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Steel Framed Car Parks
Steel Framed Car Parks
Contents
Contents
Contents
5
Introduction
Acknowledgements
Outline design
Dynamic efficiency
Flow patterns
Circulation design
Structural form
Foundations
Column positions
Deflection
Dynamic performance
Stability
16 Fire resistance
18 Durability
The steel frame
Concrete floors
Metal decking
Waterproofing
Refurbishment
21 Aesthetic design
22 Commercial viability
23 Latest developments
Demountable car parks
Wholly automatic multi-storey car parks
24 Sizing data sheets
28 Case studies
34 Bibliography
35 Support for the construction industry from
Corus Construction & Industrial
Introduction
Introduction
The multi-storey car park is a unique style of building;
one in which all elements of the structure are normally
exposed to the public.
Reduced costs
Reduced time on-site
Increased productivity
Safer construction
Improved quality
credentials:
Adaptable construction
Unimpeded movement
Light and airy
Low maintenance
Safe and secure
Advantages of steel construction
This guide will demonstrate that steel construction is
ideally placed to satisfy all the requirements of good car
park design. Steel is:
Ideal for long spans
Lightweight
Robust
Fire resistant
Easily maintained
Vandal resistant
Minimalist
Economic
Outline design
Outline design
The dimensions of large, standard and small size cars
Stall width
Bin width
Aisle
Parking
angle
Stall
width (m)
parallel to
aisle
Aisle
width (m)
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.25
3.39
3.54
3.60
60
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.66
2.77
2.89
75
2.3
2.4
2.5
45
Bin
width (m)
(stall length
4.80m)
13.65
13.80
13.95
14.85
14.95
15.05
4.20
2.38
2.49
2.59
4.98
15.45
15.50
15.55
15.60
16.55
90
All
All
90
All
All
Stall width
Bin width
Aisle
Stall
width (m)
Dynamic efficiency
The dynamic efficiency of a car park depends on the ease
with which entry, egress and parking can be achieved. The
general principle should be that cars cover as many stalls
as possible on entry and as few as possible on exit. The
layout of the exits and the size of the reservoir capacity are
other major factors when considering dynamic efficiency.
Flow patterns
There are two flow patterns used in modern car park
construction: one way and two-way flow. These can be
combined with either 90 or angled parking.
One-way flow systems, if used with angled parking,
provide a very good solution to the parking problem.
They ensure easier entry and exit to stalls and allow
significant flow capacities to be achieved with the
self-enforcing flow pattern. Difficulties can arise when
the intended flow is ignored and therefore good signage
is required.
Circulation design
Circulation design
Ramp width and slope
desired performance.
ramp would be two stall widths wide and for two way
traffic flow, three stall widths wide.
Circulation design
Green Park
Reading
Structural form
Structural form
The structural design of a car park will usually determine
users can gain rapid entry and exit without the risk of
Structural form
(a) 2.400 x 2 }
(b) +0.300 x 2 } = 5.7m
(c) +0.150 x 2 }
4.8m
(a) 2.400 x 3 }
(b) +0.300 x 2 } = 8.1m
(c) +0.150 x 2 }
7.2m
(a) 2.400 x 4 }
(b) +0.300 x 2 } = 10.5m
(c) +0.150 x 2 }
9.6m
(a) Stall width (b) Clearance to column (c) Half column width
Shear Connector
Mesh Reinforcement
Transverse Reinforcement
In-Situ Concrete
A
A
PCC Slab
Steel Beam
View on A-A
Figure 8. Composite beam with PCC hollow core slab
Structural form
Shear Connector
Metal Deck
In-Situ Concrete
Steel Beam
View on A-A
Structural form
Galvanised
reinforcing bars
set into
pre-cast slab
Steel beam
Transverse
reinforcement
PC concrete slab
Figure 11. Composite beam with composite PCC slab and topping
Structural form
of assistance.
Deflection
are used for the main beams, deflection may govern the
Dynamic performance
Structural form
1.000
70
car park empty
car park full
60
12 x base curve
50
Response factor
0.100
4 x base curve
30
20
Base curve
0.010
40
10
0
0
0.001
10
Frequency (Hz)
3
4
Floor frequency, fo (Hz)
100
the empty cases and 0.9 to 26.6 for the full cases.
Structural form
Figure 17. Cross bracing as used at the Genesis car park, World Cargo Centre, Heathrow
Stability
Fire resistance
Fire resistance
Steel-framed car parks have been rigorously fire tested
in a number of countries (Table 3). These tests
demonstrate that most unprotected steel in open sided
steel-framed car parks has sufficient inherent resistance
to withstand the effects of any fires that are likely to
occur. Table 3 lists the maximum temperatures reached
in open sided car park tests in four countries. These can
be compared with the limiting temperatures of 620C for
beams carrying floor slabs and 550C for columns, at
which failure is expected to occur.
Open sided car parks are defined in Approved
Document B to the Building Regulations 2000 for
England & Wales as having open ventilation of at least
5% of the floor area at each level, at least half of which
should be in opposing walls.
The fire resistance requirements for open sided car
parks in the United Kingdom and Ireland are outlined in
Table 4. The dominant period is 15 minutes. Most
universal beams and columns will achieve 15 minutes
fire resistance without added protection although a small
number of sections at the lower end of the range, for
example the 152 x 152 x 23UC and 127 x 76 x 13UB,
will do so only when less than fully loaded.
Beam
Column
UK
275C
360C
Japan
245C
242C
USA
226C
Australia
340C
320C
Over 30m
15 minutes * +
60 minutes
Scotland
30 minutes #
30 minutes
Northern Ireland
15 minutes * +
Not permitted
Republic of Ireland
15 minutes *
Not permitted
Fire resistance
127x76x13UB
285m-1
0.54
152x89x16UB
275m
0.54
178x102x19UB
270m
0.54
203x133x25UB
250m
0.57
254x102x22UB
285m
0.49
254x102x25UB
259m
0.56
305x102x25UB
285m
0.48
305x102x28UB
255m
0.58
356x127x33UB
250m
0.58
406x140x39UB
245m
0.59
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
* Where design is governed by serviceability, the majority of these sections will achieve 15 minutes fire resistance. This should be assessed on a
case by case basis.
Slenderness ratio*
152x152x23UC
310m-1
81
152x152x30UC
240m
78
0.36
152x152x37UC
190m
77
0.45
203x203x46UC
205m
58
0.51
203x203x52UC
185m
58
0.58
-1
-1
-1
-1
*Assumes an effective length of 3 metres. The actual failure temperature is a function of the slenderness ratio.
Durability
Durability
A car park should be designed to give the best possible
Metal decking
solution is to be adopted.
Waterproofing
Concrete floors
Durability
C3
C4
C5
System number
B12
E6
E9
C3
20+
25
30
C4
15-20
15-20
25
C5
8-20
12
20
N/A
Shop
applied
Surface
preparation
(BS 7079:
Part A1)
Coatings
(Note 5)
Site
applied
Coatings
40m
40m
100m
200m
85m
None
(Note 4)
1.18
100m
80m
1.55
(Based on information extracted from A Corrosion Protection Guide: For steelwork exposed to atmospheric environments, see Bibliography)
Notes
1. Coating system durability given in the table is based on practical experience. It is the expected life, in years, before first major maintenance. This
is taken as degradation level Ri3 from ISO 4628 Part 3 (1% of surface area rusted). It should be noted that this does not imply a guarantee of life
expectancy. In coastal areas, the coating life expectancy may be reduced by up to 30%.
2. The durability of galvanized steelwork is derived from the figures in BS EN ISO 14713.
3. Galvanizing should be carried out to Standard BS EN ISO 1461.
4. Where painting of galvanized steelwork is required for aesthetic or other reasons, suitable systems from ISO 12944 may be used.
5. The thickness values given for primers are the total thickness used and may include a prefabrication primer.
6. The relative costs given here are for guidance. There will be considerable variation that may typically be +/- 50% for a variety of reasons.
Quotations should be obtained before making the final selection of the protective treatment.
7. It should be noted that the colour of micaceous iron oxide (MIO) is limited.
8. Environmental categories are based on those given in ISO 12944 and ISO 9223.
Figure 18. Guildford 946 space Car Park adjacent to railway and
local housing
Refurbishment
One of steel's major advantages is the ease with which
it can be refurbished and adapted. Car parks in steel are
no different in this respect. Where examples can be
found they have been refurbished with minimal expense
and great success as at the refurbished Waitrose car
park at Weybridge.
Before refurbishment
After refurbishment
Refurbished interior
Figure 20. Waitrose car park at Weybridge.
Aesthetic design
Steel car park structures have been designed to accept
all types of external cladding. Examples include
Plastisol sheets as at Poole, steel mesh panels as at
Aldershot, steel mesh and fins at Milton Keynes and
brick as at Aylesbury, Guildford and Tallaght.
There are various steel cladding systems ranging from
the simple sheet to sophisticated composite panels. All
are compatible with the steel frame.
Brick cladding of steel frames is well proven for offices,
car parks and many other structures. Steels inherent
Commercial viability
The cost per space for a basic average-sized (250
spaces) multi-storey car park is in the region of
3,000-4,000 (2002 figures) inclusive of framework,
floors, barriers, foundations and cladding.
The cost of a steel frame in real terms has decreased
appreciably over the last few years through greater
efficiency in both the steel manufacturing and
fabrication industries. The shorter construction period
made possible through the use of a steel frame and
consequently the earlier return on investment increases
the commercial viability. The elimination of fire
protection costs has had a major influence in making a
steel-framed car park one of the most competitive
options available.
Latest developments
Latest developments
Demountable car parks
The exponential upward trend in the use of cars in the
UK is resulting in the need to provide a greater number
of car parks. Large companies and institutions
especially, have a growing need for parking facilities.
This need may be met in many cases by the use of
demountable structures, to give an eminently flexible
solution to the parking problem. Steel is considered to
be the only practical solution that can be constructed
as demountable.
The car park at Luton is an example of a car park, which
could be demountable with some minor modifications.
Assumptions
6m Aisle
Car space
7.2m
3.6m
Beam - B
Beam A
3.6m
Edge Beam
following assumptions
Beam A
15.9m
Beam A
Car space
Layout 1
Floor construction:
75mm deep precast planks.
Composite slab depth 140mm overall
Beam A:
610 x 229 x 101 UB, grade S355
Composite with 104 19mm diameter shear studs x
95mm long
Camber approximately 80mm
Beam B:
610 x 229 x 101 UB, grade S355
Composite with 30 19mm diameter shear studs x
95mm long
Columns:
305 x 305 x 97 UC, grade S355
Approximate weight of steel:
45.2 kg/m2 (0.86 tonne/parking space)
Overall depth of construction:
743mm
Beam D
4.8m
Tie
Beam D
Edge Beam
Beam C
7.2m
Tie
Edge Beam
Beam C
15.9m
15.9m
Layout 2
Layout 3
Floor construction:
Floor construction:
Beam C:
Beam D:
120mm long
120mm long
Tie:
Tie:
Columns:
Columns:
743mm
762mm
7.2m
Beam F
Tie
Tie
Beam F
Beam F
15.9m
Beam E
7.2m
Beam F
Tie
Edge Beam
Beam E
15.9m
Layout 4
Layout 5
Floor construction:
Floor construction:
Beam E:
Beam F:
grade S355
95mm long
Top tee
Bottom tee
Tie:
120mm long
Tie:
Columns:
Columns:
567mm
Beam H
Beam H
15.9m
7.2m
3 Stalls (car spaces)
J Beam
3.6m
3.6m
J Beam
7.2m
3 Stalls (car spaces)
Beam G
Tie
3.6m
Beam G
Beam H
Tie
3.6m
Edge Beam
Beam G
15.9m
Layout 6
Layout 7
Floor construction:
Floor construction:
Beam G:
Beam H:
95mm long
95mm long
Tie:
Beam J:
Columns:
95mm long
648mm
Overall depth of construction:
648mm
Case studies
Case study 1
World Cargo Centre, Heathrow.
Brief
Technical information
Attributes
5 levels of open single deck parking.
Design: Steel frames at 7.2m centres, 150 deep hollow core units with
75mm structural topping.
retail area.
Steel vehicle impact barrier system
Special features
The construction process was radically re-engineered to
Case studies
Case study 2
Buttercrane Centre multi-storey car park, Co Down.
Brief
Technical information
Attributes
Design: Pre-cast concrete slab (75mm thick) with in-situ topping on clear
span steel frame using composite cellular beams and universal
columns.
Special features
A 225mm pre-camber in the cellular beams was used for
additional cost.
Case studies
Case study 3
Stockley Business Park, Heathrow.
Brief
Technical information
Design: Steel portal frames of tapered I section plate girders with tubular
legs and tie rods. The deck comprises pre-cast concrete and
glass panels.
Attributes
Faade: Open
round observation
Case studies
Case study 4
Bradford city centre multi-storey car park.
Brief
conflicting zones.
Technical information
Area (suspended): 9456m2
No of floors: 7 including the ground floor
No of parking spaces (incl. ground floor): 432
Special features
Case studies
Case study 5
The Parishes multi-storey car park, Scunthorpe.
Brief
GB2 269 610 B and is available for use under licence. The
Town Centre. The ground plus four level 700 space car
Attributes
Award scheme.
Faade: Steel cladding, curtain walling and low level facing blockwork
Special features
Case studies
Case study 6
Ipswich station multi-storey car park.
Brief
The brief was to design and build a 435 space
Technical information
Special features
The multi-storey car park was based upon Bourne
Architect: Charter
Bibliography
Bibliography
J D Hill, D C Shenton, A J Jarrold "Multi-storey Car
imposed loads.
1989.
BS 6472: 1992 Guide to evaluation of human exposure
Murray, T.M., Floor vibration testing and analysis of
to vibration in buildings.
Steel Group.
I D Bennetts, D J Proe, R R Lewins, I R Thomas "Opendeck Car Park Fire Tests". BHP Melbourne Research
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