3

Chng 1: KHI NIM V BO V RLE

I. Khi nim chung:
I.1. Nhim v ca bo v rle:
Khi thit k v vn hnh bt k mt h thng in no cn phi k n kh nng pht
sinh h hng v cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng trong h thng in y. Ngn
mch l loi s c c th xy ra v nguy him nht trong h thng in . Hu qu ca ngn
mch l:
a) Trt thp in p mt phn ln ca h thng in
b) Ph hy cc phn t b s c bng tia la in
c) Ph hy cc phn t c dng ngn mch chy qua do tc ng nhit v c.
d) Ph hy n nh ca h thng in
Ngoi cc loi h hng, trong h thng in cn c cc tnh trng vic khng bnh
thng. Mt trong nhng tnh trng vic khng bnh thng l qu ti. Dng in qu ti
lm tng nhit cc phn dn in qu gii hn cho php lm cch in ca chng b gi
ci hoc i khi b ph hy.
ngn nga s pht sinh s c v s pht trin ca chng c th thc hin cc bin
php ct nhanh phn t b h hng ra khi mng in, loi tr nhng tnh trng lm
vic khng bnh thng c kh nng gy nguy him cho thit b v h dng in.
m bo s lm vic lin tc ca cc phn khng h hng trong h thng in
cn c nhng thit b ghi nhn s pht sinh ca h hng vi thi gian b nht, pht
hin ra phn t b h hng v ct phn t b h hng ra khi h thng in. Thit b
ny c thc hin nh nhng kh c t ng c tn gi l rle. Thit b bo v c thc
hin nh nhng rle c gi l thit b bo v rle (BVRL).
Nh vy nhim v chnh ca thit b BVRL l t ng ct phn t h hng ra
khi h thng in. Ngoi ra thit b BVRL cn ghi nhn v pht hin nhng tnh trng
lm vic khng bnh thng ca cc phn t trong h thng in, ty mc m BVRL
c th tc ng i bo tn hiu hoc i ct my ct. Nhng thit b BVRL phn ng vi
tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng thng thc hin tc ng sau mt thi gian duy tr
nht nh (khng cn phi c tnh tc ng nhanh nh cc thit b BVRL chng h
hng).

I.2. Yu cu c bn ca mch bo v:
I.2.1. Tnh chn lc:
Tc ng ca bo v m bo ch ct phn t b h hng ra khi h thng in c
gi l tc ng chn lc. Khi c ngun cung cp d tr cho h tiu th, tc ng nh vy
to kh nng cho h tiu th tip tc c cung cp in.

Hnh 1.1 : Ct chn lc trong mng c mt ngun cung cp

Yu cu tc ng chn lc cng khng loi tr kh nng bo v tc ng nh l bo
v d tr trong trng hp hng hc bo v hoc my ct ca cc phn t ln cn.
Cn phn bit 2 khi nim chn lc:
Chn lc tng i: theo nguyn tc tc ng ca mnh, bo v c th lm vic
nh l bo v d tr khi ngn mch phn t ln cn.
Chn lc tuyt i: bo v ch lm vic trong trng hp ngn mch chnh phn
t c bo v.

I.2.2. Tc ng nhanh:
Cng ct nhanh phn t b ngn mch s cng hn ch c mc ph hoi phn t
, cng gim c thi gian trt thp in p cc h tiu th v cng c kh nng gi
c n nh ca h thng in.
gim thi gian ct ngn mch cn phi gim thi gian tc ng ca thit b bo v
r le. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp thc hin yu cu tc ng nhanh th khng
th tha mn yu cu chn lc. Hai yu cu ny i khi mu thun nhau, v vy ty iu
kin c th cn xem xt k cng hn v 2 yu cu ny.

I.2.3. nhy:
Bo v rle cn phi nhy i vi nhng h hng v tnh trng lm vic
khng bnh thng c th xut hin nhng phn t c bo v trong h thng in.
Thng nhy c c trng bng h s nhy Kn. i vi cc bo v lm vic
theo cc i lng tng khi ngn mch (v d, theo dng), h s nhy c xc nh
bng t s gia i lng tc ng ti thiu (tc dng ngn mch b nht) khi ngn mch
trc tip cui vng bo v v i lng t (tc dng khi ng).
i lng tc ng ti thiu
Kn = -------------------------------------------------------------i lng t
Thng yu cu Kn = 1,5 2.

I.2.4. Tnh bo m:
Bo v phi lun lun sn sng khi ng v tc ng mt cch chc chn trong tt
c cc trng hp ngn mch trong vng bo v v cc tnh trng lm vic khng bnh
thng nh trc.
Mc khc bo v khng c tc ng khi ngn mch ngoi. Nu bo v c nhim
v d tr cho cc bo v sau n th khi ngn mch trong vng d tr bo v ny phi khi
ng nhng khng c tc ng khi bo v chnh t gn ch ngn mch hn cha tc
ng. tng tnh m bo ca bo v cn:
Dng nhng rle cht lng cao.
Chn s bo v n gin nht (s lng rle, tip im t)
Cc b phn ph (cc ni, dy dn) dng trong s phi chc chn, m bo.

Thng xuyn kim tra s bo v.

II. S ni cc my bin dng v rle:

II.1. S cc BI v rle ni theo hnh Y hon ton:
Dng vo mi rle bng dng pha (hnh 1.2). Trong ch lm vic bnh thng
hoc khi ngn mch 3 pha th :
.

Ia + I b + Ic = 3Io = 0
trong dy trung tnh (dy tr v) khng c dng. Nhng dy trung tnh vn cn thit
m bo s lm vic ng n ca s khi ngn mch chm t. S c th lm vic
i vi tt c cc dng ngn mch . Tuy nhin chng ngn mch mt pha N(1) thng
dng nhng s hon ho hn c b lc dng th t khng LI0.

II.2. S cc BI v rle ni theo hnh sao khuyt:

Dng vo mi rle bng dng pha. Dng trong dy tr v bng:
.

I v = (I a + I c ) hay I v = I b (khi khng c Io)

Dy tr v (hnh 1.3) cn thit ngay trong tnh trng lm vic bnh thng m
bo cho BI lm vic bnh thng .Trong mt s trng hp ngn mch gia cc pha (c Ib
0) cng nh khi ngn mch nhiu pha chm t, dy tr v cn thit m bo cho bo
v tc ng ng.
Khi ngn mch 1 pha pha khng t BI s khng lm vic do vy s ch
dng chng ngn mch nhiu pha.

Hnh 1.2 : S sao hon ton

Hinh 1.3 : S sao khuyt

II.3. S 1 rle ni vo hiu dng 2 pha (s8):

Dng vo rle l hiu dng 2
pha (hnh 1.4) :
.

I R = Ia Ic
Trong tnh trng i xng th
IR = 3 Ia . Ging nh s sao

khuyt, s s 8 khng lm vic

khi ngn mch mt pha N(1) ng
vo pha khng t my bin dng.
Tt c cc s ni trn u
phn ng vi N(3) v ngn mch
gia 2 pha bt k (AB, BC, CA). V
vy so snh tng i

Hnh 1.4 : S s 8
gia chng ngi ta phi xt n kh nng lm vic ca bo v trong mt s trng hp
h hng c bit, h s nhy, s lng thit b cn thit v mc phc tp khi thc
hin s .

II.4. Kh nng lm vic ca cc s :

II.4.1. Khi chm t:
Khi chm t 2 pha ti 2 im trong cc mng in h c dng chm t b, v d
im chm t th nht NB trn pha B v im chm t th hai NC trn pha C (hnh 1.5),
nu bo v ca cc ng dy ni theo s sao hon ton v c thi gian lm vic nh
nhau th chng s tc ng, c 2 ng dy u b ct ra.
Nu cc bo v ni theo s Y khuyt hay s 8 (BI t 2 pha A & C) th ch c
mt ng dy b ct.
bo v c th tc ng mt cch hp l, BI phi t cc pha cng tn nhau (v
d A, C).
Khi xut hin h hng trn hai on k nhau ca ng dy hnh tia (hnh 1.6),
nu cc bo v ni Y hon ton th on xa ngun hn s b ct v c thi gian b hn.
Nu ni Y khuyt hay s 8 th on gn ngun hn b ct ra , iu khng hp l.

Hnh 1.5 : Chm t kp trn

cc ng dy khc nhau

Hnh 1.6 : Chm t kp trn hai

on ni tip nhau ca ng dy

II.4.2. Khi ngn mch hai pha sau my bin p ni Y/ hoc /Y v ngn
mch 1 pha sau my bin p ni Y/Y0 :
Khi ngn mch 2 pha sau my bin p ni Y/-11, s phn b dng h hng trong
cc pha nh trn hnh 1.7 (gi thit my bin p c t s bin i nB = 1). Dng ca 1 pha

(pha B, khi ngn mch 2 pha pha A,B) bng

pha nhau v bng

1
3

2 (2)
I N , dng hai pha kia (A v C) trng
3

I (N2 ) . i vi my bin p ni /Y, phn b dng cc pha cng

tng t nh vy.
Phn tch s lm vic ca cc bo v trong trng hp h hng ni trn ta thy:
Bo v ni theo s sao hon ton lun lun lm vic v c dng ngn mch
ln qua mt trong cc rle ca bo v.
1 ( 2)
Bo v ni theo s hnh sao khuyt vi BI t cc pha c dng bng
IN
3
th c nhy gim i 2 ln so vi s sao hon ton.
Bo v dng 1 rle ni vo hiu dng 2 pha trong trng hp ny s khng lm
vic, bi v dng trong n IR = Ia - Ic = 0. Tt nhin iu ny xy ra 1 trong 3 trng hp
N(2) c th c sau my bin p ang xt.
Khi ngn mch 1 pha sau my bin p ni Y/Y0 ta cng c quan h tng t.

Hnh 1.7: Ngn mch gia 2 pha sau my bin p c t ni dy Y/-11

III. Cc phn t chnh ca bo v:

Trng hp chung thit b bo v rle bao gm cc phn t c bn sau : cc c cu
chnh v phn logic.
Cc c cu chnh kim tra tnh trng lm vic ca i tng c bo v, thng
phn ng vi cc i lng in. Chng thng khi ng khng chm tr khi tnh trng
lm vic b ph hy. Nh vy cc c cu chnh c th trong hai trng thi: khi ng
v khng khi ng. Hai trng thi ca cc c cu chnh tng ng vi nhng tr s
nht nh ca xung tc ng ln phn logic ca bo v.
Khi bo v lm vic phn logic nhn xung t cc c cu chnh, tc ng theo t hp
v th t ca cc xung. Kt qu ca tc ng ny hoc l lm cho bo v khi ng km
theo vic pht xung i ct my ct v bo tn hiu hoc l lm cho bo v khng khi
ng.