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6.334 Power Electronics: Mit Opencourseware
6.334 Power Electronics: Mit Opencourseware
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Chapter 3
Power Factor and Measures of
Distortion
Read Chapter 3 of Principles of Power Electronics (KSV) by J. G. Kassakian, M.
F. Schlecht, and G. C. Verghese, Addison-Wesley, 1991. Look at the AC side.
Z b
a
X(t)Y (t)dt = 0
(3.1)
Now:
R 2
0
are orthogonal.
16
17
R 2
0
In general:
1 Z 2
1
sin(t) sin(t + ) = cos
2 0
2
(3.2)
Fuse
+
V
VsSin(t)
RL
P = <Vi>
= VRM S iRM S
= i2RM S R
(3.3)
The fuse is rated for a specic RMS current. Above that, it will blow so that
dissipation in Rwire does not start a re. Neglecting Rwire , for 115VAC,RM S , 15ARM S
fuse, we get 1.7kW max from wall.
Suppose instead we plug an inductor into the wall.
Neglecting Rwire :
18
Rwire
Fuse
+
V
VsSin(t)
i=
Vs
cos(t)
L
(3.4)
1 Z
<P > =
V (t)i(t)d(t)
2
Vs2 Z
sin(t) cos(t)d(t)
=
2L
= 0 (of course)
(3.5)
iRM S
1 Z 2 2
=
i (t)d(t)
2 0
Vs
=
2L
(3.6)
(3.7)
So we still will blow the fuse (to protect the wall wiring), even though we do not
19
draw any real power at the output! (some power dissipated in Rwire ). In this case we
are not utilizing the source well.
Power Factor
To provide a measure of the utilization of the source we dene Power Factor.
.
P.F. =
<P >
Real Power
=
VRM S iRM S
Apparent Power
(3.8)
For a resistor < P >= VRM S iRM S P.F. = 1 best utilization. For a inductor
< P >= 0 P.F. = 0 worst utilization.
Consider a rectier drawing some current waveform,
i(t)
+
VsSin(t)
Rectifier
V(t)
i(t) =
n=0
Note: iRM S =
1 2 1 2
1
i1 + i2 + + i2n +
2
2
2
1 Z
<P > =
V (t)i(t)d(t)
2 2
20
X
1 Z
Vs sin(t)
in sin(nt + n )
2 2
n
Z
X
1
=
Vs in sin(t) sin(nt + n )
n=0 2 2
(3.10)
1Z
<P > =
Vs i1 sin(t) sin(t + 1 )
2 2
Vs i1
=
cos 1
2
= Vs,RM S i1,RM S cos 1
(3.11)
So the only current that contributes to real power is the fundamental component
in phase with the voltage.
VRM S i1,RM S
cos 1
VRM S iRM S
i1,RM S
=
cos 1
iRM S
P.F. =
(3.12)
P.F. = (
i1,RM S
)
cos 1
iRM S
21
i1
(3.14)
This measure the RMS of the harmonics normalized to the RMS of the funda
mental (square root of the power ratio). Distortion factor and THD are related:
T HD
v
uP
u n=1
i2n
6
t
=
2
i1
v
u
u i2RM S i21,RM S
= t
2
i1,RM S
T HD2 =
i2RM S
i21,RM S
iRM S
i1,RM S
i2RM S
1
i21,RM S
= 1 + T HD2
=
kd =
Example:
1 + T HD2
= Vs sin(t)
1
1 + T HD2
(3.15)
22
ipk
in = 4
n
2
i(t) = square wave
1
i =i
0
ave = 2 ipk
T HD = 121%
kd =
=
ipk
2
ipk
1
2
P.F. = 0.63
(3.16)
i(t)
Ipk
t
2
P.F. =
is the power factor angle:
<P >
= cos
VRM S iRM S
(3.17)
23
Real power:
(3.18)
.
Q = VRM S IRM S sin
(3.19)
Q
S
P
units
Apparent Power
~ k= VRM S IRM S
S =k S
VA
24
i
2
R +( L)
L
L
VsCos( t)
R
Im
S
i*
Re
i(t) =
Vs
2 L2
R2
cos(t arctan(
L
))
R
.
since S = V I
L
)
R
L
P.F. = cos(arctan(
))
R
R
<1
= 2
R + 2 L2
(3.20)
We can add some additional reactive load to balance out and give net unity power
factor.
S = VRM S IRM S
=
Vs2
2 2 L2 + R 2
P = S cos
(3.21)
25
Vs2 R
2( 2 L2 + R2 )
(3.22)
jQ = jS sin
= jVRM S IRM S sin
= j
LVs2
2( 2 L2 + R2 )
(3.23)
VsSin(t)
1
jC
1 j
=
e 2
C
Zc =
1
= Cej 2
Zc
(3.24)
Vphase iphase
= 90
i
= Vs C sin(t +
)
2
(3.25)
S
= VRM S IRM S
=
1 2
V C
2 s
P = 0
(3.26)
(3.27)
26
1
Q = j Vs2 C
2
(3.28)
P, Q
VsCos( t)
C
R
S = P + jQ + jQ
make jQ and jQ cancel: Q + Q = 0
LVs2
1
j Vs2 C = 0
2
2
2
2( L + R )
2
C =
Example:
= 377RAD/sec (HZ)
R = 1
L = 2.7mH
C = 1.32mF
L
+ R2
2 L2
(3.29)
27
If we know our load, we can add reactive elements to compensate so that no dis
placement factor reduction of line utilization occurs. Real, reactive power denitions
are useful to help us do this. This does not help with distortion factor.