Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Banking Laws and Cases
Banking Laws and Cases
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Note: We have included several banking laws which are not in the bar coverage.
Likewise, we have incorporated several laws on non-bank financial
BANKING LAWS
intermediaries. Since they are not covered by the bar exam, the reviewee has
the option of not reading them.
BANKING
AND
FINANCE
IN
GENERAL
equity
2.
debt-financing
Intermediaries
1.
Banks
2.
3.
Exchanges
4.
Function of intermediaries
1.
2.
3.
Provide liquidity
BANKING LAWS
IN GENERAL
Mandate
Objectives
1.
2.
It shall also promote and maintain monetary stability and the convertibility of
the peso.
3.
It shall also provide policy directions in the areas of money, banking and
credit.
4.
It has supervision over banks and has regulatory powers over the operations
of finance companies and non-bank financial intermediaries performing
quasi-banking functions. [Section 3, RA 7653]
2.
Bank of issue: as such, it has the sole power and authority to issue currency
3.
BANKING LAWS
As such, it ensures convertibility of the peso and backs up Philippine
currency.
4.
5.
b.
c.
6.
7.
8.
The Bangko Sentral will now concentrate on monetary policy and shed off
fiscal responsibilities which in the past had distracted it from its primary
function. [Section 129, RA 7653]
MONETARY BOARD
AND
GOVERNOR
Monetary Board
The powers and functions of the Bangko Sentral are exercised by the
Monetary Board.
The Board is composed of seven (7) members appointed by the President for
a term of six (6) years. No member may be reappointed more than once.
BANKING LAWS
1.
2.
3.
Five (5) members who shall come from the private sector, all of whom
shall serve full-time.
2.
At least thirty five (35) years of age, with the exception of the Governor who
should at least be forty (40) years old
3.
4.
Of unquestionable integrity
5.
6.
Disqualifications
The member of the Monetary Board coming from the private sector shall not
hold any other public office or public employment during their tenure.
BANKING LAWS
Quorum in the Monetary Board
The presence of four (4) members shall constitute a quorum. However, in all
cases, the Governor or his duly designated alternate shall be among the four.
BANKING LAWS
Withdrawal of persons having a personal interest
In addition to the requirements of Republic Act No. 6713, any member of the
Monetary Board with personal or pecuniary interest in any matter in the
agenda of the Monetary Board shall disclose his interest to the Board and
shall retire from the meeting when the matter is taken up. The decision taken
on the matter shall be made public. The minutes shall reflect the disclosure
made and the retirement of the member concerned from the meeting.
1.
2.
The Governor of the Bangko Sentral shall have the power to render opinions,
decisions, or rulings which shall be final and executory, until reversed or
modified by the Monetary Board, on matters regarding application or
enforcement of laws pertaining to institutions supervised by the Bangko
Sentral and laws pertaining to quasi-banks, as well as regulations, policies or
BANKING LAWS
instructions issued by the Monetary Board, and the implementation thereof.
[Section 17(e), RA 7653]
Authority of the Governor in emergencies
At the soonest possible time, the Governor shall call a meeting of the Monetary
board to submit his action for ratification. [Section 19, RA 7653]
Outside interests of the Governor and the full-time members of the Board
The Governor of the Bangko Sentral and the full-time members of the Board
shall limit their professional activities to those pertaining directly to their
positions with the Bangko Sentral.
They may not accept any other employment, whether public or private,
remunerated or ad honorem.
Exceptions:
1.
2.
Whenever, by designation of the President, the Governor or the fulltime member is tasked to represent the interest of the Government or
other government agencies in matters connected with or affecting the
economy or the financial system of the country
CERTAIN OPERATIONS
OF THE
BANGKO SENTRAL
The Bangko Sentral shall have supervision over, and conduct periodic or
special examination of, banking institutions and quasi-banks, including their
subsidiaries and affiliates engaged in allied activities.
BANKING LAWS
A subsidiary means a corporation more than fifty percent (50%) of the voting
stock of which is owned by a bank or quasi-bank and an affiliate means a
corporation the voting stock of which, to the extent of fifty percent (50%) or
less, is owned by a bank or quasi-bank or which is related or linked to such
institution or intermediary through common stockholders or such other
factors as may be determined by the Monetary Board.
2.
3.
10
BANKING LAWS
under such conditions as may be prescribed by the Monetary Board,
information relating to the condition or business of any such
institution. This prohibition shall not apply to the giving of information
to the Monetary Boar or the Governor of the Bangko Sentral, or to any
person authorized by either of them, in writing, to receive such
information; and
4.
CONSERVATORSHIP V. RECEIVERSHIP
CONSERVATOR
Grounds for appointment of conservator
The Monetary Board may appoint a conservator whenever it finds that a bank
or a quasi-bank is in a state of continuing inability or unwillingness to
maintain a condition of liquidity deemed adequate to protect the interest of
depositors and creditors. [Section 29, RA 7653]
Powers of conservator
1.
Take charge of the assets, liabilities and management of the bank or quasibank
2.
3.
4.
The conservator has the power to overrule or revoke the actions of the
previous management and board of directors of the bank or quasi-bank.
11
BANKING LAWS
Section 28-A of RA No. 265 merely gives the conservator the power to revoke
contracts that are deemed to be defective under existing law (i.e., void,
voidable, unenforceable, or rescissible); hence, the conservator merely takes
the place of a banks board of directors. What the board of directors cannot
do, such as repudiating a contract validly entered into under the doctrine of
implied authority, the conservator cannot do either. [First Philippine
International Bank v. CA, 252 SCRA 255 (1986)]
Termination of conservatorship
The Monetary Board shall terminate the conservatorship when it is satisfied that
the institution can continue to operate on its own and the conservatorship is
no longer necessary.
PROCEEDINGS
IN
RECEIVERSHIP
AND
LIQUIDATION
2.
3.
4.
Has willfully violated a cease and desist order that has become final,
involving acts or transactions which amount to fraud or a dissipation of
the assets of the institution.
12
BANKING LAWS
In such cases, the Monetary Board may summarily and without need for prior
hearing, forbid the institution from doing business in the Philippines and
designate the Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation as receiver of the
banking institution. [Section 30, RA 7653]
The receiver shall immediately (1) gather and take charge of all assets and
liabilities of the institution, (2) administer the same for the benefit of its
creditors, and (3) exercise the general powers of a receiver. (4) The receiver
shall determine as soon as possible, but not later than ninety (90) days from
takeover, whether the institution may be rehabilitated or otherwise placed in
such a condition so that it may be permitted to resume business with safety
to its depositors and creditors and the general public.
Resumption
Liguidation
File ex parte with the proper regional trial court, and without the
requirement of prior notice or any other action, a petition for
assistance in the liquidation of the institution pursuant to a liquidation
13
BANKING LAWS
plan adopted by the Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation in the
case of a bank or by the Monetary Board in the case of a quasi-bank;
2.
3.
The petition for certiorari may only be filed by the stockholders of record
representing the majority of the capital stock within ten (10) days from
receipt by the board of directors of the institution of the order directing
receivership, liquidation or conservatorship.
14
BANKING LAWS
AND THE
MEANS
OF
PAYMENT
Currency
The word "currency" is hereby defined as meaning all Philippine notes and
coins issued or circulating in accordance with the provisions of RA 7653.
Bank of issue
The Bangko Sentral has the sole power and authority to issue currency within
the territory of the Philippines [Section 50, RA 7653]
Notes and coins issued by the BSP shall be liabilities of the BSP and may be
issued only against and in amounts not exceeding, the assets of the BSP.
Said notes and coins shall be a first and paramount lien on all assets of the
BSP [Section 51, RA 7653]
All notes and coins issued by the BSP are fully guaranteed by the RP and
shall be legal tender in the Philippines for all debts, both public and private.
[Section 52, RA 7653]
Demand deposits
"Demand deposits" means all those liabilities of the Bangko Sentral and of
other banks which are denominated in Philippine currency and are subject to
payment in legal tender upon demand by the presentation of checks.
15
BANKING LAWS
Checks representing demand deposits do not have legal tender power and
their acceptance in the payment of debts, both public and private, is at the
option of the creditor. [Section 60, RA 7653]
However, a check which has been cleared and credited to the account of the
creditor shall be equivalent to a delivery to the creditor of cash in an amount
equal to the amount credited to his account. [Section 60, RA 7653]
Take such remedial measures as are appropriate and within the powers
granted to the Monetary Board and the Bangko Sentral;
2.
Submit to the President of the Philippines and the Congress, and make
public, a detailed report which shall includes, as a minimum, a
description and analysis of:
a.
b.
c.
The measures which the Monetary Board has taken and the
other monetary, fiscal or administrative measures which it
recommends to be adopted.
16
BANKING LAWS
The Bangko Sentral shall exercise its powers to preserve the international
value of the pesos and to maintain its convertibility into other freely
convertible currencies primarily for, although not necessarily limited to,
current payments for foreign trade and invisibles. [Section 64, RA 7653]
International reserves
Gold
2.
17
BANKING LAWS
Action when international stability of the pesos is threatened
Take such remedial measures as are appropriate and within the powers
granted to the Monetary Board and the Bangko Sentral;
2.
Submit to the President of the Philippines and the Congress, and make
public, a detailed report which shall includes, as a minimum, a
description and analysis of:
a.
b.
c.
The monetary,
proposed; and
d.
INSTRUMENTS
OF
fiscal
or
administrative
measures
further
Means of action
The Bangko Sentral may buy and sell gold in any form.
18
BANKING LAWS
The Bangko sentral may buy and sell foreign notes and coins, and documents
and instruments of types customarily employed for the international transfe
rof funds.
The Bangko Sentral may engage in foreign transactions with the following
entities or persons only:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Bangko Sentral shall endeavor to maintain at all times a net positive
foreign asset position so that its gross foreign exchange assets will always
exceed its gross foreign liabilities.
2.
3.
19
BANKING LAWS
2.
3.
To give the Monetary Board and the Government time in which to take
constructive measures to forestall, combat, or overcome such a crisis
or emergency. [Section 72, RA 7653]
Such measures may be adopted with the concurrence of at least five (5)
members of the Monetary Board and with the approval of the President of the
Philippines. [Section 72, RA 7653]
Exchange rates
The Bangko Sentral shall determine the exchange rate policy of the country.
In order that the Bangko Sentral may at all times have foreign exchange
resources sufficient to enable it to maintain the international stability and
convertibility of the peso, or in order to promote the domestic investment of
bank resources, the Monetary Board may require the banks to sell to the
Bangko Sentral or to other banks all or part of their surplus holdings of
foreign exchange. [Section 76, RA 7653]
LOANS
TO
BANKING
AND
Guiding principles
The rediscounts, discounts, loans and advances, which the Bangko Sentral is
authorized to extend to banking institutions, shall be used to influence the
volume of credit consistent with the objective of price stability.
2.
20
BANKING LAWS
3.
Commercial credits
2.
Production credits
3.
Other credits
Commercial credits
The Bangko Sentral may rediscount, discount, buy and sell bills, acceptances,
promissory notes and other credit instruments with maturities of not more
than one hundred eighty (180) days from the date of their rediscount,
discount or acquisition by the Bangko Sentral and resulting from transactions
related to:
1.
2.
Production credits
The Bangko Sentral may rediscount, discount, buy and sell bills, acceptances,
promissory notes and other credit instruments having maturities of not more
than three hundred sixty (360) days from the date of their rediscount,
discount or acquisition by the Bangko Sentral and resulting from transactions
related to the production or processing of agricultural, animal, mineral, or
industrial products.
Other credits
21
BANKING LAWS
1.
The Bangko Sentral may extend loans and advances to banking institutions
for a period of not more than seven (7) days without any collateral for the
purpose of providing liquidity to the banking system in times of need.
[Section 83, RA 7653]
The Monetary Board may, at its discretion, likewise authorize the Bangko
Sentral to grant emergency loans or advances to banking institutions, even
during normal periods, for the purpose of assisting a bank in a precarious
financial condition or under serious financial pressures brought by unforeseen
events, or events which, though foreseeable, could not be prevented by the
bank concerned. This requires that the Monetary Board has ascertained that
the bank is not insolvent and has the assets to secure the advances and that
the concurrent vote of at least five (5) members of the Monetary Board is
obtained. [Section 84, RA 7653]
FOR THE
ACCOUNT
OF THE
BANGKO SENTRAL
The open market purchases and sales of securities by the Bangko Sentral
shall be made exclusively in accordance with its primary objective of
achieving price stability.
In pursuit of this principle, the Bangko Sentral may engage in the purchase
and sale of government securities as well as issue and negotiate obligations
of the Bangko Sentral.
BANK RESERVES
Reserve requirements
22
BANKING LAWS
The required reserves of each bank shall be proportional to the volume of its
deposit liabilities and shall ordinarily take the form of a deposit in the Bangko
Sentral. [Section 94, RA 7653]
Deposit substitutes
23
BANKING LAWS
SELECTIVE REGULATION
OF
BANK OPERATIONS
Guiding principle
The Monetary Board shall use the powers granted to it under RA 7653 to
ensure that the supply, availability and cost of money are in accord with the
needs of the Philippine economy and that bank credit is not granted for
speculative purposes prejudicial to the national interests.
The Monetary Board may at any time prescribe minimum cash margins for
the opening of letters of credit, and may related the size of the required
margin to the nature of the transaction to be financed.
FUNCTIONS
AS
BANKER
AND
FINANCIAL ADVISOR
OF THE
GOVERNMENT
The Bangko Sentral shall act as a banker of the Government, its political
subdivisions and instrumentalities.
The Bangko Sentral shall represent the government with the International
Monetary Fund and other financial institutions.
Official deposits
The Bangko Sentral shall be the official depository of the Government, its
political subdivisions and instrumentalities as well as of government-owned
or controlled corporations.
THE MARKETING
GOVERNMENT
AND
STABILIZATION
OF
SECURITIES
FOR THE
ACCOUNT
OF THE
24
BANKING LAWS
Issue of government obligations
The servicing and redemption of the public debt shall also be effected
through the Bangko Sentral.
25
BANKING LAWS
Financial advice on official credit operations
PROHIBITIONS
Prohibitions
The Bangko Sentral shall not acquire shares of any kind or accept them as
coolateral, and shall not participate in the ownership or management of any
enterprise, either directly or indirectly.
TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
Phaseout of fiscal agency functions
26
BANKING LAWS
Phaseout of regulatory powers over the operations of
corporations and other institutions performing similar functions
finance
The Bangko Sentral shall within a period of five (5) years from the effectivity
of RA 7653 phase out its regulatory powers over finance companies without
quasi-banking functions and other institutions performing similar functions,
the same to be assumed by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
[Section 130, RA 7653]
IN GENERAL
Rule on bank operations
Only entities duly authorized by the Monetary Board of the Bangko Sentral may
engage in the lending of funds obtained from the public through the receipt
of deposits of any kind and all entities regularly conducting such operations
shall be considered as banking institutions.
Entities engaged in the lending of funds obtained from the public through the
receipt of deposits of any kind, and all entities regularly conducting such
operation.
Quasi-banking functions
27
BANKING LAWS
participations, certificates of assignment, or similar instruments with
recourse, trust certificates, or of repurchase agreements, from twenty or
more lenders at any one time, for purposes of re-lending or purchasing of
receivables and other obligations.
Financial intermediaries
The following entities shall not be considered as banking institutions but shall
be subject to regulation by the Monetary Board:
1.
2.
3.
These entities will be subject to regulation by the Monetary Board which may
include, but need not be limited to:
1.
28
BANKING LAWS
2.
reserve requirements;
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2.
3.
4.
uses of funds.
Determination of functions
Regulation
29
BANKING LAWS
all institutions or functions covered, taking into consideration in determining
such coverage the distinctive character of the operations of institutions and
the substantive similarities of specific functions to which such rules, modes
or standards are to be applied. In some instances, these entities may be
subject to special examination.
30
BANKING LAWS
Supervision
Supervision shall include not only the issuance of rules but also the
overseeing to ascertain that regulations are complied with, investigating or
examining to determine whether an institution is conducting its business on a
sound financial basis, and inquiring into the solvency and liquidity of the
institution.
Fixed savings and current deposits of money in banks and similar institutions
shall be governed by the provisions concerning simple loan. In other words,
the relationship between the bank and the depositor is that of a debtor and
creditor.
In the case of rent of safety deposit box. The contract is a special kind of
deposit and cannot be characterized as an ordinary contract of lease because
the full and absolute possession and control of the deposit box is not given to
the renters. The prevailing rule is that the relation between the bank renting
out and the renter is that of bailer and bailee the bailment being for hire and
mutual benefiit. [CA Agro-industrial Dev. Corp. v. CA, 219 SCRA 426
(1983)]
Types of deposits
1.
2.
Savings deposit-Interest fixed under the fine prints, if one deposits today, he
cannot withdraw the amount not until 60 days later. The bank can lend out
such funds; that is why it pays interests on such deposits.
3.
31
BANKING LAWS
Money market transactions
Period- Under the Civil Code, a period is presumed to be for the benefit of
both parties. Insofar as banks are concerned, the period is always for the
benefit of the debtor if the bank is the creditor. The debtor can compel the
creditor bank to accept payment of a debt before it is due, and recover
interest deducted in advance.
2.
Foreclosure of mortgage
The exception is with the banks aside from the 90-day equity
redemption period, banks are required to give a one-year redemption
period.
An alien bank can bid in a public auction of mortgaged property if such property
was mortgage to it in the course of an ordinary banking transaction. If the
mortgage was not within the normal banking transaction, it must be
prohibited from bidding.
32
BANKING LAWS
Mortgage loans
Loans against real estate security shall not exceed 70% of the appraised
value of the real estate security, plus 70 %of the appraised value of the
improvements with title to the property being with the mortgagor.
Loans on the security of chattels shall not exceed 50% of the appraised value
of the security.
Classification of banks
1.
Commercial banks
2.
Thrift banks
3.
a.
b.
c.
Rural banks
ESTABLISHMENT
OF
DOMESTIC BANKS
Form of organization
33
BANKING LAWS
The Securities and Exchange Commission shall not register the articles of
incorporation of any bank, or any amendment thereto, unless accompanied
by a certificate of authority issued by the Monetary Board, under its official
seal.
At least two thirds of the members of the board of directors of any bank or
banking institution which may be established after the approval of this Act
shall be Filipino citizens.
Such certificate shall not issue unless the Monetary Board is satisfied from
the evidence submitted to it:
1.
2.
that the public interest and economic conditions, both general and
local, justify the authorization; and
3.
This prohibition, however, shall not apply to branches and agencies of foreign
banks which, at the time of approval of the General Banking Act, are actually
receiving deposits.
After approval of the Act, all deposits so received by such branches and
agencies of foreign bank shall not be invested in any manner outside the
territorial limits of the Republic of the Philippines.
34
BANKING LAWS
At least seventy percent (70%) of the voting stock of any banking institution
which may be established after the approval of the Act shall be owned by
citizens of the Philippines, except where a new bank is established as a result
of: a) the local incorporation of any of the existing branches or agencies of
foreign banks in the Philippines; or b) the consolidation of existing banks in
any of which there are foreign owned voting stocks at the time of
consolidation.
The Monetary Board may, with the approval of the President, increase the
percentage of foreign-owned voting stocks in any domestic bank from thirty
percent (30%) to forty percent (40%).
The total voting stocks which any corporation, including its wholly or majority
owned subsidiaries, may own in any bank shall not exceed thirty percent
(30%) of the voting stock of that bank.
LICENSING
OF
FOREIGN BANKS
No foreign building and loan association or building and loan association not
formed, organized, or existing under the laws of the Philippines shall be
permitted to transact business in the Philippines.
35
BANKING LAWS
Public and economic conditions, both general and local, justify the issuance
of such order.
2.
3.
36
BANKING LAWS
Investment rights
1.
2.
With prior approval of the Central Bank, these foreign entities may also
purchase equities in domestic banks, subject to restrictions.
Revocation of license
1.
2.
CLASSIFICATION
OF
PRIVATE BANKS
AND
UNIVERSAL BANKS
Commercial bank
2.
by receiving deposits;
3.
by buying and selling foreign exchange and gold or silver bullion; and
4.
37
BANKING LAWS
A commercial bank may offer NOW accounts (special types of savings deposit
which can be withdrawn by means of a Negotiable Order of Withdrawal and is
offered only to natural persons).
A commercial bank may likewise acquire readily marketable bonds and other
debt securities subject to such rules as the Monetary Board may promulgate.
A commercial bank, finally, may invest to the extent allowed under applicable
law and regulations in equities of allied undertaking, whether financial or
non-financial.
1.
The total investment in equities shall not exceed twenty five percent
(25%) of the net worth of the bank.
2.
The equity investment in any one enterprise shall not exceed fifteen
percent (15%) of the net worth of the bank;
3.
The total equity investment of the bank in any single enterprise shall
remain a minority holding in that enterprise; and
4.
Leasing companies
2.
Banks
3.
Investment houses
4.
Financing companies
38
BANKING LAWS
5.
6.
Warehousing companies
2.
Storage companies
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Insurance agencies
8.
9.
2.
39
BANKING LAWS
3.
40
BANKING LAWS
Limitations on exercise of power as investment house
The total investment in equities shall not exceed fifty percent (50%) of the
net worth of the bank.
2.
The equity investment in any one enterprise whether allied or non-allied shall
not exceed fifteen percent (15%) of the net worth of the bank.
3.
4.
The equity investment in other banks shall be deducted from the investing
banks net worth for purposes of computing the prescribed ratio of net worth
to risk assets.
Capitalization
Commercial bank
P 2 billion
Universal bank
P 4.5 billion
41
BANKING LAWS
The combined capital accounts of each commercial bank shall not be less
than an amount equal to ten percent (10%) of its risk assets
Risk assets is defined as its total assets minus the following assets:
1.
Cash on hand;
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Other non-risk items which the Monetary Board may, from time to
time, authorize to be deducted from total assets.
Any commercial bank may purchase, hold, and convey real estate for the
following purposes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
42
BANKING LAWS
However, no such bank shall hold the possession of any real estate under
mortgage or trust deed, or the title and possession of any real estate
purchased to secure any debt due to it, for a longer period than five years.
Establishment of branches
Any commercial bank organized under Philippine laws may, with the prior
approval of the Monetary Board, establish branches in the Philippines or
branches and agencies outside the Philippines, and the bank shall be
responsible for all business conducted in such branches to the same extent
and in the same manner as though such business had all been conducted in
the head office.
THRIFT BANKS
Thrift banks
2.
43
BANKING LAWS
3.
Providing diversified financial and allied services for its chosen market
and constituencies especially for small and medium enterprises and
individuals.
Scope of authority
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Rediscount papers with the PNB, LBP, DBP, and other GOCCs;
10.
11.
12.
13.
b.
c.
d.
44
BANKING LAWS
e.
f.
Capitalization
P250 million
P 40 million
2.
3.
4.
Tax exemptions
5.
6.
7.
Equity ownership
At least 40% of the voting stock of a thrift bank shall be owned by Filipino
citizens.
Minors as depositors
45
BANKING LAWS
Minors in their own rights and in their own names may make deposits and
withdraw the same, and may receive dividends and interests.
If the guardian shall give notice in writing to any thrift bank not to make
payments of deposits, dividends or interest to the minor of whom he is the
guardian, then such payment shall be made only to the guardian.
BUILDING
AND
LOAN ASSOCIATIONS
2.
3.
4.
to loan its funds, and funds borrowed for the purpose, to stockholders
on the security of unencumbered real estate and with the pledge of
shares of the capital stock owned by such stockholders as collateral
security.
Prohibition
It shall be unlawful for any building and loan association to make any loan
upon property that is suitable for us only as theatre, public hall, church,
convent, school, club, hotel, garage, or other public building. Monetary Board
may grant exemptions in cases of public hall, school, hotel and other public
buildings to facilitate the investment of idle funds.
Investment in bonds
With the approval of the Monetary Board, a building and loan association may
also invest such of its funds as may otherwise remain idle in bonds and
46
BANKING LAWS
obligations of the Republic of the Philippines or any of its subdivisions, or
GOCCs.
Capital stock
Matured value is when the due paid on each share and the net earnings
thereof, in accordance with the by laws, shall amount to the matured of the
share.
Certificates of stock
While still being paid, the shares are called installment shares. After they are
fully paid, they are called paid-up shares.
Shares which have not been pledged as security for the payment of a loan
shall be called free shares, and shares which have been so pledged shall
be called pledged shares.
Surrender of shares
Stockholders may surrender their shares and withdraw from the association
after paying twelve (12) monthly installment of dues upon giving sixty (60)
days notice in writing to the board of directors and the withdrawal value
shall be the total sum of the dues paid thereon plus not less than ninety
47
BANKING LAWS
percent (90%) of all dividends earned by such shares up to the end of the last
preceding fiscal period plus such interest for the time elapsed since the end
of the period as shall be allowed by the board of directors.
Stockholders who have not paid twelve (12) monthly installments of dues
may, after giving sixty (60) days notice to the board, surrender their shares
and withdraw from the association, and the withdrawal value shall be the
total sum of the due paid thereon plus such dividend or interest as may be
allowed by the board of directors.
RURAL BANKS
Scope of authority
Extend loans and advances primarily for the purpose of meeting the
normal and credit needs of farmers, fishermen, or farm families as well
as cooperatives, merchants, private and public employees;
2.
3.
4.
Rediscount paper with the LBP, DBP, or any other bank, including its
branches and agencies.
5.
6.
7.
8.
b.
c.
Act as trustee over estates or properties of farmers and
merchants;
48
BANKING LAWS
d.
e.
f.
Rationale
2.
3.
This can be achieved by making credit available and readily accessible in the
rural areas.
Capital stock
Board
Incentives
49
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Exempt from payment of all taxes, fees and charges of whatever nautre and
description, except corporate income taxes and local taxes, fees and charges
for aperiod of five years from the date of commencement of operations.
OF
FOREIGN BANKS
2.
Pursuant to this policy, the Philippine banking and financial system is hereby
liberalized to create a more competitive environment and encourage greater
foreign participation through increase in ownership in domestic banks by
foreign banks and the entry of new foreign bank branches.
The Monetary Board may authorize foreign banks to operate in the Philippine
banking system through any of the following modes of entry:
1.
50
BANKING LAWS
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Only those among the top one hundred fifty (150) foreign banks in the world
or the top five (5) banks in their country of origin as of the date of application
shall be allowed entry in (b) and (c) of modes of entry.
2.
51
BANKING LAWS
3.
Capital requirements
For foreign bank branches, they shall permanently assign capital of not less
than the U.S. dollar equivalent of P210,000,000.00 at the exchange rate on
the date of effectivity of this law.
Branches
Total number of branches for each new foreign bank entrant shall not exceed
six (6).
52
BANKING LAWS
Head office guarantee
The head office of foreign bank branches shall guarantee prompt payment of
all liabilities of its Philippine branches.
Equal treatment
Foreign banks authorized to operate under the law shall perform the same
functions, enjoy the same privileges, and be subject to the same limitations
imposed upon a Philippine bank of the same category.
These limits include, among others, the single borrowers limit and capital to
risk asset ratio as well as the capitalization required for expanded
commercial banking activities under the General Banking Act and other
related laws of the Philippines.
Deposits
Deposits shall mean funds in foreign currencies which are accepted and held
by an offshore banking unit in the regular course of business, with the
obligation to return an equivalent amount to the owner thereof, with or
without interest.
53
BANKING LAWS
54
BANKING LAWS
Who are qualified to operate an offshore banking unit?
Only banks which are organized under any law other than those of the
Republic of the Philippines, their branches, subsidiaries or affiliates, shall be
qualified to operate offshore banking units in the Philippines.
In issuing such certificate, the Monetary Board shall take into consideration
the applicants:
1.
2.
3.
management;
4.
5.
6.
The Central Bank is authorized to collect a fee of not less than US $20,000
upon issuing any certificate of authority to operate and annually thereafter
on the anniversary date of such certificate.
Corporate undertaking
55
BANKING LAWS
by an appropriate resolution of its board of directors, that, among other
things:
1.
2.
3.
4.
it will provide and maintain in its offshore banking unit net office funds
in the minimum amount of US $ 1,000,000; and
5.
it will start operations of its offshore banking unit within 180 days from
receipt of its certificate of authority to operate such unit.
56
BANKING LAWS
specified by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Monetary
Board, to be subject to the usual income tax payable by banks.
In the case of transaction with residents (other than other offshore banking
units or local commercial banks including local branches of foreign banks that
may be authorized by the Central Bank to transact business with offshore
banking units), interest income from loans granted to such residents shall be
subject only to a ten percent (10%) withholding tax as final tax.
The Usury Law, Uniform Currency Law, and PDIC law shall not apply to
transactions and/or deposits in offshore banking units in the Philippines.
The provisions of RA 1405 or the Law on Secrecy of Bank Deposits shall apply
to deposits in offshore banking units.
Any person, natural or juridical, may deposit with such Philippine banks in
good standing, as may upon application be designated by the Central Bank
for the purpose, foreign currencies which are acceptable as part of the
international reserve.
Exception
57
BANKING LAWS
The banks designated by the Central Bank shall have the authority:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Depositary banks shall maintain at all times a one hundred percent (100%)
foreign currency cover for their liabilities, except as the Monetary Board may
otherwise prescribe or allow.
At least fifteen percent (15%) of such cover shall be in the form of foreign
currency deposit with the Central Bank and the balance in the form of foreign
currency loans or securities, which loans or securities shall be of short term
maturities and readily marketable.
The Central Bank may pay interest on the foreign currency deposit, and if
requested, shall exchange the foreign currency notes and coins into foreign
currency instruments drawn on its depositary banks.
Central Bank may exempt from the 15% foreign currency cover in the form of
foreign currency deposit with the Central Bank in cases of depository banks
which, on account of their net worth, resources, past performance, or other
pertinent criteria, have been qualified by the Monetary Board to function
under an expanded foreign currency deposit system.
Said banks may also be exempt from the limitations on the maturity periods
for loans and securities subject to prior approval by the Central Bank.
58
BANKING LAWS
59
BANKING LAWS
Tax exemption
Unlike the Law on Secrecy of Banks Deposits Act, there is only one exception
for foreign currency deposits and that is when there is a written permission
from the depositor.
60
BANKING LAWS
order or process of any court, legislative body, government agency or any administrative
body whatsoever.
Salvacion therefore filed this action for declaratory relief in the Supreme Court.
ISSUE: Should Section 113 of Central Bank Circular No. 960 and Section 8 of Republic Act
No. 6426, as amended by PD 1246, otherwise known as the Foreign Currency Deposit Act be
made applicable to a foreign transient?
HELD:The provisions of Section 113 of Central Bank Circular No. 960 and PD No. 1246,
insofar as it amends Section 8 of Republic Act No. 6426, are hereby held to be
INAPPLICABLE to this case because of its peculiar circumstances. Respondents are hereby
required to comply with the writ of execution issued in the civil case and to release to
petitioners the dollar deposit of Bartelli in such amount as would satisfy the judgment.
RATIO:
Supreme Court ruled that the questioned law makes futile the favorable judgment
and award of damages that Salvacion and her parents fully deserve. It then proceeded to
show that the economic basis for the enactment of RA No. 6426 is not anymore present;
and even if it still exists, the questioned law still denies those entitled to due process of law
for being unreasonable and oppressive. The intention of the law may be good when
enacted. The law failed to anticipate the iniquitous effects producing outright injustice and
inequality such as the case before us.
The SC adopted the comment of the Solicitor General who argued that the Offshore
Banking System and the Foreign Currency Deposit System were designed to draw deposits
from foreign lenders and investors and, subsequently, to give the latter protection.
However, the foreign currency deposit made by a transient or a tourist is not the kind of
deposit encouraged by PD Nos. 1034 and 1035 and given incentives and protection by said
laws because such depositor stays only for a few days in the country and, therefore, will
maintain his deposit in the bank only for a short time. Considering that Bartelli is just a
tourist or a transient, he is not entitled to the protection of Section 113 of Central Bank
Circular No. 960 and PD No. 1246 against attachment, garnishment or other court
processes.
Further, the SC said: In fine, the application of the law depends on the extent of its
justice. Eventually, if we rule that the questioned Section 113 of Central Bank Circular No.
960 which exempts from attachment, garnishment, or any other order or process of any
court, legislative body, government agency or any administrative body whatsoever, is
applicable to a foreign transient, injustice would result especially to a citizen aggrieved by a
foreign guest like accused Greg Bartelli. This would negate Article 10 of the New Civil Code
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which provides that in case of doubt in the interpretation or application of laws, it is
presumed that the lawmaking body intended right and justice to prevail.
The deposits under RA 6426 shall be insured under the provisions of RA 3591,
as amended, or the Charter of the Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation.
ACT CREATING
THE
Deposit
The term deposit means the unpaid balance of money or its equivalent
received by a bank in the usual course of business and for which it has given
or is obliged to give credit to a commercial, checking, savings, time or thrift
account or which is evidenced by a passbook, check and/or certificate of
deposit, printed or issue in accordance with Central Bank rules and
regulations and other applicable laws, together with such other obligations of
the bank which, consistent with banking usages and practices, the Board of
Directors shall determine and prescribe by regulations to be deposit liabilities
of the bank.
Provided that any obligation of a bank which is payable at the office of the
bank located outside of the Philippines shall not be a deposit for any of the
62
BANKING LAWS
purposes of this Act or included as part of the total deposits or of insured
deposits.
Provided further, that, subject to the approval of the Board of Directors, any
insured bank which is incorporated under the laws of the Philippines which
maintains a branch outside the Philippines may elect to include for insurance
its deposit obligations payable only at such branch.
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BANKING LAWS
Insured deposit
The term insured deposit means the net amount due to any depositor for
deposits in an insured bank (after deducting offsets) less any part thereof
which is in excess of one hundred thousand pesos (P100,000). Therefore, the
maximum amount of insured deposit for every depositor is only P100,000.
All these types of deposits are covered: demand, savings and time deposits;
if a depositor has all three types of accounts, he can only recover up to
P100,000. He is considered as one depositor.
2.
Trust funds
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BANKING LAWS
The term means funds held by an insured bank in a fiduciary capacity and
include, without being limited to, funds as trustee, executor, administrator,
guardian or agent.
Coverage is compulsory.
Should any bank fail or refuse to pay any assessment required to be paid by
such bank, and should the bank not correct such failure or refusal within 30
days after written notice has been given by the PDIC, the insured status of
such bank shall be terminated by the Board of Directors.
The bank shall give written notice of such termination to each of the
depositors and the PDIC shall publish the notice of the termination of the
insured status of the bank.
After the termination of the insured status of the bank, deposits of each
depositor in the bank, less all subsequent withdrawals from any deposits of
such depositor, shall continue to be insured for a period of 90 days.
A cease and desist order shall refer to the Order issued by PDIC, through its
Board of Directors, to a member insured bank, or its directors or agents to
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BANKING LAWS
correct (a) unsafe or unsound practices in conducting the business of the
bank, (b) violations of any law or regulation to which the insured bank is
subject, or (c) violations of the provisions of RA 3591, as amended or any
order, rule or instruction issued by the PDIC or any written condition imposed
by PDIC in connection with any transaction with or grant by the PDIC.
The object of the CDO is to protect depositors and the PDIC against existing
or potential risk exposures from said practices or violations.
Depositor shall retain his claim against the bank for any uninsured portion of
his deposit.
If, after the PDIC shall have given at least three months notice to the
depositor by mailing a copy thereof to his last known address appearing on
the records of the closed bank, the depositor in the closed bank shall fail to
file a claim for his insured deposit from the PDIC within eighteen (18) months
after the Monetary Board shall have ordered the closure of said bank, all
rights of the depositor against the PDIC with respect to the insured deposit
shall be barred, and all rights of the depositor against the closed bank and its
shareholders or the receivership estate to which the PDIC may have become
subrogated, shall thereupon revert to the depositor.
Provided, that the claimant shall enforce his duly filed claim against the PDIC
within one year after the eighteen-month period heretofore mentioned.
Subrogation
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The PDIC, upon payment, shall be subrogated to all rights of the depositor
against the closed bank to the extent of such payment.
67
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Discharge of the PDIC
The PDIC shall be discharged from its obligation to a depositor upon payment
of an insured deposit by itself or upon payment of a transferred deposit to
any person by the new bank or by an insured bank in which a transferred
deposit has been made available.
2.
Borrow from the Central Bank and from any bank designated as depository or
fiscal agent of the Philippine Government.
3.
Issue bonds, debentures and other obligations with the approval of the
President of the Philippines.
4.
Receiver
THE TRUTH
IN
LENDING ACT
It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State to protect its citizens from a
lack of awareness of the true cost of credit to the user by assuring a full
disclosure of such cost with a view of preventing the uninformed use of credit
to the detriment of the national economy.
68
BANKING LAWS
Finance charge
Finance charge includes interest, fees, service charges discounts, and such
other charges incident to the extension of credit.
Credit
Credit means any loan, mortgage, deed of trust, advance, or discount; any
conditional sales contract; any contract to sell, or sale or contract of sale of
property or services, either for present or future delivery, under which part or
all of the price is payable subsequent to the making of such sale or contract;
any rental purchase contract; any contract or arrangement for the hire,
bailment, or leasing of property; any option, demand, lien, pledge of other
claim against, or for the delivery of, property or money; any purchase, or
other acquisition of, or any credit upon the security of, any obligation or
claim arising out of any of the foregoing; and any transaction or series of
transactions having a similar purpose or effect.
Creditor
Any creditor shall furnish to each person to whom credit is extended, prior to
the consummation of transaction, a clear statement in writing setting forth
the following information:
1.
2.
3.
the difference between the amounts set forth under clauses (1) and
(2);
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BANKING LAWS
4.
5.
6.
7.
the percentage that the finance charge bears to the total amount to be
financed expressed as a simple annual rate on the outstanding unpaid
balance of the obligation.
Any creditor who, in connection with any credit transaction, fails to disclose
to any person any information in violation of Republic Act No. 3765 or any
regulation issued pursuant thereto shall be liable to such person in the
amount of P100 or in an amount equal to twice the finance charge required
by such creditor in connection with such transaction, whichever is greater,
except that such liability shall not exceed P2000 on any credit transaction.
Action to recover such penalty may be brought by such person within one
year from the date of occurrence of the violation in any court of competent
jurisdiction.
In any such action in which any person is entitled to a recovery, the creditor
shall be liable for reasonable attorneys fees and court costs as determined
by the court.
Any person who willfully violates any provision of this Act or any regulation
extended thereto shall be fined by not less than P1000 nor more than P5000,
or imprisonment for not less than six (6) months nor more than one year, or
both.
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G.R. No. 91494, 14 July 1995
Banks are allowed to collect handling charges on loans over P500,000 with a
maturity of 730 days or less. However, in the case at bar, Consolidated Bank was not
allowed to collect from the private respondents handling charges because it failed to
conform to the Truth in Lending Act.
All banks and non-bank financial intermediaries authorized to engage in quasibanking functions are required to strictly adhere to the provisions of Republic Act No. 3765,
otherwise known as the Truth in Lending Act, and shall make the true and effective cost of
borrowing an integral part of every loan contract. The promissory notes signed by private
respondents do not contain any stipulation on the payment of handling charges. Petitioner
bank, therefore, cannot charge private respondent such handling charges.
71
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Lending Act which requires a creditor (or seller) to fully disclose to the debtor (or buyer) the
true cost of credit with a view of preventing the uninformed use of credit to the detriment
of the national economy.
IHMI used the word finance charge instead of interest in the Retail Notes
Analysis which it delivered to Medina because that is the term used in the Truth in Lending
Act.
IHMI correctly pointed out that its transaction with Medina differs from a financing
transaction under Republic Act No. 5980 in that there were only two parties in its
transaction with Medina, namely: IHMI and Medina; while in a financing transaction under
Republic Act No. 5980, there are three parties involved, namely: (1) the installment buyer;
(2) the seller; and (3) the financing company. The buyer executes a note or notes for the
unpaid balance of the price of the thing purchased by him on installment. The seller assigns
the notes or discounts them with a financing company which is subrogated in the place of
the seller as creditor of the installment buyer.
The transaction between IHMI and Medina did not involve any discounting, factoring
or assignment of IHMIs credit against Medina to a finance company. The transaction was
bilateral, not trilateral. No financing company stepped into the shoes of IHMI as assignee or
purchaser of IHMIs credit against Medina. Medina himself, not a financing company, paid
IHMI for the truck engines. Medina made his installment payments or amortization to IHMI
and not to a financing company.
Since IHMIs business of selling trucks in installment is not the business of a
financing company under Republic Act No. 5980, it did not need SEC authorization to
engage in it.
LAW
ON
SECRECY
OF
BANK DEPOSITS
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BANKING LAWS
General rule
Exceptions
1.
b.
2.
In cases of impeachment;
3.
4.
In cases where the money deposited or invested is the subject matter of the
litigation; and
5.
Cases of unexplained wealth under Republic Act No. 3019 or the Anti-Graft
and Corrupt Practices Act.
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In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that savings and current accounts are privileged
documents which fall within the protection of Republic Act No. 1405, and their disclosure
can only be justified under any of the cases enumerated in Section 2 of the Act, which do
not include the prosecution of criminal actions for violation of the provisions of the AntiGraft and Corrupt Practices Act and of Article 216 of the Revised Penal Code. This has since
been overturned by the case of PNB v. Gancayco.
74
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No reconciliation is possible between Republic Act No. 1405 and Republic Act No.
3019 as the two laws are so repugnant to each other. Thus, while Section 2 of Republic Act
No. 1405 provides that bank deposits are absolutely confidential and, therefore, may
not be examined, inquired or looked into, except in those cases enumerated therein,
Section 8 of Republic Act No. 3019 (Anti-graft law) directs in mandatory terms that bank
deposits shall be taken into consideration in the enforcement of this section,
notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary. The only conclusion possible is that
Section 8 of the Anti-Graft Law is intended to amend Section 2 of Republic Act No. 1405 by
providing an additional exception to the rule against the disclosure of bank deposits.
With regard to the claim that disclosure would be contrary to the policy making bank
deposits confidential, it is enough to point out that while Section 2 of Republic Act No. 1405
declares bank deposits to be absolutely confidential, it nevertheless allows such
disclosure in the following instances: (1) Upon written permission of the depositor; (2) In
cases of impeachment; (3) Upon order of a competent court in cases of bribery or
dereliction of duty of public officials; (4) In cases where the money deposited is the subject
of the litigation.
Cases of unexplained wealth are similar to cases of bribery or dereliction of duty and
no reason is seen why these two classes of cases cannot be excepted from the rule making
bank deposits confidential. The policy as to one cannot be different from the policy as to
the other. This policy expresses the notion that a public office is a public trust and any
person who enters upon its discharge does so with the full knowledge that his life, so far as
relevant to his duty, is open to public scrutiny.
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BANKING LAWS
The Banco Filipino filed an action for declaratory relief with the CFI of Manila which
was denied by the lower court. Thus this special civil action of certiorari in the SC.
The issue here is whether or not the Law on Secrecy of Bank Deposits precludes
production by subpoena duces tecum of bank records of transactions by or in the names of
the wife, children and friends of a special agent of the Bureau of Customs accused before
the Tanodbayan of having allegedly acquired property manifestly out of proportion to his
salary and other lawful income in violation of RA 3019?
The Supreme Court ruled in the negative.
In PNB v. Gancayco, we ruled that: while Section 2 of Republic Act No. 1405
provides that bank deposits are absolutely confidential and, therefore, may not be
examined, inquired or looked into, except in those cases enumerated therein, Section 8 of
Republic Act No. 3019 (Anti-graft law) directs in mandatory terms that bank deposits shall
be taken into consideration in the enforcement of this section, notwithstanding any
provision of law to the contrary. The only conclusion possible is that Section 8 of the AntiGraft Law is intended to amend Section 2 of Republic Act No. 1405 by providing an
additional exception to the rule against the disclosure of bank deposits.
The inquiry into illegally acquired property - or property not legitimately acquired extends to cases where such property is concealed by being held by or recorded in the
name of other persons. This proposition is made clear by RA 3019 which quite categorically
states that the term legitimately acquired property of a public officer or employee shall not
include property unlawfully acquired by the respondent, but its ownership is concealed
by its being recorded in the name of, of held by, respondents spouse, ascendants,
descendants, relatives or any other persons.
To sustain the petitioners theory, and restrict the inquiry only to property held by or
in the name of the government official or employee, or his spouse and unmarried children
is unwarranted in the light of the provisions of the statutes in question, and would make
available to persons in government who illegally acquire property an easy and fool-proof
means of evading investigation and prosecution; all they have to do would be to simply
place the property in the possession or name of persons other than their spouse and
unmarried children. This is an absurdity that we will not ascribe to the lawmakers.
Philippine Commercial & Industrial Bank, et. al. v. Court of Appeals, et. al.
GR no. 84526, 28 January 1991
A group of laborers obtained a favorable judgment against the Marinduque Mining
and Industrial Corporation for the payment of backwages amounting to P205,853 before the
National Labor Relations Commission. A writ of execution was issued and the Deputy Sheriff
served the writ, but it was unsatisfied. The sheriff prepared on his own a Notice of
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BANKING LAWS
Garnishment addressed to six banks in Bacolod City, including petitioner PCIB, directing the
bank concerned to issue a check in satisfaction of the judgment.
While the in house lawyer of the Corporation warned the PCIB to withhold any
release of its deposit with the bank, the bank issued a managers check in the amount of
P37,466 which was the exact balance of the private respondents account as of that day.
The said check was also encashed by the sheriff the next day.
Marinduque Mining thus filed a complaint before the RTC of Manila against PCIB and
the deputy sheriff, alleging that its current deposit with the petitioner bank was levied
upon, garnished, and with undue haste unlawfully allowed to be withdrawn, and
notwithstanding the alleged unauthorized disclosure of the said current deposit and
unlawful release thereof, the latter have failed and refused to restore the amount of
P37,466 to the formers account despite repeated demands.
Trial court rendered judgment in favor of Marinduque Mining Corporation. On appeal,
the Court of Appeals initially reversed the trial courts order but later affirmed it. Thus, this
petition to the SC.
The issue is whether or not the petitioners violated RA 1405, otherwise known as the
Secrecy of Bank Deposits Act, when they allowed the sheriff to garnish the deposit of
Marinduque Mining Corporation? SC held no.
The SC first ruled that the release of the deposit by the bank was not done in undue
and indecent haste. We find the immediate release of the funds by the petitioner bank on
the strength of the notice of garnishment and writ of execution, whose issuance, absent any
patent defect, enjoys the presumption of regularity.
The SC likewise did not find any violation whatsoever by the petitioners of RA 1405,
otherwise known as the Secrecy of Bank Deposits Act. The Court, in China Banking
Corporation v. Ortega, had the occasion to dispose of this issue when it stated, to wit:
It is clear from the discussion of the conference committee report on Senate
Bill No. 351 and House Bill No. 3977, which later became Republic Act No.
1405, that the prohibition against examination of or inquiry into a bank
deposit under Republic Act No. 1405 does not preclude its being garnished to
insure satisfaction of a judgment. Indeed, there is no real inquiry in such a
case, and if existence of the deposit is disclosed, the disclosure is purely
incidental to the execution process. It is hard to conceive that it was ever
within the intention of Congress to enable debtors to evade payment of their
just debts, even if ordered by the Court, through the expedient of converting
their assets into cash and depositing the same in a bank.
77
BANKING LAWS
Since there is no evidence that the petitioners themselves divulged the information
that the private respondent had an account with the petitioner bank and it is undisputed
that the said account was properly the object of the notice of garnishment and writ of
execution carried out by the deputy sheriff, a duly authorized officer of the court, we cannot
therefore hold the petitioners liable under RA 1405.
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BANKING LAWS
civil case is aimed at recovering the amount converted by the Javiers for their own benefit,
necessarily, an inquiry into the whereabouts of the illegally acquired amount extends to
whatever is concealed by being held or recorded in the name of persons other than the one
responsible for the illegal acquisition.
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BANKING LAWS
2.
3.
4.
Pawnshops
Pres. Decree No. 114
5.
Trust Corporations
Chapter VII, General Banking Act
Underwriting
80
BANKING LAWS
Private placement
Public placement
At least forty percent (40%) of the voting stock of any Investment House shall
be owned by citizens of the Philippines.
Capital requirements
81
BANKING LAWS
The Securities and Exchange Commission shall not register the articles of
incorporation of any Investment House, or any amendment thereto, unless it
is satisfied from the evidence submitted to it:
a.
b.
That the proposed enterprise will not be in conflict with public interest
and economic growth; and
c.
Prohibition
2.
3.
4.
82
BANKING LAWS
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The regulations which may include, but need not be limited to a) minimum
size of fund acceptance or receipt, b) methods of marketing and distribution,
c) terms of placement and maturities, and d) uses of funds may be modified
by the Monetary Board insofar as they apply to Investment Houses.
Quasi-banking powers
83
BANKING LAWS
Dealer or broker
Any issuer which is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily in the
business of investing, reinvesting, or trading in securities.
2.
Closed-end company
84
BANKING LAWS
Offer for sale, sell, or deliver after sale, within the Philippines, any security or
any interest in any security, whether the issuer of such security is the
investment company or another person.
2.
Security
Note that there is an expanded definition under the Revised Securities Act.
Form
All shares of its capital stock shall be common and voting shares.
Capitalization
No public offering may be made unless the investment company has a paid
up capital of at least P500,000 (Section 13(1), RA 2629). However, Rule 2.1
provides that the minimum subscribed and paid in capital should be at least
50 million.
85
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2.
3.
Financing companies
by direct lending; or
2.
3.
4.
Financial leasing
86
BANKING LAWS
During the two-year period, the lessee has the right to hold and use the
leased property with the right to expense the lease rentals paid to the lessor.
Lessee also bears the cost of repairs, maintenance, insurance and
preservation of the leased property.
87
BANKING LAWS
Liability of lessors
Financing companies shall not be liable for loss, damage or injury caused by
a motor vehicle, aircraft, vessel, equipment, machinery or other property
leased to a third person or entity except where the motor vehicle, aircraft,
vessel, equipment, machinery or other property is operated by the financing
company, its employees or agents at the time of the loss, damage or injury.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
They shall have paid-up capital of not less than ten million pesos
(P10,000,000) in case the financing company is located in Metro Manila and
first class cities, five million pesos (P5,000,000) in other classes of cities, and
two million five hundred thousand pesos (P2,500,000) in municipalities.
88
BANKING LAWS
No foreign national
unless the country
rights to Filipinos
counterpart entities
Aside from requiring compliance with the provisions of the Corporation Code,
the SEC shall not register the articles of incorporation of any financing
company unless its office is satisfied on the evidence submitted to it, that:
1.
2.
3.
2.
Prohibited acts
The Act imposes a fine of not less than P10,000 but not more than P100,000,
or imprisonment of not more than six(6)months or both, at the discretion of
the court, on "persons, associations, partnerships or corporations, including
managing officers thereof," upon the following unlawful acts:
89
BANKING LAWS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Any officer, employee or examiner of the SEC directly charged with the
implementation of the Act who shall commit, connive, aid or assist in
the commission of acts enumerated above.
PAWNSHOPS
Presidential Decree 114
in relation to CB Circular No. 374
Pawnshop
A
pawnshop
is
a
person
(single
proprietorship)
or
entity
(corporation/partnership) engaged in the business of lending money on
personal property delivered as security for loans.
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BANKING LAWS
2.
3.
Registration
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
3.
4.
Citizenship
a.
b.
c.
d.
Owner who has other businesses not directly related or incidental to his
pawnshop business must keep the latter separate from his other businesses.
Accounting records
i.e.
fire
and
burglar
proof
safe
where
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BANKING LAWS
Loans cannot be less than 30% of the appraised value of the personal
property unless the borrower stipulated in writing that he is borrowing a
lesser amount.
Conduct of business
1.
2.
Property is appraised.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
If upon maturity, borrower fails to pay, pawnshop will wait for 90 days after
maturity before it can sell the thing pledged at a public auction.
9.
Before the 90-day period expires, notice to the borrower that the pawn
will be sold if not redeemed within 90 days from maturity specifying
time, date, and place of auction sale.
b.
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BANKING LAWS
c.
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BANKING LAWS
Supervisory powers of the Bangko Sentral
TRUST CORPORATIONS
Chapter VII
General Banking Act
Trust corporation
Standard of care
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BANKING LAWS
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BANKING LAWS
Powers (in addition to general powers incident to corporations)
1.
2.
3.
To act as the executor of any last will or testament when it is named in the
last will and testament as the executor thereof.
4.
5.
To accept and execute any legal trust confided to it by any court of record or
by any person or corporation for the holding, management, and
administration of any estate, real or personal, and the rents, issues, and
profits thereof.
6.
To establish and manage common trust funds, subject to such rules and
regulations as may be prescribed by the Monetary Board.
Any banking corporation may, with the approval of the Monetary Board, be
authorized to engage in the business of a trust company, but it shall be
subject to the provisions on trust operations.
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BANKING LAWS
Section 65, however, provides: As security for the faithful performance of its
trust duties, every trust company, before transacting trust business, shall
carry on deposit with the Central Bank, cash or securities approved by the
Monetary Board in an amount equal to not less than two hundred and fifty
thousands pesos (P250,000). This may be increased by the Central Bank.
Paid in capital and surplus of the company must be at least equal to the
amount required to be deposited with the central Bank.
The capital stock and funds of a trust company may be loaned or otherwise
invested as its by laws prescribe; if it does a commercial banking business in
addition to its trust business, the investment of its funds other than trust
funds shall be governed by the relevant provisions of the General Banking
Act.
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BANKING LAWS
the surplus shall amount to 20% of its authorized capital stock and no part of
the surplus shall at any time be paid out in dividends, but losses accruing in
the course of its business may be charged against the surplus.