Tutorial 3 is about modeli ng non-linear systems.

The first quest is formulating a model for the dynamic response of the concentration of reactant in the
reactor. Since the given system is non-linear, the determined model must be linearized to evaluate
analytically the response for the step change in the inlet concentration of the reactant.
The second quest is controlling the reactor concentration by manipulating the feed flowrate. A sketch of
the dynamic behavior of the effluent concentration is required and the equipment is designed that is
needed to maintain the feed flow rate.
For the last part, Piping and instrumentation drawing is shown. Four basic sensors are selected and
appropriate physical principle is described in each.

Linearization of the model is done to approximate the data obtained, though non-linear model
would be more accurate. We should always investigate the accuracy of our mathematical
models! In addition, we should estimate the error introduced by the linearization. In this part, an
important generalization is that highly accurate models are not really that good; instead, simple
and approximate models for control design must be used.
The feed composition usually cannot be adjusted easily by mixing streams. Therefore, feed flow
rate is sometimes adjusted to achieve the desired reaction conversion. However, this kind of
situation is undesirable since it changes both the production rate and the conversion as feed flow
rate is adjusted.
There are two different installations for the sensors: local display and those that are transmitted
remote display and control. The sensor principle must match to its application. The four typical
variables in control system are temperature, pressure, flow ad level. For each of these variables,
appropriate applications must be considered to be able to choose the suitable sensor.