mpkEpS af vmuftxd jyef-unfv h ~if "Rq7m
rsm;ESifh tEkynmonfrsm; a7maESmyg0ifaeonfudk
awG\7onf? xd\ka-umifh Aefa*guf. ZmwdaoG;wGif t,l
0g'a7;ESifh tEkynma7;ESpfckvHk; a7maESmaejcif; jzpf
[efwal yonf?
Aefa*gufonf nDtpfudk armifESr 6 a,muf
teuf t-uD;qHk; jzpfonf? Aefa*guftzdk\ udk,fpdwf
csrf;omr=udk i,f7G,pf Of uav;b0Yom 77SdcHpm;cJh7
[efwlayonf? xdkpOfu cHpm;cJh7aom csrf;omr=udk
Aefa*gufonf rarhavsmhEdkifay? xdk\a-umifh xdkpOfu
olaysmfarG\cJhaom A7mAef\e,f ( e,fomvef awmif
ydkif; )a'o.&=cif;rsm;/ xdka'orS &dk;om;aom v,f
orm; tvkyform; a,musfm; rdef;rwdk\. b0o&kyf
azmfrsm;udk ol. yef;csDvuf7mrsm;wGif awG\-u7onf?
xdktvkyform;/ v,form;wdk\onf rdrdw\dkb07yfwnf
Edkifa7;twGuf &dk;om;oef\7Sif;pGmjzifh -udK;yrf;wukwf
tvkyfvkyfum aexdkif-uyHkudk Aefa*guf. pdwf0,f
wu,fh tvS/ wu,fh oef\7Sif;r=[k ,H-k unfcJhonf?
xdktvS xdkoef\7Sif;r=rsdK;udkom Aefa*gufu yef;csD
pkwfcsufwifcJhI/ wefqmqifaom tvStyrsdK;udk t
vSppfppf/ wu,ft h vSty[lI r,lqcJah cs?
Aefa*guf. xl;jcm;aom vuf7mrsm;. wefzdk;udk
odolrSm Aefa*guf.nD awtdkwOD;wnf;om 7Sdcho J nf?
Aefa*gufonf pdwfaepdwfxm; tjcm;olrsm;ESifh rwl
xl;jcm;oljzpfonf? trsm;ESifh a7ma7maESmaESm rae
bJ/ wudk,fwnf;aewwfI/ w,loef wZGwx f ;dk vnf;
jzpfonf? ol. pdwfaepdwfxm;udk em;vnfI ol.
tEkynmyg7rDudk 7dyfpm;rdol awtdka-umifhomv~if/
Aif;qifh Aefa*gufonf xl;uJaom yef;csDvuf7mrsm;
udk a7;qGJEdkicf Jhjcif; jzpfavonf?
Aefa*gufôAif;qifh
Aefa*gufonf 16 ESpfom;t7G,fwGif tEkynm
yPnf;a7mif;onfh uk$+D-u;D wckwiG f 0ifa7mufvyk u f ikd f
onf? odk\aomf xdkuk$+DrS tEkynmyPnf; ryDo[k
ol,q l aom yPnf;rsKd ;udk 0,fou l 0,fygvsuf ra7mif;
csbJ aewwfojzifh uk$+DESifh tcsif;rsm;um tvkyf
Ekwx f u G cf 7hJ onf?
xdktvkyfrS EkwfxGufcJhjyD;aemufwGif i,fpOfuyif
t,l0g'a7;7m udPrsm;Y pdwf0ifpm;ol jzpfcJhonfh
twdkif;/ Adk7Dewf*s ausmufrD;aoG;wGif; a'owGif "R
q7mtjzpf vkyfukid o f nf? odk\aomf Aefa*gufonf xdk
a'orS tvkyform;wdk\tm; usrf;*efvm w7m; "R
rsm;jzifh a[mjy7onfudktm;r7ay? rdrd7ifwGif;Y
jzpfay:or~udkom a[mjyvdkay7m/ tvkyform;rsm;
uvnf; Aefa*guf. w7m;udk oabmraygufEkdif-u
acs? xd\ka-umifh Aefa*gufonf rdr. d t,ltq oabm
xm;wdk\udk vltrsm;wdk\ oabmayguf em;vnfatmif
qGJaqmifjyoEdkif7ef yef;csDa7;qGJjcif;bufodk\ pdwf0if
pm;vmonf? xdk\a-umifh ausmufrD;aoG; wGif;wl;
orm;rsm;. &kyfyHkrsm;udk cJwHwacsmif;jzifh a7;qGJ
-unfo h nf? yxrwGif vufusvufe rrSefao;I &kyyf kH
rsm;rSm ryDro jzpfaecJhaomfvnf; jyif;jyaompdwf
"mwf/ pl;pdkufaom tm&Hkwdk\jzifh avhusifha7;qGJojzifh
Aefa*guf. vuf7mrsm;onf wjznf;jznf; wdk;wuf
um Aefa*gufonf yef;csDavmuwGif;odk\ csOf;eif;0if
a7mufvmcJah vonf?
yef;csDynmudk avhvmqnf;yl;I yef;csD avmu
wGif;odk\ 1880 jynfrh SpjyD;v~if vHk;vHk;0ifa7mufcJhaomf
vnf;/ Aefa*gufonf uG,fveG o f nfwh kid fatmif yef;csD
ynmjzifh 0ifaiG vHkavmufatmif r7cJhay? tEkynm
yPnf;qdki7f Sijf zpfaom nDjzpfol awtdu k Aif;qif. h tEk
ynmudk tm;ay;aomtm;jzifh aiGa-u;axmufyHhay;ae
ojzifo h m tiwfiwftjywfjywf raecJ7h jcif;jzpfayonf?
1885ckwGif Aefa*gufonf tef\wGyfjrdK\odk\ ajymif;
a7F\aexdkifonf? xdkjrdK\7Sd tu,f'rD tEkynmausmif;
-uD;wGif 0ifa7muf ynmqnf;yl;onf? 1886 ckEpS w f iG f
jyifopfEdik if o H k\d a7mufomG ;jyefonf? jyifopfEkid if H yg7pf
jrdK\wGif yef;cst D jrifopf *dk+;f wckjzpfaom tify7uf7iS ;f
*dk+f;0ifrsm;ESifh awG\qHkonf? xdktcg Aefa*gufonf
vnf; tvif;a7mifudk upm;jyD; a7;qGJaom tify7uf
7Sif; pHepfrsm;udk oabmawG\um ,cifu oHk;vmcJh
onfh aq;a7mifr=dif;r=dif;rsm;udkyif y,fI awmuf
awmufvGifvGif ta7mifrsm;udk toHk;jyKvmonf?
182
AefqifrD;wdkif
Aefa*gufonf jyifopf tify7uf7Si;f pHepfukd vufcH
cJhaomfvnf; ola7;qGJyHk pHepfonf tajccHtm;jzifh
jyifopftify7uf7Sif; yef;csDq7mrsm;. vuf7mrsm;
ESifhrwl/ wrlxl;jcm;onf? Aefa*gufonf tify7uf
7Si;f yef;csDq7mwdk\. pHepftwdkif;vnf; rvdkufbJ ol\
pdwf-udKuftwkid ;f jyKjyif,o l nf? xdak cwfu *syef yef;
csDum;rsm;vnf; Oa7myodk\ 0ifa7mufvm7m/ Aefa*guf
onf *syef yef;csDpeH pfuv dk nf; ol. yef;csDvuf7mrsm;
wGif xnfhoGif; toHk;jyKonf? ola7;jc,fyHk pHepfonf
&=cif;wck. rlvta7mifukd wqifh azmfjy7efom r[kwf
bJ xdk&=cif;udk yef;csDq7m. pdwftjrifjzifh jrifyku H dkyg
azmfjyojzifh tdwfpy7uf7Sif; yef;csDpHepfvnf; qef
avonf?
Aefa*guf. vuf7mwd\o k nf 1880 jynfEh pS rf S tpjyKI
5 ESpf twGi;f Y txl;wdk;wufum xdyfwef;od\k a7muf
vmonf? odk\aomf pHepftwdkif;rvdkufbJ ol\enf; ol\
rlESifh a7;qGJaom yef;csDum;rsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;u
em;rvnf/ oabmrayguf/ ynmwefzdk; rodEdkif-u
ao;ojzifh oltouf7SifpOftwGif; ausmf-um;r=udk
r7cJah cs?
Aefa*guf. xl;jcm;aom vufpGrf;rsm;udk ol\tm;
axmufyHhaeaom nDwa,mufuomv~if odjrif wef
zdk;xm;I/ xdknDrSwyg; Aefa*gufwGif 7if;ESD;cifrifol
r7SdvSacs? xdk\a-umifh Aefa*gufonf avmutjyif
bufodk\ a7mufaeolwOD;yrm pdwfaepdwfxm; wrsdK;
jzpfaeonf? 1888 ckESpfwGif jyifopfEkdifiH awmifydkif;
odk\ oGm;a7muf aexdkifonf? xdkacwfu ausmf-um;
vSaom jyifopf yef;csDausmf-uD; wOD;jzpfol *dk*ef;
ESivhf nf; awG\q7kH if;ES;D zl;onf? od\kaomf wcgwGif *d;k *ef;
ESifh tcsif;rsm;-ujyD;onfh aemufydkif;rSpI Aefa*guf
onf ydkI pdwfazmufjyefvmonf? ruG,fvGefrD 2ESpf
cef\twGi;f pdWZaq;&HkYom taersm;cJ7h onf? 1890
jynfEh Spf Zlvidk fv 29 7ufae\wiG f Aefa*gufonf ol.
b0tajcudk onf;rcHEkdifawmhbJ ol\udk,fol aoewf
jzifh ypfowfum a-uuGJzG,f7m Zmwfodrf;cJhavonf?
AefqifrD;wdki?f ?AefqifrD;wdik o f nf "mwfaiG\jzifh
avmifapaom "mwfaiG\ rD;wkdiw f rsKd ;jzpfI/ od_Hqkdif7m
vufawG\prf;oyfcef;rsm;Y yPnf;rsm;udk tylwdu k af y;7ef
twGuf toHk;jyKvsuf 7Sd-uonf? xdrk D;wdik u f kd a7mAwf
0Dv[rf Aefqifqdkol *smref od_Hynm7Sif wOD;u
wDxGicf o
hJ jzifh Aefqifr;D wdki[
f k wGiof nf?
AefqifrD;wdkif
Aefqifr;D wkdifwGif rD;cdk;rxGufbJ avmif7jcif;ta-umif;rSm
"mwfaiG\(jr|m;euf)ESifh jyifyrSav(jr|m;jzL)wdk\ OD;pGma7mpyfjyD;rS
avmifusG rf;jcif;a-umihjf zpfonf/
a7mAwf Aefqifonf 1811 ckESpw f iG f a*ghwif;*sif;
jrdK\Y zGm;jrifonf? 1852 ckESpfrSpI uG,fvGefonfh
1899 ckEpS t f xd [du
k 'f v
J Awf wUodv k w f iG f "mwkaA'
ygarmQtjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf? AefqifrD;wdkifrsdK;
ray:aygufrDu tjcm; "mwfaiG\ rD;wdkirf sdK; ay:ayguf
aejyD jzpfaomfvnf; tyl7Sdef rjyif;onfhtwGuf "mwk
aA' ynm7Sifrsm; pdwfwdkif;ruscJh-uacs? odk\aomf
1853 ckESpYf wae\wiG f AefqifEiS hf qm[ife7D a7mhpudk
qdkol t*®vdyf vlrsdK; "mwkaA' ygarmQwOD;wdk\ awG\
qHk-u7m0,f Aefqifu "mwfaiG\wckwnf; r[kwfbJ
"mwfaiG\ESifh ava7mjyD; avmifaprnfh rD;wdkifwrsdK;
udk wDxGifrnfhta-umif; ajymjyvdkuf.? xdkodk\ ajym
-um;onhftwdik ;f yif Aefqifonf 1855 ckEpS fY trsm;
pdwfwidk ;f usjzpfonfh rD;wdkifwrsdK;udk wDxiG Ef dkifcJhonf?
AefqifrD;wdkifonf omref za,mif;wdkif t7G,f7Sd
aom oWKjyGefwckjzifh jyKvkyfxm;onf? jyGefatmuf
em;wGif tayguf 2ayguf azmufxm;onf? wayguf
onf rD;avmifEdik fonfh "mwfaiG\0if7ef jzpfI/ "mwfaiG\
udk a7mfAmydkufvHk;uav;jzifh oGif;ay;onf? usef
183
Aefnefô*`ef
waygufrSmav0if7ef jzpfI/ xdktaygufudk vdkovdk
ydwfEdkif zGifhEkdifatmif tzHk;7Sifwyfxm;onf? jyGef.
atmufydkif;wGif avESifh a7moGm;aom "mwfaiG\onf
jyGefxdyfodk\ wufoGm;I rD;&=d\ay;aomtcg jyGefxdyfY
avmifavonf?
za,mif;wkdifrD;ESifh a7eHqDrD;. rD;awmufrsm;udk
aphaphpyfpyf -unfhv~if ta7mifrSm 0gaeI rD;cdk;
rsm; xGufaeonfudkyg awG\7ayrnf? rD;awmuft
wGif;zufudk -unfhv~ifvnf; za,mif;aiG\wiG ›f if; a7eH
aiG\wGif›if; yg0ifaeaom umAGefr=e\f av;rsm;onf
avodk\r[kwf atmufqD*sif tvHktavmuf r7r=
a-umifh/ rD;aumif;pGm ravmifEkdifonfhtwGuf rJarSmif
aeonfudk awG\7ayrnf? rD;awmuf. tpGe;f usI av
ESifh xdawG\um atmufqD*sif tvHt k avmuf 77Sdonfh
ae7mrsm;wGirf u l m; rD;onf tjymEka7mifjzifh›if;/ tyl
7Sdefjyif;jyif;jzif›h if; awmufavmifvsuf 7S. d ? xdk
a-umifh rD;awmuf wckonf tyl7edS f jyif;avav tvif;
a7mif uif;rJhavav jzpfa-umif;udk od7avonf?
Aefqif. tvsifay:cJhaom "mwfaiG\rD;wdkifrsm;
onf za,mif;wdkirf ;D ESifhrjcm;/ avtvHktavmuf r7
7SdonfhtwGuf tyl7Sdef rjyif;-uacs? Aefqifonf t
xufyg rD;wdkifrsm;. oabmudk avhvmod7SdcJhonfh
twdki;f "mwfaiG\ukd avESifh vdo k vdk a7mpyfay;Ekdifrnfh
enf;rsm;udk awG;q7Sm-uH7mrS aemufqHk;wGif av0if
ayguf t7SifjyKvkyfxm;onfh AefqifrD;wkdifudk atmif
jrifpGm wDxGiv f u kd af vonf?
a7eHaiG\/ tqufwDvif "mwfaiG\/ [dkuf'&dk*sif"mwf
aiG\ ponfwk\dukd toHk;jyKxm;aom tyl7edS f jyif;xefvS
onfh aemufay: "mwfrD;ESifh "mwfaiG\rD;zdkrsm;onf
Aefqifr;D wkid .f oabmudyk if rlwnfI jyKvyk x f m;jcif;
jzpf-uonf?
Aefnefô*`ef (c7pf16218 1688)? ?emrnfausmf
‘‘c7pf,ef. xGuf7yfvrf;’’ (yDv*7if; y&dk*7uf)ac:
t,l0g'qkdif7m 0 K-uD;udk a7;om;cJhol *`efAefnef
onf t*®vefjynf Aufzdk\jrdK\teD; tJvpawmh7GmwGif
arG;zGm;cJhonf? rlvu 7GmpOfav~mufI 'eftdk;'efcGuf
ponfwdk\udk zmax;jyKjyifay;7aom oHjzLq7m jzpf
onf? aemiftcgwGifrl tvGefausmf-um;aom pma7;
q7m-uD;ESifh "Rq7m-uD;wOD;jzpfvmavonf?
Aefnefonf i,fpOfu t,l0g'zufwGif 0wfa-u
wef;ukefr~om aqmif7Gujf yD;v~i/f E=wfv~m-urf;-urf;/
 Aefnefô*`ef

ayayawawESifh aysmfaysmfaecJhol jzpfonf? touf aeojzifh 12 ESpf-umr~ Aufz\dkaxmifwiG ;f Y aecJ7h onf?

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tm+mvkonfh jynfwGif;ppfyGJY ygvDrefzufrS 2 ESpf
cef\ 0ifa7muftr=xrf;onf? xdk\aemuf ae7yfodk\ jyef
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oGm;aponf? ZeD;onfuvnf; Aefneftm; t,l0g'
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awG;awmvmonf? 1653 ckESpfwGif eef;uGefazmrpf
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trSwfjyKcH7aom "Rq7mwOD; jzpfvmonf? odk\aomf
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u vGwfv~if/ reufzef w7m;a[mrnf’’ [kacgif;rm
xdtk awmtwGi;f Aefnefonf pma7;pmzwfjcif; jyKae
cJhonf? xdk\jyif zdeyf-udK;rsm; jyKvkyfI 77Sdonfh tc
a-u;aiGjzifh rdrd. 'kwd, ZeD;onf (yXr ZeD;onf
uG,v f GefoGm;jyD jzpfonf) ESifh (yxrZeD;onfESifh 77Sd
onfh) om;orD;rsm;udk axmufyHhcJhonf? Aefnef.
emrnfausmf pmtkyf wckjzpfaom ‘‘*a7htaAmif;'if;’’
ESifh tjcm;pmtkyfwcsdK\udk xdktcsdefu axmifxJwGif
a7;om;cJah vonf?
16^2 ckESpfwGif axmifrSvGwfI rdrd toif;awmf
oif;tkyftjzpf cef\xm;jcif; cH7onf? odk\aomf 16^5
ckESpfwGif tzrf;cH7jyD;v~if axmifusjyefonf? 'kwd,
t-udrf axmifusaepOf uBmwGif taumif;qHk; pm
tkyfwtkyf jzpfvmrnfh ‘‘c7pf,ef. xGuf7yfvrf;’’
0 K-uD;udk pwifa7;om;cJo h nf? 'kwd,t-udrf axmif
rS vGwfjyD;aemufwGifvnf; pmayrsm; qufvuf a7;
om;jcif;/ w7m;"R a[majymjcif;wdk\udk jyKvkyfonf?
xdktcgrSpI Aefnefonf ausmf-um;aom pma7;
q7m-uD;tjzpf›if;/ "Rmq7m-uD;tjzpf›if; xif7Sm;vm

jAdwdo~pma7;q7m *`ef Aefnef. taumif;qHk;vuf7mjzpfaom ‘yD;v*7if; y&d*k 7uf’ 0 KrS tcef;wcef;

184
Aefnefô*`ef AefwdkAef7Snfupm;jcif;

onf? 1688 ckESpfwGif tcsif;rsm; ae-uaom om;
tzESpOf ;D udk jzefajzaphpyf7ef toGm;/ rkefwikd ;f rdonf'h +f
a-umifh zsm;emI tedPa7mufonf? Aefnef uG,fvGef
jyD; ESpaf ygif; 200cef\ vGecf jhJ yD;rS Aufz\kdjrKd \wGif Aefnef.
&kywf kukd jyKvyk fpku
d fxlI *k+jf yKxm;-uavonf?
Aefnef a7;om; jyKpkcJhaom t,l0g'qkdi7f m pmtkyf
aygif; 60 ausmfcef\ 7Sdonf? Aefnefonf ausmif;Y
pmayynmudk jzpfajrmufatmif oif-um;cJh7ol r[kwf
acs? odk\aomf ol. ta7;tom; 7Sif;vif; jywfom;I
zwf&=em;vnf7ef vG,u f lra= -umifh ‘‘c7pf,ef. xGuf
7yfvrf;’’ 0 K-uD;onf t*®vdyf*ª0if pmaywckjzpf
vmonf? wu,fr7Sdaom t7mrsm;udk wu,f7Sdav
[ef yHkaqmifaomenf;jzifh a7;om;7mY taumif;qHk;
0 Kwyk'jf zpfonf? c7pf,ef oRmusr;f rSvv GJ ~if uBm
ay:wGif vltrsm;qHk; zwfaom pmtkyfvnf; jzpfcJh
onf? tjcm; bmomaygif; w7meD;yg;cef\odk\vnf;
bmomjyefc7hJ onf? ‘‘omoemhppfy’JG ’ trnf7dS 0 K
-uD;onf ‘‘c7pf,ef. xGuf7yfvrf;’’ enf;wl
aumif;rGefaomfvnf; rxifay:cJhacs? tjcm; vuf7m
aumif;wyk'fjzpfaom ‘‘rPwmAufref;. b0 0 K
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7drf7onftxd '+fcwfEdkifonf? rormolrsm;vufxJudk ynma7mufrnfpdk;I uwdoPm cH0efcsufrsm;jyKum
oif,l7onf? tavhtusifh7SdrS ydkI u`rf;usifonf? upm;yHk upm;enf; trsdK;rsdK;7Sdonf?

AefwdkAef7Snfupm;jcif;? ?AefwAkd ef7nS f upm;jcif; vnf;jzpfap/ vufeufomonfvnf;jzpfap/ wa,muf

onf odik f;ynm. u@w7yfjzpfI 7efou l dk ckcw H kduf xufrsm;onfh 7efoludkvnf;jzpfap aumif;pGm ckcH
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uG,f ckcw H u dk cf u kd jf cif;jzpfI/ Aef7nS o
f nv f ufeufwckck Aefwdkwwfv~if Aef7Snfwwf7onf? Aef7Snf wwf
udk udik If ckcu H muG,jf cif;twwfjzpfonf? rdru d dk 7efjyK v~if Aefwkw d wf7onf? wrsdK;wwfv~if ynmrpHkao;?
vmoltm; vufxJwGif rnfonfhvufeuf t7m0 K 2rsdK;pvHk;wwfrS pG,fpHkwwfonf[k ac:-uonf?
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ckcHumuG,jf cif;onf vufeufuikd f ckcu H muG,jf cif;jzpf enf;rsm; yg0if.? tcsdK\ enf;rsm;onf 7efjyKvmol
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185
 AefwdkAef7Snfupm;jcif;

v~if›if; wOD;r[kwfwOD; xdcu dk f'+f7mtemw7cH-u

7wwfonf? taysmfupm;onfh pdwf"mwfjzifh tavh
tusihf,l-urSom avhusifh-uol tcsif;csif; txd
tcdkufr7SdbJ pdwfcsrf;ajrh aysmf7Fif-urnf jzpfonf?
pdwfcsrf;ajrh aysmf7Fifp7m aumif;rSvnf; tavhtusifh
udk cHkrif ESpfoufvm-urnf?

upm;yHk upm;enf; trsdK;rsdK;

AefwdkAef7Snfupm;7mY upm;yHkupm;enf; trsdK;
rsdK;7Sdavonf?
upm;enf;rsm;onf wausmif;w*gxm w7Gmwyk'f
qef; jzpfvifhupm; atmufyg upm;yHk 4 rsdK;Y
tusHK;0if-uonf csnf;jzpfonf?
1? tuGucf if;I upm;jcif; /
2? tuGuaf zsmufI upm;jcif; /
3? pnf;0g; ( qkid ;f oDcsi;f )ESihf upm;jcif;
4? enf;owfrSwfI upm;jcif; [lIjzpfonf?
tuGucf if;I upm;jcif; „„ ajccs7mtuGuf (1
uGuf/ 2 uGuf/ 3 uGu/f 4 uGufponf )udk rlwnfI
upm;jcif;udk tuGufcif;I upm;jcif;[k ac:onf?
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vmoltm; *`rf;jyefatmif udkifypfenf; jzpfonf/

teM 5 yg;tm; Tynmjzifh rjypfrSm;yg / (2) rdrdudk

rsuf7nfayguf-uD;i,f 3-udrf 3 cgusatmif rjyKrlyg
bJv~uf Tynmjzifh rwHk\jyefyg/ (3) ao7nfao7uf
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usL;vGejf cif; rjyKyg[k jzpfonf?
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ao;onf?
acwfrDS AefwAdk ef7n S f oifwef;rsm; zGifhvSpo f if-um;
ay;aeaom ArmEkid fiv H ;Hk qkid 7f m vli,frsm; tpnf;t&H;k
uyif ynmoifrnfh olrsm;tm; tusihfpm7dW aumif;
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vlaumif; 2OD;. axmufcHpm wifjyaponfjh yif/ uwd
0efccH surf sm;udk a7S;rlrysuf jyKaponf?
tjcm; ynm7yfrsm;enf;wl AefwdkAef7Snf ynm
onfvnf; u`rf;usifonfxuf u`rf;usifvmap7ef
tavhtusifhrsm;pGm vdkavonf? tavhtusifh rsm;
avav u`rf;usifavavjzpfonf?
tavhtusi, fh 7l mY wOD;ESihw f OD; 7efov
l kd oabm vufeufcsif; udkifaqmif ckcu
H muG,fonfh
xm;I ckcHumuG,f-uv~if›if;/ wdkufcdku&f dkufESuf-u Aef7n
S ftwwf ynm

186
 AefwdkAef7Snfupm;jcif;

AefwdkAef7Snf upm;jcif; pwifcJhaom EdkifiHESifh jyef\yGm;[efjy ajryHk

bJ/ rdrdwdk\ u`rf;usio f vdk vGwfvGwfvyfvyfupm;-u trdkufjcif; ,SOfjydKif-uonf[lIom ac:-uonf?

jcif;udk tuGufazsmufI upm;jcif;[k ac:onf?
pnf;0g; (qkid ;f oDcsi;f )ESihu
f pm;jcif; „„oDcsi;f wckck
udk rlwnfI›if;/ qdki;f trsdK;tpm; (avuif; cGswf
Adef;aAmif; paom) qdkif;trsdK;tpm;udk rlwnfum
pnf;oH 0g;oH armif;oH yHo k Hudk tcsufjyKI upm;jcif;
udk pnf;0g; (qdik ;f oDcsi;f )ESihf upm;jcif;[k ac:onf?
enf;owfrw S If upm;jcif; „rnfonfh AefwAkd ef7n S f
enf;udk upm;-urnf[k upm;rnfhol tcsif;csif;
enf;owfrSwfI upm;jcif;rsdK;udk enf;owfrSwfI u
pm;jcif;[kac:onf?
AefwkAd ef7Snf upm;enf;udk wwfxm;ygvsuf/ om
ref t7yfom;wdk\ t7yfxJwGif 7efjzpf-uouJhodk\ wOD;
ESifhwOD; xdk;ckwf &dkufESuf-uI aoG;xGufoH,dk tem
w7jzpf-uv~if ynmcsif; ,SOfjydKifonf[k rac:-u/
ynmcsif; ,SOfjydKifonfqdk7mY AefwdkAef7Snf ynmESifh
pyfvsOf;I odoifhodxdkufaom orkdif; tpOftvm
pnf;urf;Oya'/ ynmcGif ta-umif;t7mrsm;udk t
b,fr~ odem;vnfonf/ avhvmwwfajrmufxm;onf/
u`rf;usirf = 7Sod nfuko d m wOD;ESihw f OD; ,SOjf ydKifI ajym
qdkjcif;/ aqG;aEG;jcif;/ jyojcif;rsKd ;udak c:onf?
vufawG\ ,SOfjydKif jyo-uonfhtcgwGif rnfolu
omonf/ rnfolu nHhonfudk rdrdwdk\zmom tuJjzwf
Ekid f-u7ef tcsuf 5 csuf 7Sdayonf?
,if;wdk\rSm (1) enf; (edosnf;)/ (2)tuGuf/ (3)
u`rf;usifr=/ (4) tcsdK;tpm;[efyef/ (5) oufvHkwdk\
jzpfavonf?
enf; (edosnf;)tEdkift&H=; „„,SOfjydKifol 2OD;wGif
wOD;u tzufzufwiG f omaeaomfvnf; vufawG\jyo

187
AefwdkAef7Snfupm;jcif; Aef'dkufôqmtefwdkeD

onfhtcgY enf;ta7twGuf wzufolxuf enf;yg;

aev~if xdkoo l nf enf;wGif &=H;jyD[k ,lqEkdifonf?
tuGuftEdkift&H;= „„ 2OD; ,SOjf ydKif upm;jy7mwGif
wOD;uwOD;xuf tuGufeif;upm;7mY omaev~if
tuGuo f monf[k ,lqEkid fonf?
u`r;f usirf = tEdik tf &H;= „„„ 2 OD; ,SOjf yKd iuf pm;aepOf
wGif rdru d dkifonfh vufeufESihf rdrd udkjyefI xdcdkufyg
v~if vufeufudkif ru`rf;usifI xdonf[k ,lq7
onf? xd\kjyif wzufvlu rdrx d uf vufeufuidk yf ku H idk f
enf; toHk;csyHkcsenf; ydkifEkdifu`rf;usifaev~if u`rf;
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tcsdK;tpm; [efyef tEdkift&H=; „„,SOfjydKifol 2OD;
wGif wzufvlu rdrdxuf ajcaevufxm; udk,[ f ef
taetxm; [efyeftcsdK;tpm; tcsdK;rusbJ nHhae
v~if rdru d tcsKd ;tpm;[efyefomonf[k ,lqEkid o f nf?
oufvHk tEdkit f &H=; „„ wzufvl tarmtyef; r7Sd
qufvuf upm;Ekid af o;ygvsuf ,SOjf yKd if rupm;Edik v f ~if
oufv&kH ;=H onf[k wGuq f -u7onf?
txufyg 5 csujf zifh rnfou l rnfox l uf omonf uBmausmf yef;csDq7m-uD; qmtefwdkeDAef'kduf
udk tuJjzwfEkdio f nf qdjk im;vnf; 5 ckpvHk; tjywft
owf omrSomv~i/f omonf[k ajymEdik o f nf? 4 ckom acgif;cscahJ vonf?
jyD; wcknaHh ev~if omonf[k tqH;k tjzwf ray;Ekid af cs? Aef'dkufonf AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH tef\wGyfjrdK\wGif zGm;
yXr t-udrfajrmuf EkdifiHvHk;qkdif7m AefwdkAef7Snf jrifcJhonf? rdbwdk\onf ydk;ukefonfrsm; jzpf-uI/
jydKifyGJ-uD;udk EkdifiHtpdk;7u -uD;rSL;I 1948 ckESpfwGif om;orD; 12 a,muf teuf oWrajrmufom; jzpf
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d fonf yef;csq
D 7muav;wOD; jzpf
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OD;cspfoef; csDynmudk qufvuf qnf;yl;7m/ yHkwlyef;csDzufwGif
r-umrD &l;Aif. vuf7mESifh ,SOfjydKifEkdifavmufaom
Aef'dkufôqmtefwdkeD (c7pf 1955 1641) ? ? yHw k l vuf7maumif; yef;csDausmfwOD; jzpfvmavonf?
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188
Aef'dkufôqmtefwdkeD
rsm;twGif; Aef'dkufonf EdkifiHorkdif; yef;csDum;/ t,l
0g'qdkif7m yef;csDum;ESifh yHkjyif '@m7D yef;csu D m;rsm;
udk a7;qGJcJhonf? 1626 ckESpfwGif tvGefacwfpm;I
xif;7Sm; ausmf-um;aom yef;csDausmf-uD;tjzpf tef\
wGyjf rdK\ok\d jyefvmcJah vonf?
tef\wGyjf rdK\wGif 6 ESpfcef\r~ txufwef;pm; rif;pdk;
7mZmrsm;. vufoHk; yef;csDausmf-uD; jzpfaecJhonf?
7Hzef7Hcg tjcm; jrdK\-uD;rsm;odk\ oGm;a7mufI txl;
wm0ef,l aqmif7Gufr=rsm; jyKch7J ao;onf?
1632 ckESpfwiG f t*®vefjynf7h Sif yXr csm;bk7if.
eef;awmfY bk7ifhyef;csDawmftjzpf oGm;a7muf tr=
xrf;7onf? bk7ifuvnf; ‘‘qm’’ bG\Jjzifh jcD;jr|ihaf jr|muf
pm;jyD;v~if/ vpm 7dQmawmfrsm;udk ay;oem;xm;
onf? bk7if/ rdzk7m;ESifhwuG rif;pdk;7mZm eef;wGif;ol
eef;wGif;om;wd\k. toHk;awmfcjH zpfonfomru/txuf
wef;pm; olaX;ol-uG,f vluHkxHrsm;uvnf; Aef'dkuf
udk tvGef toHk;rsm;cJh-uonf? xdk\a-umifh xdktcsdew f Gif
Aef'dkufonf yef;csDum;rsm;udk trsm;tjym; a7;qGJ
7ojzifh rEkdifreif; jzpfum vufaxmuf wa,mufukd
tultnD xm;7onf? a7;qG7J vGe;f ojzifh xdt k csed wf iG f
a7;qGJaom Aef'dkuf. yef;csDum;rsm;onf vuf7m
ysufvmonf[yk if qd-k uonf?
1640 jynfhESpfwGif yef;csaD usmf-uD; &l;Aif;uG,fvGef
aomtcg tef\wyG jf rdK\o\kd jyefI &l;Aif;. ae7mudk ,lum
pydefbk7if. apmifha7Smuf jcD;jr|ifhr=udk cH,lEkdif7ef -udK;
pm;aomfvnf; r7cJhay? ol. 7nfrSef;csufwck jzpf
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189
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a7;qGaJ y;7eftwGufvnf; tjcm; yef;csDausmf wOD;u
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202
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203
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208
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209
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axmufyifonf vrkyifrsdK;wGif tyif-uD;rsdK;jzpfonf?
ay 90 cef\txdyif jrifhEkdio f nf? vHk;0ef;aom yifpnf
7SI
d tacgufonf trnf; od\kr[kwf eDa7mifa7mif 7Sjd yD;
v~if ywf-um;tufrsm; xaeonf? qdk;aq;twGuf
tacgufukd toHk;jyKEdkifI/ ig;zrf;ydu k uf eG f;rsm; -um7Snf
cdkifap7ef xdktacgufjzifh ta7mifqdk;-uonf? toD;
onf taphrS tan|mufaygufI tjrpfavmif;onf 2
ayce\ftxd 7Sno f nfw
h ikd af tmif ra-uGao;bJ 7Sad ewwf
onf? xdktyifrsdK;.tom;onf xif;qdkufaomtcg
rD;awmufvG,fonf? odk\aomf teH\eHonf? tom;yGI
cGJ7vnf; vG,fonf? xdka-umifh xdktyifrsm;udk xif;
ckwaf 7mif;cs-u7m AsL;xif;[k ac:-uavonf?
AsdKif; ? ?OAsKdi;f „&=?
AsdKif;atmuf? ?AsdKif;atmufonf pDuked aD zmfrD;rsKd ;
pOf/ tm'Da';rsdK;7if;wGi yf g0ifaom iSufrsdK; jzpfonf?
,if;udk yg+aA'tvdktm;jzifh tm'Dtdkvm *a7,D[k
ac:onf?
AsdKi;f atmuf. udk,ftvsm;rSm 18 vufr 7So d nf?
tarG;ta7mifrSm npfykyfykyfjzpf7m/ ajr-uD;ay:Y em;
aepOfwGif ajr-uD;a7mifESifh a7maeaoma-umifh &kwfw
7uf rjrifEkdifacs? &kwfw7uf xysHaomtcgwGifrS jzL
azG;aom tawmifyH/ tjrD;ESifh7ifydki;f udk xif7Sm;pGm jrif
7onf? om;aygufcsdefwGif ausmbufY i7SOfhaoG;
a7mifjzpfvmjyD;v~if qHjcnfr~ifESifhwlaom tarG;Eku
av;rsm; aygufvmonf? aemufaphwGifvnf; 7Snf
vsm;I jzLazG;aom tarG;pk7n S fvnf; aygufvmonf?
tzdEk iS hf trwd\k. ta7miftqif;rSm twlwyl ifjzpfonf?
AsdKif;atmufonf a7pyfem;Y waumif;csi;f jzpfap/
ttkyfzGJ\Ijzpfap aewwfaom iSufrsdK;jzpf7m jrdK\wkdif;
7Gmwkid ;f vdkYyif a7tdik tf eD;Y awG\7onf? jrpf/ tif;tkid /f
a7uef/ a7vFrf;rdk;onfh v,fuGuf/ acsmif;/ ajrmif;/
yifv,furf;pyf ponfh a7aygrsm;7m a'orsm;wGif t
rsm;tm;jzifh usupf m;onf? a7rnfr~yif wdrfI aemuf
onfjzpfap/ AsdKif;atmufrsm;tzdk\ pm;usufom jzpf
onf? 7F\HEGHxJwGif›if;/ a7wdrfwGif›if; AsdKif;atmufonf
rv=yrf 7Sm; 7yfvsujf zpfap/ owd-uD;pGmESihf wpfvrS ;f csi;f
av~mufvsufjzpfap 7SdaewwfjyD;v~if/ tpmawG\onf
ESihf ZwfceJ E=wo f ;D jzifzh rf; ,lavh7o
dS nf? opfawmwGi;f
210
Aspf7nf
7yfem;aeonfhtcg ndKI ysHoef;aomtcg jzLonfh AsdKif;atmuf
7Sd acsmif;pyf ajrmif;pyfwdk\Y waumifcsif;jzpfap/ zdkr
wGJvsujf zpfap awG\7onf? yifv,furf;&dk;wef;7Sd 7FH\EHG
aygrsm;7m jrufcif;rsm;wGifrl ttkyftoif;zGJI oGm;
vmaeonfudk awG\Ekdifonf? tcsdK\ AsdKif;atmufrsm;
onf tvGef,Ofae-uojzifh a7pyfwiG f t0wfav~mzf Gyf
ae-uolrsm;tem;wGif aewwf-uonf? AsdKif;atmuf
.tpmrSm zm;/ ig;/ ykpGefvHk;/ tif;qufydk;aumifrsm;
jzpfonf? ysHoef;pwGif zm;atmfoHuJhodk\ atmfwwf
onf? xdktoHrSm em;0ifcsdKaom toHrsdK; r[kwfay?
naeydkif;wGif rdrdwdk\todkuf7Sd7m tyifrsm;odk\ ttkyf
toif;ESihcf sDI jyef-ujyD;v~if tdywf ef;wufavh7do S nf?
AsdKif;atmufonf trsm;tm;jzifh u`Jausmif;AsdKif;
rsm;ESifhtwl tkyfuav;rsm;zGJ\um/ rdk;7moDwGif om;
ayguf-uonf? ukUKd yif/ o7ufyif/ anmifyifESifh 0g;&Hk
yifrsm;wGif opfcuf/ opfudkif;wdk\jzifh todkufaqmuf
vkyx f m;wwfonf? todkurf mS us;D odu k Ef iS hf cyfqifqif
wl.? wjrHKv~if 3 OrS 6Otxd 7S. d ? tkjyD;umptcsed f
wGif O.ta7mifrmS tjyma7mifoef;onfh tpdrf;a7mif
jzpfaomfvnf;/ r-umrDyif ta7mifnK|d ;oGm;wwfonf?
AsdKif;atmufrsm;udk ta7S\EkdifiHrsm;wGif tESH\tjym;
awG\7onf? ,if;onf jrefrmekdifiw H 0ef;vHk;7Sd vGifjyif
rsm;wGif tjrJwrf; usufpm;aom iSufjzpfonf?
Aspf7nf? ?Asp7f nf[o l nfrmS bD,m/ at;/ pawmuf/
ydkwmESihf vm*sm ponfw\dkukd tm;vH;k jcHKI ac:xm;jcif;
jzpfonf? Aspf7nfonf rka,mpyg;ponfh aumufEw SH dk\
udk tyifaygufapjyD;aomf uaZmfazmufxm;aom ao
7nfwrsKd ; jzpfavonf?
 Aspf7nf
Aspf7nfukd a7S;a7S;ya0+D acwftcguyif aomuf
oH;k cJh-ua-umif; taxmuftxm;rsm; awG\7onf? bDpD
6ô000 cef\u AufADvHk;eD;,m;EkdifiHwGif ,ZfylaZmf7m
Y Asp7f nf-urf;wrsKd ;vnf; yg0ifa-umif; taxmuft
xm;rsm;7Sdonf? xdkEkdifiYH bDpD 4ô000 cef\wiG f Aspf7nf
trsdK;aygif; 16 rsdK;cef\udk rka,mpyg;/ *sHKpyg;/ ysm;
7nf ponfwk\djzifh vkyu f dki-f ua-umif;/ Aspf7nfvyk fief;
onf vkyif ef;-u;D wck jzpfcahJ -umif; od7onf? a7S;acwf
tD*spfEkdifiHYrl bDpD 300 cef\wGif Aspf7nf 4rsdK;udk ae\
pOf tpm;taomufY xnfo h iG ;f xm;a-umif; awG\7onf?
tD*spfEdkifiHrS Aspf7nf jyKvkyfonfh twwfonf *7d
EkdifiH/ a7mrEkdifiHwdk\odk\ a7mufoGm;aomfvnf;/ xdkEkdifiH
rsm;wGif pyspo f D; aygrsm;I 0dik ft7ufrsm;udo k m toH;k
rsm;ojzifh Asp7f nfvyk fief;onf rwGifus,fchaJ cs?
Oa7myajrmufydkif; EkdifiHrsm;wGif Aspf7nfjyKvkyfenf;
rsm; oD;jcm;awG\7onf? w&kw/f *syef ponfh ta7S\Eidk if H
rsm;wGifvnf; Aspf7nfuJhodk\ ao7nfwrsdK;udk aomuf
oH;k cJ-h uonf? bDpD 2ô300 cef\u w&kwEf idk if w H iG f aomuf
oHk;cJh-uaom Aspf7nfuJho\dk ao7nfwrsdK;udk ‘‘usL’’[k
Aspf7nfcsuf7mwGif t"duyg0ifonfh a[mhyifrsm;
211
ac:onf? tar7duwkdufudk Oa7mywkdufom;rsm; r
awG\7drS Dacwfu awmiftar7duwku d w
f iG f -uD;yGm; xGef;
um;cJhaom tifum;vlrsdK;wdk\onfh ajymif;zl;aphudk t
yifazmufI jyKvkyaf om ‘‘cscD s’’ESihf ‘‘qdk7m’’ [kac:onfh
Aspf7nftayghpm;ESifh tjyif;pm;rsm;udk aomufoHk;cJh-u
a-umif; taxmuftxm;rsm; awG\7Sd7avonf?
txufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;udk axmuf&=jcif;tm;
jzifh a7S;a7S;acwftcguyif Aspf7nfudk a'otvdkuf
aygufa7mufaom aumufESHwdk\jzifh jyKvkyaf omufoHk;cJh
-ua-umif; od7ayonf? Oa7myEkid fiHrsm;wGif a7S;tcg
u tdrfwdkif;tdrfwdkif;Y tdrf7Sifrrsm;onf tdrfoHk;t
wGuf Aspf7nf jyKvkyfcJh-uonf? bkef;-uD;ausmif;rsm;
wGif ydkIrsm;rsm;pm;pm; -uD;-uD;us,fus,f jyKvkyf-u
onf? ,ckacwfwGifrl puf&Hktvkyf&Hk-uD;rsm;jzifh Aspf
7nfvyk fudkifvsuf7Sd7m Aspfvkyfief;onf -uD;us,faom
pD;yGm;a7;vkyif ef;-uD; wck jzpfaeavjyD? Aspfvkyif ef;udk
uBmwGif t-uD;tus,fvkyfudkifI xif7Sm;aom EkdifiH
rsm;rSm t*®vef/ *smreD/ tar7duefjynfaxmifpkESifh
csuu f kpd vdAk m;uD;,m;wd\k jzpf-uavonf?
 Aspf7nf
Asp7f nfukd tpwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkid ;f rka,mpyg;
jzifhomru *sHK/ ajyif;/ pyg; paom aumufESHwdk\jzifh
vnf; jyKvkyfEkdifonf? jyKvkyfenf;rSm rka,m paom
aumufEHw S k\dudk tyifazmufI a7ESihaf 7mjyD;v~if t7uf
pnfwGif tyl"mwfay;I arFaESmuf acse,f7onf?
,if;odk\jzifh upD7nfwGif tcsdK"mwf aygufvmonf?
tcsdK\u o-um;a7may;onf? xdktajctaewGif Aspf
7nfcsdK[k ac:onf? ,if;aemufwGif t7nfrsm;udk ppf
xkwfI a[mh ac: Aspfcwfaq;a7mjyD; qlap7onf?
xdkaemufwGif tat;cHI te,fxkdifaponf? ,if;
aemufwzef waq;7nf a7mI uaZmfazmuf7onf?
tcsKd \ Asp7f nfwk\dwiG f oHk;aom waq;onf tay:,Ho\dk
wufonf? tcsdK\ Aspf7nfwdk\wGif waq;onf atmuf
odk\ te,fxkdifusum uaZmfaygufaponf? ,if; t
csufukd vdkuI f Aspf7nftrsKd ;tpm; uGJjym;av7m at;/
pawmufESifh vm*sm[lI cGJjcm;-ujcif; jzpfavonf?
Aspfcwf aq;xnhfjyD;aemufwGif Aspf7nft7monf
wrsKd ;wrnf xl;uJI cg;oufoufvnf; jzpfvmojzifh
xdkAsp7f nfukd Aspcf g;[kvnf; ac:-uonf?
OwkabmZeo*®[usrf;wGif a,mjrdK\pm; twGi;f 0ef
OD;bdk;v=difu Aspfcg;vkyfenf;udk atmufygtwkdi;f azmf
jyxm;avonf?
‘‘rka,mpyg;udk a7qGwfI awmif;ESifh xnfhjyD;v~if
aumuf&dk;tkyfI xm;/ oHk;7uftwGi;f tyifayguf.?
›if;tyifaygufudk ajcmufatmif aeylvrS f;/ ',ftk;d uif;
ESihf ylatmifavSmfjyD;v~if a7aEG;ylylodk\avmif;/ wy[dk7f
cef\xm;/ t7nfukd ppfI,l/ ›if;t7nfwGif pHy,fyifw\dk
uJhodk\ ‘[uf’ ac: yef;yifrsdK;. tyGifhudk tawmfcg;
avmufatmifcwf/ pnfw0ufcef\avmuf ›if;t7nfudk
xnfI h aeylrSm ydwjf yD;xm;v~if 0dik jf zpf.? rka,mtyif
aygufudk yl&aHk vSmfI vkyfv~if atvac:.? ndKatmif
avSmfIvkyfv~if Aspfac:.? tcsdK\ u`rf;atmifavSmfI
vkyfv~if ay:ckwwfac:.? ›if;0dkifudk Al;wGif xnfhI
abmh-udK;qdki;f jyD;v~if ydwfIxm;? ›if;0dkifoHk;rsdK; t
csed fwyd©mv~if ‘tyfvaumf’ av;usyu f udk ajcmuf
usyfwdkifatmifyg.? t*®vdyfEkdifiHrSm T0dkifoHk;rsdK;udk
trsm;aomuf-u.?’’
,ckacwfAspf7nfrsm;onf a7S;a7S;acwf Aspf7nf
rsm;ESifhpmaomf tayghpm;rsm; jzpf-uonf? t,fvudk
a[m 3 „ 6 7mcdkifE=ef;r~om yg7Sdavonf?
txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkdi;f at;/ ydkwmESifh p
awmuf Aspf7nfwdk\udk t*®vefY vl-udKufrsm;onf?
212
at;onf ta7mifazsmo h nf? Aspfcwfaq;t7om vGef
uJonf? csOfpl;pl; t7omvnf; 7Sdonf? t,fvudk
a[m 45 7mcdkiEf =ef;yg7SdI twefi,f jyif;onf? ydkwm
Aspf7nfrsdK;onf tndK7ifha7mifjzpfonf? rka,m t7
omvGefuJI tcsdKtwefi,frsm;onf? at;xuf Aspf
cwfaq;t7om ayghonf? tjr|Kyfrsm;onf? t,fv
udka[m 5 7mcdkifE=ef;ygonf? pawmufac: Aspf7nf
onf ta7miftvGefeufI Aspfcwfaq;ESifh rka,mt7
om vGeu f oJ jzifh csdKcg;cg;-uD;jzpfonf? rl;,pfapwwf
aom t,fvudka[m 5 6±5 7mcdkifE=e;f ygI tjyif;pm;
Asp7f nfrsKd ;jzpfavonf?
tar7duef jynfaxmifpkwGif aomufoHk;-uaom
Aspf7nfrsdK;udk vm*sm[kac:I rlv *smrefenf; t
wdkif;jyKvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? xdkAspf7nfrsdK;onf Aspf
cwfaq;tvGefrsm;aom t7om7Sdonf? xdkAspf7nfudk
jyKvkyfjyD;aemuf t7omaumif;onfxuf aumif;ap
7ef vaygif;rsm;pGmyif -umatmif odkavSmifxm;-u
ojzif/h *smrefbmomjzifh odkavSmifxm;jcif;udk ‘‘vm
*sef’’[kac:onfudk tpGJjyKum xdkAspf7nfrsdK;udk vm
*sm[k ac:-ujcif; jzpfavonf? xdk\jyif *smrefwdk\yif
pwifjyKvkyfcJhaom aAmhAspf7nfwrsdK; 7Sdao;onf? xdk
Aspf7nfonf ta7mifrnf;eufI jyif;aom trsdK;tpm;
jzpfonf? aEGul;OwkY aomufoHk;7eftwGuf aqmif;
OwkwiG f jyKvkyf-u7avonf?
csufudkqvdkAm;uD;,m; EkdifiHrS yDvqifem Aspf7nf
onf tvGefta7mifazsmhI rka,myifaygufudk twef
i,f tajcmufcHI jyKvkyfxm;jcif; jzpfonf?
qdkcJhaom Aspf7nf trsdK;rsdK;wdk\tjyif uBmY r
ausmf-um;vSaomfvnf; EdkifiHa'otvdkuf jyKvkyf
aomufoHk;-uaom Asp7f nfrsm;vnf; 7Sd-uao;7m/ yHkpH
tm;jzifh AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHrS z&dkESifh vrf;Apfwdk\uJhodk\ jzpf
avonf?
Asp7f nfw\dkonf vkyfenf; udik fenf;udk vdkufI teH\
t7omESifh trsdK;tpm; uGJjym;oGm;-ujcif; jzpfonf?
odk\aomf t-uD;tus,f uGJjym; jcm;em;r=um; r[kwf
acs? xdka-umifh tajccHoabmwGif wlnD-uayonf?
Aspf7nfwGif a7/ y&dkwif;/ umAdk[u dk 'f 7dw/f "mwfqm;/
rl;,pfapwwfaom t,fvudka[mwdk\ yg0ifonfhjyif
ADwmrifbD trsdK;rsdK;vnf; yg0ifojzifh aoG;om;jzpf
apaom tm[m7"mwfrsm;ESifh jynfhpHkayonf? xdk
a-umifh oifh&Hkr~ aomufv~if tpma-ucsufjcif;udk
txl;tm;ay;avonf?
Asef;qef;ôAsef\pwsmae
Asef;qef; ôAsef\pwsmae(c7pf 1832 1910)? ?
aemf0D*sifvlrsdK; pma7;q7m-uD; Asef\pwsmae Asef;qef;
onf aemfa0;EkdifiH awmifolv,form; qif;7Jom;.
b0udk o&kyfazmf7mY twkr7Sdoljzpfonf? rsdK;csppf dwf
vnf; tvGefxufoefoljzpfI aemfa0;EkdifiH vGwfvyf
a7; -udK;yrf;r= ta7;awmfyHkwGif trsdK;om; Zmwdrmef
pdw"f mwfudk uAsm 0 K jyZmwfwdk\jzifh E=d;aqmfay;cJh
onf? txl;ojzifh aemfa0;EkdifiH awmifolv,form;
wd\.
k oWd/ AsW/d 0D7, d ponfw\u kd kd cs;D usL;a7;om;jcif;
jzifh Ed=;aqmfay;cJhol jzpfonf? ,if;odk\jzifh 1905 ckESpf
wGif aemfa0;EkdifiHudk qGD'ifEkdifiHrS cGJxGuEf dik fa7;wGif yg
0ifaqmif7u G cf ahJ vonf?
Asef;qef;onf aemfa0;EkdifiHtv,fydkif; uADueD7Gm
i,fwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? atmhpvdkjrdK\/ c7pfpwDtm;eD;
,m;wUodv k fwiG f ynmqnf;yl;cJhonf? 'D*7DbGJ\ r7rD
ausmif;rSxu G fjyD;v~if jyZmwf pmaya0zefa7; q7meSifh
owif;pm q7mtjzpf aqmif7Gufonf? aemiftcg
jyZmwfrsm;/ 0 Krsm;udk a7;om;cJh7m/ emrnfausmf
-um;vmonf? Asef;qef;. pum;ajyta7;tom;
onf tqifwefqmryg/ todki;f t0dkif;rxnf/h tEG\J t
aysmif;udk rr=/ t&dk;cHoabmudk t&dk;cHta7;tom;rsdK;
emrnfausmf aemfa0;pma7;q7m-uD; Asef\pwsmae Asef;qef;
213
jAe7mZf
jzifh wifjywwfojzifh ol.vuf7mrsm;onf aemf0D
*sifpmayrsm;wGif rSww f rf;wif7avmufatmif aumif;
rGeof nf? 0 KESihf uAsmzufwGif Ase;f qef;tm; rSDEikd fol
7Sm;yg;cJhonf? jyZmwfta7;tom;wGif aemfa0;EkdifiHY
[if;e7pftpfAqif. aemuf 'kwd, tausmft-um;
qHk;jzpfonf? (tpfAqifô[if;e7pf„&=?) tpfAqifuhJ
od\kyif vl\ta7; vl\uPd udk wifjyaom acwfopf jyZmwf
rsm;udk a7;om;onf? od\kaomf tpfAqifuo hJ \kd b0tjypf
jrifjyZmwfta7;tom;rsdK;r[kwfbJ b0tusdK;jrif t
a7;tom;rsdK;udk a7;om;onf? Asef;qef;onf o
abmxm; odrfarG\I/ vlwk\d. obm0udk em;vnfum/
udk,fcsif; pmemwwfaom pdwf7Sdonf[k qdk-uonf?
Asef;qef;. pmtkyt f rsm;tjym;udk t*®vdyfbmom
ESifh tjcm; Oa7mybmomrsm;odk\ jyefqdkcJh-uonf?
1903 ckESpfwGif pmayEkdAJqk-uD;jzifh tjcD;jr|ifhcH7onf?
Ase;f qef;onf †wvD/ *smreD/ jyifopf paom Oa7my
EkdifiHrsm;ESifh tar7duefEkdifiHodk\ oGm;a7muf vSnfhvnf
a[majymjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfco Jh nf?
aemfa0;Ekdifi.
H trsdK;om;oDcsif;udk Ase;f qef;u pyf
qdkay;cJhonf? Asef;qef;udk wEdkiif v H Hk;u -unfndKav;
pm;-uonf? Asef;qef;.trnfudk EkdifiHawmftvHESifh
xyfwlxyfr~ av;pm;-uonf[k qdkonf? aemf0D*sif
0 Ka7;q7m-uD;rsm;teuf xdyfwef;tusqH;k [k ,l
qxm;-uI 1910 ckESpfwGif Asef;qef; uG,fvGefaom
tcg ol.trnfrSm uBmcsif;atmif ausmf-um;vsuf
7SdavjyD?
jAe7mZf(c7pf1555 1605)? ?jAe7mZfonf bke;f
vuf&Hk;ESifhjynfhpHkI ppfr=a7;7m aumif;pGm u`rf;usif
aom ,dk;',m;rif;wyg;jzpfonf? jAea7qktif (e
a7o07) [lIvnf; ac:a0:-uao;onf? [Hom0
wDqifjzLrsm;7Sif (bk7ifhaemif). vufxufrSpI jref
rmhvufatmufcHjzpfcaJh om ,dk;',m;EkdifiHudk om;awmf
ig;ql'g,um eNbk7if vufxufwGif vGwfvyfapcJh
aom tmZmenfbk7ifwyg;vnf; jzpfayonf? xdkrif;
. vufxufwGif ,dk',m;EkdifiHonf tus,fjyef\
qHk;jzpfcJhI/ xdkacwftcgu ta7S\EkdifiHrsm;wGif bkef;
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215
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a7mhuD; awmifwef;wdk\. t-um;Y wnf7Sdonf? t
aemufzufwGif ypdzdwfork]7mESifh tvmpum jynf
e,f/ ta7S\zufwGif t,fvAm;wm; jynfe,f/ ajrmuf
 jAdwdo~ udkvºD;,m;jynfe,f
jAdwdo~ udkvºD;,m;jynfe,f/ 0dwdk7d,jrdK\7Sd ygvDrefvFwfawmf
zufwGif uae'gydkif ,l;uGef;jynfe,fESifh uae'g t
aemufajrmuf e,fwpfyikd ;f wd\jk zifh 0ef;7Hvsu7f o
dS nf? jynf
e,f. tus,ft0ef;onf 366ô255 pwk7ef;rdkif7SdI
vlOD;a7rSm 1960jynfhEpS f cef\rSef; oef;acgifpm7if;t7
1ô601ô000 a,mufjzpfonf?
xdkjynfe,f. yifv,furf;&dk;wef;onf rkdifaygif;
^ô000 cef\7Snfvsm;I/ yifv,f oab®mqdyfaumif;
rsm;pGm7Sdonf? xdk\jyif urf;&dk;wef; wav~muf u`ef;
-uD;u`ef;i,faygif; rsm;pGm7Sd7m/ ,if;wdk\teuf Aeful;
Am;u`ef;ESifh uGif;7Sm;avmhu`ef; wdk\onf ta7;tyg
qHk;jzpf-uonf? jynfe,f. jrdK\awmfonf Aeful;Am;
u`e;f ay:7Sd 0dw7dk ,
d jrdK\jzpfavonf?
jAdwdo~ukv d ºD;,m;jynfe,fukd awmif&k;d awmifwef;
-uD; 3 cku rsO;f jydKifjzwfoef;vsuf7Sd-uonf? ,if;wdk\
onf a7mhuD;awmifwef;/ udkvHbD;,m; awmifwef;ESifh
urf;&dk;wef;wav~muf awmif&dk;awmifwef;rsm; jzpf
onf? xdkawmif&dk;awmifwef;rsm;wGif xlxyfaom
opfawm-uD;rsm; zHk;tkyfvsuf7Sdonf? tif;tkdif jrpf
acsmif;wdk\vnf; aygrsm;I t"du jrpf-uD;rsm;rSm za7
217
ZmjrpfESihf udkvºD;,m;jrpfw\dk jzpf-uonf? xdkjrpf-uD; 2
oG,Ef iS hf puD;em;jrpfwk\o
d nf ypdzwd o
f rk]7mxJo\kd pD;0if
-uonf? ydjrpfESihf vDtmjrpfwdk\onf tmwdwfork]7m
xJodk\ pD;0if-uonf? a7wHcGefrsm;/ a7pD;vsifjrefaom
jrpfacsmif;rsm;rS a7tm; v~yfppfudk aumif;rGefpGm 77Sd
avonf?
jAw
d od ~ udv
k ºD;,m;jynfe,f. 7moDOwkonf urf;
&dk;wef;a'owav~mufwGif oifhwifhr~wI rdk;vnf;
rsm;onf? twGif;zufodk\ a7mufv~ifrlum; awmif&dk;
awmifwef;-uD;rsm;u yifv,favudk uG,fxm;ojzifh
xdka'orsm;wGif 7moDOwk ajcmufaoG\jyD;v~if rr~w
acs? odk\aomf jrifhrm;aom awmifxdyfrsm;wGifrl qD;
ESi;f rsm; rjywfzHk;vFrf;vsuf 7Sdavonf?
xdkjynfe,f. awmif&dk;awmifwef;rsm;onf jynf
e,f7moDOwkwGif tusdK;oufa7mufr= 7Sdapjcif;/ jynf
e,f jrpfacsmif;rsm;. jrpfzsm;cH7m jzpfjcif;wdk\tjyif/
jynfe,ftm; "mwfoWKwdk\jzifh aygrsm;-uG,0f aponf?
uae'gEkdiif . H jynfe,frsm;xJwGif jAdwdo~ukv d ºD;,m;
rS aiG/ cJ/ oGyf txGuftrsm;qHk;jzpfonf? a7F/ a-u;eD
 jAdwdo~ udkvºD;,m;jynfe,f

pULvkyfief;onf jAdwdo~ udkvºD;,m;jynfe,f. t"duvkyfief;w7yfjzpfI opfrsm;udk Todk\pULpuf&Hkodk\ydk\ay;7onf?

ESifh ausmufrD;aoG;udkvnf; tajrmuftjrm; wl;azmf xGufyPnf;/ puf&HkxGufyPnf; trsdK;aygif; 7maygif;

77Sdonf? jAdwdo~tifydkif,mwckvHk;wGif t-uD;qHk; oH
7nfusdKpuf&Hk-uD;onf udkvºD;,m;jynfe,f xa7;jrdK\
Y 7Sad vonf?
ajrmuftar7duwdu k fwiG f opftrsm;qH;k xGufaom
jynfe,frsm;wGif jAdwdo~ udkvºD;,m;jynfe,fvnf;
yg0ifonf? jAdwdo~ udkvºD;,m;jynfe,f. tauG\t
aumufrsm;vSaom urf;&dk;wef;ESifh jrpfacsmif;rsm;rS
ig;tajrmuftjrm; zrf;qD;7rdonf? xdkjynfe,f w
e,fwnf;rS 77Sdaom ig;wefcsdefonf tjcm; jynfe,f
tm;vHk;xGuf ig;wefcsdef pkpkaygif;xufyif ydkao;
avonf?
ajr-oZm aumif;rGefaom awmif-um; a'orsm;
wGif odk;/ qdwf/ EGm;arG;jrLa7;/ v,f,mpdkufysdK;a7;/
opfo;D 0vH pkdufysdK;a7;/ [if;oD; [if;7Guf pdkuyf sdK;a7;
wdk\ukd vkyfudkif-uonf? jynfe,f xlaxmifp tcgu/
om;arG;vkyfief;omv~if t-uD; tus,fqHk; vkyf
ief;jzpfonf? ,cktcg jAdwdo~ udkvºD;,m;jynfe,f
wGif opfvkyfief;/ oWKwGi;f vkyfief;/ v,fxGuyf Pnf;
vkyif ef;/ ig;zrf;vkyfief;wd\k -uD;us,fpGm vkyu
f dkiv
f suf
7SdI v,f,mxGufyPnf;/ opfawmxGufyPnf;/ wGif;
rsm;pGmudk uBmt7yf7yfodk\ wifydk\vsuf 7Sjd yD;v~if jAdwd
o~uv kd ºD;,m;onf uae'gEkid if . H jynfe,frsm;teuf
xGuu f ket f rsm;qH;k xGufaom jynfe,fwck jzpfaeav
onf? jAdwo d ~ udvk ºD;,m;jynfe,fonf vrf;yef; quf
oG,fa7;vnf; aumif;rGefonf? awmawmif txyf
xyf umqD;vsuf7Sdaomfvnf; rD;7xm;vrf;rsm;onf
aumif;rGefonf? ava-umif; tm;jzifhvnf; jynfe,f
wGif; Ekid fiw H Gi;f Yomru/ uBmt7yf7yfEiS v hf nf; quf
oG,fEkdifonf? tvmpum vrf;r-uD;onf jynfe,f
wckv;kH 7Sdvrf;rsm;. 3 yHk 1 yHck ef\ 7Snv f sm;aom vrf;r
-uD;jzpfonf? ae7mrsm;pGmwGif jrpf/ acsmif;/ tif;/ tkid f
wdk\udk vrf;yef; qufoG,fa7;twGuf toHk;jyKvsuf
7Sd-uonf?
EdkifiHjzwfrD;7xm;vrf;-uD;jzpfaom uae;'D;,ef;·
ypdzdwf rD;7xm;vrf;a-umif;. aus;Zl;a-umifh jAdwd
o~ udkvºD;,m;jynfe,f. ul;oef;oGm;vma7;/ ukef
oG,pf D;yGm;a7; tvGew f ;dk wufco Jh nf? 'kwd, uBmppf
twGif;urS jyD;pD;cJhaom tvmpum vrf;r-uD;onf
jynfe,f. -uG,f0aom "mwfoWKrsm; xkwf,lydk\
aqmifa7;twGuf tvGet f a7;ygavonf?

218
jAdwdo~ udkvºD;,m;jynfe,f jAdwdo~u`ef;pk

jAdwdo~ udv k ºD;,m;jynfe,f. aemufa-umif;ordik f; tpdk;7u ['fqefaA;uk$+Do\kid mS ;xm;jyD;v~if ua7mif;

udk jyefvSef-unfrh nfqdkv~if/ 15^9 ckESpfwGif qmz7ef
ppf'7dwfonf ajrmuftar7duwkduf/ taemufurf;&dk;
wef;wav~muf oGm;vmvSnhfywfcJhonf? odk\aomf O
a7mywdkuo f m;rsm;xJrS jAdwdo~uv dk ºD;,m;jzpfvmrnfh
a'oudk yxrqHk; awG\7SdcJholrsm;rSm/ 1^^4 ckESpfwGif
rUqDudkjynfe,f/ pydefbk7ifcHcsKyfu apvFwfcJhaom
uif;prf;wyfzJ\G wzGJ\jzpfonf? 1^^8 ckESpw f Gif u_wdef
uGwfonf Aefu;l Am;u`e;f od\k a7muf7dv S monf? xkt d cg
rSpI wkdif;7if;om; tif'D;,ef; vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh om;arG;
ta7mif;t0,f vkyif ef;pwifc-Jh uonf? xdk ta7mif;t
0,fvkyfief;ESifh pyfvsOf;I e,fvk-u7mrS t*®vdyfESifh
pydew f k\d ppfjzpfvek ;D yg;tajctaeodk\ a7mufcaJh o;onf?
odk\aomf t*®vdyfwdk\u tom7cJhI 1^90 jynhfESpfwGif
xdak 'oudk odr;f oGi;f cJo h nf?
,if;od\kwikd af tmif jAdwo d ~tpd;k 7u xdak 'oudk jynf
e,fwcktjzpf usepGm wnfaxmifjcif; rjyKchaJ cs? om;
arG;vkyif ef;onf jAdwo d ~ukvd ºD;,m; jzpfvmrnfh a'o
wGif -uD;us,v f m7m/ jAw d o
d ~w\o kd nf ['fqefaA;uk$+D
udk wnfaxmifcI hJ / xdak 'oonf uk$+Dyikd ef ,fajrjzpfae
cJhonf? xdkpOfu e,l;u,fvD'dk;eD;,m;[k trnfwGif
onf? 1^92 ckESpw f Gif xdku`e;f od\k a7muf7v Sd mI u`e;f
udk vSnfhvnfpl;prf; avhvmcJhjyD;v~if odrf;oGif;cJhol
u_wdef a*smhAeful;Am;. trnfudk *k+fjyKac:a0:
xm;onfh Aeful;Am;u`ef;udk 1849 ckESpfwGif jAdwdo~
udkvked D tkycf sKyfa7;pHepfjzifh tkyfcsKycf o
Jh nf? 1846 ckESpf
ESifh 18^2 ckESpfwGif tar7duefjynfaxmifpk tpdk;7ESifh
e,ferd w d jf y©em ajz7Sif;7onf? 1858 ckEpS w f iG f za7
ZmjrpfxJY a7Frsm; wl;azmf7onfrSpI xkda'oodk\ vl
trsm;tjym; a7mufvmonf? xdktcg jAdwdefjynfh7Sif
0dw7dk ,d bk7ifr-uD;u xdak 'oudk jAdwdo~uv kd ºD;,m;[k
trnf ajymif;ay;onf? vlae pnfum;rsm;jym; vm
ojzifh xdka'oudk ydkifydkifEkdifEdkif tkyfcsKyf7ef vdktyfvm
onf? xdk\a-umifh jAdwdo~ tpdk;7u xdka'owGif u
a7mif;udkvedk D tkycf sKyfa7;ay;tyfonf? 1866 ckESpw f Gif
jAdwdo~ udkvºD;,m;ESifh Aefu;l Am;u`ef;wdk\ukd yl;aygif;
vdkuaf vonf? 18^1 ckEpS fwGirf S jAdwo d ~ udv k ºD;,m;
jynfe,fonf uae'g'drk DeD,ef EkdifiHtwGi;f odk\ tzGJ\0if
jynfe,f wcktjzpf 0ifa7mufchaJ vonf?
jAdwdo~udkvºD;,m;jynfe,fwGif Oya'jyK vFwf
awmfw7yfom7Sdonf? tkyfcsKyfa7;txGwftxdyfonf
*7dwfjAdwdefjynfh7Sifudk udk,fpm;jyKaom 'kwd,bk7ifcH
jzpfonf? odk\aomf wu,ftkyfcsKyfa7; tm+m7SdolrSm
jynfolvlxku a7G;aumufwifajr|mufaom tpdk;7tzGJ\
. acgif;aqmif 0ef-uD;csKyfjzpfonf? xdkjynfe,f.
jynfol\udk,pf m;vS,f trwfaygif; 52 a,muf7Sdonfh
teuf uae'D,ef ygvDref. txuf vFwfawmfodk\
6 OD;/ atmufvFwfawmfodk\ 22 OD; wufa7muf7
avonf?

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wacwfu aer0ifEkdifaom tifydkif,m-uD;ukd xdef;csKyfcJhonfh u`ef;pkwGifyg0ifaom u`ef;-uD;u`ef;i,frsm;/ jrpf
acsmif;rsm;/ ajrrsufESmjyif v=dif;tdwdk;aeouJhodk\7Sdaom qyfqufe,f/ awmif-uD;urf;-uD; jrifhrm;aom paumhw
vefjynf/ ausmufaqmifausmufawmifaygrsm;aom t,f,mekdifiH. urf;&dk;wef;ponfh jAdwdo~u`ef;pk.yx0D0if
tcsuftvufrsm;udk wifjyxm;onf?

jAdwdo~u`ef;pk ? ?jAdwo
d ~ u`e;f pkonf uBmwGif
tausmf-um;qHk;aom u`ef;pkjzpfonf? Oa7mywdku. f cef\yg0if7m/ paumhwvefjynf. ajrmufzuf7Sd atmh
taemufajrmufzuf urf;ajc tvGefwGif wnf7SdI/
ajrmufyifv,f/ 'dkAma7vuf-um;ESifh t*®vdyfa7vuf
-um;-uD;wdk\u Oa7mywkdufukef;r-uD;rS ydkif;jcm;xm;
onf? xkdu`ef;pkwGif u`ef;-uD; 2u`ef; yg0if7m/ *7dwf
jAdwdef (t*®vefjynf/ paumhwvefjynfESifh a0ve,f)
ESifh tdkif,mvefu`ef; (t,f,medkifiHESifh ajrmuftdkif
,mvefjynf) wdk\jzpf-uonf? u`ef;i,faygif; 5ô000
ueDu`ef;pkESifh 7Suw
f vefu`ef;pk/ paumhwvefjynf.
taemufzuf7Sd [ufA7d'D;u`ef;pk/ tkdif7pfyifv,f xJ
7Sd ref;u`ef;/ taemufawmifzuf7dS qDvDu`ef;/ t*®vef
jynf. awmifzuf7dS 0dkuuf `e;f ESihf cseef ,fu`ef; ponf
wdk\onf u`ef;i,frsm;xJwGif t-uD;pm; u`ef;rsm;
jzpf-uavonf?

219
 jAdwdo~u`ef;pk

*7dwf jAdwdefu`ef; a0ve,f. om,m-unfEl;zG,f7m &=cif;

tdkif,mvefu`ef; '¤vifjrdK\awmf. qdyfurf;om wpdwfwa'o

220
 jAdwdo~u`ef;pk
jAdwdo~u`e;f pk. tus,ft0ef;onf 120ô296 pwk
7ef;rkdif7SdI/ xdku`ef;pkwGif aexdkifvsuf7Sdaom vlOD;a7
onf 53ô323ô562 a,mufjzpfonf? jAdwo d ~ u`ef;pkukd
ta7S\zufwGif ajrmufyifv,f/ awmifzufwGif t*®vyd f
a7vuf-um;-uD;/ taemufzufwGif tkdi;f 7pfyifv,fESifh
tWvMdwo f rk]7mwdk\jzifh 0dki;f 7Hxm;onf? xdo k \kd 0dik ;f 7H
vsuf7Sdaom yifv,fa7jyifwdk\onf rsm;pGm reufvS
acs? txl;ojzifh jAdwdo~u`ef;pkESifh Oa7mywdkuf pyf
-um;7Sd yifv,fa7jyifonf tvGefwdrfojzifh tu,f
Iom yifv,fa7jyifonf ay 600 cef\edru hf somG ;cJvh ~if
jAdwo d ~ u`ef;pkonf Oa7mywku d fESihf ajrjyifcsif; quf
pyfwnf7SdEdkifayonf? xdk\a-umifh a7S;ESpfaygif; ya0+D
u/ jAdwdo~u`ef;pkonf Oa7mywdkuf. taemufzuf
ydik ;f wpdwfwa'o jzpfcho J nf[k ,lq-uavonf?
jAdwdo~u`ef;pk.urf;&d;k wef;onf tauG\taumuf
tvGefrsm;ojzifh yifv,frS rsm;pGmuGma0;aom a'o
r7Sdoavmuf[k qdkEdkifonf? paumhwvefjynf t
aemufzufurf;ajcwGif omI tauG\taumufrsm;
jym;jyD;v~if u`ef;i,fuav;aygif; rsm;pGm7Sdonf?
urf;&dk;wef; tjcm;ae7mrsm;wGifum; jrpfrsm;onf
om,mpdrf;pdkaom paumhwvefjynfonf *7dwfjAdwdefu`ef;. ajrmufzufpGef;jynfe,fjzpfonf?
221
wHcg;aygufozG,f jzpfaeI jrdK\rsm;onf ukef;wGi;f us
aeapumrl/ yifv,fESihf ra0;uGmouJo h k\d 7Sdonf? AJv
zwfavmh/ uvdkufjrpf/ zdk\jrpf/ wD;jrpf/ [rf;Am;jrpf/
wif;jrpf/ qJAef;jrpfESifhrmqDjrpfwdk\onf jrpf0us,f-uD;
rsm;7SdI/ yifv,foab®mqdyfurf;aumif;rsm; 7Sdonf?
tkdi, f mvefESihf paumhwvef taemufzufurf;&d;k wef;
wGif obm0qdyfurf;aumif;rsm;7Sdaomfvnf; ausm
axmufaemufcHa'orsm;onf pD;yGm;ukefoG,fa7; t
vm;tvm raumif;ojzifh xdk qdyfurf;aumif;rsm;
onf tzd;k rwef-uacs?
jrpf0us,f-uD;rsm;onf ukef;twGif;usus txd
a7muf7-dS uojzifh u`e;f r-uD;wckv;kH wGif yifv,fEiS hf a0;
uGmaoma'o[lI r7SdvSacs? xdk\a-umifh jAdwdo~u`ef;
pkwGif rjyif;xefvaS om orydik f;7moDOwk7SdI rdk;a7csed f
twefi,frsm;onf?
jAdwdo~u`ef;pk. ajrrsufESmjyifudk t-urf;zsif;
-unfhaomf *7dwfjAdwdefu`ef;r-uD;onf taemufzuf
ESifh ajrmufzufyidk ;f Y awmifxlxyfonf? ta7S\zufESifh
awmifzufwGif ajredrfha'orsm;7Sdonf? paumhwvef
jynf. ajrrsufESmjyifudk ajrmufzufukef;jrifh a'o/
 jAdwdo~u`ef;pk

awmifzuf awmifukef;a'oESifh tv,fydkif; ajredrfh jAdwdo~u`ef;pk. jrpfacsmif;rsm;onf r7Snfvsm;

awmif-um;a'o[lI 3 ydkif;cGJjcm;Ekdifonf? jAdwdo~
u`ef;pkwGif tvGeftrif; jrifhrm;aom awmifrsm; r7Sd
acs? paumhwvefjynf7dS AifeDApfawmifxyd o f mv~if t
jrifhqk;H jzpfI 4ô405 ayjrifhonf? *7dwfjAdwdefu`ef;.
A[dkukef;jrifha'owGif paumhwvefjynf awmifydkif;
ukef;jrifha'o/ t*®vefjynf. ausm&dk;ozG,fjzpfaom
yifEdkif;awmifrsm;ESifh tif;tkdifa'o (vdwf'dp-wdwf)
wd\kyg0ifonf? xdak 'orsm;wGif vrf;yef;tquftoG,f
ajzmifhajzmifhjzL;jzL; r7SdvSacs? xdka'orsm;onf EGm;/
od;k / qdwftp7dSaom wd7>mefrsm; arG;jrL7efom toH;k
0ifavonf? *7dwfjAdwed . f tv,fykid f; ukef;jrifah 'o
wGif a0ve,f yg0ifonf? ysrf;r~jcif; tm;jzifh ay
1ô000 cef\ jrifhI ajrmufzufrS awmifzufodk\ wef;
vsuf7Sdonf? ajrmufzufydkif;onf rmausmaom
ausmufajrjzpfI awmifzufydkif;wGirf l ausmf-um;aom
a0ve,f ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm; 7Sdavonf?
tdik ,f mvefu`ef;. ajrrsuEf Smjyifonf tv,fwiG f
us,fjyef\aom vGifjyif-uD;rsm;7SdI/ 7FH\EGHpdrfhajrrsm; jzpf
onf? urf;&d;k wef; ywfywfvnfwGif awmifuke;f rsm;/
ukef;jyifjrifrh sm;7SI
d tkdi,
f mvefu`ef;. ajrrsufESmjyif
onf tv,fcu G faeaom yef;uefjym;ESifh wlavonf?
xdku`ef;wGif orr~waom 7moDOwk7SdI t*®vefESifh
pmaomf rd;k twefi,fykI d rsm;avonf?
vSacs? taemufzufwGif awmifrsm;7Sdojzifh/ jrpf
acsmif;rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh ta7S\zufodk\ pD;
qif;-uavonf? paumhwvefjynf. jrpf-uD;rsm;rSm
'D;jrpf/ aw;jrpf/ azmhjrpf/ uvdkujf rpfrsm; jzpf-uonf?
t*®vefjynf.ta7S\zufyikd ;f wGif wkid ;f jrpf/ wD;jrpf/ [rf;
Am;jrpf/ wif;jrpfrsm;7SdI taemufzufydkif;wGif rmqD
ESifhqAJ ef;jrpfwdk\7Sd-uonf? tdik ,
f mvefu`ef;. t-uD;
qHk;jrpfrSm 7SefEGefjrpf jzpfavonf? (*7dwfjAdwdef? p
aumhwvefjynf? jAdwdo~ "eo[m,Edik fiHrsm;? a0v
e,f? t*‡vefjynf? tdki7f mvefu`e;f „&=?)
jAdwdo~u`ef;pkrsm;. wnfaeyHk taetxm;a-umifh
orkdi;f rwifrDacwf/ a7S;a7S;ya0+D tcgu/ a7S;tac:
jAdwdef/ ,ck paumhwvef/ t*®vef/ a0v[kac:aom
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0ifa7muf aexdik fc-Jh uonf? ta7S\ajrmufzuf7Sd paumh
wvefurf;ajctvGef u`ef;rsm;rS wqifh puef'Dae;AD;
,m;a'orS vlrsdK;rsm; 0ifa7mufvmcJh-uonf? ta7S\
zuf urf;&dk;wef;7Sd [rf;Am;/ wif;paom jrpf0rsm;rS O
a7mywdkufzufrS 'def;vlrsdK;rsm;ESihf qUqGef vlrsdK;rsm;
0ifa7mufcJh-uonf? awmifzufurf;&dk;wef;onf t*®
vdyf a7vuf-um;-uD;udk jzwfausmfvmaom Oa7my
awmifydkif;rS vlrsdK;rsm; 0ifa7muf7m vrf;a-umif; jzpf
avonf?

jAdwdo~u`ef;pkwGif vlae tvGefxlxyfonfjzpf7m 7dQmtwGuf pdkufysdK;7ojzifh jrdK\jywnfaqmufa7; vkyfief;rSm

jy©emw7yf jzpfvsuf7Sdayonf?

222
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jAdwdo~ "eo[m, EkdifiHtzGJ\[lonfrSm tb,fenf;? jAdwdo~"eo[m,EkdifiHrsm;. rlvtponf jAdwdo~
tifydkif,mjzpfonf? aer0ifaom tifykdif,m-uD;onf 'kwd,uBmppftjyD; EkdifiHjynfe,ftcsdK\tm; vGwfvyfa7;
ay;cJh7onf? tcsdK\u cGJxGufI/ tcsdK\u "eo[m,tzGJ\wGif;Yyif ae-uonf? jrefrmekdifiHonf cGJxGufcJhI tdNd,
onf tzGJ\0ifEkdifiH wEkdifiH jzpfavonf?

jAdwdo~"eo[m,EkdifiHrsm;? ?jAw d o d ~ "eo[m tzGJ\xJ yg0ifaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;omv~if jAdwdo~

, EkdifiHrsm; [laom toHk;tE=ef;onf 1926 ckESpf
wGif usif;yaom tifyD;7D;,,f uGefz7ifw h ckrS pwifcJh
onf? xdu k eG zf 7ifw h iG f *7dwfjAdwdeEf iS hf 'drk eD ,D efEkid fiHrsm;
onf jAdwdo~tpdk;7. aus;Zl;oPmawmfudk apmifo
aoaom tusdK;wl tqift h wef;wl/ oD;jcm;vGwfvyf
onfh Ekdiif Hrsm; tzG\Judk zGJ\pnf;7ef oabmwln-D uonf?
,if;tzGJ\rsdK; zGJ\pnf;xm;jcif;jzifh tzGJ\0if EdkifiHtcsif;
csif;/ pD;yGm;a7;/ umuG,fa7;wdk\Y ,dkif;yif;ulnDr= ydkrdk
77Sdvdrfhrnf[k ,H-k unf-uonf? tifyD;7D;,,f uGefz
7ifh. tpD7ifcpH mwGif jAdwo d ~"eo[m,tzG\J0if Ekid fiH
rsm;. tajctae tqifhtwef;ESifh pyfvsOf;I azmfjy
csuw f 7yf yg7Sad vonf?
,if;rSm ‘‘tzG\J0if Ekdifiw H k\donf jAdwdo~ tifykid f,m
twGi;f rS ud, k fykid f tkycf sKyaf 7; 7Sjd yD; Ekdiif Hrsm;jzpf-u7jyD;
v~if/ jAdwdo~ bk7ifrif;jrwf. aus;Zl;oPmawmfudk
apmifhod&dkaor=jzifh pkpnf;xm;jim;vnf;/ tzGJ\0ifEkdifiH
tcsi;f csi;f oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpmG qufqEH dik jf yD;v~if/ jynf
wGi;f a7; jynfya7;wdk\Y wEdik if u H wEkid if x H uf edru hf sr=
vnf; r7SdapbJ/ tqifhtwef;wl jzpfap7rnf’’ [lI
jzpfavonf?
xdkuGefz7ifhrS oabmwlnDcsufudk 1931 ckESpfwGif
0ufprifpwmpwufusKjzihf taumiftxnf azmfvu
onf? xdkpOfu jAdwdo~ "eo[m, EkdifiHrsm;tzG\JwiG f
yg0ifaom tzGJ\0ifrsm;rSm *7dwfjAdwdef (t*®vefjynf/
paumhwvefjynfESifh a0ve,f)ESifh tkdif,mvefjynf
ajrmufykid f;/ uae'g/ EsL;azmif;vef;/ -opa-w;vD;,m;/
e,l;ZDvef/ awmiftmz7dujynfaxmifpkESifh tdkif7pf z
7D;pwdww f \kd jzpf-uonf?
tzGJ\wnfaxmifpu xdktzGJ\onf jAdwdo~ tifydkif
,m.oD;jcm;tpdwt f ydkif;wck tjzpfuJhodk\ ,lqI xdk
tpd;k 7. wdu k f&u kd fvufatmufc[ H lI rSwf,cl -hJ uonf?
aemiftcgwGirf S xdktzGJ\tpnf;onf wjznf;jznf; xif
7Sm;I vlord sm;vmonf?
h d&kd tzG\Jxw J Gif yg0ifaom Ekid if Hrsm;onf wcgu *7dwf
jAdwed . f udv k ekd t
D ifyikd ,
f mxJwGif yg0ifc-Jh uonf? ,if;
wdk\tm; ,ckwdki fjAdwdo~tifydkif,mxJY yg0ifaom
Ekid firH sm;uJhok\d ajymqdkvsufyif 7Sd-uao;onf? odk\aomf
,ck ‘‘jAdwdo~ tifydki, f m’’ [laom toHk;tE=ef;onf
t"d_m,f wrsKd ;wzHk 7Sad eavjy?D jAw d od ~ udvk ekd rD sm;onf
"eo[m,tzG\JESifh ‘pyfqkid f’ ouJhodk\vnf; tcsdK\uqdk
-uonf? ta-umif;rl xdkudkvdkeDrsm;onf "eo[m,
tzG\J0if Edik if Hwckyidk f jzpfaeaoma-umifah ywnf;?
jAdwo d ~"eo[m, Ekid if rH sm;onf rnfo\rdk nfykH ,if;
tzGJ\0if EkdifiHrsm; jzpfvmyHkudk pdppf-unfhv~if/ jAdwdo~
tifydkif,m jzpfay:vmonfh jzpfpOfordkif;udk t-urf;
zsi;f avhvm7ayrnf?
jAdwdo~ tifyikd , f m jzpfpOf orkdif;udk ESpfydkif; cGJjcm;
7onf? Amaq;pmcsKyf (c7pfESpf 1783) rwkdifrD acwf
udk yXracwf[k ac:qdk-uI/ Amaq;pmcsKy. f aemuf
ydkif;acwfudk 'kwd,acwf[k ac:qkd-uonf? jAdwdo~
tifydkif,monf t*®vefjynfh7Sif yXr t,fvpfZAuf
dk f bk7ifr.vufxuf 16 7mpkESprf S pwifcJhonf? xdkpOf
u ajrmuftar7duwdkufEiS fh taemuf tdN, d u`e;f pkwk\d
wGif vlaepcef;rsm;jzifh tpjyKcJhonf? 1^ 7mpkESpfESifh
18 7mpkESpfrsm;twGif; jAdwdo~wdk\onf us,fjyef\vS
aom yifv,f7yfjcm; tifydkif,m-uD;udk wnfaxmifcJh
-uonf? odk\aomf Amaq;pmcsKyft7 *7dwfjAdwdefonf
us,f0ef;I ta7;ygaom udkvedk Drsm;udk qH;k &=H;cJh7onf?
xdt k a7;um; tar7duefjynfe,frsm;udk vufvw F vf u
kd f
7jcif; jzpfonf? Amaq;pmcsKyf.aemufydkif; 1^83 ck

223
 jAdwdo~"eo[m,EdkifiHrsm;
ESpfrSpI 'kw, d jAdwo d ~ tifykid f,m-uD;udk wnfaxmifchJ
-ujyef7m/ tar7duefjynfe,frsm;ta7;Y oifc+f;pm
7cJhjyD;aom *7dwfjAdwed fonf yg;eyfvdRmpGm e,fcsJ\0g'
udk oHk;cJhojzifh/ uBmh tus,ft0ef; 4 yHk 1 yHkESifh
uBmhvlO;D a7 4 yHk 1 yHw k \dkonf jAdwo d ~ tm+mpuf7dyf
atmufo\dk a7muf7dcS o Jh nf? jAdwo d ~ tifykid f,m-uD;onf
-uD;rm;us,fjyef\vSojzifh ‘‘aer0ifaom tifydkif,m’’
[lIyif wifpm;ac:a0:cJ-h u7avonf?
*7dwfjAdwdefonf uBmhEkdifiHorkdif;wGif t-uD;us,f
qH;k tus,fjyef\q;Hk aom tifykid f,m-uD;udk wnfaqmuf
EkdifcJhonfrSm jAdwdo~a7wyf. aus;Zl;a-umifh jzpfay
onf? jAdwdo~a7wyfonf uBmhork]7mwdki;f Y AdkvfpJG
EkdifcJhonf? xdk\a-umifh uBmhta7S\jcrf;Y›if;/ taemuf
jcrf;Y›if; uBmhwdkuf-uD;rsm;wdki;f wGif jAdwo d ~wk\d. ydkif
eufrsm;udk pdkufxlEkdifcJhonf? uBmhtuGufaumif; ae
7maumif;wdki;f vdv k dkY jAdwdo~wdk\ pd;k rd;k Edkicf ho
J nf? jAdwd
o~wdk\onf tcsdK\e,fajrrsm;tm; pydef/ 'yfcs/ jyifopf
ponfw\dkESihf pyfzufI›if;/ tcsdK\e,fajrrsm;udk ajropf
a7opf 7SmazG odrf;ydkufjcif;jzif›h if;/ tcsdK\e,frsm;odk\
oGm;a7muf tajcpdkuf aexdkifjcif;jzifh›if; odrf;oGif;
cJah vonf?
,if;odk\jzifh uBmhtESH\tjym;7Sd bmomtrsdK;rsdK;/
,Ofaus;r=taxGaxG/ vlrsdK;tpHkpkw H dk\onf jAdwo d ~ tif
ydik f,mtwGi;f usa7mufc7Jh m/ ,if;wdk\ukd ESpu f mv 7Snf
-umpGm pdk;rdk; tkyfcsKyfxm;7ef rvG,fulacs? odk\aomf
tar7duefudkvdkeDrsm;ta7;Y wcgaozl;I ysOfzdk;em;
vnfcJhaom jAdwo d ~wk\donf vufatmufcH udkvked Drsm;
udk qkid 7f mvlrsdK;wdk\.tajctae/ tqifhtwef;udk vdu k f
I tkyfcsKyfa7; trsdK;rsdK;xm;um tkyfcsKyfcJhonf?
jAdwdo~tifydkif,mxJwGif ua7mif;udkvdkeDrsm;/ apmifh
a7SmufcH jynfe,frsm;[lI tpm;pm; yg7Sdonf? tcsdK\
udkvdkeDrsm;onf jynfwGif;a7;udk ,if;wdk\. wkdif;7if;
om;rsm;u pDrHzefwD; EdkifcGifh7onf? tcsdK\ udkvdkeDrsm;
wGifrl jAdwdo~bk7if. udk,fpm;vS,fawmf jzpfaom
bk7ifcEH iS fh bk7ifcHu a7G;cs,w f ifajrm| ufaom twkdiyf if
cHtzGJ\u pDrHaqmif7Gufonf? yXruBmppf tjyD;wGif
jAdwdo~ apmifha7SmufcH jynfe,frsm;/ -oZmcHjynfe,f
rsm; wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJah vonf?
jAdwdo~ tpdk;7onf rdrv d ufatmufcH EdkifirH sm;xJrS
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa7;ESifh xdkufwefor~wdk\udk udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfa7;ay;cJhonf? jAdwo d ~ udkvedk Drsm;teuf uae
'gonf yXrqHk; 'dkrDeD,ef tkycf sKyfa7;udk (c7pf 186^
224
ckESpf) 77Sdonf? 20 7mpkESpf tpydkif;wGif -opa-w;
vD;,m; "eo[m,Ekdiif H/ e,l;ZDvefESihf awmiftmz7d
u jynfaxmifpkwk\donf 'dkrDeD,ef tkycf sKyfa7;udk 77SdcJh
-uonf? tkdif,mvef awmifydkif;udk 1922 ckESpfwGif
tkdif;7pf z7D;pwdwf[laom trnfjzifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf
a7;ay;cJo h nf? odk\aomf tdki;f 7pfz7D;pwdwfonf 193^
ckESpfwGif tcsKyftjcmtm+mydkif oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom
EkdifiH wckjzpfvmum/ t,f,m[laomtrnfudk ,lcJh
onf? tkdif,mvef ajrmufydkif;url ,lEkdifwufuif;
'rf;Ekid if .
H wpdwfwa'otjzpfjzifh aecJah vonf?
1934 ckEpS w f iG f EsL;azmif;vef;onf b@ma7;tajc
taea-umifh udk,fyidk ftkyfcsKyfa7; tqifhtwef;udk jyef
tyfum jAdwdo~ tifyikd , f m. udkvedk D tqifhtwef;od\k
jyefqif;cJhonf? 1949 ckESpfwGif uae'gEkdifiH. jynf
e,fwck jzpfvmcJhonf? 'kwd, uBmppfjyD;acwfwGif
uBmhtajctaeonf ajymif;vJvmonfESifh jAdwdo~
tpd;k 7onf rdr. d udkvekd rD sm;pGmudk vGwfvyfa7; ay;cJh7
ojzifh jAdwdo~ tifykid f,m. tus,ft0ef;onf rsm;
pGm ,kwaf vsmch ho J nf? 194^ ckEpS w f Gif tdN, d ESihf yguP
wefEdik if w H k\dtm; jAdwo d ~ tpdk;7u 'drk eD ,
D ef tkycf sKyaf 7;
udak y;tyfonf? oD[k–d fu`e;f onf 1948 ckEpS w f iG f 'dkrDeD
,efEikd fijH zpfvmonf? xdkEpS ftwGif;rSmyif jAdwdo~udkvdk
eDwckjzpfaom jrefrmekdiif o H nf vGwv f yfa7;77Sud m "e
o[m,tzGJ\0if r[kwfaom tcsKyftjcmtm+mydkif
orwEkdifiH jzpfvmonf? t,f,mEkdifiHonfvnf;
tcsKyftjcm tm+mydkif orwEkdifiHtjzpf xlaxmif
um "eo[m,tzG\JxrJ v S nf; xGuv f kud o
f nf? tdNd,
EkdifiHonf 1950 jynfhESpfwGif tcsKyftjcm tm+mydkif
orwEdkifiH jzpfvmonf? yguPwefonf 1956 ck
ESpfwGif orwEdkifiHtjzpf a-unmcJhonf? tdNd,ESifh
yguPwefwdk\onf tcsKyftjcm tm+mydkiforwEkdifiH
rsm; jzpfvmcJhaomfvnf;/ jAdwdo~"eo[m,tzGJ\rS
rxGufcJh-uay? awmiftmz7du jynfaxmifpkonf
1961 ckESpf arv 317ufae\wGif tcsKyftjcmtm+m
ydkiforwEdkifiH jzpfvmI jAdwdo~ "eo[m,tzG\JrS cGJ
xGucf ahJ vonf?
jAdwdo~ "eo[m, EkdifiHrsm;tzGJ\wGif ,cktcsdef
(1961 ckESpf) txd aemufqHk; yg0ifcJh-uaom EkdifiH
rsm;rSm *gemorwEdkifiHESifh rœm,k jynfaxmifpkwdk\
jzpf-uonf? xdk\a-umifh jAdwo d ~ "eo[m, EkdifiHrsm;
tzG\JwiG f ,ae\txd yg0ifvsuf7-Sd uaom tqifhtwef;
wl tusdK;wl tzGJ\0if EkdifiHrsm;rSm (1) *7dwfjAdwdef/
jAdwdo~"eo[m,EdkifiHrsm; jAJwdkuf

ajrmuftdkif,mvef/ ,if;wdk\. vufatmufcHESifh t tcsdK\u jAdwdo~udkvedk Drsm;udk vGwv f yfa7;ay;vdu k f

apmifhta7SmufcH jynfe,frsm;/ (2) jAdwdo~bk7if/ odk\ jcif;onf jAdwdo~ tifydkif,m-uD;tm; wjznf;jznf;
r[kwf bk7ifrudk Ekid fi. H txGwftxdyftjzpf todt jzdKcJjG cif;yif jzpfonf[k ,H-k unf-uonf? od\kaomf 'drk eD D
rSwfjyKaom uae'g/ -opa-w;vD;,m;/ e,l;ZDvef ,efEkdifirH sm;onf jAdwdo~tpdk;7tay: oHa,mZOf7SdjyD;
ESifh ,if;wdk\. tapmifh ta7SmufcH jynfe,frsm;/ v~if oPmapmifhod&dkaoaeao;or~/ ta7;-uHKvm
oD[dk–f/ *gemESifh rœm,k jynfaxmifpk/ (3) jAdwd onft h cg/ jAdwo d ~ tpkd;7onf 'drk De, D efEikd firH sm;tay:
o~b7k if/ od\kr[kwf bk7ifrudk "eo[m, Ekid if rH sm;tzG\J tm;xm;Ekdifayao;onf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh "eo
.txGwt f xdyt f jzpf todtrSwjf yKaom tdN, d orw [m,tzG\J0if 'drk De, D efEdik firH sm;onf yXruBmppftcg
EkdifiHESifh (4) yguPwef tPvrfrpf jynfaxmifpk u›if;/ 'kwd,uBmppftcgu›if; (t,f,mEkdifiHrS
orwEkid if w H \kd jzpf-uonf? vGJv~if) trdEdkifiH *7dwfjAdwdef.zufrS rm;rm;7yf-u
jAdwdo~"eo[m, EkdifiHrsm;tzGJ\. txdrf;trSwf um *7dwfjAdwde. f 7eforl sm;udk acsr=ef;wdu k fcdkuf7ef vl
onf jAdwdo~o7zljzpfonf? jAdwdo~bk7if/ odk\r[kwf tm;aiGtm;jzifh ulnDcJh-uonf? "eo[m,tzGJ\wGif
bk7ifrudk,fwdkif -uGa7muftkyfcsKyfjcif; rjyKEdkifaom tzG\0J ifEidk if w
H \ko
d nf tusKd ;wl tqift h wef;wl[k qd7k jim;
uae'g/ -opa-w;vD;,m;/ e,l;ZDvefwk\dwiG f bk7ifrif; vnf; *7dwjf Adwed o f nf rdcifESiw fh lI tjcm;"eo[m,
jrwfuk, d fpm; jAdwdo~bk7ifccH sKyfwdk\tm; cef\xm;onf? tzG\J0ifEidk if w H \kdonf vlvm;ajrmufjyD;I tdk;tdrx f laxmif
bk7ifcHcsKyfrsm; cef\xm;7mY bk7ifrif;jrwfonf cef\ um tdrfwaqmif rD;wajymifpDESifh tdk;tdrfcGJaexkdif-u
xm;7rnfh qdkif7m EkdifiHrsm;. tpdk;7tzG\Jrsm;. t-uH aom om;orD;rsm;ESifh qifqifwl-uayonf?
ay;csuftwkdif; cef\xm;onf? usef"eo[m, EkdifiH
rsm;wGirf l wkdi;f 7if;om;rsm;onf qdkif7mEkid if Hrsm;. t jAJwdku?f ?jAJwku
d [
f o
l nfrmS jrefrmbk7ifrsm;vuf
xGwt f xdyf jzpfavonf? xuf vFwf&Hk;ig;7yfteuf w7yftygt0if jzpfonf?
"eo[m, EkdifiHrsm;wGif wkdif;7if;om;wdk\u a7G; eef;jrdK\awmftwGif; aZw0efaqmif. ajrmufzuf oD
aumufwifajr|mufaom tpdk;7tzGJ\ESifh Oya'jyK vFwf [moeyœif77Sd m a7Feef;jymom'fawmf-uD;. taemuf
awmfw\kd7o dS nf? qdik 7f mEdkiif t H wGuf Oya'rsm;udk qdik 7f m ajrmufzufwGif wnf7Sdonf? bk7ifpHawmfrl7m eef;
Oya'jyKvw F af wmfu jyKvyk f7onf? tcGet f aumufrsm; awmfESifh wqufwnf; jzpfonf?
udkvnf; qkdif7mEkdifiHu aumufcHpnf;-uyf7onf? t jAJwdkuf[laom a0g[m7rSm rGefbmompum; y
jcm;EkdifirH sm;ESifh qufo, G fa7;udkvnf; vGwfvyfpGm jyK wdu k fjAJrS vma-umif;jzifh a7FbeHk 'd gef;Y qdo
k nf? rGeaf 7;
Edkifonf? tjcm; EdkifiHrsm;ESifh oHwreftvJtvS,f jyK xHk;usus a7;vdkrl wkdufA•mJ [kjzpfonf? wdkufonf t
Edkifonf? pmcsKyfrsm; csKyfqdkjcif;/ ppfa-unmjcif; p aqmifjzpfI AJ•monf vlysdKjzpfonf? t"d_m,frSm vl
onfw\u kd v kd nf; rdrw d \o
kd abmtavsmuf jyKvyk Ef idk o f nf? ysdKawmfw\dk pGjJ rJcpm; xrf;7Gufaexdik f7aom taqmif[k
'dkrDeD,efEkdifiHrsm;onf yXruBmppf twGif;rSpI jzpfonf? [Hom0wD qifjzLrsm;7Sif vufxuf rGefvl
qdik 7f mEkid fi. H jynfwiG ;f a7;udk qkid 7f mEkid fiu H aqmif7u G f ysdKawmfrsm; jrJpGJc,rf; xrf;7GufcJh7zl;onfudk 7nfI
Ekid faom tcGit hf a7; 77Sdco Jh nf? yXruBmppfjyD; acwf aemufrif;rsm;vufxuf vlysdKawmfrsm; raeaomf
wGif jAdwdo~ ygvDrefonf 'drk eD , D efEikd if rH sm;tm; jynfy vnf; a7S;ac:jrJtwdkif; jAJwu dk faqmif[k ac:-uonf?
ta7;Yvnf; ,if;wdk\ oabmtwdkif; aqmif7GufEdik cf iG hf jAJwdkufonf cyfvsm;vsm; jzpfI awmifajrmuf t
ay;onf? 1931 ckESpfwGif 0ufprifpwmpwufusKudk vsm; uGef;q,fvHk;/ oHk;xyfvnfay:ESifh ajrmufzuf
jy}mef;jyD;onfhaemufwGifrl jAdwdo~ygvDrefonf 'dkrDeD u tedrfh/ awmifzufu tjrifhxm;jyD;v~if aqmuf
,efEkdifiHrsm;tay: vFrf;rdk;EdkifcGifh/ csKyfcs,f EkdifcGifh r7Sd vkyfxm;onf? xdktjrifhydkif;udk txufjAJwdkuf[k ac:
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237
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238
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vloleD;7m 7GmeD;csKyfpyfrsm;Y aeavh7Sdonhf AGwfuvHk
pGmatmfoHESifh nnf;nLoHukd wae\vHk;vdkyif -um;ae7
onf? zswv f wf7iF yf saom iSurf sdK; jzpfonf?
AGwfzifeDiSufrsdK;teuf TiSufonf trsm;tm;jzifh
ttkyftoif;ESifh aeavh7Sdaom iSufjzpfonf? aumif
a7trsm; yg0ifaom AGwu f vHt k kyfukd r-umc+ awG\7
wwfonf? tpmudk tvG,fwulESifh 7EkdifjyD;v~if t
odkufjyKvkyfEkdifaom tyifrsm;wGif AGwfuvHkudk awG\7
wwfonf? xdktyifrsdK;onf jrdK\v,facgifY 7Sdv~ifyif
AGwu f vHu k kd awG\Edik af yonf? zdrk wGv J suf aeavh7o
dS nf?
xlxyfaom awmudk a7SmifI vloleD;aom a'orsm;/
O,smOf/ ysdK;cif;/ awmpyf/ 7GmeD;csKyfpyfESifhawmif-um;
rsm;wGif usufpm;avh7Sdonf? AGwfuvHkrsm;onf vl
udk ra-umufwwfacs? ,Ofyg;atmif arG;jrLIvnf;
xm;Ekdifayonf? ,Ofyg;vmaomtcg ocifac:v~if
ta0;-uD;rS ysHvmwwfonf? AGwfuvHk. tpmrSm
opfo;D / A,f7o D D;/ tif;qufy;dk aumif/ yifhulEiS hf ayguf
zwfrsm; jzpfonf?
AGwfuvHkiSuf. om;aygufcsdefrSm azazmf0g7DvrS
ZGevf txdjzpfonf? tyifcyfedrefh drh/f od\kr[kwf csKH paom
jcHpnf;&dk;yifrsm;wGif todkufrsm;udk opfcuf/ opfjrpf/
jrufyif ponfwdk\jzifh aqmufvkyfavh7Sdonf? AGwf
239
AGwfukvm;
zifeDtodkufESifh cyfqifqif wlaomfvnf;/ AGwfzifeD.
todkufavmuf apmufreufacs? todkufudkvnf; odk
0SufI rjyKvkyfwwfay? oufi,f/ xef;7Guf/ "ed7Guf
rsm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom trdk;ESifh tumrsm;wGifvnf;
todu k u f kd wcgw7H jyKvyk w f wfonf? wjrKH v~if O2vH;k
rS 4vHk;xd7Sdonf? Orsm;rSm tjzLa7mifwGif yef;a7mif
oef;vsu7f jdS y;D v~if teD/ od\rk [kwf c7rf;a7mif tajymuf
rsm;yg7So d nf? Orsm;udk 147ufrS 15 7ufxd 0yfay;7I
tzdEk iS fh tr ESpOf ;D pvHk;onf todu k af qmuf7mY›if;/ O
rsm;udk 0yfay;7mY›if;/ om;i,frsm;udk jyKpak pmifha7Smuf
7m›if; twlwuG aqmif7u G f-uonf?
AGwfuvHkrsm;udk ta7S\wdkif;EkdifiHrsm;wGif tESH\tjym;
awG\7onf? jrefrmedkifiHwGif opfyifyg;yg; ayguf7m
awmifajc7if;ESifh vGifjyifrsm;Y awG\7onf? awmeuf
7m a'orSty ay 6ô000 xdjrifah oma'orsm;Yyif ae
xdik faom iSufrsdK;jzpfonf?
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AGwfukvm;
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onf? ,if;wd\k ysHoef;aepOf ta0;rS -unfhv~if vnf
yif;/ wifyg;ESihf OD;acgif;wdk\onf jzLazG;I tjrD;u rnf;
eufaeonfudk awG\7onf? odk\7mwGif teD;-unfhrl
OD;xdyfonf rnf;eufI ausmonf eD-uef\-uef\ta7mif
7SdjyD;v~if awmifyHrSm tcsdK\trnf;ESifht-um;/ tcsdK\t
jzLESifh tjympif;rsm;jzpfI aeonfudk awG\7rnf? xdkt
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qif7ef toHk;jyK-uonf? AGwfukvm;. OD;acgif;wGif
tarmufuav; axmifvsuf 7Sdonfudkvnf; awG\Ekdif
ayonf?
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vnf; tvGefqlnHpGm toH jyKwwfaom iSufrsdK; jzpf
onf? ,if;wdk\. atmfoo H nf us,af vmifI rmqwf
qwf jzpfonf? waumifu toHcyf7Snf7Snf r~Of;I
acsmhjrLv~if tjcm;iSufwaumifu us,favmifpGm rm
qwfqwf wHk\jyefwwfavonf? AGwfukvm;onf opf
oD;/ opfO/ yd;k aumifrmF ;aumifrsm;ESifh tjcm; iSufayguf
prsm;/ Orsm;udk zsufqD;pm;aomufwwfonf? wrif
arG;xm;aom iSufaygufpuav;rsm;udkyif 0ifa7muf
vk,uf pm;aomufwwfjcif;/ rSnfh0if;aom toD;tESH
udrk S -udKuwf wfjcif;wd\ka-umifh vlw\k. d ypfcwfowfjzwf
jcif;udk r-umc+ cH-u7onf?
rsm;aomtm;jzifh AGwfukvm;onf pHkwGJjzpfap/ t
tkyftoif;zGJ\Ijzpfap aewwfonf? AGwfukvm;onf
zswfvwf ayghyg;I tem;raewwfacs? owd7Sdaom
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udkif;ESifh ajr-uD;ay:wGif ckefaygufoGm;vmwwfI r
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,if;wdk\onf ysHoef;onfhtcg vsifjrefoefrmjcif; r7Sd
vSbJ/ ajc 2zufaqmifhI ysH7yHk ay:onf?
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avonf? ,if;wdk\onf wjrHKv~if 3 OrS 6 Otxd
tkwwfonf? AGwfukvm;Oonf 0gazsmhazsmh tpdrf;
azsmhazsmhrsm;jzpfI tndKpufrsm; yg7Sdonf? wOv~if
ysrf;r~tvsm; 1±29 vufrESihf jyuf 0±9 vufr 7So
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I tvkyf&=yfcsdefjzpfonf?
AGwfukvm; wdk\onf awmwGif;iSuf jzpfI aoG\
AGwfpmrJG
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xif7SL;awmfrsm;/ vGifjyif7Sd tifwkdif; awmrsm;wGif
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uBmajrmufzufjcrf;wGif usufpm;-uonf? ajrmuf
tar7duwku d /f qdu
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tv,fyikd ;f / awmificl &dik t f wGi;f 7Sd yJc;l &dk;rawmifpyfrsm;
wGif trsm;tm;jzifh awG\7onf? ,if;wdk\onf wae7mrS
wae7modk\ r-umc+ ajymif;avh7Sdaomfvnf; ajrmuf
ydkif; csif;awmifrsm;/ uomESifh a7Fbdkc&dkifrsm;7Sd tif
wkdi;f awmrsm;ESifh u,m;jynfe,frsm;wGif tjrJvdkvydk if
awG\7onf? ajrrsuEf mS jyiftxuf ay 6ô000 jrifah om
a'owdkiaf tmif AGwu f kvm;iSufw\dkukd awG\Edik fayonf?
AGwfc`J ? ?AGwpf mrG„J &=?
AGwfpmrGJ? ?AGwfpmrGo J nf yufpm7DazmrD;rsdK;pOf ydkU
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dk 'D;rsdK;7if;wGif yg0ifI AGwzf ifeD/ AGwu f vHk paom
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EdkEdkwyf Avefazmf'D Avefazmf'D[k ac:onf? AGwf
pmrGJudk AGwfc`J[k›if;/ AsL[k›if; ac:-uao;onf?
,if;iSufrsdK;onf tjriftm;jzifhvnf; rvS/ toHtm;
jzifhvnf; rom,maoma-umifh vlod rrsm;acs? AGwf
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teuf AGwfpmrGJonf tjriftm;jzifh t&d;k qHk; jzpfonf?
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xl;jcm;jcm; 7Sdonfudk rawG\7acs? tjriftm;jzifhvnf;
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jzLndKndKta7mif7Sdaom em;7GufzHk;tarG;rsm;udk tao
tcsm uyf-unfrh o S m jrifEidk o f nf?
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r7Sdacs? opfaysmhom;udk vFjzifh wdkufjzwfoHuJhodk\
f m; cyfqwfqwf toHrsdK; jzpfonf? odk\aomf *DwoHyg
aom wkefoH/ odk\r[kwf v~mvdyfoHrsdK;jzifhvnf; atmf
wwfao;onf?
om;aygufcsed rf Sm rwfvrS -o*kwv f txd jzpfonf?
d nf? odk\7mwGif oyf7yfjcif;r7Sdonfh todkufrsm;udkrl tcsdef
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rSm AGwzf ifet D odu
k Ef iS hf cyfqifqifwI l opf7uG fajcmuf/
jrufyif/ opfcuf ponfw\dkjzifh jyKvkyf xm;wwfonf?
240
AGwfpmrGJ AGwfzifeD

AGwfc`J [lI›if;/ AsL[lI›if; ac:-uonfh AGwfpmrJG

wjrHKv~if 2 O tkwwfI wcgw7HrSom 3 O tkwwf rl wcgw7H awG\7onf? weo®m7De,fwiG f awG\7onf[k

onf? O.t7G,ftpm;rSm 7SnfarsmarsmjzpfI tvsm; rSwfwrf;Y r7Sdaomfvnf;/ weo®m7D ajrmufydkif;wGif
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tjzLa7mifwiG f yef;a7mifoef;vsuf7dI S / teD odk\r[kwf
c7rf;a7mif tajymufrsm; yg7Sdonf? AGwfzifeD? ? AGwzf ifeo D nf yufpm7DazmrD; rsKd ;pOfrS
AGwfpmrGJonf tylydkif;a'oukef;jrifhrsm;/ ql;awm/ ydkUEdkEdkwD'D; rsdK;7if;wGifyg0ifI/ ,if;udk yg+aA'
csKH awm/ v,fawm/ pdu k cf if;ESihf acsmif;i,frsm;. teD; tvdktm;jzifh armvyufpwD; auzm[lI›if;/ ydkUEdk
wGif usufpm;avh7do S nf? ,if;onf opfawmrsm;wGif Edw
k yfauzm[lI›if;ac:onf?
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f 7J7ifzh swvf wfaom trlt7m7So d nf?

241
AGwfzifeD
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,mpGm oDcsif;rqdkwwfbJ toHwrsdK; ESpfrsdK;avmuf
om atmfjrnfwwfonf? od\7k mwGif xdt k oHonfyifv~if
om,memaysmfzG,f aumif;ayonf? AGwfzife. D atmf
oHonf oDcsif;qdkoHrsdK; r[kwfaomfvnf; toH -unf
vifjywfom;onf? 7Fifvef;pGmESifh qlnHpGm aewwfr=
zswv f wfrw = k\da-umifh xdik u S uf dk vlwk\d ESpo f uf-uonf?
iSufi,frsdK;wdk\. 7efojl zpfaom odrf;pGef ponfw\dk ysH0J
vmv~if AGwfzifeDonf tjcm; iSufrsm;tm; toHjzifh
tcsuaf y;wwfonf?
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rsm;jzpfonf? O,smOfrsm;7Sd opfoD;opfzkrsm;udk wcg
w7H zsufqD;avh 7Sdonfhjyif/ pdkufcif;rsm;rS [if;oD;
[if;7Gufrsm;udkvnf; zsufqD;avh7Sdonf? odk\7mwGif
aumufyJoD;ESHudk zsufq;D wwfaom tif;qufy;dk aumif
rsm;udkvnf; pm;aomufwwfao;ojzifh vlwdk\tm;
wzufwvrf;rS aus;Zl;jyKaom iSufjzpfonf? AGwzf ifeD
onf tvGef7efvadk omiSufjzpfojzifh tdNd,Ekid fiH -uuf
iSuf wkduyf JrG sm;wGif wdu k if Sut f jzpf toH;k jyKwwfonf?
awG\77dS ma'oudk vku d If AGwzf ifew D \.
kd om;aygufcsed f
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odk\aomf a,bk,stm;jzifh azazmf0g7DrS arvxd om;
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yXrt-udrf om;aygufI -o*kwfwGif 'kwd,t-udrf
om;aygufjyefonf? todkufrsm;udk csHKzkwfxJwGif opf
7Guaf jcmuf/ jrufyifESifh opfcufwdk\jzifh cGufyHk aqmuf
vkyfxm;wwfonfhtjyif opfjrpf/ tarG;tr~ifrsm;jzifh
todkufudk um7Hxm;wwfonf? odk\aomf todkufrSm
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Oudk 0yf7mY›if; om;i,frsm;udk jyKpk apmifha7Smuf7mY
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odk\r[kwf c7rf;a7mif tajymuf tpufuav;rsm;onf
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7So
d nf? vlow l \dkESifh a0;aom jcH O,smOfEiS fh csKH awmrsm;
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242
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awG\7avonf?
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