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Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2014

Experimental Study of The Diameter and Depth

Pore Hole Influence Over Infiltration In Order
Sustainable Drainage Channels Planning
Fenti Daud1, Mary Selintung2, Saleh Pallu3 , dan Arsyad Thaha4
1

Student of Doctoral Program in civil engineering of Hasanuddin University,

Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM-10, Telp 0811-1234567
2

Lecturer of Civil Engineering Department of Hasanuddin University,

Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM-10, Telp 0811-879100

Lecturer of Civil Engineering Department of Hasanuddin University,

Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM-10, Telp 0811-879100

Lecturer of Civil Engineering Department of Hasanuddin University,

Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM-10, Telp 0811-879100

ABSTRACT
The countermeasure of flood drainage requires effective and insightful environmental design that functioning caught and flow
water from a road, water absorption into its soil layer below. A laboratory scale research is needed to know: the diameter and
depth of the effective hole pore to absorb water from the drainage channels into the soil below. This research was conducted
with experimental studies using porous drainage channel model. The testing was conducted in two stages, namely static and
dynamic condition flows. Each stage is performed by observations with 3 variations in diameter holes, 2 soil texture variation
modeled based on soil samples taken at the 3 point locations that are often experienced floods or inundation, 3 variations of
height water in the funnel. From observations and laboratory tests are expected to generate porous hole dimensions that
appropriate with drainage channel soil conditions.

Keyword:- drainage, pore

1. INTRODUCTION
The flooding that hit Makassar city on Saturday (26/1/2013) at 08.00-02.00 WITA after washed down by heavy rain
resulting that almost the whole town flooded as high as 50 centimeters especially in citizen settlements (Kompas,
2013). The National Disaster Mitigation Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana/BNPB) of Makassar city
has evacuated at least 1,500 residents who are domiciled in Manggala Sub-district especially in Perumnas Antang
(Tempo, 2013). The flooding that hit the city caused by inadequate drainage so that less capability of accommodating
the discharge of water, the lack of open green space as the area of water absorption. Other causes are the citizens
change the function of drainages as a landfill, so they clogged the channel of water (Tribune Timur, 2013), bad
drainage all over 3,000 kilometers and the rapid growth of residential property in water bags that ignore the drainages
(Antara, 2013). One of the problems that frequently arise are flooding either in urban, residential areas, as well as in
rural areas (agricultural area) which requires the technically handling with big funding which must be implemented by
the Government and the role of the community either in rural, urban, in the upper Watersheds (DAS) as well as
downstream, rich or poor, academic or non academic, even all the people who have a relationship with the water.
(Sobriyah and Wignyosukarto, 2001). From a physical aspect, several factors that cause flooding among others are; a).
the reducing protected forest land area "conservation" as a result to be converted into residential development area of
the city, b). The reducing water catchment area or catchment area, c). the reducing of water absorption is partly due to
the growing number of ground surface are compacted or covered with asphalt and other road roughness, d). Less open
drainage network conditions due to the superficiality so that it is not functioning optimally, and e). The occurring
sedimentation and coastal or estuary superficiality (Busro, 1990). Until now, the drainage design is based on the
philosophy that water flows and floods as minimum as possible the service areas. But with more unstable the
equalization of water (usage and availability) the more philosophical drainage designs is required, not only are they
safe against inundation but also at once based on water conservation (Sunjoto Muttaqin in 2007, 1987). Wasrif, at all,
(2010) developed the concept of absorbing porous pipe (PPR) that combines the functionality of the well hole, biopori
absorbing hole and absorbing composter pipe. PPR is highly possible to be applied in areas of dense population because

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Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2014

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ISSN 2321-5976

it is made of pvc pipe with a 1-3 cm diameter which essentially adopts the absorbing concept of the use of gravel as the
foundation, so it is not caused a threat that can collapse for the region around absorbing pipe pore. Absorbing wells also
serves to prevent soil degradation, reducing flooding and inundation of water flow on the surface of the soil, reducing
the widespread of infiltration/instrution of sea water in to the main land, and increased the soil water potential (Suharta
K, et all, 2008). Biopori absorbing hole is a water absorbing method by increasing the power of soil water absorption
in soil. Biopori is pores that shaped like a orifice (small tunnel) created by the activity of the fauna of the soil or the
plant's roots. Biopori absorbing hole is a cylindrical hole that made vertically into the ground with a 10-30 cm diameter
and approximately 100 cm depth or in the case of soil with shallow groundwater level, it is not to exceed the inner face
of the groundwater. Absorbing holes then filled with organic waste that is deposited in the hole so that it could support
land fauna which in turn is able to create biopori (Dinolefty, 2010). LRB technology is considered effective and
environment-friendly because it uses animal services in the ground like a worm and termites as well as organic waste to
help form the natural pores in the soil so that water can be absorbed by the soil and the structure can be repaired
(Wahyudi et al, 2008). According to Suharta, et al, 2008, that the infiltration is the movement of water from the surface
into the surface of the ground water (water table) caused by the force of gravity and capillarity. Factors that affect
infiltration on a landform are; 1.) The depth of flooded area on ground level, 2). Moisture content in the soil, 3).
Saturated thick layer, 4). Hardening by precipitation, 5). Clogging by fine materials, 6). Compression by humans and
animals, and 7). Vegetation.

2.MATERIALS
Drainage Models
For laboratory test carried out by using the model of the container as a means of testing infiltration as in Figure 1 which
has porous holes. Infiltration test is conducted with 3 diameter variation and the depth of the hole.

Figure 1. Static Condition Flow Model

Soil Texture
Soil samples that have a texture based on land texture on 3 flood inundation location point are used for absorbing
media which is considered to represent the texture of the ground flood inundation locations that exist in urban areas.
Determining soil texture is performed through the laboratory examination. To see the absorbing ability, an initial
experiment was conducted that is test of permeability and compaction soil to determine the density of the soil base.

3.METHODS
This research was conducted with Experimental method with testing in the laboratory as well as descriptive methods
which literally meant to make an overview of the situation, condition, or event that more lead to data base gathering
activity. This method is more generally referred to as Survey Method. According to Nasir, 1988, that a study was
carried out to obtain the facts from the symptoms that factually exist. To see the influence parameters to infiltration,
preferably observations are made through two stages, namely the static and dynamic conditions. For absorbing media
used soil samples with texture that are taken based on the land texture at 3 locations that are considered to represent the
location of the regional flood inundation. The soil texture of research location is revealed through laboratory test. Soil
texture samples are made appropriate to soil texture in the field. In this study, data retrieval is performed in static
conditions using the 3 diameter variations and depth of the pore hole and 3 variations of high water surface. The
procedure of this research, you can check on the flowchart (Figure 2)

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Figure 2. Flowchart Procedure of this research

4.RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The laboratory examination results for soil texture of 3 location sample are shown in Table 1, where classified as clay is
a material that has diameter 0.002 mm, dust that has diameter (0.05-0.002) mm and materials sand that has
diameter (0.05-2) mm.
Table 1. The Soil Texture at Inundation Location
No.
1.
2.
3.

Inundation Location

Soil Texture
Dust (%)
39
20
45

Clay (%)
20
9
20

Perintis Kemerdekaan
Pettarani
Ahmad Yani

Sand (%)
41
71
35

Based on the soil texture at 3 location of flood inundation point, soil samples are made with 2 texture variations as
shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Time to Absorb Water
Soil Texture

Soil Sample
Sand

Dust

Clay

75

15

10

II

50

30

20

From laboratory test results in the static conditions retrieved infiltration discharge result for various variations, as
shown in the following table:
Table 3 Major Infiltration in Soil Samples for Three High Water Surface Variations with 3 Variations in Diameter and
Depth of Holes
Hole
Diameter
(cm)

High Water Surface (cm)

Hole Depth
(cm)

Soil I

Soil II

15

20

25

15

20

25

10

2,94

4,45

4,9

56,33

58,66

34

15

8,67

44,86

28

37,94

44,5

40

20

142

131,6

141,6

12,13

12,33

11,4

10

2,16

3,55

6,06

6,91

13,05

19,54

15

10,4

12,65

14,33

6,16

8,63

12,09

20

5,36

3,8

3,37

7,03

3,94

8,15

10

1,6

2,1

1,08

4,67

4,76

15

0,52

3,5

6,28

10,78

16,33

22,1

20

2,26

2,33

2,67

10,45

15,36

19,17

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The influence of diameter and depth pore hole through infiltrated water discharge into absorbing media for soil samples
with sand texture75%, dust 15% and clay 10% is presented through the graph in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3. For
soil samples with the sand texture 50%, dust 30% and clay 20%, the amount of infiltration discharge are revealed on
the graph in Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6.

Figure. 3 Graph of The Relationship between The Pore Hole Diameter and Discharge Infiltration with Different Depth
of hole in High Water Surface 15 cm (soil sample 1)

Figure 4. Graph of The Relationship between the Pore Hole Diameter and Discharge Infiltration with Different Depth
of hole in High Water Surface 20 cm (soil sample 1)

Figure 5 Graph of The Relationship between the Pore Hole Diameter and Discharge Infiltration with Different Depth
of hole in High Water Surface 25 cm (soil sample 1)

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Figure 6 Graph of The Relationship between the Pore Hole Diameter and Discharge Infiltration with Different Depth
of hole in High Water Surface 15 cm (soil sample 2)

Figure 7 Graph of The Relationship between the Pore Hole Diameter and Discharge Infiltration with Different Depth
of hole in High Water Surface 20 cm (soil sample 2)

Figure 8 Graph of The Relationship between the Pore Hole Diameter and Discharge Infiltration with Different Depth
of hole in High Water Surface 25 cm (soil sample 2)

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5.CONCLUSION
From the initial results of the study it can be concluded that the pored drainage system can be applied on porous soil
conditions at the site of flood inundation due to all the locations have sand content that is able to absorb water but with
different speeds according to the percentage of sand. From observation through a laboratory test using a drainage model
which is equipped with pore holes obtained the results of the influences of diameter and depth of the pores against the
infiltration discharge that is the ratio of the width of hole porous against the width of land area is recommend a
minimum of 3.14%, it is known that: the influence of the hole pore dimension against the amount of water that absorbs
into the ground, the influence of soil texture on the speed of the water inundated without the flowing (static

water) and with flowing (dynamic conditions). Hole pore depth which will be inserted into ground
and how will it affect to the amount of water that absorbed both at static and flowing water (dynamic)
The influence of high water flooding both on the static and on the high of flowing dynamic water toward the amount of
water that absorbed into the ground.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was a preliminary research of my dissertation and supported by Ministry of Education and Culture
Scholarship of Indonesia. The second, the third, the fourth and the fifth authors were also grateful for helpful
discussion.

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AUTHOR
Fenti Daud Student of Doctoral Program in Civil Engineering of Hasanuddin University

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