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Lung Cancer/ Bronchogenic Carcinoma: - Genetic Factors - Age - HX of Ca
Lung Cancer/ Bronchogenic Carcinoma: - Genetic Factors - Age - HX of Ca
CARCINOMA
Modifiable
-
Non Modifiable
Tobacco smoking
Frequent exposure to secondhand
smoke
occupational exposures to certain
workplace toxins (asbestos, radon,
arsenic, chromium, Nickle, PAHs
radiation, air pollution
- Genetic factors
- Age
- Hx of Ca
Inhaled carcinogen
Tracheobronchial airway
Carcinogen binds to DNA of epithelial
cells
Cellular changes
Abnormal cell growth
Malignant cell
Diagnostic Tests:
1. chest x-ray
2. sputum cytologic
studies,
3. Computed
tomography
4. Fiberoptic
bronchoscopy
5. Biopsy.
Duplication
Passing of damaged DNA to daughter
cells
Further changes in DNA
Unstable DNA
Malignant transformation of the
pulmonary epithelium
Tumor hormone
secretion into
systemic
circulation
Mediastinal lymph
nodes & pleura
(Adenocarcinoma)
Pressing of nerves
leading to larynx
Mediastinal lymph
nodes & pleura
(Adenocarcinoma)
Tumor
secretion of
PTHrP
hormone
Obstructive
lesion
Increase
bone
resorption
Infection
Spread to
brain and
bones
Hoarseness
of Vocie
Fever
Hypercalcemia
Mucosal
ulceration
Rupture of
blood vessels
Airway
obstruction
Hemoptysis
x
Narrowing of
Airway
Invasive Carcinoma
Ischemia
ACTH Production
DOB
Irritation of
bronchial mucosa
Pleural
Effusion
Adrenal gland
stimulation
Chest/Shoulder
pain
Hyponatremia
Release of cortisol
to the
bloodstream
Nonproductive
cough
Productive cough
H2o Retention
Pneumonia
Sputum Production
High pitched
sound (wheezing)
Elevated ADH
production
Cushings
syndrome
Excessive cortisol
production
SIADH
Acute Pain/Chronic
Pain
Ineffective
airway clearance
Impaired Gas
Exchange
Demonstrate improved
ventilation and adequate
oxygenation of tissues by
ABGs within patients
normal range.
The current accepted system for the staging of nonsmall cell cancer is the TNM
classification
The only proven way of reducing the risk for lung cancer is the cessation of
smoking, although chemopreventative measures are being explored.
Chemotherapy and radiation can significantly prolonglife and relieve symptoms,
but relapse is inevitable
In advanced disease, palliative procedures (comfort measures) may be used to
relieve obstructive pneumonitis or prevent recurrence of pleural effusion.
The only proven way of reducing the risk for lung cancer is the cessation of smoking,