Indirektni govor - Indirect speech

navodni znaci (quotation marks)

Uvodni glagoli (reporting verbs) mogu biti u:
Sadanjem vremenu (He says; She asks, He shouts)
Prolom vremenu( He said; She asked; He shouted)
Doslovno ponavljanje tuih rijei naziva se upravnim govorom, dok tue rijei izreene naim rijeima
zovemo neupravnim govorom.
Kad mijenjamo iz upravnog u neupravni reenice s vremenskim frazama, onda je potrebno i te fraze
promijeniti.
Promjena
iz

she/he

Tonight

that evening

Ago

before

this (evening)

that (evening)

today/this day

that day

these (days)

those (days)

now

then

(a week) ago

(a week) before

last weekend

the weekend before

here

there

next (week)

the following (week)

tomorrow

the next/following day

UVODNI GLAGOL U SADANJEM VREMENU

Potvrdi oblik
He says:This is my book.
He says that this is his book.
U potvrdnim reenicama s uvodnim glagolom u sadanjem vremenu moemo, ali i ne moramo koristiti
veznik that, i vano je naglasiti da nema promjene vremena.
Dakle, vrijeme se ne smije mijenjati u reenici koju smo prebacili u neupravni govor.
Upitni oblik
Postoje dva tipa upitnih reenica.
U prvom imamo upitnu rije na poetku reenice, pod navodnicima.
Upitne rijei su: where, when, who, what, how often, how long, which, why, itd.
U neupravnom govoru koristi se ista upitna rije kao i u upravnom.
Primjer:
He asks: What do you want to eat?
He asks what I want to eat.
Kod drugog tipa reenica pod navodnicima ne poinje sa upitnom rijei.
Kad nemamo upitne rijei onda je obavezno koristiti veznik IF.
Primjer:
He asks: Do you live in Konjic?
He asks if I live in Konjic.

Pri tvorbi neupravnog govora reenica nakon upitne rijei ili IF veznika mora biti potvrdna.
Izuzetak je question word WHO.
Primjeri oba tipa:
My teacher asks: Have you done your homework?
My teacher asks if I have done my homework.
My mother asks: Who goes to the park with you?
My mother asks who goes to the park with me.
He asks: Are you going to the cinema tomorrow?
He asks if I am going to the cinema the next day.
She asks me: Are you wrong?
She asks me if I am wrong.
She asks: Can people here expect wonders?
She asks me if people can expect wonders there.
John asks me: Why don't you go home?
John asks me why I don't go home.
They ask me: When will you come?
They ask me when I will come.
I ask him: Who is going with you?
I ask him who's going with him.
She asks me: Who speaks French here?
She asks me who speaks French there.
He asks: Where did you sleep last night?
He asks where I slept last night.
UZVICI I IMPERATIVI
Kod imperativa je svejedno je li uvodni glagol napisan u sadanjem ili prolom vremenu.
Dakle, nema nikakve promjene vremena, bez obzira na to u kojem je vremenu uvodni glagol, ve se pri tvorbi
neupravnog govora samo koristi infinitiv glagola.
Primjeri:
He said:Go away!
He said to me to go away.
He shouts at his son: Do your homework!
He shouts at his son to do his homework.
She said: Don't talk!
She said to me not to talk.
He says: Write the letter, please!
He says to me to write the letter.
UVODNI GLAGOL U PROLOM VREMENU
POTVRDNI OBLIK
Kad se uvodni glagol nalazi u prolom vremenu, onda pri tvorbi neupravnog govoramoramo promijeniti i
vrijeme reenice. Vrijeme u kojem je napisana reenica u upravnom govoru mijenjamo za jedno vrijeme
unazad.
Simple Present Simple past
Present countinous tense Past countinous tense
Simple Past Past Perfect
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Perfect Past Perfect
Will Would
Can Could
May Might
Must Must/Had to
am / are / is was/were
was / were had been
has been had been
had been had been

Primjeri
iz

Peter: "I work in the garden."

Peter said that he worked in the garden.

Peter: "I worked in the garden."

Peter: "I have worked in the garden."

Peter said that he had worked in the garden.

Peter: "I had worked in the garden."

Peter: "I will work in the garden."

Peter said that he would work in the garden.

Peter: "I can work in the garden."

Peter said that he could work in the garden.

Peter: "I may work in the garden."

Peter said that he might work in the garden.

Peter: "I would work in the garden."

(could, might, should, ought to)

Peter said that he would work in the garden.

(could, might, should, ought to)

Peter: "I'm working in the garden."

Peter said that he was working in the garden.

Peter: "I was working in the garden."

Peter: "I have been working in the garden."

Peter said that he had been working in the

garden.

Peter: "I had been working in the garden."

He said: She wears glasses.
He said that she wore glasses.
He said: I went to cinema last night.
He said that he had gone to the cinema the night before.
She said: They have read this book.
She said that they had read this book.
They said: We have already been in Tuzla.
They said that they had already been in Tuzla.
She said: I will go to Sarajevo because I didn't finish some work there.
She said that she would go to Sarajevo because she hadn't finished some work there.
She said: My sister also speaks English very well.
She said that her sister also spoke English very well.
She said: I met her yesterday.
She sais that she had met her the day before.
She said: I will be traveling to the seaside this time tomorrow.
She said that she would be traveling to the seaside that time the next day.
He said to me: I am very busy today but if you come tomorrow, I will be able to see you again.
He said to me that he was very busy that day but if I came the next day, he would be able to see me again.
He said to me: I'm sorry, it wasn't possible for me to see you last week as I had arranged, and you must really excuse
me for not telling you this.
He said to me that he was sorry, it hadn't been possible for him too see me the previous week as he had arranged, and
that I really had to excuse him for not telling me that.

UPITNI OBLIK
Upitni oblik s uvodnim glagolom u prolom vremenu imamo dva tipa reenica.
U prvom reenica pod navodnicima poinje sa upitnom rijei, dok u drugom nema upitne rijei.
U prvom tipu pri tvorbi neupravnog govora, nakon to prepiemo uvodni glagol prepisuje se i upitna
rije poslije kojeg reenica koja slijedi mora biti u potvrdnom obliku, ali napisana u skladu s pravilom o
promjeni vremena (Koristi se jedno vrijeme unazad).
Primjer:
He asked: Where does he live?
He asked where he lived.

U drugom tipu, onom bez upitne rijei koristi se veznik IF nakon kojeg se pie reenica u potvrdnom obliku, i s
promijenjenim vremenom.
Primjer:
She asked: Is he at home?
She asked if he was at home.
Pasiv - Passive voice
UPOTREBA PASIVA
Pasiv se koristi pri naglaavanju radnje. Nije vano, ili nije potrebno znati ko ili ta je vrilac radnje.
Dakle, naglasak se stavlja na radnju.
Primjer: My bike was stolen.
U ovom primjeru naglaeno je da je moje biciklo ukradeno. Meutim, nepoznat je vrilac te radnje.
Ponekad navod izreen u pasivu zvui pristojnije nego li isti izreen u aktivu.
Primjer: A mistake was made.
U ovom primjeru, izbjegavajui okriviti nekoga za pogreku, naglaava se sama pogreka. (Ti si pogrijeio.).
TVORBA PASIVA
Subjekat + odreeni odgovarajui oblik pomonog glagola to be + proli ili past particip (trea kolona
nepravilnih glagola)
Primjer: A letter was written
Kad reenicu napisanu u aktivu prebacujemo u pasiv tada:
- Objekat aktivne postaje subjekat pasivne reenice.
- Tad se odreeni oblik glagola mijenja (to be + past particip).
- Subjekat aktivne reenice postaje objektom pasivne reenice(ili se izostavlja)
Primjeri pasiva :
Vrijeme
Simple Present
Simple Past
Present Perfekt
Futur I
(Modalni-Pomoni
glagoli)
Present continuous
Past continuous
Past Perfekt
Future II
Kondicional I
Kondicional II

Subjekat

Glagol

Objekat

Aktiv: Rita

writes

a letter.

Pasiv: A letter

is written

by Rita.

Aktiv: Rita

wrote

a letter.

Pasiv: A letter

was written

by Rita.

Aktiv: Rita

has written

a letter.

Pasiv: A letter

has been written

by Rita.

Aktiv: Rita

will write

a letter.

Pasiv: A letter

will be written

by Rita.

Aktiv: Rita

can write

a letter.

Pasiv: A letter

can be written

by Rita.

Aktiv:

Rita

is writing

a letter.

Pasiv:

A letter

is being written

by Rita.

Aktiv:

Rita

was writing

a letter.

Pasiv:

A letter

was being written

by Rita.

Aktiv:

Rita

had written

a letter.

Pasiv:

A letter

had been written

by Rita.

Aktiv:

Rita

will have written

a letter.

Pasiv:

A letter

will have been written

by Rita.

Aktiv:

Rita

would write

a letter.

Pasiv:

A letter

would be written

by Rita.

Aktiv:

Rita

would have written

a letter.

Pasiv:

A letter

would have been written

by Rita.

PASIVNE REENICE SA DVA OBJEKTA

Prebacivanjem aktivne reenice s dva objekta u pasiv, jedan objekat de postati subjekat, dok de drugi ostati objekat. Koji
de objekat postati subjektom zavisi od toga ta u reenici elimo naglasiti.
Subjekat
Glagol
Objekat 1
Objekat 2
Aktiv:

Rita

wrote

a letter

to me.

Pasiv:

A letter

was written

to me

by Rita.

Pasiv:

was written

a letter

by Rita.

Kao to se vidi, dodavanje drugog objekta (by Rita) ne zvui lijepo, tako da se taj dio obino izostavlja, ali nije pogreno
ni napisati.
IMPERSONAL PASSIVE (BEZLINI PASIV)
Personal Passive znai da objekat aktivne reenice postaje subjekat pasivne, tako da svaki glagol kojem je potreban
objekat(prelazni glagol) moe formirati a personal passive.
Primjer: They build houses. Houses are built.
Glagoli bez objekta tj. neprelazni glagoli ne mogu postati prelazni osim ako im se ne doda prijedlog. Takav pasiv se
naziva bezlinim jer pri tvorbi koristimo bezlinu konstrukciju.
Primjer: he says it is said
Bezlini pasiv nije uobiajeno koristiti u engleskom jeziku, a mogude ga je koristiti samo uz glagole opaanja ( npr. say,
think, know)
Kondicionali

Postoje etiri razliita tipa pogodbenih reenica (kondicionala). Pogodbene reenice izraavaju stanje, okolnosti i u
prolosti, sadanjosti i budunosti. Svi tipovi kondicionala su sloene reenice sastavljene od najmanje dvije proste.
Prva reenica naziva se glavnom, dok je druga pogodbena reenica. Ove dvije proste reenice vee veznik IF koji se
prevodi, u zavisnosti od situacije, kao AKO, DA ili KAD. Izuzetak je etvrti tip pogodbenih reenica gdje se veznik
IF prevodi kao SVAKI DAN.
PRVI TIP POGODBENIH REENICA
U ovim reenicama izraena je stvarna mogunost da se ispuni neki uslov u budunosti.
Tvorba:
IF + present simple (Uslovna ili IF reenica); will (shall) + infinitiv (glavna reenica).
Primjer:
Ako imam novca, kupit u kuu.
If I have money, I will buy a house.
Veznik IF u ovom tipu uvijek prevodimo kao AKO.
Primjeri:
Ako je slobodan, poi e s nama.
If he is free, he will come with us.
Ako ne pourite, zakasnit ete.
If you don't hurry, you will be late.
Ako mi pomogne zavrit u do 6.
If you help me, I will finish by six o'clock.

DRUGI TIP POGODBENIH REENICA

U drugom tipu pogodbenih reenica mogunost ispunjavanja uslova je mala.
Tvorba:
IF + past simple tense (Uslovna ili IF reenica); would ili should + infinitiv(glavna reenica)
Veznik IF se uvijek prevodi kao DA.
U naem jeziku ove reenice prevodimo u prostom sadanjem ili buduem vremenu.
Glagol to be se za sva lica jednine i mnoine u prolom vremenu koristi kao were.
Primjeri:
Da sam na tvom mjestu ja ne bih tamo iao.
If I were in your place, I would not go there.
Da nije tako zauzeta pridruila bi nam se.
If she weren't so busy, she would join us.
Da ga sutra vidim, sve bih mu rekao.
If I saw him tomorrow, I would tell him everything.
TREI TIP POGODBENIH REENICA
Tredim tipom pogodbenih reenica izraava se uslov iz prolosti koji nije ispunjen.
Veznik IF prevodimo kao DA, a za prijevod reenica koristi se nae prosto prolo vrijeme.
Tvorba:
IF + past perfect (Uslovna ili IF reenica); would ili should + have + proli particip glavnog glagola.
Primjeri:
Da sam pitao oni bi mi rekli.
If I had asked, they would have told me.

Da ste bili na sastanku vidjeli biste ga.

If you had been at the meeting, you would have seen him.

Da je kiilo otiao bih kudi.

If it had been raining, I would have gone home.
ETVRTI TIP POGODBENIH REENICA
Ovim reenicama izraava se navika ili neka ponavljana radnja.
Veznik IF moe se mijenjati sa WHEN, WHENEVER i EVERYTIME.
Tvorba:
IF + present simple (Uslovna ili IF reenica); present simple (glavna reenica).
Primjer:
Svaki put kad je lijepo vrijeme ja idem van.
Everytime when the weather is nice I go out.

Modalni
glagol

Zamjena/sinonim

Primjer

must

to have to

I must swim. = I have to swim.

must not

not to be allowed to

I must not swim. = I am not allowed

to swim.

can

to be able to

I can swim. = I am able to swim.

may

to be allowed to

I may swim. = I am allowed to

swim.

need

to have to

I need to swim. = I have to swim.

need not

not to have to

I need not swim. = I don't have to

swim.

shall /
should/
ought to

to be supposed to / to be
expected to / to be to

I shall / should / ought to swim. = I

am supposed to swim. / I am
expected to swim. / I am to swim.

Present Simple Tense

Present Simple Tense (Prosto sadanje vrijeme) tvori se od infinitiva glavnog glagola u svim licima osim tredeg lica
jednine, gdje za sve tri roda (he, she, it) na infinitiv glavnog glagola dodajemo nastavak s ili es.

Potvrdni oblik ovog vremena se gradi od infinitiva gl.glagola za sva lica jednine I mnoine izuzev treeg lica jednine
za sva tri roda,gdje na infinitive gl dodajemo nastavak s ili es.
JEDNINA
I walk ja hodam
You walk ti hoda
He walks on hoda
She walks ona hoda
It walks ono hoda
MNOINA
We walk mi hodamo
You walk vi hodate
They walk oni,one,ona hodaju
UPITNI OBLIK
Upitni oblik tvori se od upitnog oblika prezenta pomonog glagola to do i infinitiva glavnog glagola.
Upitni oblik se gradi od upitnog oblika sadanjeg vremena pom.gl. to do I infinitiva gl.glagola koji stavljamo u ovo
vrijeme.
JEDNINA
Do I walk ? da li ja hodam ?
Do you walk ? da li ti hoda ?
Does he walk ? da li on hoda ?
Does she walk ? da li ona hoda ?
Does it walk ? da li ono hoda ?
MNOINA
Do we walk ? da li mi hodamo ?
Do you walk ? da li vi hodate ?
Do they walk ? da li oni, one, ona hodaju ?
UPITNE RJEICE
When, Where, What time, How long, What,Why
Kada vi putujete u ameriku ?
When do you travel to America ?
U koje vrijeme ona ima sate engleskog ?
At what time does she have English classes ?
ta vi radite svako jutro ?
What do you do every moning ?
ODRICNI OBLIK
Odrini oblik tvori se od odrinog oblika prezenta pomonog glagola to do i infinitiva glavnog glagola koji je isti za
sva lica.
Odricni oblik se gradi od odricnog oblika sadanjeg vremena pom.gl to do I infinitiva gl.glagola koji
stavljamo u ovo vrijeme I koji je isti za sva lica.
JEDNINA
I do not walk ja ne hodam
You do not walk ti ne hoda
He does not walk on ne hoda
She does not walk ona ne hoda
It does not walk ono ne hoda
MNOINA
We do not walk mi ne hodamo
You do not walk vi ne hodate
They do not walk oni,one,ona ne hodaju
PRILOZI
Uz ovo vrijeme koristimo dvije vrste priloga I to:
1. Prilozi neodreenog vremena:
Often esto
Allways uvijek

Usually obino
Sometimes ponekad
Ovi priloz stoje na poetku reenice izmeu subjekta I glagola.
2. Prilozi odreenog vremena su:
In the morning ujutro
In the afternoon popodne
In the evening uvee
On Sunday nedeljom
Ovi prilozi stoje na kraju reenice

Upotreba
Koristi se za radnju koja se desila u sadanjosti u sljedeim sluajevima.
1. Za radnju koja je trajno istinita.
I live in Konjic.
ivim u Konjicu
I go to school.
Idem u kolu.
She lives in Konjic.
Ona ivi u Konjicu.
2. Za navike.
I usually watch TV in the evening.
Obino gledam TV uveer.
3. Za radnju koja se ponavlja.
I go to cinema every night.
Idem u kino svako vee.
4. Za rasporede.
The bus leaves at 10 o'clock.
Autobus odlazi u 10 sati.
5. Za izraavanje osjeanja.
I love you.
Volim te

PAST SIMPLE
Potrvdni oblik ovog vremena kod pravilnih tvori se prolog participa tako to na infinitivglagola dodamo
nastavak ed (ako se infinitiv zavrava na e, onda demo dodati samod). Potvrdni oblik kod nepravilnih glagola
tvorimo tako to koristimo II kolonu iz tabele nepravilnih glagola.
JEDNINA
I asked (go>went) ja sam pitao
You asked (go>went) ti si pitao
He asked (go>went) on je pitao
She asked (go>went) ona je pitala
It asked (go>went) ono je pitalo
MNOINA
We asked (go>went) mi smo pitali
You asked(go>went) vi ste pitali
They asked(go>went) oni,one,ona pitaju
UPITNI OBLIK
Upitni oblik se gradi i kod pravilnih i nepravilnih glagola od upitnog oblika prolog vremena pomodnog glagola to do i
infinitiva glavnog glagola koji stavljamo u ovo vrijeme.
JEDNINA
Did I ask ? da sam ja pitao ?
Did you ask ? da li si ti pitao ?
Did he ask ? da li je on pitao ?
Did she ask ? da li je ona pitala ?
Did it ask ? da li je ono pitalo ?
MNOINA
Did we ask ? da li smo mi pitali ?
Did you ask ? da li ste vi pitali ?
Did they ask ? da li su oni,one,ona pitali ?
UPITNE RIJEICE
When, Where, What time, How long, What, Why
Kada ste vi putovali u Ameriku ?
When did you travel to America?
Gdje je on iao sinod ?
Where did he go last night?
U koje vrijeme je ona dola na zabavu ?
At what time did she arrive to the party?
Koliko dugo su oni ostali u Americi ?
How long did they stay in America?
ta ste vi radili sinod ?
What did you do last night?
Zato ste vi ili na sastank juer ?
Why did you go to the meeting yesterday?

ODRICNI OBLIK
Odricni oblik se tvori i kod pravilnih i kod nepravilnih glagola od odrinog oblika prolog vremena pomodnog glagola to
do i infinitiva glagola kojeg stavljamo u ovo vrijeme.
JEDNINA
I did not ask ja nisam pitao
You did not ti nisi pitao
He did not on nije pitao
She did not ona nije pitala

It did not ono nije pitalo

MNOINA
We did not mi nismo pitali
You did not vi niste pitali
They did not one,one,ona nisu pitala

Upotreba
1. Koristi se za radnju koja je poela i zavrila u prolosti.
The war broke uot.
Izbio je rat.
2. Za radnju koja se desila u prolosti, a vrijeme deavanja je poznato.
U ovom sluaju koristimo i priloge prolog vremena koji oznaavaju vrijeme radnje, npr:
Last night

Yesterday
Last week, month, year
Primjer
I went to the cinema last night.
Sino sam otiao u kino.

Present Continous Tense

Tvorba
POTVRDNI OBLIK
Potvrdni oblik Present Continous Tense-a (Sadanje trajno vrijeme) se gradi od potvrdnog oblika sadanjeg vremena
pomonog glagola to be, i sadanjeg participa(present participle) glavnog glagola koji stavljamo u ovo vrijeme i kojim ga
prevodimo.
Sadanji particip gradimo tako da na infinitive glagola dodamo nastavak ing, a ako glagol u infinitivu zavrava na
samoglasnik e onda sadanji particip gradimo tako da prvo odbijemo e od infinitiva i onda dodamo nastavak ing
Read itati / read + ing = reading
Take uzeti / take e = tak + ing = taking
JEDNINA
I am reading ja itam
You are reading ti ita
He is reading on ita
She is reading ona ita
It is reading ono ita
MNOINA
We are reading mi itamo
You are reading vi itate
They are reading oni, one, ona itaju
UPITNI OBLIK
Upitni oblik se gradi od upitnog oblika sadanjeg vremena pomonog glagola to be isadaneg participa glavnog glagola
koji stavljamo u ovo vrijeme.
JEDNINA
Am I reading ? da li ja itam ?
Are you reading ? da li ti ita ?
Is he reading ? da li on ita ?
Is she reading ? da li ona ita ?
Is it reading ? da li ono ita ?
MNOINA
Are we reading ? da li mi itamo ?
Are you reading ? da li vi itate ?
Are they reading ? da li oni, one, ona itaju ?

UPITNE RIJEICE
When, Where, What time, How long, What, Why
Koje je radno vrijeme u toj fabric ?
What is the working time of the that factory ?
Gdje on putuje naredne sedmice ?
Where is he traveling to next week ?
Koliko dugo vi ostajete u americi ?
How long are you staying in America ?
ta vi radite veeras ?
What are you doing tonight ?
Zato oni rade u nedelju ?
Why are they working on Sunday ?
ODRICNI OBLIK
Odricni oblik se gradi od odrinog oblika sadanjeg vremena pomonog glagola to be isadanjeg participa glavnog
glagola kojeg stavljamo u ovo vrijeme.
JEDNINA
I am not reading - ja ne itam
You are not reading ti ne ita
He is not reading on ne ita
She is not reading ona ne ita
It is not reading ono ne ita

MNOINA
We are not reading mi ne itamo
You are not reading vi ne itate
They are not reading oni,one,ona ne itaju

Upotreba
Sadanje trajno vrijeme upotrebljavamo da izrazi sadanju radnju i to u sledeim sluajevima
1. Za radnju koja se deava u trenutku govora.
I'm writing.
Ja piem.
2. Koristi se i za line dogovore i planove za budunost.
I'm visting my aunt tomorrow.
Sutra posjeujem svoju tetku.
Tada se koriste i vremenski prilozi za budunost kao:
- Tonight
- Tomorrow
- Next Week,Month,Year

3. Takoer se koristi za dogaaje koji su ve zakazani ili dogovoreni.

My bus is leaving at 1 o'clock.
Moj autobus kree u 1.
Imamo dva glagola koji grade sadanje trajno vrijeme pomou glagola Can, a to su:
1. See
2. Hear

Glagol SEE
POTVRDNI OBLIK
JEDNINA
I can see ja vidim
You can see ti vidi
He can see on vidi
She can see ona vidi
It can see ono vidi
MNOINA
We can see mi vidimo
You can see vi vidite
They can see oni,one,ona vide
UPITNI OBLIK
Upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom ( I can see - Can I see? )
ODRICNI OBLIK
Odricni oblik se gradi dodavanjem negacije not na potvrdni oblik iza glagola Can

Glagol HEAR
POTVRDNI OBLIK
JEDNINA
I can hear ja ujem
You can hear ti uje
He can hear on uje
She can hear ona uje
It can hear ono uje
MNOINA
We can hear mi ujemo
You can hear vi ujete
They can hear oni,one,ona uju
UPITNI OBLIK
Upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom ( I can hear - Can I hear? )
ODRICNI OBLIK
Odricni oblik se gradi dodavanjem negacije not na potvrdni oblik iza glagola Can

Past Continous Tense

Tvorba
POTVRDNI OBLIK
Potvrdni oblik Past Continous Tense-a (prolo trajno vrijeme) tvori se od potvrdnog oblika prolog pomonog glagola to
be i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola kojeg stavljamo u ovo vrijeme.
JEDNINA

I was reading ja sam itao

You were reading ti si itao
He was reading on je itao
She was reading ona je itala
It was reading on je italo
MNOINA
We were reading mi smo itali
You were reading vi ste itali
They were reading oni,one,ona su itala
UPITNI OBLIK
Upitni oblik se tvori od upitnog oblika prolog vremena pomonog glagola to be isadanjeg participa glavnog glagola.
JEDNINA
Was I reading ? da li sam ja itao ?
Were you reading ? da li si ti itao ?
Was he reading ? da li je on itao ?
Was she reading ? da li je ona itala ?
Was it reading ? da li je ono italo ?
MNOINA
Were we reading ? da li smo mi itali ?
Were you reading ? da li ste vi itali ?
Were they reading ? da li su oni,one,ona itali ?
UPITNE RIJEICE
When, Where, What time, How long, What, Why
Kada ste vi posjetili prijetelje u Americi?
When were you visiting friends in America?
Gdje je on putovao?
Where was he traveling to?
U koje vrijeme je ona ila na koncert?
At what time was she going to the concert?
Koliko dugo su oni ostali u Americi?
How long were they staying in America
ta ste vi radili na autobuskoj stanici?
What were you doing at the bus station?
Zato je on pozvan na intervju iz engleskog?
Why was he invited to an English interview ?
ODRICNI OBLIK
Odricni oblik se tvori od odricnog oblika prolog vremena pomonog glagola to be isadanjeg participa glavnog glagola
kojeg stavljamo u ovo vrijeme.
JEDNINA
I was not reading ja nisam itao
You were not reading ti nisi itao
He was not reading on nije itao
She was not reading ona nije itala
It was reading ono nije italo
MNOINA
We were not reading mi nismo itali
You were reading vi niste itali
They were not reading oni,one,ona nisu itala

Upotreba
Ovo vrijeme se upotrebljava da izrazi prolu radnju u to u sledeim sluajevima:
1. Za radnju koja je poela u prolosti, trajala dui vremenski period i zavrila u prolosti.
Gledao sam TV cijelu noc.
I was watching TV all night long.

U ovom sluaju koristimo priloge koji govore da je radnja dugo trajala, oni staje na kraju reenice a najei su:
-all (morning, evening, afternoon, day, week, month, year)
2. Za dvije prole radnje povezane veznikom when, od kojih jedna traje due od druge, krae, koja prekida ovu prvu i
duu radnju. Kraa radnja je uvijek u Prolom prostom vremenu (past simple tense), a dua u trajnom prolom vremenu
(Past Continous Tense)
Ona je sjedila u parku kada sam ja doao
She was sitting in the park when I came
3. Za dvije istovremene prole radnje povezane veznikom while (dok) koji moe stojati u sredini ili na poetku reenice.
u tom sluaju obje prole radnje izraavamo sa Past Continous Tense.
Ja sam uio engleski, dok je ona sluala muziku.
I was learning English while she was listening music.

Present Perfect Tense

Tvorba
POTVRDNI OBLIK
Potvrdni oblik ovog vremena tvori se od potvrdnog oblika sadanjeg vremena pomonog glagola to have i prolog
participa (past participle) gllavnog glagola kojeg stavljamo u ovo vrijeme.
Kod pravilnih glagola proli particip gradimo tako to na infinitiv glagola dodajemo nastavak ed ili d (ukoliko se infinitiv
zavrava na samoglasnik e)
Za nepravilne glagole koristimo treu kolonu iz tabele nepravilniih glagola.
Invite - invite + ed = invited
Go go (III kolona) = gone
JEDNINA
I have invited - ja pozivam , ja sam pozivao
You have invited ti poziva, ti si pozivao
He has invited on poziva, on je pozivao
She has invited ona poziva, ona je pozivala
It has invited ono poziva, ono je pozivalo
MNOINA
We have invited mi pozivamo, mi smo pozivali
You have invited vi pozivate, vi ste pozivali
They have invited oni, one, ona pozivaju
UPITNI OBLIK
Upitni oblik se gradi od upitnog oblika sadanjeg vremena pomonog glagola to have iprolog participa glavnog glagola
kojeg stavljamo u ovo vrijeme.
JEDNINA
Have I invited ? da li ja pozivam, da li sam ja pozivao ?
Have you invited ? da li ti poziva, da li si ti pozvao ?
Has he invited ? da li on poziva, da li je on pozvao ?
Has she invited ? da li ona poziva, da li je ona pozvala ?
Has it invited ? da li ono poziva, da li je on pozvalo ?
MNOINA
Have we invited ? da li mi pozivamo, da li smo mi pozvali ?
Have you invited ? da li vi pozivate, da li ste vi pozvali ?
Have they invited ? da li oni,one,ona pozivaju ?
UPITNE RIJEICE
When, Where, What time, How long, What, Why
Kada ste vi putovali u Ameriku ?
When have you traveled to America ?
Gdje je ona bila sino ?
Where has she been last night ?
Koliko dugo su oni ostali u Americi ?
How long have they stayed in America ?
ta ste vi radili u toj fabrici ?
What have you been doing in that factory ?
Zato je on dolazio na intervju ?
Why has he come to an interview ?
ODRICNI OBLIK
Odricni oblik se gradi od odricnog oblika sadanjeg vremena pom.gl to have i prolog participa gl.glagola
kojeg stavljamo u ovo vrijeme
JEDNINA

I have not invited ja ne pozivam, ja nisam pozvao

You have not invited ti ne poziva, ti nisi pozvao
He has not invited on ne poziva, on nije pozvao
She has not invited ona ne poziva, ona nije pozvala
It has not invited ono ne poziva, ono nije povalo
MNOINA
We have not invited mi ne pozivamo, mi nismo pozvali
You have not invited vi ne pozivate, vi nite pozvali
They have not invited oni,one,ona ne pzivaju , oni,one,ona nisu pozvala

Upotreba
Sadanji perfekat se upotrebljava za izraavanje sadanje ili prole radnje.
1. Kada se upotrebljava za izraavanje sadanje radnje onda koristimo sljedee rijeice:
For ve
Since od
Rijeica for nam govori koliko dugo ta sadanja radnja traje.
Rijeica since nam govori od kojeg momenta iz prolosti ta radnja traje.
Dakle, to je radnja koja je poela u prolosti i traje sve do trenutka govora.
I have lived in Konjic for 20 years.
ivim u Konjicu ve 20 godina.
I have watched TV since yesterday.
Gledam TV od jucer.
Ovo vrijeme moete prepoznati po rijeicama for i since.. im se u reenici nalazi jedna od ovih rijeica koristite (ili je
koriten) present perfect.
2. Ovo vrijeme moe izraavati i prolu radnju i to u sljedeim sluajevima:
a) Radnju koja se dogodila u prolosti, a tano vrijeme radnje je nepoznato.
They have moved into a new appartment.
Oni su preselili u novi apartman.
b) Prola radnja koja se upravo dogodila gdje koristimo prilog just koji stoji na poetku reenice izmeu glagola to have i
prolog praticipa glavnog glagola
She has just arrived..
Ona je upravo dola.
c) Radnju koja je poela u prolosti, ali su njene posljedice vidljive i sad.
I have broken the window.
Razbio sam prozor.

Past Perfect Continous Tense

Tvorba
POTVRDNI OBLIK
Potvrdni oblik ovog vremena se tvori od prolog (potvrdnog oblika) pomonog glagolato have, oblika been koji
je isti za sva lica i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola koji stavljamo u ovo vrijeme i kojim ga prevodimo.
JEDNINA
I had been reading (read + ing) ja sam itao
You had been reading ti si itao
He had been reading - on je itao
She had been reading ona je itala
It had been reading ono je italo
MNOINA
We had been reading mi smo itali
You had been reading vi ste itali
They had been reading-oni,one,ona su itala
UPITNI OBLIK
Upitni oblik se gradi od upitnog oblika prolog vremena pomocnog glagola to have,oblika been za sva lica
i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola koji stavljamo u ovo vrijeme.
JEDNINA
Had I been reading (read + ing) ? da li sam ja itao ?
Had you been reading ? da li si ti itao ?
Had he been reading ? - da li je on itao ?
Had she been reading ? da li je ona itala ?
Had it been reading ? da li je ono italo ?
MNOINA
Had we been reading ? da li smo mi itali ?
Had you been reading ? da li ste vi itali ?
Had they been reading ? - da li su oni, one, ona itala ?
ODRICNI OBLIK
JEDNINA
I had not been reading (read + ing) ja nisam itao
You had not been reading ti nisi itao
He had not been reading - on ni je itao
She had not been reading ona nije itala
It had not been reading ono nije
MNOINA
We had not been reading mi ismo itali
You had not been reading vi niste itali
They have not been reading - oni, one, ona nisu itala
Upotreba
Koristi se za radnju koja je trajala dui vremenski period, a prije neke glavne radnje.
ekala sam autobus tri sata prije nego je doao.
I had been waiting three hours for the bus before it arrived.

Future simple - budue vrijeme

TVORBA
Prosto budue vrijeme se tvori od dva dijela: will / shall + infinitiv glagola bez to. (to leave, to do)
Primjer:
Subjekt
will
Infinitiv bez
to
He
On

will
e

leave...
napustiti ...

Potvrdni oblik
I

will

go

shall

go

They

will not

see

They

won't

see

she

ask?

she

take?

Odrini oblik

Upitni oblik
Will
Upitni negativni
oblik
Won't

Skraivanje u pisanju:
I will

I'll

You will

We will
you'll

You will

we'll
you'll

He,she, will
he'll, she'll
They will
they'll
Primjer;: glagol to see u simple future tense
Potvrdni oblik
Odrini oblik
Upitni oblik
I'll see

I won't see/

Will I see?/

*I will/shall see

I shan't see

Shall I see?

You'll see

You won't see

Will you see?

He, she, it will see

He won't see

Will she see?

We'll see

We won't see/

Will we see?/

*We will/shall see

We shan't see

Shall we see?

You will see

You won't see

Will you see?

They'll see
They won't see
Will they see?
FUNKCIJA
Prosto budue vrijeme se koristi za izraavanje tanih injenica ija se radnja odvija u budunosti
Simple future tense se koristi:
1. Za izraavanje dogaaja / radnje u budunosti:
It will rain tomorrow Sutra e kia
2. (sa I/we) za donoenje odluka u budunosti:
I'll pay for the tickets by credit card. Platit u karte kreditnom karticom
3. za izraavanje elja:
He'll carry your bag for you On e ponjeti torbu za vas.
4. (u odrinom obliku) za izraavanje anti volje ili negiranja radnje u budunosti:
I won't leave until I've seen the manager! Ja neu otii dok ne vidim menaera !
5. (u prvom licu jednine upitnog oblika) za izraavanje ponude / pitanja:

Shall I open the window? Hou li otvoriti prozor ?

6. (u prvom licu mnoine u upitnom obliku) za pravljenje sugestije:
Shall we go to the cinema tonight? Da li emo ii u kino veeras ?
7. (u prvom licu jednine upitnog oblika) za pravljenje konsultacije koja se odnosi nabudunost:
What shall I tell the boss about this money? ta u rei efu za ove pare ?
8. (u drugom licu) za izraavanje ponude / naredbe:
You will do exactly as I say. Ti e uraditi tano kako ja kaem.
9. (u drugom licu) za izraavanje poziva:
Will you marry me? Da li e se udati za mene ?
Vano: U modernom engleskom jeziku umjesto will sve se vie koristi shall (will i shall u biti imaju isto znaenje)
Shall se vie koristi uz prvo lice jednine i mnoine za izraavanje ponude, sugestije ili konstultacije (kao i primjerima 4,
5, 6).
U durgim licima (you, he, she, they) shall se koristi jedino u pjesmama ili poeziji radi boljeg efekta. Primjer:
"With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, She shall have music wherever she goe

Future sa "Going to"

Tvori se od tri dijela. To su odgovarajui oblik glagola 'to be'; going to i infinitiv glavnog glagola.
Subjekat
'to be'
going to
infinitive
She
is
going to
leave
Upotreba oblika 'going to' s nekom buduom radnjom implicira jaku vezu sa sadanjou. Samo vrijeme radnje nije
vano; osim injenice da se deava u budunosti i da taj odreeni dogaaj zavisi od trenutne situacije koja nam je
poznata.
Pa ga koristimo:
a) Pri iznoenju naih planova i namjera.
We're going to move to London next year. (= the plan is in our minds now.)
Selimo se u London sljedee godine
b) Pri predvianjima temeljenima na dostupnim, trenutnim dokazima:
Look at those clouds - it's going to pour with rain!
Gledaj ti te oblake, otvorit e se nebesa!
Biljeka: U engleskom razgovornom jeziku umjesto 'going to' se esto pojavljajuje skraenica 'gonna', pogotovo u
amerikom engleskom.
Vie primjera:
Planovi i namjere:
a. Is Freddy going to buy a new car soon?
b. Are John and Pam going to visit Milan when they are in Italy?
c. I think Nigel and Mary are going to have a party next week.
Predvianja na osnovu trenutnih dokaza:
a. There's going to be a terrible accident!
Desit e se uasna nesrea!
b. He's going to be a brilliant politician.
On e biti sjajan politiar.
c. I'm going to have terrible indigestion.
c. Imat u problema sa stomakom (probavom).
Biljeka: Kako je neprirodno rei 'I'm going to go to...'
onda kaemo: 'going to' + dogaaj ili mjesto:
Primjeri:
We are going to the beach tomorrow.
Sutra odomo na plau.
She is going to the ballet tonight.
Ode ona na balet veeras.
Are you going to the party tomorrow?
Ide li na dernek sutra ?

Future perfect
Future perfect se tvori od dva dijela: Simple future od glagola to have (will have) + Past particip og glavnog glagola:
Subjekat
will have
past particip
He
will have
Potvrdan oblik
I will have left
Odrian
They won't have gone
Upitni
Will we have seen?
Upitno-odrini
Won't he have arrived?
Primjer: to arrive(stii), future perfect
Potvrdan oblik
Odrian

finished

Upitan

I'll have arrived

I won't have arrived

Will I have arrived?

You'll have arrived

You won't have arrived

Will you have arrived?

He'll have arrived

She won't have arrived

Will it have arrived?

We'll have arrived

We won't have arrived

Will we have arrived?

You'll have arrived

You won't have arrived

Will you have arrived?

They'll have arrived

They won't have arrived
Will they have arrived?
Budui perfekt se odnosi na neku buduu radnju koja e jednom biti obavljena. Kad ga koristimo mi se ustvari
zamiljamo u budunosti i osvremo se na radnju koja e tada biti obavljena. Koristi se esto s vremenskim frazama
uz by i neku taku u budunosti.
Primjeri:
a. I'll have been here for six months on June 23rd.
Ja u biti ovdje est mjeseci od 23. juna.
b. By the time you read this I'll have left.
Kada ti itao ovo ja cu (ve) otii.
c. You will have finished your work by this time next week.
Ti e zavriti svoj posao u ovo vrijeme sljedee sedmice.

Future perfect continous

Future perfect continuous tvori se od dva dijela; futura perfekta glagola biti to be (will have been) i prezenta participa
glavnog glagola. (osnova + nastavak ing)
Subjekat
will have been osnova+ing
We
will have been living
Potvrdan oblik
I
will have working
been
Odrian
I
won't have working
been
Upitni
Will
I have been working?
Upitno-odrini oblik
Won't
I have been working?
Primjer:: to live (ivjeti), Future Perfect continuous
Potvrdan oblik
Odrian oblik
Upitni oblik
I'll have been living
I won't have been living
Will I have been living?
You'll have been living You won't have been living
Will you have been living?
He'll have been living
He won't have been living
Will she have been living?

We'll have been living We won't have been living

Will we have been living?
You'll have been living You won't have been living
Will you have been living?
They'll have been living They won't have been living Will they have been living?
Kao i budui perfect simple tense, ovo vrijeme koristi se kako bismo se zamislili naprijed u vremenu i osvrnuli se. Odnosi
se na dogaaje ili radnje koje zauzimaju mjesto izmeu sadanjeg i nekog budueg trenutka, a koji bi mogli bit
nezavreni.
Primjeri:
a. I will have been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock.
ekat u ovdje tri sata poevi od 6:00 sati.
b. By 2001 I will have been living here for sixteen years.
2001. godine e biti 60 godina da ivim ovdje
c. By the time I finish this course, I will have been learning English for twenty years.
Kada zavrim ovaj kurs, to e biti 20 godina da uim engleski jezik.
d. Next year I will have been working here for four years.
Sljedee godine e biti 4 godine da radim ovdje.

Slaganje glagolskih vremena

Tabele ispod pokazuju ispravno slaganje vremena u reenicama kod kojih je vrijeme od vitalnog znaaja.
Vrijeme u glavnoj
reenici

Vrijeme u zavisnoj reenici

Primjer

Da se izrazi istovremena radnja, koristite

I am eager to go to the concert
sadanje prosto vrijeme.
because I lovethe Wallflowers.

Sadanje prosto
(Simple Present)

Da se izrazi prola radnja, koristite prosto

I know that I made the right choice.
prolo vrijeme.
Da se izrazi radnja koja je poela u trenu
They believe that theyhave
u prolosti i traje do danas, koristite
elected the right candidate.
present perfect.
Da izrazite radnju koja e se desiti,
koristite prosto budue vrijeme.

Da izrazite drugu zavrenu radnju,

koristite prosto prolo vrijeme.
Prosto prolo vrijeme
(Simple Past)

Da izrazite radnju koja se desila prije

druge radnje koristite past perfect.
Da izrazite ope poznatu injenicu
koristite sadanje vrijeme.

Prezent perfekt ili past

perfekt
(Present Perfect or Past
Perfect)

U svakom sluaju koristite prolo

vrijeme.

Da izrazite istovremenu radnju koristite

sadanje vrijeme.
Budue vrijeme
(Futur)

Da izrazite radnju koja se desila ranije,

koristite prolo vrijeme.
Da se izrazi radnja u budunosti koja e
se desiti prije radnje u nezavisnoj
reenici, koristite prezent perfekt.

Predbudue vrijeme,
svreni futur
(Future Perfect Tense)

U svakom sluaju koristite sadanje

vrijeme ili prezent perfekt.

The President says that he will veto

the bill.

I wanted to go home because

I missed my parents.
She knew she had madethe right
choice.
The Deists believed that the
universe is like a giant clock.

She has grown a foot since

she turned nine.
The crowd had turnednasty before
the sheriffreturned.

I will be so happy if theyfix my car

today.
You will surely pass this exam if
you studied hard.
The college will probably close its
doors next summer if
enrollmentshave not increased.

Most students will have taken sixty

credits by the time they graduate.
Most students will have taken sixty
credits by the time they have
graduated.

Slaganje vremena sa infinitivima i participima

Infinitiv
Vrijeme infinitiva

Uloga infinitiva

Primjer

Infinitiv sadanji
(Present Infinitive, to
see)

Da se izrazi istovremena radnja

ili radnja poslije glagola.

She would have liked to see more veterans

returning. [Infinitiv prezenta "to see" je u istom
trenutku kao i prolo vrijeme "would have liked".]

Infnitiv perfekta
(Perfect Infinitive, to
have seen)

Coach Espinoza is eager to try out her new drills.

["eagerness" je sada; "to try out" e se desiti
poslije.]

Da se izrazi radnja koja se desila

prije glagola.

The fans would like to have seen some

improvement this year. ["Would like" opisuje
stanje u sadanjosti; "to have seen" opisuje neto
prije tog vremena.]
They consider the team to have been
coached very well.
[Infinitiv perfekta to have been coached ukazuje
na radnju prije glagola consider.]

Participi
Vrijeme participa
Prezent participa
(Present of Participle,
seeing)

Particip proli ili

particip prezent
perfekta
(Past Participle or
Present Perfect
Participle

Uloga participa

Da se izrazi radnja koja se

deava u isto vrijeme kada i
glagol.

Da se izrazi radnja koja se

deava prije glagola.

Primjeri

W orking on the fundamentals, the team

slowly began to improve. [Unaprijeujui osnove,
tim je poeo polahko napredovati, radnja se
deava u paralelno, u isto vrijeme]

Having experimented with several game plans,

the coaching staff devised a master strategy.
[Particip prezent perfekta "having experimented",
ukazuje na vrijeme prije glagola u prolom
vremenu "devised".]
Prepared by last year's experience, the
coach knows not to expect too much.
[Radnja izraena pomou glagola u prezentu
"knows", je posljedica glagola u prolom vremenu
"prepared".]

Konjugacija pasiva u veini moguih vremena:

infinitiv

simple

continous

perfect simple

perfect continous

to be called
present

it is called

past

it was called

future

it will be called

conditional

it would be called

present

it is being called

past

it was being called

future

it will be being called

conditional

it would be being called

present

it has been called

past

it has been called

future

it will have been called

conditional

it would have been called

present

it has been being called

past

it had been being called

future

it will have been being called

conditional

it would have been being called