Electrical Protection

Electrical Faults

Phase to phase
Phase to ground
Phase to phase to phase
Phase to phase to phase to ground

Purpose of Protection System

Minimize damage
Leave unaffected equipment in-service
Maintain equipment operating limits
Maintain electrical system stability

Requirements of a Protection
System

Speed
Reliability
Security
Sensitivity

Some terms
Over-current
Overload
Inverse time

Protection Zones

Simple Zone

Double Protection
Bus Zone

Circuit
Breaker
Y

Circuit
Breaker
X

CT CT CT CT
1 2 3 4

Bus

CT CT CT CT
2 1
4 3

"B" Bus Protection

"A" Bus Protection

Bus Zone H2

Bus Zone H3
Bus Zone H1

Bus
H2

Bus H1

Zone
T1

Bus
H3

Transformer
T1

Zone
SST1

SST1
LV Bus

Bus L1

Bus Zone L1

Transformer
SST1

G1

Zone
G1

Protection
Zones

Breaker Failure
Minimizes the amount of equipment
removed from service in event of a failure
Failure Determination
Not started opening in a certain time
Not open in a certain time
Current not broken in a certain time

Duplicate Protection Schemes

CT
2

CT
1

Electrical bus

Electrical
System

PT

System
Input
A Protection

Initiate

Trip

Action Q

Protection
Logic

B Protection

Close

Breaker X

Initiate

Breaker Y

Trip

Close

Device Z

Protection
Output

Electrical
Devices

Bus Protection

Bus Protection

Over-current
Differential
Back-up
Under voltage

Over-current Relay
CT 2000/5 A
I 1P
I 1S

Differential Protection
I = 1P
I = 2P
I
CT1 2000/5 A

Bus
H1

CT2 2000/5 A

I 1P

I 2P
I = 1S
I = 2S
I
I 1S

I 2S
I 1S

I = 1S
I = 2S
I

I 2S

Fault Conditions
Fault
CT1 2000/5 A

Bus
H1

CT2 2000/5 A

I1P

I2P
I1S

I2S
I1S

I2S

CT 2000/5 A

Bus
H1

I 1P

CT 2000/5 A
I 2P

I 3P

I 1S

I 3S

CT 2000/5 A
T1

I3S

I 1S

I 2S

I 2S

Bus Protection Scheme

Bus Differential

X
T1
S

Backup

Zone L1
Load
L1

Bus
Y

Zone L2
Load
L2

Back-up relay
Over Current
Backup Relay

Differential
Relay

X
T1
S

Load
L1

Bus
Y

Load
L2

Bus Under Voltage Protection

Armature shown in the non-energized (trip) position
Normally
Open
Contacts

To Potential
Transformer

Bus Protection

Over-current
Differential
Back-up
Under voltage

Transformer Protection

Transformer Protection

Instantaneous
Differential
Gas
Thermal Overload
Ground

Transformer Characteristics
High magnetizing inrush currents
Ratio mismatch with CTs aggravated by
tap-changers
Phase shifts
Transformers are affected by over-fluxing
Affected by over-temperature

Transformer Zone
T1 Zone
T1
CT
1

CT
2

CT
3

CT
4

CT
4

CT
3

"B" Transformer Protection

"A" Transformer Protection

CT
2

CT
1

Differential
T1
CT1

CT2

I 1P

I 2P
I 1S

Restraint
Coil

I 1S

Operate
Coil

I = 1S
I = 2S
I

I 2S

Restraint
Coil

I 2S

Gas Relay

Winding Temperature

Ground Fault Protection

T1

CT2

CT1
IN

CT3

Differential
Relay

Transformer
Star Point

Ground
CT

Ground
Backup

IN

IF

Transformer Protection

Instantaneous
Differential
Gas
Thermal Overload
Ground

Motor Protection

Service Factor
Continuous allowable overload
Many motors some with a power rating and a
service factor
A 10 HP motor with a service factor of 1.15
has a maximum continuous output of 11.5 HP

Motor Protection Summary

Instantaneous Over-current
Stall
Thermal Overload
Phase Unbalance
Ground

Inverse
Time
Relay

Overload

Ground Fault Protection

Single Phase to Ground

Protection

Stalls

Thermal Overload & Phase

Unbalance

Diagram of the Unit

Rotation as Elements Heat/Co ol

Load Indicating Po inter

Phase Unbalance Contacts

Adjus table Overload Contact

Heater
(electrical
connectio ns no t
s ho wn)

Overload
Setting
Po inter

Actuating Bimetal

Ambient Co mpensating Bimetal

Shaft
Heat Shield

Motor Protection Summary

Instantaneous Over-current
Stall
Thermal Overload
Phase Unbalance
Ground

Generator Protection

Classes of TG trips
Class A
Trip generator breaker, field breaker and
turbine
Electrical trips before the output breakers

Class B
Trip generator output but leave it supplying
station service
Electrical faults in the switchyard

Classes of TG trips
Class C
Over excitation high V/Hz
Only used when generator is isolated from grid

Class D
Trip turbine
Trip Generator after motoring is detected
Mechanical type turbine trips high condenser pressure

Generator Protection

Over-current
Overload
Differential
Split phase differential
Ground
Rotor ground
Phase Unbalance
Low field
Under frequency
Out of Step
Reverse power

Ge ne rator Terminals
R

B
Diffe re ntial
Relay

Prote ction
Zo ne s

Ne utral Co nne c tion

to Gro und
a) He althy Phas e

b) Faulted Phas e

c ) Ope n Circ uit in

the Phas e

Differential
Generator
Star Point

IP = I1P = I2P

I 1P

G1

CT1

To Main
Transformer

CT2

I 2P
I 1S

Restraint
Coil

I 1S

Operate
Coil

Is = I1S = I2S

Restraint
Coil

I 2S

I 2S

Ground Fault Protection

T1
G1

GT1
Stator Ground
Relay

IF

Rotor Ground Fault

Other Protections

Phase Unbalance
Loss of field
Under frequency
Out of Step

Reverse Power
G

Re ve rse
Powe r
Re aly

V.T.

Generator Protection

Over-current
Overload
Differential
Split phase differential
Ground
Rotor ground
Phase Unbalance
Low field
Under frequency
Out of Step
Reverse power

For You To Do