v;k;

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bl v;k; dks i<+us osQ ckn vki bl ;ksX;

gksaxs fd%
lkjf.k;ksa dk ;ksx dj vkdM+s Lrqr
dj losQa _
mi;qDr vkjs[kksa }kjk vkdM+s Lrqr dj losQa A

1- Lrkouk

fiNys v;k;ksa esa vki ;g i<+ pqosQ gSa fd vkdM+ksa

dks oSQls lax`ghr vkSj O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA
lkekU;r% vkdM+ksa dk ifjek.k vfkd gksrk gS] ftUgsa
lqlac ,oa Lrqfr&;ksX; j[kus dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA bl v;k; esa vkdM+ksa osQ Lrqrhdj.k dh
tkudkjh nh tk,xh] rkfd laxzg fd, x, o`gn~
vkdM+ksa dks vklkuh ls le> dj mudk ;ksx fd;k
tk losQA lkekU;r% vkdM+s rhu dkj ls Lrqr
fd, tk ldrs gSa%

o
n

vkdM+ksa dk Lrqrhdj.k

ikB&fo"k;d ;k o.kZukRed Lrqrhdj.k

lkj.khc Lrqrhdj.k

vkjs[kh; Lrqrhdj.k

2- vkdM+ksa dk ikB&fo"k;d Lrqrhdj.k

ikB&fo"k;d Lrqrhdj.k esa vkdM+ksa dk fooj.k

ikB esa gh fn;k tkrk gSA tc vkdM+ksa dk ifjek.k
cgqr vfkd u gks rks Lrqrhdj.k dk ;g Lo:i
vfkd mi;ksxh gksrk gSA fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.kksa
dks ns[ksa%
mnkgj.k 1
fcgkj osQ ,d 'kgj esa] 8 flracj 2005 dks isVksy
rFkk Mhtyksa dh dherksa dh o`f osQ fojksk esa
vk;ksftr ,d can osQ nkSjku 5 isVksy iai [kqys rFkk

40

vFkZ'kkL=k esa lkaf[;dh

17 can ik, x, vkSj blh dkj ls 2 fo|ky; can

rFkk 9 fo|ky; [kqys ik, x,A
mnkgj.k 2

4-1 dks ns[ksa] ftlesa lk{kjrk nj osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh

nh xbZ gSA blesa rhu iafDr;k (iq#"k] L=kh rFkk
;ksx) vkSj rhu LraHk fn, x, ('kgjh] xzkeh.k ,oa
;ksx) gSaA bls 3 3 lkj.kh dgk tkrk gS] ftlesa 9
ckWDl esa 9 enksa dh tkudkjh nh xbZ gS] ftls
^lkj.kh dh dksf"Bdk* dgk tkrk gSA R;sd dksf"Bdk
fdlh fyax (^L=kh*] ^iq#"k* ;k ^;ksx*) dh fo'ks"krk
vkSj mldh la[;k (xzkeh.k O;fDr;ksa] 'kgjh O;fDr;ksa
rFkk muosQ ;ksx dk oqQy lk{kjrk fr'kr) dh
tkudkjh nsrk gSA vkdM+ksa osQ lkj.kh;u dk lokZfkd
egRoiw.kZ ykHk ;g gS fd vkdM+ksa dks lkaf[;dh;
;ksx ,oa mlosQ vkkkj ij fu.kZ; ysus osQ fy,
O;ofLFkr djrk gSA lkj.kh;u esa ;qDr oxhZdj.k
pkj dkj osQ gksrs gSa%

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Hkkjr dh tux.kuk 2001 dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj

Hkkjr dh tula[;k c<+dj 102 djksM+ gks xbZ]
ftlesa 53 djksM+ iq#"kksa osQ eqdkcys 49 djksM+
efgyk, FkhaA 74 djksM+ yksx vHkh Hkh Hkkjr osQ
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa vkSj osQoy 28 djksM+ yksx 'kgjksa ,oa
dLcksa esa jg jgs FksA iwjs ns'k esa 40 djksM+ Jfedksa osQ
eqdkcys xSj&Jfedksa dh la[;k 62 djksM+ FkhA 'kgjh
tula[;k esa xSj&Jfedksa dh la[;k xzkeh.k tula[;k
dh vis{kk vfkd (19 djksM+) Fkh] tgk 74 djksM+
dh xzkeh.k tula[;k esa 31 djksM+ Jfed gSaA
bu nksuksa gh mnkgj.kksa esa vkdM+kas dks ikB~;&lkexzh
osQ :i esa gh Lrqr fd;k x;k gSA bl Lo:i esa
Lrqrhdj.k dh ,d egRoiw.kZ deh ;g gS fd
vkdM+ksa dks le>us osQ fy, iwjk ikB i<+uk gksxkA
ijarq] blosQ ek;e ls Lrqrhdj.k osQ [kkl fcanqvksa
dks Hkko'kkyh <ax ls Lrqr Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

xq.kkRed
ek=kkRed
dkfyd] vkSj
LFkkfud

xq.kkRed oxhZdj.k

tc oxhZdj.k xq.kkRed fof'k"Vrk osQ lkFk fd;k

tkrk gS] tSls fd lkekftd fLFkfr] HkkSfrd fLFkfr]
jk"Vh;rk] bR;kfn] rks bls xq.kkRed oxhZdj.k dgk
tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] lkj.kh 4-1 esa oxhZdj.k
dh fof'k"Vrk fyax ,oa LFkku osQ vkkkj ij gS] tks
LoHkko esa xq.kkRed gSA

o
n

lkj.kh 4-1
fyax ,oa LFkku osQ vuqlkj fcgkj esa lk{kjrk (fr'kr)

fyax

xzkeh.k

'kgjh

;ksx

3- vkdM+ksa dk lkj.khc Lrqrhdj.k

iq#"k
L=kh

57-70
30-03

80-80
63-30

60-32
33-57

lkj.khc Lrqrhdj.k esa] vkdM+ksa dks iafDr;ksa

({kSfrt) rFkk LraHkksa (okZkj) osQ :i esa Lrqr
fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, uhps nh xbZ lkj.kh

;ksx

44-42

72-71

47-53

lzksr% ^Hkkjr dh tux.kuk* 2001] vuafre tula[;k ;ksxA

41

vkdM+ksa dk Lrqrhdj.k

ek=kkRed oxhZdj.k
ek=kkRed oxhZdj.k esa vkdM+kas dk oxhZdj.k mu
fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ vkkkj ij fd;k tkrk gS tks LokHkkfod
:i ls ek=kkRed gksrh gSAa nwljs 'kCnksa es]a bu fof'k"Vrkvksa
dks ek=kkRed :i ls ekik tk ldrk gS] tSls vk;q]
dn] mRiknu] vk; bR;kfn ek=kkRed fof'k"Vrk, gSAa
fopkjkkhu fo'ks"krkvksa osQ ekuksa dks n'kkZus osQ fy,
lhek, fukkZfjr djosQ oxkZas dk xBu fd;k tkrk gS]
ftUgsa oxZ&lhek, dgrs gSAa ek=kkRed oxhZdj.k dk
,d mnkgj.k lkj.kh 4-2 esa fn;k x;k gS%

dkfyd oxhZdj.k
bl oxhZdj.k esa oxhZdj.k dk vkkkj le; gksrk gS
rFkk vkdM+ksa dks le; osQ vuqlkj OkxhZr fd;k
tkrk gSA le; ?kaVksa] fnuksa] grksa] eghuksa] o"kkZsa bR;kfn
es a gks ldrk gS A mnkgj.k os Q fy, lkj.kh
4-3 ns[ksaA

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lkj.kh 4-3
,d pk; dh nqdku dh 1995 ls 2000 rd dh
okf"kZd fch dk fooj.k

o"kZ

lkj.kh 4-2
fcgkj esa ,d pqukoh v;;u gsrq 542 mkjnkrkvksa dk
vk;q osQ vuqlkj forj.k
vk;q lewg
(o"kZ)
2030
3040
4050
5060
6070
7080
8090
;ksx

mkjnkrkvksa
dh la[;k

fr'kr

3
61
132
153
140
51
2
542

0-55
11-25
24-35
28-24
25-83
9-41
0-37
100-00

lzksr% ,lsacyh bysD'ku] iVuk lsUVy dkWULVhV~;w,alh] ,- ,uflUgk baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ lks'ky LVMht] iVukA

;gk ij oxhZdj.k dh fo'ks"krk vk;q (o"kkZsa esa)

gS] ftldk ek=kkRed oxhZdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

o
n

f;kRed xfrfofk;k

viuh d{kk osQ Nk=kksa dh #fp osQ ekuqlkj

fofHkUu lekpkj pSuyksa] tSls LVkj U;wt] th
U;wt] ch-ch-lh- oYMZ] lh-,u-,u-] vktrd
rFkk Mh-Mh- U;wt osQ fy, ,d lkj.kh cuk,A
,d lkj.kh cuk,] ftlesa] vkidh d{kk osQ
Nk=kksa osQ laca k esa fuEufyf[kr n'kkZ, x, gks%a
(d)
dn (lsa-eh- esa) vkSj
([k)
otu (fdxzk esa)

fch (yk[k # esa)

1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000

79-2
81-3
82-4
80-5
100-2
91-2

vkdM+k lzksr% vdkf'kr vkdM+s

mi;qZDr lkj.kh esa oxhZdj.k dk vkkkj ^o"kZ* gS

ftlosQ eku le; osQ LosQy ij fn[kk, x, gSaA
f;kRed xfrfofk

vius iqLrdky; esa tkb, vkSj fro"kZ [kjhnh

xbZa vFkZ'kkL=k dh iqLrdksa osQ 10 o"kkZsa osQ
vkdM+ksa dk laxzg dhft,A bu vkdM+ksa dks
lkj.khc <ax ls Lrqr djsaA

LFkkfud oxhZdj.k

tc dksbZ oxhZdj.k bl dkj ls fd;k tk,] fd

oxhZdj.k dk vkkkj (pj) LFkku gks] rks bls
LFkkfud&oxhZdj.k dgrs gSAa ;g LFkku dksbZ xko@dLck]
[kaM] ftyk] jkT; ;k ns'k vkfn gks ldrk gSA
uhps nh xbZ lkj.kh esa oxhZdj.k nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa
osQ vkkkj ij fd;k x;k gSA lkj.kh 4-4 LFkkfud
oxhZdj.k dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA

42

vFkZ'kkL=k esa lkaf[;dh

lkj.kh 4-4
,d o"kZ esa Hkkjr }kjk 'ks"k fo'o esa oqQy fu;kZr dh
Hkkxhnkjh (dk fr'kr)
xarO; LFkku

fu;kZr Hkkxhnkjh

fdlh lkj.kh dh la[;k mldh igpku osQ fy,

fukkZfjr dh tkrh gSA ;fn dgha ,d ls vfkd
lkjf.k;k Lrqr dh tkrh gSa] rks mu lkjf.k;ksa dh
la[;k gh mUgsa ,d&nwljs ls vyx djrh gSA bls
lkj.kh osQ ij ;k 'kh"kZd dh 'kq#vkr osQ lkFk fn;k
tkrk gSA ;fn ,d iqLrd esa cgqr lkjh lkjf.k;k gSa]
rks la[;k vkjksgh e esa nh tkrh gSA lkekU;r%
lkj.kh dh vofLFkfr osQ vuqlkj lkj.kh dh igpku
osQ fy, la[;k, tSls 1-2] 3-1 bR;kfn Hkh nh tk
ldrh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, lkj.kh la[;k 4-5 dks
v;k; 4 dh lkj.kh la[;k 5 (ns[ksa lkj.kh 4-5)
osQ :i esa igpkuk tk ldrk gSA

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;w-,l-,teZuh
vU; ;wjksih; la?k osQ ns'k
;w-osQtkiku
:l
vU; iwoZ ;wjksih; ns'k
vksisd
,f'k;k
vU; vYifodflr ns'k
vU;
lHkh

21-8
5-6
14-7
5-7
4-9
2-1
0-6
10-5
19-0
5-6
9-5

100-0

(oqQy fu;kZr% ;w-,l-Mkyj 33658-5 fefy;u)

f;kRed xfrfofk

(d) lkj.kh la[;k

viuh d{kk osQ Nk=kksa osQ ewy jkT;ksa@fjgk;'kh

bykdksa osQ vkkkj ij mu ls kIr vkdM+ksa
dks Lrqr djrs gq, ,d lkj.kh cuk,A

4- vkdM+kas dk lkj.khdj.k rFkk lkj.kh osQ vax

lkj.kh osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy,] lcls igys ;g tkuuk

vko';d gS fd ,d vPNh lkaf[;dh; lkj.kh osQ
dkSu&dkSu ls egRoiw.kZ vax gSaA tc bu lHkh vaxksa
dks lqO;fLFkr e esa ,d lkFk Lrqr fd;k tkrk
gS] rks ;s ^lkj.kh* osQ :i esa gks tkrs gSaA lkj.kh dh
ladYiuk dk lcls ljy rjhdk ;g gS fd vkdM+ksa
dks oqQN O;k[;kRed lwpukvksa osQ lkFk iafDr;ksa ,oa
LraHkksa esa O;ofLFkr dj fn;k tk,A lkj.khdj.k osQ
dk;Z dks ,dfok] }fok ;k f=kfok oxhZdj.k }kjk
fd;k tk ldrk gS tks fd vkdM+ksa dh fof'k"Vrkvksa
dh la[;k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ,d vPNh lkj.kh esa
fuEu ckrsa vko';d :i ls gksuh pkfg,%

o
n

([k) 'kh"kZd

lkj.kh dk 'kh"kZd lkj.kh dh fo"k;oLrq dh O;k[;k

djrk gSA bls cgqr gh Li"V] laf{kIr ,oa lkokkuh
iw.kZ pqus x, 'kCnksa esa gksuk pkfg,] rkfd lkj.kh dk
Hkko fcYoqQy Li"V gks ftlesa vLi"Vrk u gksA bls
lkj.kh osQ fcYoqQy ij rFkk lkj.kh la[;k osQ Bhd
ckn esa ;k blosQ Bhd uhps fn;k tkrk gSA (ns[ksa
lkj.kh 4-5)
(x) mi 'kh"kZd ;k LraHk 'kh"kZd

lkj.kh osQ R;sd LraHk osQ ij dh vksj ,d LraHk

uke fn;k tkrk gS tks LraHk osQ varxZr nh xbZ
la[;kvksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA bls mi'kh"kZd ;k
LraHk 'kh"kZd dgrs gSaA (ns[ksa lkj.kh 4-5)
(?k) vo'kh"kZ ;k iafDr 'kh"kZd

mi'kh"kZd ;k LraHk'kh"kZd dh Hkkfr lkj.kh dh

R;sd iafDr dks Hkh ,d 'kh"kZd fn;k tkrk gSA

43

vkdM+ksa dk Lrqrhdj.k

iafDr;ksa osQ uke dks vo'kh"kZ ;k vo'kh"kZ ensa Hkh

dgrs gSa vkSj laiw.kZ ck;sa LraHk dks vo'kh"kZ LraHk dgk
tkrk gSA iafDr'kh"kZdksa dk laf{kIr fooj.k lkj.kh osQ
fcYoqQy ij ck;ha vksj fn;k tk ldrk gSA
(ns[ksa lkj.kh 4-5)
() lkj.kh dk eq[; Hkkx
lkj.kh dk eq[; Hkkx og gksrk gS] ftlesa okLrfod
vkdM+s gksrs gSaA lkj.kh esa fdlh Hkh la[;k@vkdM+s
dh vofLFkfr mldh iafDr ,oa LraHk osQ vuqlkj
lqfuf'pr gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, f}rh; iafDr
,oa pkSFks LraHk osQ vkdM+ksa ls ;g laosQr feyrk gS

fd 2001 esa xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa 25 djksM+ xSj Jfed

efgyk, FkhaA (ns[ksa lkj.kh 4-5)A
(p) eki dh bdkbZ

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lkj.kh la[;k

'kh"kZd

;fn iwjh lkj.kh esa eki dh bdkbZ leku jgs] rks

lkj.kh dh la[;kvksa (okLrfod vkdM+ksa) osQ eki
dh bdkbZ dks lnSo lkj.kh osQ 'kh"kZd osQ lkFk
fy[kk tkuk pkfg,A ;fn lkj.kh dh iafDr;ksa ;k
LraHkksa osQ fy, fHkUu eki bdkb;k gksa] rks mu
bdkb;ksa dh ppkZ fuf'pr :i ls ^mi'kh"kZd* ;k
^vo'kh"kZ* osQ lkFk dh tkuh pkfg,A ;fn la[;k,

lkj.kh 4-5 fyax ,oa vofLFkfr osQ vuqlkj Jfedksa ,oa xSj&Jfedksa osQ vkkkj ij Hkkjr dh tula[;kA
(djksM+)

(LraHk 'kh"kZd@mi'kh"kZd)

fyax

18
25
43

38
36
74

iq#"k
L=kh
;ksx

7
1
8

1
0
1

8
1
9

7
12
19

15
13
28

iq#"k
L=kh
;ksx

24
7
31

4
5
9

28
12
40

25
37
62

53
49
102

lkj.kh dk eq[; Hkkx

xzkeh.k

o
n

;ksx
20
11
31

'kgjh

;ksx

iq#"k
L=kh
;ksx

Jfed
vkaf'kd
3
5
8

xSj&Jfed

eq[;
17
6
23

oqQy

iafDr 'kh"kZd@vo'kh"kZ

vofLFkfr

bdkbZ

lzksr% Hkkjr dh tux.kuk 2001

lzksr fVIi.kh

ikn fVIi.kh% la[;kvksa dks fudVre djksM+ esa iw.kkZafdr fd;k x;k gSA

ikn fVIi.kh

(lwpuk% lkj.kh 4-5 esa mUgha vkdM+ksa dks lkj.khc :i esa Lrqr fd;k x;k gS] ftUgsa ikB&fo"k;d Lrqrhdj.k osQ e esa
mnkgj.k 2 esa Lrqr fd;k x;k Fkk)A

44

vFkZ'kkL=k esa lkaf[;dh

cgqr cM+h gSa rks bUgsa iw.kkZad cuk nsuk pkfg, vkSj
iw.kkZad cukus dh fofk dk laosQr fn;k tkuk pkfg,
(ns[ksa lkj.kh 4-5)A

lkj.kh esa Lrqr fd, x, vkdM+ksa dh vis{kk

vkjs[kh Lrqrhdj.k esa vkdM+ksa dh ifj'kqrk FkksM+h
de gks ldrh gS] foaQrq ;s lkj.kh dh rqyuk esa
vfkd Hkkoh gksrs gaSA
lkekU;r% dbZ dkj osQ vkjs[kksa dk iz;ksx gksrk
gSA buesa ls oqQN egRoiw.kZ bl dkj gSa%
(d) T;kferh; vkjs[k
([k) ckjackjrk vkjs[k
(x) vadxf.krh; jSf[kd vkys[k

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(N) lzksr fVIi.kh

;g ,d laf{kIr fooj.k ;k okD;ka'k gksrk gS ftlesa

lkj.kh esa Lrqr fd, x, vkdM+ksa osQ lzksr osQ ckjs
esa crk;k tkrk gSA ;fn ,d ls vfkd ksr gaS] rks
lHkh lzksrksa osQ ckjs esa fy[kk tkuk pkfg,A ksr
fVIi.kh dks k;% lkj.kh osQ uhps fn;k tkrk gSA
(ns[ksa lkj.kh 4-5)A
(t) ikn fVIi.kh

ikn fVIi.kh fdlh lkj.kh dk vafre vax gksrk gSA

ikn fVIi.kh osQ varxZr fdlh lkj.kh osQ vkdM+ksa dh
fo"k;&oLrq dh mu fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ ckjs esa O;k[;k
dh tkrh gS] tks fd Lor% Li"V ugha gksrh gSa vkSj
u gh igys dgha mudh O;k[;k dh xbZ gksrh gSA
f;kRed xfrfofk;k

fdlh lkj.kh osQ fuekZ.k esa de ls de

fdruh iafDr;ksa ,oa LraHkksa dh vko';drk
gksrh gS\
D;k fdlh lkj.kh osQ LraHk 'kh"kZd @ iafDr
'kh"kZd ek=kkRed gks ldrs gSa\

5- vkdM+ksa dk vkjs[kh Lrqrhdj.k

o
n

vkdM+ksa dks Lrqr djus dh ;g rhljh fofk gSA ;g

fofk lkj.khr ;k ikB&fo"k;d Lrqrhdj.k dh
rqyuk esa] vkdM+ksa osQ vkkkj ij] oLrq&fLFkfr dks
tYnh le>us esa lcls vfkd lgk;d gksrh gSA
vkdM+ksa osQ vkjs[kh Lrqrhdj.k ls la[;kvksa esa
fufgr vewrZrk de gks tkrh gS vkSj os vfkd ewrZ
,oa vklkuh ls le>us ;ksX; cu tkrs gSaA

T;kferh; vkjs[k (Geometric Diagram)

vkdM+ksa dh Lrqfr osQ fy, naM vkjs[k rFkk o`k

vkjs[k T;kferh; vkjs[k dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA naM
vkjs[k rhu dkj osQ gksrs gS% ljy naM vkjs[k] cgq
naM vkjs[k rFkk ?kVd naM&vkjs[kA
naM&vkjs[k (Bar Diagram)

ljy naM&vkjs[k (Simple Bar Diagram)

ljy naM vkjs[k osQ varxZr leku varjkyksa rFkk leku

foLrkj okys vk;rkdkj naMksa dk ,d lewg R;sd
Js.kh@oxZ osQ vkdM+kas dks n'kkZrk gSA naM dh pkbZ ;k
yackbZ vkdM+s osQ ifjek.k dks dV djrh gSA naM dk
fupyk Nksj vkkkj js[kk dks bl dkj Li'kZ djrk gS
fd naM dh mQpkbZ 'kwU; bdkbZ ls 'kq: gksrh gSA
naM&vkjs[k osQ naMksa dh lkis{k pkbZ dks ns[kdj]
vkdM+kas dks vis{kkr vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gSA
blosQ fy, vkdM+s ckjackjrk okys ;k xSj&ckjackjrk
okys nksuksa izdkj osQ gks ldrs gSAa xSj&ckjackjrk okys
vkdM+ksa esa fdlh [kkl fof'k"Vrk tSls mRiknu]
iQly] tula[;k vkfn dks fofHkUu le;ksa ;k fofHkUu
jkT;ksa osQ vkkkj ij fy;k tkrk gS vkSj fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ
ewY;ksa osQ vuq:i naMksa dks vkjs[k dh pkbZ osQ :i
esa j[kk tkrk gSA fof'k"Vrkvksa dk ekik gqvk (x.kuk
fd;k gqvk) eku R;sd eku dh igpku dks cuk,
j[krk gSA fp=k 4-1 naM&vkjs[k dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA

45

vkdM+ksa dk Lrqrhdj.k

Lrqr djus osQ fy, vfkd lqfokktud gksrs gSa]

tSls dbZ o"kkZsa osQ fy, vk;&O;; ys[kk] vk;kr@fu;kZr
vkfnA

f;kRed xfrfofk;k

vkius viuh d{kk osQ Nk=kksa osQ ckjs esa

,df=kr vkdM+ksa dk lkj.kh }kjk Lrqrhdj.k
fd;k FkkA vc mlh lkj.kh dks naM&vkjs[k
}kjk fn[kk,A

d
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fofHkUu dkj osQ vkdM+ksa osQ fy, fHkUu&fHkUu

dkj osQ vkjs[kh Lrqrhdj.k dh vko';drk gks
ldrh gSA naM&vkjs[k ckjackjrk ,oa xSj&ckjackjrk
nksuksa dkj osQ pjksa ,oa xq.kksa osQ fy, mi;qDr gksrs
gsSaA fofoDr pj tSls] ifjokj osQ vkdkj] ikls ij
fcanq] ijh{kk esa kIr xzsM vkfn vkSj fyax] keZ] tkfr]
ns'k bR;kfn xq.k naM&vkjs[k osQ }kjk Lrqr fd, tk
ldrs gSaA naM&vkjs[k xSj&ckjackjrk vkdM+ksa dks

ftl oxZ dk naM vfkd yack gS (tSls osQjy

esa lk{kjrk) og fdlh nwljs oxZ (ia- caxky dh
lk{kjrk) dh vis{kk fo'ks"krk dh vfkd eki

lkj.kh 4-6
Hkkjr osQ eq[k jkT;ksa esa lk{kjrk nj
2001

1991

Hkkjr osQ eq[k jkT;

O;fDr

iq#"k

L=kh

O;fDr

iq#"k

L=kh

vkakz ns'k (vk--)

vle (vl-)
fcgkj (fc-)
>kj[kaM (>kj)
xqtjkr (xqt)
gfj;k.kk (gfj)
dukZVd (dukZ)
osQjy (osQ)
e; ns'k (e--)
Nkhlx<+ (Nkh-)
egkjk"V (egk-)
mM+hlk (mM+h-)
iatkc (iatk-)
jktLFkku (jkt-)
rfeyukMq (rfe)
mkj ns'k (m--)
mkjkapy (mk)
if'pe caxky (i-ca-)
Hkkjr

60-5
63-3
47-0
53-6
69-1
67-9
66-6
90-9
63-7
64-7
76-9
63-1
69-7
60-4
73-5
56-3
71-6
68-6
64-8

70-3
71-3
59-7
67-3
79-7
78-5
76-1
94-2
76-1
77-4
86-0
75-3
75-2
75-7
82-4
68-8
83-3
77-0
75-3

50-4
54-6
33-1
38-9
57-8
55-7
56-9
87-7
50-3
51-9
67-0
50-5
63-4
43-9
64-4
42-2
59-6
59-6
53-7

44-1
52-9
37-5
41-4
61-3
55-8
56-0
89-8
44-7
42-9
64-9
49-1
58-5
38-6
62-7
40-7
57-8
57-7
52-2

55-1
61-9
51-4
55-8
73-1
69-1
67-3
93-6
58-5
58-1
76-6
63-1
65-7
55-0
73-7
54-8
72-9
67-8
64-1

32-7
43-0
22-0
31-0
48-6
40-4
44-3
86-2
29-4
27-5
52-3
34-7
50-4
20-4
51-3
24-4
41-7
46-6
39-3

o
n

46

vFkZ'kkL=k esa lkaf[;dh

100
90.9
90
76.9

80
60.5

lk{kjrk nj (izfr'kr)

73.5

69.7

71.6

d
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T
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70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

69.1 67.9
66.6

63.3

63.7 64.7

63.1

53.6

60.4

68.6

64.8

56.3

47.0

vk-iz- vle fcgkj >kj- xqt- gfj- dukZ- osQjy e-iz- Nr- egk- mM+h
izeq[k jkT;
vkdM+k ksr% lkj.kh 4-6

iatk- jkt- r-uk- mk- mk- i-ca- Hkkjr

fp=k 4-1 2001 esa Hkkjr osQ eq[k jkT;ksa dh lk{kjrk nj (O;fDr) dks fn[kkrk gqvk naM&vkjs[kA

fn[kkrk gSA naMksa dk iz;ksx (ftUgsa LraHk Hkh dgrs gSa)

lkekU;r% dky&Js.kh osQ vkdM+ksa osQ Lrqrhdj.k
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS (19802000 osQ chp vUu
mRiknu] dk;Z lgHkkfxrk nj esa ,d n'kd esa mrkj
p<+ko] dbZ o"kkZsa osQ nkSjku iathr csjkstxkjh] lk{kjrk
nj vkfn)] (fp=k 4-2)A
naM&vkjs[k osQ dbZ :i gks ldrs gSa] tSls fd
cgq naM&vkjs[k rFkk ?kVd naM&vkjs[kA
f;kRed xfrfofk;k

o
n

lu~ 2001 esa Hkkjr osQ (eq[k jkT;ksa esa ls)

fdrus jkT;ksa esa efgykvksa dh lk{kjrk nj
vkSlr lk{kjrk nj ls vfkd Fkh\
D;k 1991 vkSj 2001 osQ yxkrkj nks tux.kuk
o"kkZsa esa] bu jkT;ksa esa vfkdre ,oa U;wure
efgyk lk{kjrk nj osQ varj esa deh vkbZ
gS\

cgq naM&vkjs[k (Multiple Bar Diagram)

cgq naM&vkjs[kksa dk iz;ksx (fp=k 4-2) nks ;k

vfkd vkdM+k&leqPp;ksa dh rqyuk osQ fy, fd;k
tkrk gS] mnkgj.k osQ fy, fofHkUu o"kkZsa esa vk; vkSj
O;; ;k vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr ;k fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ,oa
fofHkUu d{kkvksa esa kIr fd, x, vaad vkfnA

?kVd naM&vkjs[k (Component Bar Diagram)

?kVd naM vkjs[k (fp=k 4-3) ;k pkVZ (ftUgsa
mi&vkjs[k Hkh dgk tkrk gS) dk iz;ksx fofHkUu
?kVdksa (,sls rRo ;k Hkkx ftuls oLrq dk fuekZ.k
gksrk gS) osQ vkdkjksa dh rqyuk djus osQ fy, rFkk
bu ?kVdksa rFkk muosQ vfHkUu vaxksa osQ lacakksa ij
dk'k Mkyus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ
fy, fofHkUu mRiknksa dh fch ls kIr ku] fdlh
:ih Hkkjrh; ifjokj osQ O;; dh ensa (tSls
[kku&iku] fdjk;k] nok] f'k{kk] fctyh vkfn ?kVd)]
vk; vkSj O;; osQ fy, ctV ifjO;;] tula[;k]
Je'kfDr osQ ?kVd vkfnA ?kVd naM&vkjs[kksa dks
lkekU;r% mi;qDr Nk;kvksa ;k jaxksa ls Hkjk tkrk gSA

47
86.2
87.7

vkdM+ksa dk Lrqrhdj.k

1991

53.7

59.6

59.6

64.4
51.3

50.4

63.4

67.0
51.9

50.3

55.7

44.3
56.9

48.6
57.8

2001

10
0

vk-iz- vle fcgkj >kj- xqt- gfjvkdM+k ksr% lkj.kh 4-6

39.3

46.6

42.2

41.7

24.4

43.9

34.7

27.5

29.4

dukZ- dsjy e-iz- Nkh- egk- mM+h

Hkkjr ds izeq[k jkT;

20.4

20

40.4

d
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30

31.0
38.9

40

22.0
33.1

50

50.4

60

43.0
54.6

70

32.7

lk{kjrk nj (izfr'kr)

80

50.5

90

52.3

100

iatk- jkt- r-uk- m-- mk- i-ca- Hkkjr

fp=k 4-2 naM&vkjs[k nks tux.kuk o"kkZsa 1991&2001 osQ nkSjku Hkkjr osQ eq[k jkT;ksa esa efgyk lk{kjrk nj dks
fn[kk jgk gSA

vFkZ fuoZpu% fp=k 4-2 osQ }kjk vklkuh osQ lkFk ;g irk fd;k tk ldrk gS fd iwjs ns'k esa fiNys dbZ o"kkZsa esa efgyk
lk{kjrk dh nj esa o`f gqbZ gSA Bhd blh dkj ls ,d vFkZ&fuoZpu ;g Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS fd jktLFkku tSls jkT; esa
efgyk lk{kjrk nj lcls vfkd rsth ls c<+h gSA
lkj.kh 4-7
fcgkj osQ ,d ftys esa 4&6 o"kZ dh vk;q osQ cPpksa
dk fyax osQ vuqlkj fo|ky; esa ukekadu (fr'kr)
fyax
yM+osQ
yM+fd;k
oqQy

ukekafdr
(fr'kr)

xSj ukekafdr
(fr'kr)

91-5
58-6
78-0

8-5
41-4
22-0

vkdM+k lzksr% vdkf'kr vkdM+s

fdlh ?kVd naM&vkjs[k osQ varxZr nks ;k nks ls

vfkd ?kVdksa dks naMksa vkSj mlosQ miHkkxksa osQ }kjk
dV fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, naM osQ }kjk
6&14 vk;q&oxZ osQ lHkh cPpksa dh tula[;k dks
nf'kZr dj ldrs gSaA ;s ?kVd ukekafdr vkSj
xSj&ukekafdr cPpksa dk vuqikr n'kkZrs gSaA ?kVd
naM&vkjs[k osQ varxZr yM+osQ] yM+fd;ksa rFkk vk;q
fo'ks"k osQ cPpksa osQ oqQy ;ksx dks fHkUu&fHkUu
?kVd&naMksa }kjk nf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tSlk
fp=k 4-3 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA ?kVd naM&vkjs[k cukus
osQ fy,] lcls igys X&v{k ij ,d naM cuk;k

o
n

tkrk gS] ftldh oqQy pkbZ vkdM+ksa osQ oqQy eku

osQ cjkcj gksrh gS (fr'kr vkdM+ksa osQ fy, naM dh
pkbZ 100 bdkb;ksa osQ cjkcj gksxh] ns[ksa fp=k 4-3)
vU;Fkk naM dh pkbZ naM osQ oqQy eku osQ cjkcj
cuk;h tkrh gS rFkk ?kVdksa dh vkuqikfrd pkbZ
,sfdd fofk osQ }kjk fukkZfjr dh tkrh gSA naM dks
foHkkftr djus osQ e esa NksVs ?kVdksa dks vfkd
kFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA
o`k vkjs[k (Pie Diagram)

o`k vkjs[k Hkh ,d ?kVd vkjs[k gS] ij ?kVd

naM&vkjs[kksa osQ LFkku ij bls ,d ,sls o`k }kjk
Lrqr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlosQ {ks=k dks vkuqikfrd
:i ls mu ?kVdksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS] ftUgsa
;g n'kkZrk gS (fp=k 4-4)A
bls o`k pkVZ Hkh dgrs gSaA ;gk ij o`k dks osaQnz
ls ifjfk dh vksj lhkh js[kkvksa osQ }kjk mrus gh
Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS ftruh ?kVdksa dh
la[;k gksrh gSA

48

vFkZ'kkL=k esa lkaf[;dh

120.0
100.0

8.5

80.0

41.4

22.0

fo|ky; esa
ukekafdr ugha
fo|ky; esa
ukekafdr

vko';drk gksrh gS fd o`k vkjs[k cukus ls igys

?kVdksa osQ fujis{k eku dks fr'kr esa cnyuk gksrk gSA

60.0
40.0

lkj.kh 4-8
dk;Z&fLFkfr osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr dh tula[;k
dk forj.k (djksM+ esa)

d
e
h
s
T
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91.5

20.0
0.0

58.6

Nk=k
Nk=kk,
vkdM+k ksr% lkj.kh 4-7

78.0

fLFkfr

tula[;k

fr'kr dks.kh; ?kVd

lHkh

fp=k 4-3 fcgkj osQ ,d ftys esa kFkfed Lrj ij ukekadu

(cgq[kaM naM&vkjs[k)

lhekar Jfed
eq[; Jfed
xSj Jfed
oqQy

9
31
62

8-8
30-4
60-8

32
109
219

102

100-0

360

31 djksM+

9 djksM+

62 djksM+

eq[; Jfed
lhekar Jfed
xSj&Jfed

vkdM+k ksr% lkj.kh 4-8

lkekU;r% o`k pkVkZsa dks fdlh oxZ fo'ks"k osQ

fujis{k eku osQ vkkkj ij ugha cuk;k tkrkA ;gk ij
lcls igys R;sd oxZ osQ eku dks oxkZsa osQ oqQy
eku osQ fr'kr osQ :i esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA o`k
vkjs[k esa o`k dks 100 cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ckV fy;k
tkrk gS] ftlesa R;sd va'k 3-6(360@100) osQ
cjkcj gksrk gS] pkgs f=kT;k dk eku oqQN Hkh gksA
dks.k dks tkuus osQ fy, ?kVd dks o`k osQ osaQnz ls
d{kkarfjr djuk gksxk] ftlesa R;sd ?kVd osQ
fr'kr vadksa dks 3-6 ls xq.kk djuk gksxkA ?kVdksa osQ
fr'krksa osQ o`k osQ dks.kh; ?kVdksa osQ :i esa
ifjorZu dk ,d mnkgj.k lkj.kh 4-8 esa nf'kZr
fd;k x;k gSA
;g tkuuk jkspd gks ldrk gS fd naM&vkjs[k
}kjk Lrqr fd, x, vkdM+s Hkh vPNh rjg o`k pkVZ
}kjk fn[kk, tk ldrs gaAS ;gk ij osQoy bldh

o
n

fp=k 4-4 lu~ 2001 esa dk;Z dh fLFkfr osQ vuqlkj fofHkUu
Jsf.k;ksa osQ fy, Hkkjr dh tula[;k dk o`k vkjs[kA

f;kRed xfrfofk;k

fp=k 4-4 esa Lrqr vkdM+ksa dks naM&vkjs[k

}kjk Lrqr dhft,\
D;k o`k vkjs[k }kjk Lrqr fd, tkus okys
vkdM+kas osQ oqQy eku dk o`k[kaM osQ {ks=kiQy
ls dksbZ lacak gksrk gS\

ckjackjrk vkjs[k (Frequency Diagram)

lewghr ckjackjrk forj.k osQ :i esa Lrqr vkdM+ksa

dks lkekU;r% ckjackjrk vkjs[kksa osQ }kjk Lrqr fd;k
tkrk gS] tSls fd vk;r fp=k] ckjackjrk cgqHkqt
ckjackjrk o rFkk vkstkbo vkfnA

49

vkdM+ksa dk Lrqrhdj.k

vk;r fp=k (Histogram)

vk;r fp=k ,d f}foe vkjs[k gSA ;g vk;rksa dk
,d ,slk leqPp; gS] ftlesa oxZ lhekvksa osQ varjky
(x - v{k ij) vkkkj dk dk;Z djrs gSa rFkk ftuosQ
{ks=kiQy oxZ ckjackjrk osQ vuqikr esa gksrs gSa (fp=k
4-5)A ;fn oxZ osQ varjky dk foLrkj ,d leku
gks tSlk fd lkekU;r% gksrk gS rks vk;rksa dk
{ks=kiQy mudh ckjackjrkvksa osQ vuqikr esa gksrk gSA
gkykfd dbZ dkj osQ vkdM+ksa esa fofHkUu foLrkj
okys varjkyksa dk mi;ksx lqfokktud gksrk gS rFkk
dbZ ckj vko';d Hkh gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
vk;q osQ vuqlkj e`R;q dk lkj.kh;u djrs le;
vkjaHk esa] tc vfkd vk;q oxZ dh tula[;k dh
rqyuk esa de vk;q okyksa dh e`R;qnj dkiQh ph gks
rks laf{kIr vk;q&varjky (tSls fd 0] 1] 2 o"kZ @
0] 7] 28--- fnol vkfn)] vfkd lkFkZd vkSj
mi;ksxh gksaxsA bl dkj osQ vkdM+ksa osQ vkys[kh
fu:i.k esa fdlh vk;r osQ {ks=kiQy dh pkbZ]
bldh pkbZ (;gk ckjackjrk) rFkk vkkkj (;gk ij
oxZ varjky dk foLrkj) dk HkkxiQy gSA tc
varjky leku gksa] vFkkZr~ tc lHkh vk;rksa dk
vkkkj lkeku gksa] rc rqyuk osQ ms'; ls {ks=kiQy
dks fdlh Hkh varjky dh ckjackjrk osQ }kjk vklkuh
ls Lrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tc vkkkjksa dk foLrkj
fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gS] rc vk;rksa dh pkbZ dks
lek;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd rqyukRed ekiksa dks
kIr fd;k tk losQA bl dkj dh fLFkfr esa fujis{k
ckjackjrk osQ LFkku ij ckjackjrk ?kuRo (ftlesa oxZ
ckjackjrk dk foHkktu oxZ varjky osQ foLrkj ls
gksrk gS) vfkd lkFkZd gksxkA
pwfd vk;r fp=k vk;rkdkj gksrs gSa] oxZ varjky
dh ckjackjrk (;k ckjackjrk ?kuRo) osQ cjkcj
okZkj nwjh ij vkkkj js[kk ij mlh ifjek.k dh
,d lekarj js[kk [khaph tkrh gSA vk;r fp=k dHkh

lkj.kh 4-9
fdlh dLcs osQ ,d bykosQ esa nSfud
etnwjh dk forj.k
nSfud
etnwjh
(#)

etnwjksa dh
la[;k
(ckjackjrk)

lap;h ckjackjrk
^ls de*
^ls vfkd*

o
n

d
e
h
s
T
i
l
R
b
E
u
C
p
N re
e
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o
t
t
4549
5054
5559
6064
6569
7074
7579
8084
8589
9094
9599
100104
105109
110114
115119

2
3
5
3
6
7
12
13
9
7
6
4
2
3
3

2
5
10
13
19
26
38
51
60
67
73
77
79
82
85

85
83
80
75
72
66
59
47
34
25
18
12
8
6
3

lzksr% vdkf'kr vkdM+s

fofoDr pj vkdM+ksa osQ fy, ugha [khapk tkrk gSA

pwfd fdlh varjky ;k vuqikr iSekus esa oxZ varjky
dh fupyh lhek iwoZ varjky dh ph lhek osQ
lkFk fey tkrh gS (Hkys gh og leku gks ;k
vleku)] vr% lHkh vk;r lkFk&lkFk gksrs gSa vkSj
nks vklUu vk;rksa osQ chp dksbZ [kkyh LFkku ugha
gksrkA ;fn oxZ larr ugha gksrs gSa rks igys mUgsa larr
oxkZsa esa cnyk tkrk gS] tSlk fd v;k; 3 esa crk;k
tk pqdk gSA dbZ ckj nks vklUu vk;rksa osQ chp osQ
leku va'k dks gVk fn;k tkrk gS] rkfd larrrk dk
csgrj Hkko iM+sA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i tks vkfr
curh gS og nksgjs lksiku dh rjg yxrh gSA
vk;r fp=k naMvkjs[k osQ leku fn[krk gSA
ijUrq] buosQ chp lekurkvksa ls dgha vfkd fHkUurk,
gSa] ftldk irk igyh ckj esa ugha pyrkA LraHkksa dk

50

vFkZ'kkL=k esa lkaf[;dh

{ks=kiQy] varjky rFkk pkSM+kbZ lHkh ;kn`fPNd gksrs

gSaA LraHkksa dh pkbZ egoiw.kZ gS] u fd budh
pkSM+kbZ ;k {ks=kiQyA ,d okZkj js[kk Hkh Bhd
mlh ms'; dks iwjk dj ldrh gS ftruk fd mlh
pkSM+kbZ dk ,d naM djrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr vk;r
fp=k esa nks vk;rksa osQ chp dksbZ fjDr LFkku ugha
NksM+k tkrk gS] tcfd naMvkjs[k esa nks fed naMksa
osQ chp oqQN fjDr LFkku vo'; NksM+k tkrk gS
(cgqnaM vkjs[k ;k ?kVd&naM vkjs[kksa dks NksM+dj)A
;|fi lHkh naMksa dh pkSM+kbZ leku gksrh gS rFkkfi
rqyuk dh n`f"V ls budh pkSM+kbZ dk dksbZ egRo ugha
gksrk gSA vk;r fp=k esa pkSM+kbZ mruh gh egRoiw.kZ gS
ftruh pkbZA naM&vkjs[k fofoDr ,oa larr nksuksa
gh pjksa osQ fy, cuk;s tk ldrs gSa] tcfd vk;r
fp=k osQoy larr pj osQ fy, gh cuk, tkrs gSaA
vk;r fp=k ckjackjrk forj.k osQ cgqyd osQ eku dks
Hkh vkys[kh :i esa fn[kk ldrk gS] tSlk fp=k 4-5
esa fn[kk;k x;k gS rFkk x&funZs'kkad ij fcanqvksa ls
cuh {kSfrt js[kk cgqyd dks n'kkZrh gSA

etnwjksa dh la[;k (ckjackjrk)

12
10
8
6

o
n
2

ckjackjrk cgqHkqt lhkh js[kkvksa ls f?kjk gqvk ,d

lery gS] ftlesa lkekU;r% pkj ;k vfkd js[kk,
gksrh gSaA ckjackjrk cgqHkqt vk;r fp=k dk fodYi
gksrk gS] tks vk;r fp=k ls gh O;qriUu gksrk gSA
ckjackjrk cgqHkqt dks o osQ vkdkj osQ v;;u osQ
fy, fdlh vk;r fp=k osQ ij yxk;k tk ldrk
gSA vk;r fp=k osQ fed vk;rksa osQ ijh Nksj osQ
e; fcanqvksa dks tksM+ dj ckjackjrk cgqHkqt dk
fuekZ.k cgqr vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA vko`fk
cgqHkqt vkkkj js[kk ls nwj nks Nksjksa ij lekIr gks
tkrk gS] ftlls o osQ varxZr vkusokys {ks=kiQy
dk ifjdyu laHko ugha gksrkA bldk lekkku
vkkkj js[kk ls nksuksa oxkZsa osQ e;ekuksa dks forj.k osQ
izR;sd Nksj ij 'kwU; ckjackjrk ls feykdj fd;k
tkrk gSA vkkkj osQ nksuksa Nksjksa dks [kafMr js[kkvksa ;k
fcanq js[kkvksa }kjk tksM+k tk ldrk gSA vr% o dk
oqQy {ks=kiQy] vk;r fp=k osQ {ks=kiQy dh Hkkfr]

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14

ckjackjrk cgqHkqt (Frequency Polygon)

<
44.5 49.5 54.5 59.5 64.5 69.5 74.5 79.5 84.5 89.5

vkdM+ ksr% lkj.kh 4-9

nSfud etnwjh (#i;ksa esa)

larr oxZ (ifjorZu ds ckn)

94.5 99.5 104.5 109.5 114.5 119.5

<

cgqyd (80-6)

fp=k 4-5 ,d dLcs osQ ,d LFkkfud {ks=k osQ 85 nSfud etnwjksa osQ forj.k osQ fy, vk;r fp=kA

51

vkdM+ksa dk Lrqrhdj.k

oqQy ckjackjrk ;k frn'kZ osQ vkdkj dk frfufkRo

djrk gSA
ckjackjrk cgqHkqt lewfgr ckjackjrk forj.k osQ
Lrqrhdj.k osQ fy, lokZfkd pfyr fofk gSA oxZ
lhek, rFkk oxZ&fp] nksuksa dks x&v{k ij nf'kZr
fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk nks fed oxZ&fpksa osQ
chp dh nw j h oxZ va r jky dh pkS M + k bZ os Q
vkuqikfrd@leku gksrh gSA vkdM+ksa dk vkys[ku rc
vklku gksrk gS tc oxZ fp xzkiQ isij dh eksVh
js[kkvksa osQ ij vkifrr (iM+rs) gksrs gSaA blls dksbZ
varj ugha iM+rk gS fd oxZ lhekvksa ;k oxZ fpksa dk
;ksx x&v{k ij fd;k x;k gS ;k ugha] ckjackjrk,
(funZs'kkadksa osQ :i esa) lnSo oxZ&varjky osQ
e;fcanq ij vkysf[kr gksrh gSaA tc vkys[k ij lHkh
fcanq vkysf[kr gks tkrs gSa] rks bUgsa fed ljy
js[kkvksa osQ }kjk lkokkuh ls vkil esa tksM+ fn;k
tkrk gSA [kafMr js[kk, nks varjkyksa osQ chp e; fcanq
dks tksM+rh gSa] ,d 'kq: esa vkSj nwljh var esa] tks

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14
12

etnwjksa dh la[;k

10
8
6

o
n
4

vkysf[kr o osQ nks Nksj gksrs gSa (fp=k 4-6)A tc

,d gh v{k ij nks ;k nks ls vfkd vkysf[kr
forj.kksa dh rqyuk dh tkrh gS] rks ckjackjrk cgqHkqt
laHkor% vfkd mi;ksxh gksrk gS] D;ksafd vk;r&fp=k
esa nks ;k nks ls vfkd forj.kksa dh okZkj js[kk,
,oa {kSfrt js[kk, vkil esa fey ldrh gSaA
ckjackjrk o (Frequency Curve)

ckjackjrk o dks] ckjackjrk cgqHkqt osQ fcanqvksa ls

fudVre xqtjrs gq, eqDr&gLr ls o cukdj
vklkuh ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g vko';d
ugha gS fd ;g ckjackjrk cgqHkqt osQ lHkh fcanqvksa ls
gksdj xqtjs] ijarq ;g mu fcanqvksa ls fudVre gksdj
xqtjrk gS (fp=k 4-7)A
rksj.k (Ogive)

rksj.k dks lap;h ckjackjrk o osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk

tkrk gSA D;ksafd lap;h ckjackjrk, nks dkj dh gksrh

44.5 49.5 54.5 59.5 64.5 69.5 74.5 79.5 84.5 89.5 94.5 99.5 104.5 109.5 114.5 119.5

vkdM+k ksr% lkj.kh 4-9

nSfud etnwjh (#i;ksa esa)

larr oxZ (ifjorZu ds ckn)

fp=k 4-6 lkj.kh 4-9 esa fn, x, vkdM+ksa osQ fy, ckjackjrk cgqHkqt dk js[kkaduA

cgqyd (80-6)

52

vFkZ'kkL=k esa lkaf[;dh

14
12

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vtZdksa dh la[;k

10
8

vko`fk
cjkcj
fd;k x;k

6
4
2
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

nSfud etnwjh (# esa)

fp=k 4-7 lkj.kh 4-9 osQ fy, ckjackjrk o

gSa] mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ^ls de* dkj ,oa ^ls

vfkd* dkj dhA rnuqlkj] fdlh lewfgr ckjackjrk
forj.k vkdM+ksa osQ fy, nks dkj osQ rksj.k Hkh gksrs
gSAa ;gk] ckjackjrk cgqHkqt dh Hkkfr lkkkj.k ckjackjrkvksa
osQ LFkku ij ckjackjrk forj.k dh oxZ&lhekvksa osQ
lkeus lap;h ckjackjrkvksa dks Y&v{k ij vkysf[kr
fd;k tkrk gSA lap;h ckjackjrkvksa dks ^ls de*
rksj.k osQ fy, e'k% oxZ varjkyksa dh ijh lhek
osQ lkeus vkysf[kr fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd ^ls de*
rksj.k osQ fy, e'k% oxZ varjkyksa dh fuEure
lhek osQ lkeus vkysf[kr fd;k tkrk gSA bu nksuksa gh
rksj.kksa dh ,d jkspd fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bu dk
ijLij frPNsn fcanq ckjackjrk forj.k dh ef;dk
(vkfr 4-8 c) cukrk gSA tSlk fd nksuksa rksj.kksa osQ
vkdkj ls Li"V gksrk gS] ^ls de* dkj dk rksj.k
dHkh ?kVrk ugha gS vkSj ^ls vfkd* dkj dk rksj.k
dHkh c<+rk ugha gSA

o
n

lkj.kh 4-10
xf.kr esa kIr vadksa dk ckjackjrk forj.k

vad

Nk=kksa dh la[;k

020
2040
4060
6080
80100

6
5
33
14
6

;ksx

64

^ls de*
^ls vfkd*
lap;h ckjackjrk lap;h ckjackjrk
6
11
44
58
64

64
58
53
20
6

vadxf.krh; js[kk fp=k (Arithmetic Line

Graph)

vadxf.krh; js[kk fp=k dks dky Js.kh vkys[k Hkh

dgk tkrk gS rFkk ;g vkdM+ksa dh vkjs[kh Lrqfr
dh fofk gSA blosQ varxZr le; (?kaVk] fnu@rkjh[k]
lIrkg@ekg] o"kZ bR;kfn) dks xv{k ij vkysf[kr
fd;k tkrk gS vkSj pjksa osQ ekuksa (dky&Js.kh
vkdM+ksa) dks yv{k ij vkysf[kr fd;k tkrk gSA
bu vkysf[kr fcanqvksa dks tksM+us ls kIr js[kk&fp=k

53

vkdM+ksa dk Lrqrhdj.k

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vkfr 4-8 (A) lkj.kh 4-10 esa fn, x, vkdM+ksa osQ fy, ^ls de* vkSj ^ls vfkd* rksj.kA

va d xf.krh; js [ kk&fp=k (dky&Js . kh vkys [ k)

dgykrk gSA ;g yach vofk osQ dky&Js.kh vkdM+ksa
dh o`fk vkSj vkofrZrk bR;kfn dks le>us esa
lgk;d gksrk gSA
f;kRed xfrfofk

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vkfr 4-8 (B) lkj.kh 4-10 osQ fy, ^ls de* rFkk
^ls vfkd* rksj.kA

D;k rksj.k forj.k osQ mu foHkkxdkjh ekuksa

dh tkudkjh nsus esa lgk;d gks ldrk gS]
ftUgsa ;g nf'kZr djrk gS\

;gk vki vkjs[k 4-9 esa ns[k ldrs gSa fd ;|fi

o"kZ 1978 ls 1999 osQ chp lHkh o"kkZsa esa fu;kZr dh
vis{kk vk;kr vfkd Fks] fiQj Hkh nksuksa gh {ks=kksa esa
1988&1989 osQ nkSjku o`f dh xfr rst jgh rFkk
1995 osQ ckn nksuksa (fu;kZr o vk;kr) osQ chp dk
varj c<+ x;kA

54

vFkZ'kkL=k esa lkaf[;dh

199293
199394
199495
199596
199697
199798
199899

lkj.kh 4-11
Hkkjr osQ fu;kZr ,oa vk;kr osQ eku
(100 djksM+ # esa)
o"kZ

fu;kZr

vk;kr

532
698
827
1064
1186
1301
1416

634
731
900
1227
1369
1542
1761

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t

197778
197879
197980
198081
198283
198384
198485
198586
198687
198788
198889
198990
199091
199192

54
57
64
67
88
98
117
109
125
157
202
277
326
440

60
68
91
125
143
158
171
197
201
222
282
353
432
479

6- lkjka'k

vc rd vkius le> fy;k gksxk fd ladfyr fd,

x, vkdM+ksa dks fofHkUu :iksa esa fdl dkj Lrqr
fd;k tk, tSls] ikB&fo"k;d] lkj.khc rFkk
js[kh; :i esaA lkFk gh vki lax`ghr vkdM+ksa dh
Lrqfr osQ fy, mi;qDr fofk rFkk vkjs[k osQ dkj
dk pquko Hkh dj losaQxsA bl rjg ls vki vkdM+ksa
dks vFkZiw.kZ] ckskxE; rFkk ms';iw.kZ rjhosQ ls Lrqr
dj ldrs gSaA

iSekuk% 1 ls-eh- Y v{k ij 200 djksM+

2000

1600
1400

fu;kZr
vk;kr

1200
1000

600
400
200

o"kZ

fp=k 4-9 lkj.kh 4-11 esa fn, x, dkyJs.kh vkadM+ksa dk vadxf.krh; js[kk xzkiQA

1999

1997

1998

1995

1996

1993

1994

1991

1992

1989

1990

1987

1988

1985

1986

1983

1984

1981

1982

1980

1978

o
n

800

1979

ewY; (100 djksM+ :i;ksa esa)

1800

55

vkdM+ksa dk Lrqrhdj.k

iqujkorZu
vkdM+s (ifjek.k esa vfkd gksus ij Hkh) mfpr Lrqfr }kjk vFkZ dV djrs gSaA
vkdM+s NksVs (ek=kk esa) gksa rks ikB&fo"k;d Lrqfr csgrj jgrh gSA
Hkkjh ek=kk okys vkdM+kas osQ fy, lkj.khc Lrqrhdj.k lgk;d gksrk gSA blls vkdM+kas dh fdlh
Hkh ek=kk dks] ,d ;k vfkd pjksa dh n`f"V ls] leaftr fd;k tkrk gSA
lkj.khc vkdM+ksa dks vkjs[k osQ ek;e ls Hkh Lrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks] vU; ek;eksa dh
vis{kk] mUgsa vfkd ckskxE; cukrk gSA

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vH;kl

fuEufyf[kr 1 ls 10 rd osQ 'uksa osQ lgh mkj pqusa%

1- naM&vkjs[k
(d) ,d foeh vkjs[k gS
([k) f}foe vkjs[k gS
(x) foe jfgr vkjs[k gS
(?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha gS

2- vk;r fp=k osQ ek;e ls Lrqr fd, x, vkdM+ksa ls vkys[kh :i ls fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh kIr dj
ldrs gSa%
(d) ek;
([k) cgqyd
(x) ef;dk
(?k) mi;qZDr lHkh
3- rksj.kksa
(d)
([k)
(x)
(?k)

o
n

osQ }kjk vkys[kh :i esa fuEu dh fLFkfr tkuh tk ldrh gS%

cgqyd
ek;
ef;dk
mi;qZDr dksbZ Hkh ugha

4- vadxf.krh; js[kk fp=k osQ }kjk Lrqr vkdM+ksa ls fuEu dks le>us esa enn feyrh gS%
(d) nh?kZdkfyd o`fk
([k) vkdM+ksa esa ph;rk
(x) vkdM+ksa esa dkfydrk
(?k) mi;qZDr lHkh
5- naM&vkjs[k osQ naMksa dh pkSM+kbZ dk ,d leku gksuk t:jh ugha gS (lgh@xyr)A
6- vk;r fp=k esa vk;rksa dh pkSM+kbZ vo'; ,d leku gksuh pkfg, (lgh@xyr)

56

vFkZ'kkL=k esa lkaf[;dh

7- vk;r fp=k dh jpuk osQoy vkdM+ksa osQ larr oxhZdj.k osQ fy, dh tk ldrh gS (lgh@xyr)
8- vk;r fp=k ,oa LraHk vkjs[k vkdM+ksa dks Lrqr djus osQ fy, ,d tSlh fofk;k gS (lgh@xyr)A
9- vk;r fp=k dh enn ls ckjackjrk forj.k osQ cgqyd dks vkys[kh :i esa tkuk tk ldrk gS (lgh@xyr)A

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10- rksj.kksa ls ckjackjrk forj.k dh ef;dk dks ugha tkuk tk ldrk gS (lgh@xyr)

11- fuEufyf[kr dks Lrqr djus osQ fy, fdl dkj dk vkjs[k vfkd Hkkoh gksrk gS\
(d) o"kZ&fo'ks"k dh ekfld o"kkZ
([k) keZ osQ vuqlkj fnYyh dh tula[;k dk la?kVu
(x) ,d dkj[kkus esa ykxr&?kVd

12- eku yhft, vki Hkkjr esa 'kgjh xSj&dkexkjksa dh la[;k esa o`f rFkk Hkkjr esa 'kgjhdj.k osQ fuEu Lrj
ij cy nsuk pkgrs gSa] tSlk fd mnkgj.k 4-2 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS] rks vki mldk lkj.kh;u oSQls djsaxs\

13- ;fn fdlh ckjackjrk lkj.kh esa leku oxZ varjkyksa dh rqyuk esa oxZ varjky vleku gksa] rks vk;r&fp=k
cukus dh f;k fdl dkj fHkUu gksxhA

14- Hkkjrh; phuh dkj[kkuk la?k dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd fnlacj 2001 osQ igys i[kokM+s osQ nkSjku
3]87]7000 Vu phuh dk mRiknu gqvk] tcfd Bhd blh vofk esa fiNys o"kZ (2000 esa) 3]78]7000
Vu phuh dk mRiknu gqvk FkkA fnlEcj 2001 esa ?kjsyw [kir osQ fy, phuh feyksa ls 2]83]000 Vu phuh
mBkbZ xbZ vkSj 41]000 Vu phuh fu;kZr osQ fy, Fkh] tcfd fiNys o"kZ dh blh vofk esa ?kjsyw [kir
dh ek=kk 1]54]000 Vu Fkh vkSj fu;kZr 'kwU; FkkA
(d) mi;qZDr vkdM+ksa dks lkj.khc :i esa Lrqr djsaA
([k) eku yhft, vki bl vkdM+s dks vkjs[k osQ :i esa Lrqr djuk pkgrs gSa rks vki dkSu lk vkjs[k
pqusaxs vkSj D;ksa\
(x)) bu vkdM+ksa dks vkjs[kh :i esa Lrqr djsaA
15- fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh esa dkjd ykxr ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa {ks=kdokj vuqekfur okLrfod lao`f nj
dks (fiNys o"kZ ls fr'kr ifjorZu) Lrqr fd;k x;k gS%
o"kZ
d`f"k ,oa lEc {ks=kd
m|ksx
lsok,
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
199495
5-0
9-2
7-0
199596
0-9
11-8
10-3
199697
9-6
6-0
7-1
199798
1-9
5-9
9-0
199899
7-2
4-0
8-3
19992000
0-8
6-9
8-2

o
n

mi;qZDr vkdM+ksa dks cgq dky&Js.kh vkjs[k }kjk Lrqr djsaAW