CRIMINOLOGY

BY
MANUEL V JAUDIAN, Ph.D,LL.B
Registered Criminologist
Public Safety Consultant
Introduction to Criminology
As a SOCIAL PHENOMENON
It has to be looked into so that society will be a safe place to live in;
Crime is an integral part of society;
Criminals continue to pose a threat to humanity;
Societys bad condition will breed criminality
Criminal Behavior should be carefully studied to be able to determine the cause
Principal Division of Criminology
Victimology
- Study that deals with the role of the victim during the commission of the crime.

scope of the study

Making of laws
Breaking of laws
Reaction towards the breaking of laws

Theories and Personalities

CLASSICAL THEORY (CesareBeccaria)
Freewill leads them to choose to commit crime or not;
To control the unlawful behavior there is need for certain and swift punishment.
POSITIVE THEORY (Dr.Cesare Lombroso)
Father of modern Criminology
Theory focuses on biological determinism and criminal anthropology.
Atavistic Throwbacks are born criminals
Atavistic Stigmata

physical marks and characteristics that suggest an individual is abnormal. Such stigmata included
abnormal skull sizes, haw-like nose, large jaws and cheekbones and fleshy lips

Neo-Classical Theory
this theory advocate that children and mentally ill persons are exempted from punishment
because they could not distinguished right from wrong.

Utilitarianism ( Jeremy Bentham ) Means behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and
avoidance of pain.
Cartograph Theory Lambert AdolpheQuetelet
-Statistical information relating to crime and also attempted to identify the
circumstances that predisposed people to commit crimes.
Emile Durkheim Anomie Theory
Absence of norms in a society provides a setting conductive to crime.

Edwin H. Sutherland DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY

Reveals that criminal acts are related to an individuals exposure to an excess amount of
antisocial values and attitudes.

Sigmund Freud ( Psycholoanalytical Theory )

-Father of Psychoanalysis
Id- Driven by Pleasure principle
Ego- Reality principle
Superego- Morale principle

Theory Robert Ezra Park Human Ecology

Study of the interrelationship of people and their environment.
William Herbert Sheldon Somatotyping Theory
-Inheritance as the primary determinants of behavior and the physique is a reliable indicator of
personality.
Endomorphy Pyknic- Soft body, round shape
Mesomorphy- Athletic type- Predominance of muscle, hard and firm
Ectomorphy- Asthenic type- Thin and Flat chest

Containment Theory (Walk er Reckless)

Which suggest that a series of both internal and external factors contributes to criminal

behavior.

Strain Theory (Robert king merton)

-Part of social structure theory which views crime as a function of conflict between an
individuals goals and the means available to him to obtain it.

K arlmarx(Social Conflict Theory )

- conflict between capitalist and workers improper economic gain.
Social Disorganization Theory
- Study of the breakdown of social institutions such as the family, the community, school,
religion in a particular area and its effects to criminality.
Nurture theory- Asserts that intelligence is a product of environment
Nature theory- Asserts that intelligence is genetically determined and that low intelligence is associated
with criminal behavior.

Developmental theoryAn area of criminology that scrutinize the change in a criminal career over the life course.
Cultural Deviance theorypart of social structure theory that views the strain and social disorganization which produces a
lower-class culture that conflicts with norms

Criminal Demography- Study of relationship between criminality and population.

Biological Determinism- A view that crimogenic traits may be acquired through indirect heredity
degenerate family member.
Applied Criminology- Refers to the art of creating typologies, classification, predictions and especially
profiles of criminal offenders, their personalities and behavior patterns.

Differential reinforcement theory- An attempt to explain criminality as a type of learned behavior.

Chicago SchoolRefers to urban sociologists view and analysis of the relation between crime and environmental
conditions.

White collar crime- Crimes which committed by persons of respectability and of higher socio-economic
class in the course of their occupational activities.
Victimless crimes- Crimes that violate moral order, but there is no actual target, victim or offended
party. In these crimes such as drug abuse gambling and the like the offended party is society as a whole.
Hate crimes- Refers to those acts of intimidation and violence designed to frighten and intimidate
persons who are undesirable by reason of race, religion, sexual, orientation or ethnic origin.

Index crimes- Serious and frequent crimes

Blue collar crimes- Are those crimes committed by ordinary professional criminal to maintain their
livelihood.

RA 7610- Special protection of children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act.
RA 9344- Juvenile justice and welfare Act of 2006
RA 8369- The Family Courts Act of 1997
Good Luck !!!!