.

, 2011

1 :
1
1.1
....................................................... 1
1.2

. ........................................................... 2

2 :
4
2.1
........................................................................................................................... 4
2.2

DIN 1072 (67/82). ........................................ 4

2.3

1............................................. 6

9
,
2.4
............................................................................................................ 17
2.4.1

.................................................................................................. 17

2.4.2

q.................................... 18

2.4.3

. ........................................................................................................................... 23
3 : - ,
24
3.1
......................................................................................................................... 24
3.2

() . ........................................................ 26

3.2.1

..................................................................................................... 26

3.2.2

......................................................................... 28

3.2.3

.................................. 29

3.2.4

. ............................... 32

3.2.5

..................................... 43

, .
47
3.3
......................................................... 53
3.3.1

..................................................................................................... 53

3.3.2

......................................................................... 55

3.3.3

................................ 55

3.3.4

. .... 57

3.4

() . .......................................... 64

3.4.1

................................................................................... 64

3.4.2

......................................................................... 68

3.4.3

. ...................................... 71

3.4.4
3.5

......................................................... 73
.............................................. 81

3.5.1

. .................................................................................. 81

3.5.2

. ...................................................................... 87

3.5.3

, , . .............................. 89

3.6

.......................... 94

3.6.1

................................................................................... 94

3.6.2

.................................................... 99
..................................................... 99

3.7
3.7.1

. .................................................................................. 99

3.7.2

.................................................. 104

4 :
107
4.1
....................................................................................................................... 107
4.2

. ....................................................................................... 108

4.3

........................................................................................ 113

4.3.1

........................ 113

4.3.2

- . ............................................. 114

4.3.3

............................................................... 118

4.4

........................................ 122

125
,
,

128

 1:

1.1 .
.
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).
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),
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.
.
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,
/
( ,
, ).
,
,
,

 .
( )
.
2m 2.5m
0.5m 1m. (
0.15-0.2m), ( ),
.

( ).
,

.
.
(.. )

.
.
, ,
, .
100m2

.
1.2 .
( , )
, .
(
, , ..). ,
,
,
. , ,

( ), .
, .
, ,

 .
, .
,
( 5m , 2m , 3 4m
).
,
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:
,

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,
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.
( 10% 20%) . ,

.

 2:

2.1

DIN 1072
1967, () 9 1982.
2000 , DIN 1072,
: ) 2 1990
(1990 Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design, Annex A2: Application for bridges) )
1 ( ) (19912 Eurocode 1 Actions on Structures - Part 2: General actions Traffic loads on bridges).

.
,
DIN 1072, , .
2.2 DIN 1072 (67/82).
( )
60/30,
, 60t 30t. .

( )
( ) ( )
(
). :
(), 3m
(), 3m
, 6m.
.
:

60t, 6m 3m ( ), 3 1.5m
( 1 : 1.5m,

: 1.5m, 4x1.5m = 6m). ,

2m , 100k .
0.2m ( ) x
0.6m ( ). .
3
200kN , 1.5m .

q1 =5k/m2
.

. ,
,
. ,
L
1
.
,
, q1 .
(, ,
q1)
= 1.4-0.008 L(m) 1. L (
) 50m, = 1.
:

30t ( ), 60t
(50 kN, 100kN 300kN)
(0.4m ).
.

q2 = 3kN/m2 ( q1
).
L -

30m,
600kN/(3mx6m) = 33.3
kN/m2 16.7 kN/m2 .
( ), ,
qr = 3kN/m2.
O .
5


, .

. ,
, .
qr, .

,
() . , ,
()
.
( ),

.
DIN 1072 ,
, , ..
2.3 1
1
DIN 1072.
.
1.
DIN 1072,
1.
, DIN 1072.
1, 2 3. 3m.
3m 5.4m, 1 3m,
. 5.4m
6m, ( 1 2) .
6m 9m 1 2 3m,
. , 9m
1, 2 3 .

,

 (. 5.4m, 5.4 6m, 6 9m, 9m).

1, 2, 3 , .
1, 2 3 ,
. .., 7.5m,
3m, 3
7.5-2x3 = 1.5m , 7.5-3 =
4.5m , .
1 , 2000,
5% 50 10m 200m.
.
:
1: Q1 = 600kN,
( ) : q1 = 9kN/m2 .
2: 1, Q2 = 400kN
q2 =2.5kN/m2 .
3: 2, Q3 = 200kN.
qr=2.5kN/m2 .
( )
20%.
.
DIN 1072.
2
, 2m ( 0.5m
). ,
0.4m. ,
. 10m
( )
, .

, 1.2m .
,
0.5m ( 1m ).
1, 2 3

. , DIN 1072, 2

 1 . ,

qi , qi
. .
Qi , .
.

. ..,

()

, ( +
-) , 1
(
) 2 ,

1. 1 2

-
.
( ), ( 2 3)
1
1,
. ( 3 2)
. , q2=q3,
, qr, ,
.

,
..
. ,
,
1 2
,
, 3
.

( , )
2.5kN/m2 . , ,
5kN/m2 (
).
, Q, , G,
1.35 , . 1.35G+1.35Q, 1.35G+1.5Q
. (
) ,

.
1990 ( ) :
1.35G+1.35Q ( 1.35G+1.5Q ),
G ,
75% 40%
, . ,
,
15%, . 1.35x0.85G = 1.15G.
(. 75% 40%
), 1.35,
( ) 1.5
(1.35G 1.15G,
).

,
L=30m,
.
10m 2m .
x=L/3
1 :
) , maxTk, , Mk Vk.
) , maxVk , Mk Tk.
) maxMk, , Vk Tk.

,

 .
:
) max Tk, Vk, Mk:
Tk, x=L/3,
, (
). 1 ,
(3.5m). 2
(-3.5m).
3 1,
0.5m. ,
2 3, ,
x=L/3 ( ) ( ).
q3=2.5kN/m2 3
, 2m 1m .
2 3
( 2, Q2=400kN) .

:
:
600kNx3.5m+200kNx0.5m=2200kNm.
2L/3=20m:
2.5kN/m2x7mx3.5m+(9-2.5)kN/m2x3mx3.5m=129.5kNm/m.
:
600kN+200kN=800kN
2L/3=20m:
2.5kN/m2x7m+(9-2.5)kN/m2x3=37kN/m.

:
:
-400kNx3.5m=-1400kNm.
L/3=10m:
-2.5kN/m2x7mx3.5m=-61.25kNm/m.
:
-400kN
L/3=10m:
-2.5kN/m2x7m=-17.5kN/m.
10

... :
maxTk=2200kNmx2/3+129.5kNm/mx2/3x20m/2+(-1400kNm)x(-1/3)+(-61.25kNm/m)x(-1/3)
x10m/2=2898.75kNm.
..V. .E.M. :
Vk = 800kNx2/3+37kN/mx2/3x20m/2+400kNx(-1/3)+17.5kN/mx(-1/3)x10m/2=
617.5kN.

Mk =

(10x2/3kNm/kN)x(800kN+400kN+37kN/mx20m/2+17.5kN/mx10m/2)=

11050kNm.
) maxVk, Tk, Mk.
V x=L/3,

( ).
, 1, 2 3
, .
:
.
600kNx3.5m+400kNx0.5m+200kx(-2.5m)=1800kNm.
2L/3=20m
: 9-2.5=6.5kN/m2 1:
(9-2.5)kN/m2x3mx3.5m=68.25kNm/m.
:
600kN+400kN+200kN=1200kN
2L/3=20m:
2.5kN/m2x14m+(9-2.5)kN/m2x3=54.5kN/m.
..V. ...
:
maxVk=1200kNx2/3+54.5kN/mx2/3x20m/2=1163.33kN.
Vk=(10x2/3kNm)x(1200kN+54.5x20m/2)=11633.33kNm/m.
Mk=(10x2/3kNm/kN)x(1200kN+54.5x20m/2=11633.33kN.
... :
Tk=1800kNmx2/3+68.25kNm/mx2/3x20m/2=1655kNm.

11

..
..V 1.0
..M

maxk

1.0

-1/3
2/3

10x2/3kNm/kN
x=L/3

2.0

5.0

5.0

max Vk

max Mk

x=L/3

x=L/3

12

2.0

) maxMk, Tk, Vk:

,
x=L/3.
(),
k.

(),
. ... ..V.
:
maxMk=(10x2/3kNm/kN)x(1200kN+54.5kN/mx30m/2)=13450kNm
Vk= 1200kNx2/3+54.5kN/mx(2/3x20m/2+(-1/3)x(10m/2)=1072.5kN.
Tk=1800kNmx2/3+68.25kNm/mx(2/3x20m/2-1/3x10m/2)=1541.25kNm.
, 3 :
1) k=2898.75kNm,

Vk=617.5kN,

Mk=11050kNm

2) k=1655kNm,

Vk=1163.33kN,

Mk=11633.33kNm

3) k=1541.25kNm,

Vk=1072.5kN,

Mk=13450kNm

3 (
k, Tk Vk).
1 2
( V+T,
).
1
( ).
:
.
L=30m ,
10m 2m.
1: )
, ) , )

.
.
( )

13

 .
:
(. 9).
)
, ) , )
, .
, (kN/m) ((kN/m)
(kN) (kNm)
. 9.
(x = L/2)
.
) M :
2L=60m,
. ,
129.5kNm/m (. ) 1.5L=45m
x=L/2 ,
61.25kNm/m . ...
3/4 x+=L/2
1/4 x-=L/2 ,
:
MaxT=(3/4)x2200kNm+(-1/4)x(-1400kNm)+(3/4)x(1/2)x45mx129.5kNm/m+(-1/4)x(1/2)x15mx(61.25kNm/m) =4300kNm.
17.5kN/m L/2=15m ,
37kN/m 3L/2=45m 37kN/m
2L=60m, ( ) 17.5-37=-19.5kN/m
15m x=L/2.
37kN/m
-37x302/8=-4162.5kNm, : 37x302/8-4162.5/2=2081.2kNm
-37x30/8=-138.8kN. T -19.5kN/m
-19.5/2 =-9.75kN/m
L/2 , -9.75kN/m L/2
9.75kN/m L/2 .
l=L/2
, 0.5qL2/8-0.5q(L/2)2(2-(1/2)2)/8=9qL2/256=-9x9.75x302/256=-

14

308.5kNm

V=41qL/128-qL/2=-23qL/128=-23x(-9.75)x30/128=52.6kN.

L/2
, qL2/16=-9.75x302/16=548.4kNm -qL/4=-(-9.75)x30/4=73kN. -19.5kN/m
-308.5-548.4=-856.9kN/m 52.6+73=125.6kN. ,
17.5kN/m x=L/2 37kN/m ,
x=L/2: : 2081.2-856.9=1224.3kN/m : -138.8+125.6=-13.2kN.
800kN 400kN x=L/2,
800/2=400kN 400/2=200kN
x=L/2 ,
400kN 200kN x=L/2 (
) .
, (5/32)x(400+200)x30=2812.5kN/m (11/16)x400200=275kN. ,
(400+200x30)/4=4500kNm 300-400=-100kN. ,
2812.5+4500=7312.5kN 275-100=175 kN.
, 4300kNm
, :
=1498.5+7312.5=8811kNm

V=-63.5+175=111.5kN.
) M .
, ..V, x=L/2
,
. g x=L/2
-gL/8,
, ..V
.
..V : 1) x=L/2
2) .
,
54.5 kN/m (. , )
1200kN x=L/2.
, (),

15

 1800kNm
68.25kNm/m. ,
.
() ,
2812.5kNm. ,
x=L/2, 175-1200=-1025 kN.
54.5 kN/m
, -54.5kN/m x=L/2
( ). x=L/2
54.5x302/16=3065.6kNm -54.5x30/8=-204.4kN. o -54.5kN/m
-27.25kN/m
-27.25kN/m
27.25kN/m
. .
() ,
q
9qL2/256 -23qL/128,
. q
qL2/16 -qL/8,
: qL2/16-9qL2/256 = 7qL2/256 qL/8+23qL/128 = 7qL/128, 7x(-27.25)x302/256=-670.6kNm
7x(-27.25)x30/8=-44.7kN. 27.25kN/m
, : qL2/16=(-27.25)x302/16=-1532.8kNm :
qL/8=(-27.25)x30/8=-102.2kN. , -54.5kNm x=L/2
: -670.6-1532.8=-2203.4kNm : -44.7-102.2x2=146.9kN. 3065.6-2203.4=862.2kNm
: -204.4-146.9 = -351.3kN.
, =2812.5+862.2=3674.7 kNm
:
maxV=-1025-351.3=-1376.3kN.
x=L/2 1800kNm
68.25kNm/m
x=L/2 :
.=(-1/4)x1800+0.5x(-1/4)x(30/2)x68.25+0.5x(1/2)x30x68.25=-66.1kNm

16

) M .

,
54.5kN/m,
.
()
, . 2812.5kNm -525kN.
54.5kN/m
, . 0.5(qL2/16+
qL2/8)=3qL2/32=3x54.5x302/32=4598.4kNm : 0.5(qL/8+0)=- qL/16=-54.25x30/16=101.7kN.
:
MaxM=2812.5+4598.4=7410.9kNm
.V=-525-101.7=-626.7kN
1800kNm
68.25kNm/m
:
.=(-1/4)x1800+0.5x(-1/4)x(30/2)x68.25+0.5x(3/4+1/2)x(30/2)x68.25=61.9kNm.
x=L/2 (
),
, :
.=(3/4)x1800+0.5x(-1/4)x(30/2)x68.25+0.5x(3/4+1/2)x(30/2)x68.25=1861.9kNm
, 2
( ):
.V=-626.7+2x1200=1773.3kN
(-626.7kN),
, ,
.
2.4
2.4.1

= 5% 10% 50 ( 475
.) ( 2000). :

, 39/99

17

 :
= 1 ,
= 1.3 ( , ,

) . (
,

1).
= 0.85 (
). 8 = 0.7
:

q, .
2.4.2

( )
q,
.
q
.
( )
, (
-
1 2 ).

, .

( ,

). ,
. ,
(, , ). ,

,
( )

18

 . ,
.

(.
, ),
,
.
, (
, ,
, ) ,
. .
q 1. q
.

,

.
,

( ,
).
.
(, , ,
)
( ).
,
, , ..., .

,
, .
(
stoppers -
). , (
5%
), ,

19


. () (isolator, isolation
device). (dampers),
(energy dissipation units).
:

( ) ,

(Seismic isolation). ,
,
, .

,
.
(
) q q = 1.

(
F ) .
( F
) el ( F
).
:
1 1 1
K K el

(2.1)

(
) :

1
=

el

(2.2)

(
). . (2.2) ,
(2.1):

20

 = +(-1)

(2.3)

el

, -
= 3()ef/H3, ()ef
-
el =GA/h, G h ,
() 2 . (2.3).
, q = 1 (.. q = 3.5),
, , ..
10, . , q = 1,
, , ,

q = 1.

( )
,
, , ( . (2.2), (2.3) =
1/el = 0) q = .
, (
), ( , ),
q :

: k = maxNEd/Acfck ( maxNEd
, Ac fck
) 0.3,
s = M/Vh (M
V)
3,
: q = 3.5

A:

k 0.6,
s 1.0,

21

 : q = 1

k 0.3 0.6,
s 1 3,
q = 3.5 q = 1. k .
8 1 s 3 q
s /3 .
k = 0.3 d =N/Acfcd = 0.45,
- ,
.
( 0.2) q.
M/V =
H (= ) s = H/h. : M =VH/2 , s
= 0.5/h. s q.
q s ,
(
). , ,
, q 3.5.

.
, 8.
.
q k 0.3:

: q = 2 (
)

(.. V ):

K 8: q = 2.1 s 3, q =2.1 s /3 3 s 1, q = 1 s 1.

( )
80% : q = 1 (
, , ).

,
, 0.03 sec: q = 1.5,
( ).
22

 k 0.3. k 0.3
q = 1 k = 0.6.
2.4.3
.

: ( )
. q
, ,
, ., .
(, , . )
() 0.3:1 (. 30%
100% ),
(SRSS).
(
, ..) 2 . 39/99,
2 = 0.2 2 = 0.3 . 8
,
qi qr ( Qi , ).
, 8 2
=0.
, G+ 2 Q.

23

 3:
- ,

3.1
. 1.2,
. ,
(
)
,
. :

,
.

. ,


, ..

( )
,


(..
,

, ..).
(

) ,
.
, . .
,
24

 . ( ). ,
:
1. (, )
2. .
3. ,
( ).
4.
().
5. ( ).
6.
.
. 3.1

L (m)

m/

10-50

25-100 *

5-50

5-10

30-60

10-50

60-300

6-15

40-160

20-60 *

30-70

10-30

70-120

10-30

,

,

* ,
.

25

 3.1: (,
, )
3.2 () .
3.2.1
,
.
(),

.
, .
,
, .
,

.
.
,
, .

26

 .
.
(
)
(
,

).

3.2: (gantry) (
: , . -, : , ,
)
, .
, . ,
,
. ,

.
,
. , ,

27

 ,
(),
.
.

, .
, (gantry),

.
, .
3.2.2 .
:

,
(
).

, , ..,
.

.
:

: ,
, ..

,

.

stoppers ,
( ) (
, .).

. (

28

 ).

.
.
,
. ,
,
, ...,
( ).

3.3:
( -, ..)
3.2.3 .
,

. ,
( ) /
(2 3m).
, , cm,
.


() , .

29

 ,
(5 6m).
, m
, L, (.
)
( 600 kN) L:
F L (.. FL/8
) ( )
L, m
L.

,
,
. , ,

, ... ,
,
. ,

-,
.


. , ,
,
:

, .. 1/3 ,
() .

, 0.20.3m , .
()
.
,

30


.
( )
,
.
,
.
, 0.2-0.3m

. ,
, .
,
,
. ,
, , , ,
( ) .
, , . ,
,

.

10 35m, .
15m , 20m
.
,
.
0.2m, .

(. VRd2),
. 200 250mm
( 150mm).
0.4 0.6m,
,
W1 .
h .

31

 ,
1/25 , 1/18
.
50% , 20%
.
3.2.4 .
,
. ,
60% lx
, ,
.

:

Ruesch.
1 , .

,
.
2 ,
. ,
. ,
Ruesch .
,
() .
.
45 .
,
(
) 45
.
to,
:

32

t = to +2h +h

(3.1)

h h .
1 : to =0.4m .
, ,
Ruesch, ,
t .
Ruesch
.
, . i
= 1 i =2 .
:
= ( 1, Q1/4)=190.5 x mQ1 + ( 2, Q2/4)=122.5
x mQ2 + ( 1, q1) x mq1 + ( 2, q2+qr) x
mq2+qr
(3.2)
.
, . 60/30t, : Q1/6 = 100 kN, Q2/6 = 50 kN, q1 = 5kN/m2 , q2 = 3kN/m2.
H kNm/m, kN kN/m2.
Ruesch mQ1, mQ2, mq1, mq2+qr,
lx/a t/a, a
(a = 2m), lx ( ,
: , .
, :
) t
.
mQ1, mQ2, mq1, mq2+qr, 3.2 3.5,

.
,
1 .
(3.1 3.2),
.

33

 , GC , G =
C = ()
hb3/3. (
, GC
,
,
).
:
=

1
EI L2
1
.
GC 2l x

(3.3)

= b=1m t
( , . 50%
) 0.5ch3/12, lx L .
= 0 = 1 .
. (3.3) ,
L/2.
(.
. 3.5),

, ,
. (3.3).
L, .
( , )

(. . 3.2).
. 3.5
.
. 3.4
, . . 3.4
.
3.3,
( ,
.

34

(3.3) , . . (3.10)). . 3.4

( , . 3.3, lx/a 5,
10m).

,
My () .

. 3.2 3.4
, Mye ,
, . .

,
,
,
.
. (3.2) .
3.2-3.5 g .
g :

:
Mgxm = glx2/24 0 ( )
:
Mgxe = glx2/12 0 ( )
:
Mgye = 0.057gl2x 0 ( )
, :
Mgym = Mgxm, = 1/6 Poisson ( )
(~ 0.5lx) :
gy 0.015glx2 ( )

:
Mgxm = glx2/16 0 ( )
:
Mgxl = glx2/8 0 ( )

35

 :
Mgyl = 0.08gl2x 0 ( )
, :
Mgym = Mgxm, = 1/6 Poisson ( )
(~ 0.5lx) :
gy 0.02glx2 ( )

:
Mgxm = glx2/8 0 ( )
:
Mgye = glx2/8 0 ( )
, :
Mgym = Mgxm ( =1/6) ( )
, (~ 0.35 lx) :
Mgy = 0.035 glx2 ( )

, Mxe ( ), ,
,
. ,
,
.
My<0 ( ) Mxe

36

. 3.2 , (lx =
)
. .
lx/a
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0

, Mxm0 ( )
t/a = 0.5
mq1 mq2+qr
t/a =0.25
mQ1 mQ2
mQ1 mQ2
0.08
0
0.04
0
0
0
0.13
0
0.08
0
0
0
0.22
0.02
0.18
0.03
0
0
0.29
0.04
0.25
0.06
0.06
0.01
0.36
0.08
0.32
0.09
0.12
0.05
0.42
0.12
0.37
0.13
0.24
0.15
0.52
0.19
0.46
0.20
0.50
0.50
0.62
0.27
0.56
0.28
0.89
1.09

, Mxe0 ( )
t/a = 0.25
t/a = 0.5
mq1
mQ1 mQ2
mQ1 mQ2
0.19
0
0.12
0
0
0.26
0
0.18
0
0
0.40
0.02
0.34
0.01
0.08
0.56
0.04
0.51
0.04
0.15
0.70
0.13
0.66
0.14
0.23
0.84
0.40
0.80
0.44
0.40
1.06
0.75
1.01
0.76
0.60
1.21
0.98
1.18
0.99
0.63

mq2+qr
0.10
0.28
0.01
0.03
0.07
0.40
1.50
2.88

B. .
Mym0 ( )
lx/a
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0

t/a =0.25
mQ1
mQ2
0.05
0
0.09
0.01
0.13
0.02
0.17
0.05
0.20
0.07
0.24
0.10
0.32
0.15
0.39
0.21

t/a = 0.5
mQ1
mQ2
0.03
0
0.05
0.01
0.08
0.02
0.10
0.04
0.14
0.07
0.18
0.09
0.26
0.15
0.34
0.20

mq1
0
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.09
0.17

mq2+qr
0
0
0
0
0.01
0.04
0.16
0.34

, My0 ( )
t/a =0.25
t/a=0.5
mq1 mq2+qr
mQ1
mQ2
mQ1
mQ2
0.09
0
0.08
0
0
0
0.15
0
0.12
0
0
0
0.18
0.05
0.15
0.06
0
0
0.24
0.08
0.20
0.09 0.01
0
0.30
0.14
0.27
0.15 0.03 0.02
0.38
0.19
0.34
0.21 0.04 0.02
0.50
0.30
0.47
0.33 0.14 0.31
0.59
0.41
0.56
0.41 0.15 0.75

37

,
Mye0( )
t/a=0.25
t/a=0.5
mq1 mq2+qr
mQ1 mQ2
mQ1
mQ2
0.18
0
0.10
0
0
0
0.24 0.02
0.15 0.02
0
0
0.33 0.04
0.23 0.04
0
0
0.44 0.12
0.34 0.11
0
0
0.55 0.21
0.48 0.22
0
0
0.69 0.37
0.63 0.37 0.03 0.02
0.88 0.60
0.83 0.59 0.12 0.20
0.98 0.75
0.95 0.74 0.34 0.70

. 3.3 , (lx =
)
. .
lx/a
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0

, Mxm0 ( )
t/a = 0.5
mq1 mq2+qr
t/a =0.25
mQ1
mQ2 mQ1
mQ2
0.12
0
0.07
0
0
0
0.19 0.01 0.15 0.12 0.02
0.01
0.31 0.05 0.19 0.19 0.08
0.05
0.42 0.13 0.26 0.25 0.20
0.10
0.51 0.18 0.32 0.31 0.39
0.15
0.56 0.25 0.38 0.38 0.59
0.40
0.68 0.34 0.49 0.49 1.20
1.20

, Mxe0 ( )
t/a =0.25
t/a = 0.5
mq1 mq2+qr
mQ1
mQ2
mq1
mq2
0.2
0
0.13 0.12
0
0
0.34 0.21 0.25 0.22
0
0
0.45 0.29 0.39 0.33 0.20 0.01
0.70 0.42 0.66 0.36 0.40 0.09
0.89 0.56 0.84 0.40 0.49 0.27
0.98 0.73 0.98 0.66 0.60 0.80
1.16 1.00 1.14 0.93 0.80 3.00

B. .
Mym0 (
)
lx/a
t/a = 0.5
mq1 mq2+qr
t/a =0.25
mQ1 mQ2 mQ1
mQ2
0.5 0.06
0
0.02
0
0
0
1.0 0.10 0.01 0.07 0.03
0
0
1.5 0.17 0.03 0.11 0.05 0.01 0.01
2.0 0.21 0.06 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.02
2.5 0.26 0.09 0.19 0.11 0.06 0.03
3.0 0.32 0.13 0.25 0.15 0.11 0.08
4.0 0.42 0.19 0.35 0.23 0.22 0.28

,
My0 ( )
t/a =0.25
t/a=0.5
mq1
mq2+qr
mQ1
mQ2
mQ1
mQ2
0.09
0
0.08
0
0
0
0.15
0
0.12
0
0
0
0.18
0.05
0.15
0.06
0
0
0.24
0.08
0.20
0.09
0.01
0
0.30
0.14
0.27
0.15
0.03
0.02
0.38
0.19
0.34
0.21
0.04
0.02
0.50
0.30
0.47
0.33
0.14
0.31

38

Mye0 ( )
t/a=0.25
t/a=0.5
mq1
mq2+qr
mQ1
mQ2 mQ1
mQ2
0.24
0
0.15
0
0
0
0.35
0
0.28
0
0
0.10
0.50 0.15 0.47 0.02 0.03
0
0.65 0.30 0.60 0.30 0.08
0.03
0.74 0.40 0.72 0.39 0.14
0.08
0.87 0.52 0.86 0.51 0.57
0.43
1.06 0.74 1.05 0.74 1.14
1.71

 3.4 , (lx =
)

lx/a
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0

, Mxm0
t/a = 0.5
mq1
t/a =0.25
mq2+qr
mQ1 mQ2
mQ1 mQ2
0.17 0.03 0.11 0.05
0
0
0.30 0.06 0.22 0.22
0
0
0.40 0.08 0.26 0.26 0.20 0.08
0.49 0.13 0.33 0.33 0.40 0.15
0.59 0.20 0.42 0.42 0.73 0.37
0.69 0.30 0.53 0.53 1.21 0.90
0.85 0.46 0.69 0.69 2.20 2.60
0.98 0.59 0.81 0.81 3.36 4.91

, Mym0
t/a=0.5
mq1
t/a =0.25
mq2+qr
mQ1 mQ2
mQ1 mQ2
0.10
0
0.07 0.01
0
0
0.16 0.01 0.11 0.03
0
0
0.22 0.03 0.16 0.06 0.03 0.01
0.26 0.07 0.23 0.08 0.07 0.03
0.34 0.12 0.29 0.17 0.12 0.06
0.41 0.17 0.36 0.23 0.21 0.18
0.53 0.26 0.47 0.33 0.39 0.62
0.64 0.35 0.58 0.42 0.65 1.25

39

,
Mye0 ( )
t/a=0.5
mq1 mq2+qr
t/a=0.25
mQ1 mQ2
mQ1 mQ2
0.25
0
0.16
0
0
0
0.36
0
0.28
0
0
0.10
0.53 0.16 0.47 0.20 0.03
0
0.70 0.32 0.66 0.33 0.15 0.08
0.85 0.46 0.82 0.45 0.60 0.45
0.99 0.59 0.96 0.58 1.20 1.80
1.20 0.84 1.19 0.84 2.07 3.64
1.36 1.06 1.36 1.06 3.10 0

 3.5. , (lx =
).
A. .

lx/a
0.125
0.25
0.375
0.5
0.625
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
1.75
2.0
2.25
2.5

,
mxe0
t/a = 0.5
mq1 mq2+qr
t/a =0.25
mQ1
mQ2
mQ1 mQ2
0.20
0
0.16
0
0
0
0.26
0
0.20
0
0
0
0.37
0
0.29
0
0
0
0.49
0
0.39
0
0
0
0.63
0
0.50
0
0
0
0.82
0
0.72
0
0
0
1.16
0
1.09
0
0.05
0
1.44
0
1.34
0
0.23
0
1.66 0.22 1.57 0.19 0.38
0
1.85 0.45 1.76 0.38 0.70 0.08
2.00 0.70 1.93 0.60 1.24 0.30
2.15 0.97 2.10 0.84 1.98 0.66
2.29 1.28 2.23 1.06 3.24 1.20

, mxm0
t/a=0.5
mq1
t/a =0.25
mq2+qr
mQ2
mQ1
mQ2
mQ1
0.04
0
0.01
0
0
0
0.09
0
0.06
0
0
0
0.13
0
0.09
0
0
0
0.17
0
0.12
0
0
0
0.22
0
0.15
0
0
0
0.26
0
0.20
0
0
0
0.33
0
0.26
0
0.06
0
0.37
0
0.31
0
0.21
0
0.41
0.01
0.35
0.01
0.32
0
0.44
0.01
0.39
0.01
0.50
0.02
0.47
0.02
0.42
0.02
0.72
0.05
0.49
0.02
0.45
0.03
1.03
0.09
0.51
0.03
0.47
0.03
1.51
0.14

40

mxm0
mq1 mq2+qr
t/a=0.25
t/a=0.5
mQ1 mQ2 mQ1 mQ2
0.01
0
0.01
0
0
0
0.02
0
0.02
0
0
0
0.04
0
0.02
0
0
0
0.05
0
0.03
0
0
0
0.06
0
0.03
0
0
0
0.08
0
0.04
0
0
0
0.09
0
0.05
0
0
0.01
0.11
0
0.07
0
0
0.02
0.13
0
0.09
0
0
0.03
0.16
0
0.12
0
0
0.04
0.18 0.01 0.15
0
0
0.05
0.21 0.01 0.19 0.01
0
0.06
0.25 0.02 0.22 0.01
0
0.07

.
lx/a
0.125
0.25
0.375
0.5
0.625
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
1.75
2.0
2.25
2.5

, Myr0
t/a =0.25
t/a = 0.5
mq1 mq2+qr
mQ1 mQ2 mQ1 mQ2
0.10
0
0.06
0
0
0
0.18
0
0.10
0
0
0
0.23
0
0.12
0
0
0
0.26
0
0.14
0
0
0
0.29
0
0.16
0
0
0
0.30
0
0.18
0
0
0
0.36
0
0.22
0
0
0
0.45
0
0.31
0
0
0
0.54 0.01 0.42 0.02
0
0.04
0.66 0.03 0.55 0.03
0
0.06
0.78 0.05 0.69 0.06
0
0.08
0.91 0.08 0.84 0.09
0
0.10
1.04 0.10 0.90 0.11
0
0.15

, Mym0
t/a = 0.5
mq1 mq2+qr
t/a =0.25
mQ1 mQ2
mQ1 mQ2
0.05
0
0.01
0
0
0.07
0
0.03
0
0
0.08
0
0.04
0
0
0.09
0
0.05
0
0
0.10
0
0.05
0
0
0.10
0
0.06
0
0
0.12
0
0.08
0
0
0.01
0.14
0
0.12
0
0
0.02
0.18 0.01 0.17 0.01
0
0.03
0.25 0.03 0.22 0.03
0
0.04
0.32 0.05 0.29 0.04
0
0.05
0.40 0.08 0.36 0.06
0
0.06
0.50 0.12 0.43 0.08
0
0.07

41

 Ruesch
DIN1072. , . 3.2-3.5

2 , Q2 .
3.2 3.5 . (3.2)
1 :

:
Q1 = 600/4+(3x6x9)/4 = 190.5kN
Q2 = 400/4+(3x6x2.5)/4 = 122.5kN

( 1 4 , q1 = 9kN/m2 q2 =
2.5kN/m2 3x6m ).

:
q1 = 9kN/m2, q2+r = 2.5kN/m2

to = 0.4m t . (3.1)
3 , Q3 = 200kN.

lx
, 3 , ,
.
.


.
. , ,
.
, ,
( ),
,
,
.
(, , 2 lx
,
).

42

3.2.5 .

, Courbon
. /,
.
/
.

F = 1
.
F = 1, . (
)
. ,
,
. (


, ).
,

( )
(
).
H vo ov oo v o ov
ov, v o oo o (
"oo Courbon").
v oo v v o v vo o S oo,
vo o vo o oo F=1, o ooo y ov ov
o x o o ov, n o Fi
(i=1,...n), o ov oo o . o Fi
v ov o vo oo F=1, v:

43

Fi = 1

(3.4)

i =1
n

y i Fi = y F = y

(3.4)

i =1

o yi= oo i ov ov . ov oo v Fi, v
o x o o oo F=1 v o,
o , wi, v v ov v v Fi, v v
v yi ov ov (. o
o ov ov , v ):
wi=+yi

(3.5)

o o wi o o oo Fi, v:
Wi = Fi/Ji, . Fi =WiJi/

(3.6)

o Ji o v oo i =v, v oo (..
oo =(x2l/3E)(1-x/l)2). ov .(3.5) (3.6) o:
Fi = J i (

+ y ) = J i ( + y i )
i

(3.7)

vv . (3.4) (3.7) v (v) o:

n

i =1

i =1

( J i ) + ( y i J i ) = 1
n

i =1

i =1

( y i J i ) + ( y i2 J i ) = y

v ov y o ov ,
n

( y i J i ) = 0.
i=1

ov:

44

Ji
n

y i2 J i

Ji

i =1

i =1

,:

Fi = n

Ji

Ji

i =1

Ji yi
n

i =1

(3.8)

y i2 J i

.(3.8) v v vo o oo F=1 n oo. v

o o vo o S oo i oo, o, o
vvo o Fi (o v v y o oo F=1 ov ov
) o o vo o S F=1 x oo
i. .(3.8) :
i Fi y
F=1 . Fi ,
. 1, 2 3,
, , 1
Fi, ( i
), 2 ( ), ... Fi

( Q1 Q2 Q3 , m
q1, q2, q3 ...).
H
- .
,
.
:
i = 1,...n
. :

( )
,

, j =1,n
(

45


, j
F=1 ,
i ji. ..
i =1,
j=1, j=2, j=3, j=n, Fj
.
(..
, L )
: 1)
, i 2)
Fj , j=1, 2,.n.
1) 2)
V .
n
n .
,
. V ( )
.

V /. ,
, /
() .
,
. /
() ,
( )
() .

- ,
. , ,
( 3m),
.

46

 , .

5
L=40m, ,
, , ,
5x2.5=12.5m. 1m
,
10.5 m.
1. : ()
() V
, .

.
:
) F=1 .
a ()
, (i=1) y1=2a,
(i=2) y2=a, y3=0 : Ii=5I, Iiyi2=2x(22+12)a2=10a2 ,
F=1 y
:
(i=1): F1=1/5+(2a/10a2)y=1/5(1+y/a)
(i=2): F2=1/5+(a/10a2)y=1/5(1+y/2a)
(i=3) F3=1/5

10.5m
, y=10.5/2=5.25m y=-10.5/2=-5.25m.
y=6.25m y= -6.25m. Fi (. y 6.25m
6.25m) , :
F1: F1,max = 1/5(1+6.25/2.5)=0.7

F1,min = 1/5(1-6.25/2.5)=-0.3
( F1 y=-a,
).
F2: F2,max = 1/5(1+6.25/5)=0.45

F2, min = 1/5(1-6.25/5)=-0.05

47

( F2 y=-2a=-5m, .
)
F3: F3= =1/5.
3.0

1.0

2.5

3.0

1.0

3.0

2.5

2.5

2.5

0.25

0.25

0.7

0.3

-0.05
0.45

(i=1 2),
:
1 , y=5.25m y=5.25-3=2.25m,
2 y=2.25m y=2.25-3=-0.75m
3 ( ) y=-0.75m y =-0.75-3=-3.75m.

, y ( )
1 5.25-1.5m=3.75m, 1:

1 :

F1,1=1/5(1+3.75/2.5)=0.5
2 :

F2,1=1/5(1+3.75/5)=0.35
3 :

F3,1=1/5=0.2
( 4 5 F4,1=0.05 F5,1=-0.10,
, 2 1).

y 2 3.75-3=0.75m,
2:

1 :

F1,2= 1/5(1+0.75/2.5)=0.26
2 :

48

F2,2= 1/5(1+0.75/5)=0.23
3 :

F3,2=1/5=0.20

y 3 : 0.75-3=-2.25m, 3:

1 :

F1,3=1/5(1-2.25/2.5)=0.02
2 :

F2,3=1/5(1-2.25/5)=0.11
3 :

F3,3=1/5=0.20

y=6.25-0.5=5.75m, :

1 qr=2.5kN/m2 :

F1,=1/5(1+5.75/2.5)=0.66,
2: F2,=1/5(1+5.75/5)=0.43,
3: F3,=1/5.

Fi,j j (=1, 2, 3 )
i.
) .

1:
1 3 :
, :

0.5x600kN+0.26x400kN+0.02x200kN=408kN.
3m 3 F1
y=-2.5m, 2.5-0.75=1.75m 1.25m,
1 3
q3=2.5kN/m2 1 2
F1 , 1.75m. y=2.5+1.75/2=-1.625m F1 : F1 =1/5(1-1.625/2.5)=0.07.
:
:

0.5x9kN/m2x3m( 1)+0.26x2.5kN/m2x3m( 2)+0.07x2.5kN/m2

x1.75m( 3)+0.66x2.5kN/m2x1m( )=17.406kN/m.

49


, :
()

F1 ( y=-2.5m)
,

()

F1 ( y=-2.5m
y=-6.25m)
. 2.5kN/m2,
3 ( q3) , 3-1.75=1.25m,
y=-2.5m, 3
.

408kN 17.406kN/m
(). () :
:

0.3/2x2.5kN/m2x(6.25m-2.5m)=1.406kN/m.
2:

3 3x3=9m,
10.25-9=1.25m F2.
, qr=2.5kN/m2. y=-5.0+1.25/2=4.375m F2 : F2=1/5(1-4.375/5)=0.025.
2 3 qr=2.5kN/m2 1.25m:
:

0.35x9kN/m2x3m( 1)+0.23x2.5kNm2x3m( 2)+0.11x2.5kN/m2x3m( 3)

+0.025x2.5kN/m2x1.25m()+0.43x2.5kN/m2x1m(. )=13.153kN/m
, :

0.35x600kN+0.23x400kN+0.11x200kN=324kN
1, ()
F2 .
F2 (
()), 1.25m
. :
:

0.05/2x2.5kN/m2x1.25m=0.078kN/m.
3:

50

 3 3 . (10.5-3x3=1.5m)
qr=2.5kN/m2, F3 0.2.
3 :
:

0.2[(9+2.5x2)x3+3.5x2.5]=10.15kN/m
, :

0.2x(600+400+200)=240kN.
) .
x
x(1-x/L),

.

(x=L/2=20m)
1:

maxM1,L/2=408x40/4+17.406x402/8=7561.2kNm
2 :

maxM2,L/2=324x40/4+13.153x402/8=5870.6kNm
3 :

maxM3,L/2=240x40/4+9.15x402/8=4230kNm

L/4:
1:

maxM1,L/4=3x408x40/16+3x17.406x402/32=5670.9kNm
2 :

maxM2,L/4=3x324x40/16+3x13.153x402/32=4403kNm
3 :

maxM3,L/4=3x240x40/16+3x9.15x402/32=3172.5kNm
) V :
V x
0 -x/L x,
, 1-x/L x 0
. V

51

 Fi
( () ), x,

Fi ( ()).

(x=0) , 1.0 x=0:

1:

maxV1,0 =408+0.5x17.406x40=756.12kN
2 :

maxV2,0 = 324+0.5x13.153x40= 587.06kN

3 :

maxV2,0 =240+0.5x9.15x40=423kN

x= L/4 1x/L=0.75 x=L/4, , x/L=-0.25 .

1 :
:

maxV1,L/4+=408x0.75+0.75x17.406x30/2=501.82kN
:

maxV1,L/4-=0.25x1.406x10/2=1.8kN
: maxV1,L/4=501.82+1.8=503.62kN
2:
:

maxV2, L/4+=324x0.75+0.75x13.153x30/2=390.97kN
:

maxV1,L/4-=0.25x0.078x10/2=0.1kN
: maxV1,L/4=390.97+0.1=391.07kN
3:

maxV3,L/4=240x0.75+0.75x9.15x30/2=282.94kN

52

 3.4: ( )
3.3

3.3.1

() ( v
),
,

, .

,

. ,
()
,
,
, cm.
,
.
,
. ,
,

53

E 3.4 3.7.
() .
.
, .
,
. ()
.
( )
: , ,
, ,
..
()
,
, ,
.
(3.4 3.7).
, ,
. m2
,
, .
,
. (
-,
, ).
, ( m2
),

.
,
, , :
, , ..
,
.

54

3.3.2

, , :

, .

(,
, , .).

:
.

( 40%
)

(
).

-/ ,
,
.

(, ..
).

( ) .

( )
.

3.3.3 .

.
, ( 15 )

. ,

55

 () .
,
( ) .
100 150 mm,

.
() 150
350mm, ( VRd2
),

. , ()
,
.
( ,
)
, .
300mm 30% h .
( /
),
.
()
.
50% h .
, 5 7m, 0.25
0.5m. ,
.
, .
(.
) 15m , 20m .
15 20m, ,
. 20 25m
. 30
35m. ,
( ) ( ).
56

 ,
.
()
. ,

.
h 1/15 1/20 L,
, 1/20 1/30 L .
250 700mm 350 750mm .
700mm
1m. h 1m , 1.2m
.
3.3.4 .

() ,

.
.

, .

. ,
. ,
, ,
,
. , ,
.

Ruesch (Ruesch: ,
. . , , Ruesch:
, . . , ).
.
Ruesch DIN1072(67),

57

 82.
.
Ruesch ,
, ( ).
( ), .
o , ly/lx,
, , .
.(3.2).
mQ1, 1, mq2
1 mq2+qr , lx/a
t/a (. . 3.2-3.5). L, p p
. mq2 , mQ1
( L 24t 60t) L L
Ruesch 3t 16t. ( L
L 24t 60t, mQ1 mQ2
L L 6t 16t).
mq1 mq2+qr p, p 3t 16t,
.(3.2)
Q2=0 mQ1, mq1 mq2+qr ( L, p,
p ) 24t 60t.
1
. 3.2.4 lx/a<4.
lx/a 4,
.
Ruesch ,
mxm, mym ,
mxr ( mxr > mxm myr =0).
mxe (<0, )
.

(
).
Ruesch L L 3t 16t,
mq2 . t/a,
58

 . ,
, . .
.
:

( ),
.

( )

C , ,
( ).

D .

( ).

B, D E, x, My
Mxy x (= ) y (= ),
A C Mu uv u (=
) v (= ) - Mv=0.
MI>0
MII <0 . Mx, My, Mxy, Mu, Muv
MI MII, Mohr.
MI
MII.
, 90 (.
).
, (. .
3.9).
( )
( ).
.

.
( b l)
(>25 )
. A, b>0.5l (>25
), ,

59

 . (b> 0.5 l)
(<25 ), - ,
.
() .
(.. 45 ) b
() l :
, .
, I :
MI ( )
.
() .
,
, , , m
C.
D , , ,
.

( ).
(.
) ,
. 20%
, 60% 20% 2/5
30% .


/
() . ,
,
(.. 6-),
( ),

, .

, m .
60

 .

, (,
) .

0.3 MPa.
. ,
( ) ,
, .

(, , )
, MI, MII, .

( 90)
MI, MII :

1
sin

M I sin 2 M II cos 2 k M I sin sin M II cos cos

(3.9)

2
2
M I sin M II cos M I sin sin M II cos cos
k

sin
1

(3.9b)

.
.(3.9 ), (3.9b) ,
, .
,
. , .
k
.

: 0 0, 0, 0
k=1: 0 0, k=1 .(3.9a), (3.9b),
.

61

0, 0 k=1 (
), ,
0 k
.
.

k=1 0 0, 0
k .
, .
,
( ).

, , , ,
Ruesch .
Ruesch
.
(
). , ,
, .
,

.
. , ,

- (.
Mxy).
.
,
( ) ,
()
.
,
,
.

62

 ,
.
, , (45 )
(4 8
), 2 4
( , ). ,

( /h
).
.
( ).

.
, Ruesch.
,
.
(
).
. ,

( 1.5 2 ),

. -
,
,
,
,
.

: () ( m2 ) ,
m , ,
()
.
,
63

.
,
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,
: )

)
,
, .
3.4
() .
3.4.1

, ,
( )
.

,

.
,
.

.
25 30m , : )
,
/
, ) ( )
( ).
.

.

64

 ,
(30m ).

(. 3.7).
,
. ,

,
3.4.

3.5: (, ).

, , ,
,
.

65

 3.6: -
(, ).
. ,

, ,
--
15% 20% , ( 15% 20%)
. ,
. ,
, , .

66

 . -
()
,

.
,
,
.

3.7: (, ).
15% 20% 15% 20%
, /
15% 20% .
,
/ -
-
.
67

 , .

,
() .
,

, /

.

3.8: (,
).
3.4.2

(
) :

,
.

. ,
,
.

( ,
).
().

68

,
, ( )
.

,
(
).
:

( )
.

.
,
,
,
.

, , , ,
.

(
).

() .
:

( /
).

W,
,
( ,
).
()
69

 ,
(
, y1, y2, )
1
. 1/3 ( ),
0.35 0.4 ( ), 0.5 2/3
.
.

,
(
) ,
( ,
, Mg, 4-
, Mq).

( )
,
/
.

.

,


.

( ,
).
, :

(
,
) :
70

 /, (
, ).

.

:

, - -
.
3.4.3 .

1/20 1/30 L,
.
L/20, .

,
,
.
() .
( )
.
,
,
, ,
/ .
.
,

. ,

( ) .
71


,
.
, 200 250mm
. 300 350mm
.
, 0.5m
.
( ) 150mm,
200 350mm. ,
(
, , ).

. 200 300mm,
,
.
( 10 m ). ,
,
. ,
,
, Mq/Mg, .

,
.


. ,
,
, .
,
,
, .

,
72

.
()
.
, ,
.
350 500mm ()
1 m x1m.

,

() .
,
, ,
,
.


. ,
() ,

.
3.4.4

( )
.
(.
) , 2
, bt .
, .
( ) ( , ,
/
, ..).
, . , ...

73

 () ,
( ) .
.

, .
.

,
(
).
, ( .
).


,
.
.

(. mx my)

.

,
.
, ,
. , ,

( ),

.
(, ,

)
Ruesch .
74

, - 3.5,
3.3 (
) 3.4 ( ), (
, )
:
=

(3.10)

h
2 b w
h
w bb
1 t w
h
wbt
1 b w
w bb

.(3.10) It, Ib Iw ,
,
1m (.
3 12), bt bb
hw ( ) ( bb, bt hw
).
bt It
(1-2) , It, .(3.10) It/(1-(1It/It)) It.
=0 ,
=1 .
( )
:

, ,

, (1-) ,
( )
. ,
, .

75

 ,

( St.Venant).
: ,
, .
, GC, 10%
, .
,
. ,
.
, .
, V,
, ... ( ,
).
, ,
( ) ..
.
(.. 30),

.
,
.
, :.

,
, .
(
)
, , f .

,
, .
,

76

 .


. ,
n ( ,
, 80%
).
15% 1
, , .
15% 1 15% 2 ,
( 1 )

, . ()
15% .
( ).
, . 15% 2
15% 3 ,

, ...

.
() .
, ( )
,
,
. , 1
()
,
,
, 1 .
, 1 ,
( 1
2) ( ) 1 ,
.
77

 ( )
.
, ,
, ( )

.
: )
,
, )
. )
, )
. , ,

, .
:
15% 15%
.
, t
,
( ) Mc
.
Mt = Mo+(1-)Mc

(3.11)

t t
( , t ) to
( ). ..
Dischinger:
= exp(-(t-))

(3.12a)

Trost:
= 1-

t
1 ( t - )

(3.12b)

78

 to .
t,
to, , .
,
0.7 0.75. , to ,
, t ( ) 0

.

. (

,
to ).
.
,
, (
1) .
(. ,
, ..).
.
,
,
40% . .
,
30-40%
,
,
, .
,

, .

:

79

 ,
, .., .

, : )
, , 1
. )

. ) 1, 2 3
,
. .., 2

1 (. ), 3 1
, 1.
15%

( ),

, ( ).

,
, . ,

, ,
. ,
,
.

, ,
, ,
(
).
,
.
. ,
80

 ,
.

. ,
, ,
.

( ),
, ,
,
( ).
, ,
, . ,
. ( )
,
.
( ),
, .
.
, .
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
.
, (
)
, (

).
3.5

3.5.1 .

81


(. 60m),
,
.
(), 3 5m ,
( 1 )
.
. ,

.
, ,
, ,
( ).
.
,

-
(.. 4
) , ,
.

, .
,
( )
.
.
()


.
,

.

82

 3.9: .
: Ganther,
: Raftsundet, ( 298m, 2 , 1998)
: Taluebergang Lavant, .
M ()
. ,
( ) 60% ( ) .
,
() (1) .
,
.
,
,
,
, .

.
.

.
(
).

83



.
(
, ,
). extradosed ,
,
(extra) (dos = ). ,
, ,
,
. ,
.

3.10: Suehiro, (extradosed)

,
(
3.2, 3.3, 3.4 3.7).
(150 300m),
.
,
, .

, .
,
84

 . ,
, ()
. ,

50% ,
.

.
,
, 3 .

3.11: (,
)
- 3 5m

1 ( ).
5m 6m ,
( ). :

1 ,

85

 ,

.

3 , ,
,
.

1 .

2 ( )
.

86

 3.12: - : 234m ()
, ( )

( : 25a).
(7 10m)
, .

.

3.5.2 .

60m.

,
.

87

 3.13: - (,
)
:

,
,
.

( ).

,
.

,
.

. ( ,

).

88

,
.

, ,
.

3.5.3 , , .

1/35 1/50
. ,
, .
, , ,
.
, 0.5m.
,
0.6fck
, 1m.
:

89

 3.14: , (,
)

.


.
( ,
). ,
( )
.
(.
, ).

( , )
, .
, .., 2n (n ),
2 4 () 2 ,
2 4
, ..., 2 4
.
L
,
/L, .
(
,
).

,
.
( )
.
90

 .
.


( ,
,
, . . 3.4.4 .(3.11),(3.12)).
,
,
. ,
,
, ./L, .


. , (
), . ,
( )
1.5 2 () .

, ( ).
, , .
,
. (
),
.
,
. , ,
.
,
(
)
,

.
91

 ( )
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.

.
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)
.
.
,
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,
.

,

.
,
( ),
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.
,
,

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,
.

,
,
, , :

,
,
.
92

 . ,

.

,
. (3.11), (3.12),
. ,

.
,

,
.
1.35.
( ,
1.35G+1.35Q ,
pd = fpd/Es)
, MRd,
. , Mpd,
,
, Mp, ( Md
p). p 1.1
Md
( ), 0.9 .


3.4.3.
.
(3.11), (3.12).
, ,
( 1 ).

,
.
( ,
).
93


(
)
( ),
( )
(..
), .
, ,

3.4.3 ,
.

: ,
.
.
3.6
.
3.6.1

() (. 3.15),
(. 3.16),
.

94

 3.15: T

, .
.

( ), ,

.

3.16: T .

95

 3.17: 2nd Severn Bridge,

Dumez-GTM

. ,
.

(
).


.
,
. , U,

.

.
.
( ..), 1.8 8m.
,
( , )
( ,

96

 ) .
,
.
(
)
1.6
,
.
(. . 3.15).
,
( ).
,
,
,
3 .

, .
, 1 .


,
(
).


, W, , F = W/sin
a
, .

, extradosed (.
3.5.1)
. ,
G Q, , ,
, ,
97

 , 0.5 1Pa.
,
.

,
.
:

.

, ,
.
,
.
.

,
(, , ), 200
300mm. ,
(shear keys, : )
(match casting).
.
.

3.18: 2nd Severn Crossing (, Dumez-GTM)

98

3.6.2

, :

,

.

:
- , ,
, ..
:

(
).
.

( , , .)

,
.

(
).

(, , .)

(blisters)
.
3.7
.
3.7.1 .

99

, .

.
(
).
: 15 20m
30 70 80m .
120 180m,
/ .

,

. ,
(
/).
10 30m .

: ,
.
,
L/4, .
.
, L/2 ( L= ). L
( 30m), .
15% ,
.
30m
1 . (.. 2 3
), (.. 200 300mm).
.
PTFE (Teflon) .

0.01 0.03. 0.03
0.04
100

 (.. =0.05).

3.19: . (, ).


. ,

101

 .
.

(. PTFE , =0.030.04 : 0.01
0.03).
(.. 0.7) .
-
-
PTFE

PTFE
.

,
,
.

,
PTFE
.
: ) , )
, )
, /
.

. tan
PTFE 3-4%,
.
W
, Wsin, W .
tan 7%.

102

 . .., g m
, gL2/24

gL2/12

g L/2 gL/2.
, ,
x ~ 0.4L gL2/12.5
gx2/2 = gL2/12.5 . ,
L gL2/2
gL, gL2/24.
,
() .
,
, , ,
.

,
, .
, . .
,
(blisters) .
. ,
,
: ,
( ).
/ ,
,
.

,
, .
( )
.
, . .
, . , :
, .
103

 ,
.

,

. 60% 80% L m
(.. 10%) .

.
, . ,
L m g,
:
minM = [- +(1-)(1-)2]gL2/2

(3.13)

,
: maxM = gL2/24

,
,
. 1/15
L.
3.7.2

, . ,

,
.

,
.

104

 ( , ...).

( - )
.

3.20: ,
. : .
:
.

, .

,

.

105

( ,
).

106

 4:

4.1

,
, -
.

,
, .
,
,
.
,
.

: , ,
.
: )
, ()
, ) ,
, ,
,
(
). ,
,
. /
.
- 0.3 :1 1:0.3
.
.

107

() , ( )
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.

4.1: , (, ).
4.2

, , .
: ) , )
, ,


, .

108

,

.

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, .
.

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.
- ,
, () .
.
. ,

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,
).
,
,
.

.

( )
, , .
, (
), ,
, ,
, ,

109

 . ( )

( ) , (,
., ).
, (q =1)
()
, () .

.
() ,
, () .

,
, .

(.. 40%) :
dT,c=dT+dg,c+0.4dE

(4.1)

() , , dT,
, dg,c,
-
, g.
, dE ,
q.
()
, dE,
, dsh,:
dE,sh= dE - dsh,

(4.2)

110


, .

.(4.2) .(4.1).
- 4.2.
,
, , ,
.
,

. (
stoppers
, stopper
),

.
, (
)
,
.

.(4.1)

.
() cm stoppers
( )
. ,
, .
,

. , stoppers (
)
. , stoppers
, ,
111

 .
, .

. ,
.
,
, .
.(4.1)
, ,
.
(
) ,
.

4.2: Stoppers () () () ()
(, )
, .
112

 . (4.2)
,

: ,

(.. stoppers
),
. , ,

,


,
.
4.3
4.3.1 .

. ()
.
,
.
(


). (
)
.
,
(.. ,
, ...),
(, ),

113

 . (..
,
) ,

, . ,
,
, (
, . , ).


. ,

: ,
(. ),
, (
). ,

, . ,
,
.

, .
, ,
, c, ,
k=/Acfck, .
4.3.2 - .

.
(. )
(
). , ,

114

 , , () .
, .

:
-,
.
,
, :
:

,
. (
, ).

,
,
. ,
(
).
,
.
:

, ,
.
,

.

-
(
, .).
,

.
115

.
,

.
,
stoppers ,
(
q=3.5), (q=1). (
).
( )
, .
(
). (
),
,
. ,
. ,

.
, , :

,
() .

, .

,
.
:

,
,
,
.
116

(

, ...)

. , (pot bearings),
:

,
.

,
, .
:

( ).

-
.
-
.
:

Kel=GA/h, (.
.(2.1)) , h ,
: ..
,
(
).
:

,
(
,
stoppers
, .).

,
117

 (. . 2.4.2, .(2.2), (2.3)).

(q=1).
( PTFE, . Teflon, )

, :

,
.
( ),

- - ,

( ).
stoppers
. stoppers .(4.2) ,

, .(4.1).
stoppers, .(4.1) ,

.
.(4.2) stopper ,
q1 (

q=3.5)

- .
. ,
, .
stopper
,

stopper. , ,
(
), - . -
.
4.3.3

()
118

.
:
,
.

4.3: , (, ).

( ,
),

. (
/4 1 m , sw/s,
.
,
).

119

, ,
, .
, , ,

.

.
, , .

(. ...)
.

,
2:1 1.5:1 ( 1.75:1)
. ,

.
.


, .
, ... ,
.
,
.
, (
), ( ) ( )
.
.
( )
, ( ).
()
( ).
,
= Asw/Rs (
120

 )
. (
), .
,

, c,
, . 0.35%. .
,
.
, ( ,
...)
( 200mm). ,
( ).

4.4: (, ).

121

 4.5: (, ).
4.4

(. q1,
q=3.5)
.
, ()
,
. ,
.

.
:
1.

,
Rd MRd, :
Rd = , 1.4 39/99 ,

(0.7+0.2q)(1+2( 0.1)2) 8 ( Rd =1.4 q = 3.5 k

= N/Acfck 0.1)
MRd = ,

(G+2Q+E)
( ).
2.

122

 = Rd MRd g+2q

(4.3)

, ...,
. , :

VE =

(4.4)

. ,
= 0.
3.

, VCD, VE
G+2 Q.

4.

:
Rd MRd (= + g+2q ) ( ).
MRd ( Rd )
.

5.

(
), :

xpl =

( Rd 1)M Rd
VE Vg 2 q

(4.5)

. MRd
( , ...).
6.

stoppers
,
VCD = VE+Vg+2q 3.

7.

(4.6)

VE , ,

123

.
, .
. .., stoppers

, ,
,
,
G+2Q.

124

(11 ) 60+110+60+35m.
60+110+60m
6.5 3.0m 15.5m,
5m, 1 2.
35m
3.0m 15.5m ( ),
. 3
. 1 2, 41.8m 46.5m,
: ()
3.5x7.3m 0.74m () 1.2x7.3 m
( ).

:
60+110+60m ( 1 3)

5576076kg 35m ( 3 2) 801930kg.

C35/45, : 2500kg/m3.
, , , ..: 5000kg/ m (

2 0.7kN/m , , .. Jersey,

125

7.5kN/m , 1.25m 0.2m

100mm 50mm, 50mm
20kN/m3).
:

q=1.5 ( ),
-.
2 ( ) = 0.
:

T
0 T TB : S a,d T a g 1
T
B

TB T TC : S a,d T a g

TC T TD : S a,d T

TD T :

S a,d T

2.5

1 ,
q

2.5
,
q

2.5 TC
= a g
q T

0.2a
g

2.5 TC TD
= a g

q T2

0.2a
g

ag = 0.24g ( 10%
50 , . 475 ), TB = 0.2sec, TC = 0.6sec, TD = 3sec
q .
:

1 2

, .
,
.
:
() ,

.
() , ,
, ,
, 50% .
() ,

126

 .
() , ()ef,
50% , ()c.
() .
() Sd(T) :
T
S d (T ) S a,e (T )
2

, Sa,e(T), Sa,d(T) q =1, T

>TB Sa,e(T)=qSa,d(T).
() T 8- 2

, tc:
tc 5 ,
p tc
:
trc = tc /p,
p 0.05 (5%), : trc =20tc. H
trc
475 (
10% 50 ):
gc = g (trc /475)k,
k ,
2 8 0.3 0.4. k
0.2.
:
.

,
:
1. (): =2x0.74x(3.5+7.3-2x0.74)=13.794m2
(): A=2x1.2x7.3m=17.52m2
2. 1 1
110m:
-

(): V=13.794x41.8/2=288.3m3, =2500x288.3=720750kg.

(): V=17.52x41.8/2=366.17m3, =2500x366.17=915425kg.

127

 :
-

(): 5576076/2()+720750(1)=3508788kg.

(): 5576076/2()+915425(1)=3703463kg.

3. 2 110m
3:
-

(): V=13.794x46.5/2=320.71m3, =2500x320.71=801775kg.

(): V=17.52x46.5/2=407.34m3, =2500x407.34=1018350kg.

:
-

(): 5576076/2()+801775(2)=3589813kg.

(): 5576076/2()+1018350(2)=3806388kg.

4. :
( , , ..):
5576076(1-3)+801930(3-2)+(220+35)x5000(, ...)=7653006kg.
50% 1 2:
-

(): 720750(1)+801775(2)=1522525kg.

(): 915425(1)+1018350(2)=1933775kg.

:
-

(): =7653006()+1522525(1&2)=9175531kg.

(): =7653006()+1933775(1&2)=9586781kg.

. 1, 2:
1. (L)
i. , :
:
KL=12(EI)ef,L/H3, ()ef,L=0.5(EI)c,L, (EI)c
.
() : Ic=3.53x7.3/12-(3.5-2x0.74)3x(7.3-2x0.74)/12=22.085m4
KL1 ( M1 1=41.8m): 12x0.5x34000000x22.085/41.83=61688kN/m
KL2 ( M2 2=46.5m): 61688x(41.8/46.5)3=44810kN/m
KL(M1&M2)=61688+44810=106498kN/m

() : : Ic=2x1.23x7.3/12=2.102m4
KL1 ( M1): 61688x2.102/22.085=5872kN/m
KL2 ( M2): 44810x2.102/22.085=4265kN/m
KL (M1&M2)=5872+4265=10137kN/m

128

ii. , 1-2
1 3:
() :
, L=3(EI)ef,L/H3
KL 25% KL
(i):
KL1=61688/4=15422kN/m
KL2=44810/4=11202kN/m
KL=106498/4=26624kN/m

() :
(6.2m)

,
.
i():
KL1=KL1=5872kN/m
KL2=KL2=4265kN/m
KL (M1&M2)=5872+4265=10137kN/m

2. (T):
, ,
: KT=3EIef,T/H3, ()ef,T=0.5(EI)c,T
() : Ic=3.5x7.33/12-(3.5-2x0.74)x(7.3-2x0.74)3/12=80.279m4
KT1 ( M1)= 3x0.5x34000000x80.279/41.83=56058kN/m
KT2 ( M2)= 56058x(41.8/46.5)3=40720kN/m
KT (M1&M2)= 56058+40720=96778kN/m

() : Ic=2x7.33x1.2/12=77.803m4
KT1 ( M1)= 56058x(77.803/80.279)=54329kN/m
KT2 ( M2)= 40720x(77803/80279=39464kN/m
KT (M1 & M2)= 54329+39464=93793kN/m.

III. q.
,
q=3.5, 1 ( ) s=Ls/h3 k0.3:
() : 1 : Ls/h=(41.8/2)/3.5=11.9.

129

 1 , :
Ls/h=41.8/7.3=5.73.
, , , ..
1 :
=0.00981x(3508788(+50%1)+720750(50%1)+115x5000(,
.))=47133kN.
k=47133/(13.794x35000)=0.098
() : 1: Ls/h=(41.8/2)/1.2=17.4.
: Ls/h=41.8/7.3=5.73.
=0.00981x(3703463(+50%1)+915425(50%1)+115x5000(,
..))=50952kN.
k=50952/(17.52x35000)=0.083.
q=3.5 .
IV. .
1 5m,
,
1 2 ( 4 ), : 60/5=12 . 23% , 25%
.
tc=20x0.25=5 , gc=g(5/475)0.2=0.4g.
V. .
1. (L)
i. .
() :
TL 2

9175531
1.84 sec
106498000

:
Sa,L=2.5g(c/T)/q=2.5g(0.6/1.84)/3.5=0.233g>0.2g.
=
2

T
1.84
q S a ,L 3.5
x 0.233x 0.24 x 9.81 0.165m
2
2

:
VL=0.233x0.24x0.00981x9125531=5006kN.
1: VL1=VLKL1/KL=5006x61688/106498=2900kN.

130

 , 1: ML1=2900x41.8/2=60610kNm
2: VL2=VLKL2/KL=5006x44810/106498=2106kN.
2: 2106x46.5/2=48965kNm
() :
TL 2

9586781
6.11sec!
10137000

:
Sa,L=2.5g(TCTD/T2)/q=2.5gx(0.6x3)/(6.11)2/3.5=0.034g, < 0.2g. :
Sa,L=0.2g.
:
2

6.11
T
Sd,L= q
x0.034 x0.24 x9.81 0.268m
S a , L 3.5 x
2
2

:
VL=0.2x0.24x0.00981x9586781=4514kN.
1: VL1=VLKL1/KL=5872/10137x4514=2615kN.
, 1: ML1=2615x41.8/2=54653kNm
2: VL2=VLKL2/KL=4514x4265/10137=1899kN.
2: 1899x46.5/2=44152kNm.
ii. (gc=0.4g, q=1.5).
() :
M1: TL1 2

3508788
3 sec
15422000

Sa,L1=2.5gc(0.6/3)/1.5=0.333gc>0.2gc.
:
VL1=0.333x0.4x0.24x0.00981x3508788=1100kN.
, 1: 1100x41.8=45980kNm.
M2: TL 2 2

3589813
3.56 sec
11202000

Sa,L2=2.5gc(0.6x3/3.562)/1.5=0.237gc>0.2gc.
: VL2=0.237x0.4x0.24x0.00981x3589813=801kN.
, 2: 801x46.5=37246kNm.
() :

131

M1: TL1 2

3703463
4.99 sec
5872000

Sa,L1=2.5gc(0.6x3/4.992)/1.5=0.12gc, >0.2gc. Sa,L1=0.2gc

: VL1=0.2x0.4x0.24x0.00981x3703463=698kN.
, 1: ML1= 698x41.8/2=14579kNm.
M2: TL 2 2

3806388
5.94 sec
4265000

Sa,L2=2.5gc(0.6x3/5.942)/1.5=0.085gc, >0.2gc. Sa,L2=0.2gc

: VL2=0.2x0.4x0.24x0.00981x3806388=717kN.
, 2: L2= 717x46.5/2=16669kNm.
2. ()
i. :
() :
TT 2

9125531
1.93 sec
96778000

Sa=2.5g(0.6/1.93)/3.5=0.222g>0.2g.
2

T
1.93
SdT= q T SaT 3.5x
x 0.222 x 0.24x9.81 0.173m
2
2

: VT=0.222x0.24x0.00981x9125531=4770kN.
1: VT1=VTKT1/KT=4770x56058/96778=2763kN.
1: MT1=2763x41.8=115493kNm
2: VT2=4770-2763=2007kN.
2: MT2=2007x46.5=93326kNm.
() :
TT 2

9586781
2.01sec
93793000

Sa=2.5g(0.6/2.01)/3.5=0.213g>0.2g.
2

T
2.01
SdT= q T SaT 3.5x
x 0.213x 0.24x 9.81 0.18m
2
2

: VT=0.213x0.24x0.00981x9586781=4808kN.
1: VT1=4808x54329/93793=2785kN.
1: MT1=2785x41.8=116413kNm
2: VT2=4808-2785=2023kN.

132

 2: MT2=2023x46.5=94070kNm.
ii. :
() :
1: TT1 2

3508788
1.57 sec
56058000

Sa1=2.5g(0.6/1.57)/1.5=0.637gc>0.2gc.
VT1=0.637x0.4x0.24x0.00981x3508788=2105kN.
1: 1=2105x41.8=87986kNm.
3589813
1.87 sec
40720000

M2: TT 2 2

Sa2=2.5gc(0.6/1.87)/1.5=0.535gc>0.2gc.
: VT2=0.535x0.4x0.24x0.00981x3589813=1809kN.
2: MT2=1809x46.5=84118kNm.
() :
M1: TT1 2

3703463
1.64 sec
54329000

SaT1=2.5gc(0.6/1.64)/1.5=0.61gc >0.2gc.
: V1=0.61x0.4x0.24x0.00981x3703463=2128kN.
1: MT1=2128x41.8=88950kNm.
M2: TT 2 2

3806388
1.95 sec
39464000

Sa2=2.5gc(0.6/1.95)/1.5=0.513gc >0.2gc.
: V2=0.513x0.4x0.24x0.00981x3806388=1839kN.
2: MT2=1839x46.5=85514kN.

(L)

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

Sd (m)

0.165

0.268

0.173

0.18

V1 (kN)

2900

2615

1100

698

2763

2785

2105

2128

M1 (kNm)

60610

54653

45980

14579

115493

116413

87986

88950

133

V2 (kN)

2106

1899

801

717

2007

2023

1809

1839

M2 (kNm)

48965

44152

37246

16669

93326

94070

84118

85514

:
. , ()
, ,
() .
, ()
0.2g
.
. , q
(q=3.5) (q=1.5),
.
,
,
.

1, 2
,
. ,
,
, ,
, .
,
.
.
:

,
: Ib,ef,154.4m4.
,

134

 ( ):
Ib,ef,82.45m4.
,

:
KL

k E

12E c I c,ef 6k E 1

,
H 3c 6k E 4

I b,ef ,E H c
I c,ef ,E L b

:
1 2,
c b ,
Lb
1-1 2-3, Lb=230/2=115m,
Ic,ef,E ,
50% ,
Ib,ef,E ,
Ib,ef,E=82.45m4 ,
,
.
:
b,E=(3kE+1)/(6kE+1)VEHc,
Mt,E=3kE/(6kE+1)VEHc,
:
VE
kE .
, sh,
, c,
, 1, 2, Mb,
, Mt, :
M b 3 T

E Ic Lb k 1
,
Hc Hc k g 2

M t 3 T

E I b,ef ,

135

Hc

1
k 2

I b,ef , H c
,
Ic Lb

T T T c,min ,

T T T sh , c, ,

T ,

, =Ec/(1+),
,

c,min
+,

c,min=c,gm/Ec, c,gm
,

c, , c,=cg,m/Ec,

,

H c=44.15m 1, 2,

Ic ,

Ib,ef, ,
Ib,ef,=154.4m4,

Lb=115m.

,
T+, -, 2,=0.5.
=1x10-5/Co, T+=+30oC, T-=-20oC ( ), =0.5
(
), =1.5, c,gm=0.2fck, sh,=1.5x10-4 ( ,
).
:
. :
(): Ic,ef,E=0.5x22.085=11.0425m4 (. . Ic).
M1: kE1=(82.45/11.0425)x(41.8/115)=2.714
KL1=(12x34000000x11.0425/41.83)x(6x2.714+1)/(6x2.714+4)=61688x0.8521=
52564kN/m.

136

 1 KL1

.
2: kE2=(82.45/11.0425)x(46.5/115)=3.019
KL2=(12x34000000x11.0425/46.53)x(6x3.019+1)/(6x3.019+4)=44810x0.8643=
38731kN/m
KL=KL1+KL2=91295kN/m.
(): Ic,ef,E=0.5x2.102=1.051m4
M1: kE1=(82.45/1.051)x(41.8/115)=28.515
KL1=(12x34000000x1.051/41.83)x(6x28.515+1)/(6x28.515+4)=5872x0.9829=5771kN/m.
2: kE2=(82.45/1.051)x(46.5/115)=31.721
KL2=(12x34000000x1.051/46.53)x(6x31.721+1)/(6x31.721+4)=4265x0.9846=4199kN/m
KL=KL1+KL2=9970kN/m.
()
91295/106498=0.857 ,
()
9970/10137=0.9835 ( ).
.
.
.
Tc<T<TD,
T>TD.
Tc<T<TD, >TD. ,

: 0.857 (), 0.9835
().
(): T=1.84/ 0.857 =1.99sec<TD
Sa,L=0.233g 0.857 =0.216g>0.2g
VL=5006 0.857 =4634kN
VL1=(5771/9970)x4634=2682kN
VL2=4634-2682=1952kN
ML1,b=(VL1Hc)(3kE1+1)/(6kE1+1)=2682x41.8x(3x2.714+1)/(6x2.714+1)=59314kNm
ML1,t=(VL1Hc)(3kE1)/(6kE1+1)=2682x41.8x3x2.714/(6x2.714+1)=52810kNm

137

ML2,b=1952x46.5x(3x3.019+1)/(6x3.019+1)=47758kNm
ML2,t=1952x46.5x(3x3.019)/(6x3.019+1)=43010kNm
Sd,L=0.165/ 0.857 =0.178m ( Tc<T<TD).
(): T=6.11/ 0.9835 =6.16sec>TD
Sa,L=0.034gx0.9835=0.0335g<<0.2g
,
,
0.2g.
Sd,L=0.268m, .
.
():
k=(154.4/22.085)x(44.15/115)=2.684
T+=10-5x30-0.5x0.2x35/340002x10-4
T-=10-5x(-20)-1.5x0.2x35/34000-1.5x10-4=-6.5x10-4.
T-.
Mb=3x6.5x10-4x(34000000/1.5)(22.085/44.15)(115/44.15)(2.684+1)/(2.684+2)
=45300kNm
Mt=-3x6.5x10-4x(34000000/1.5)(154.4/44.15)/(2.684+2)=-33000kNm
V=(Mb-Mt)/ H c=(45300+33000)/44.15=1773kN.
30% .
, ,
. ,

,
.
():
k=(154.4/2.102)x(44.15/115)=28.2
Mb=3x6.5x10-4x(34000000/1.5)(2.102/44.15)(115/44.15)(28.2+1)/(28.2+2)=5300kNm
Mt=-3x6.5x10-4x(34000000/1.5)(154.4/44.15)/(28.2+2)=-5115kNm
V=(5300+5115)/44.15=236kN.
,
, (
), .

138

IV. .
, ...
, :
1 : l1+=(60+110/2)x2x10-4=0.023m
l1-=(60+110/2)x(-6.5)x10-4=-0.075m
2 : l2+=(110/2+60+35)x2x10-4=0.03m
l2-=(110/2+60+35)x(-6.5)x10-4=-0.098m
1, 2
()
( A b =10.517m2),
:
=V/ A bE=1773x1.5/(10.517x34000000)=7.5x10-6,
( 55m) 0.0004m,
(0.098m 0.075m, 2 1,
).
().
V. .
, 0.023m
1 0.03m 2. ,

( ).

0.178m (), 0.268m ().
, 2=0.5,
:

l1+ 115x(2x10-4-0.5x30x10-5)=0.006m,
l1- 115x(-6.5+0.5x20x10-5)=-0.063m,
l2+ 150x(2x10-4-0.5x30x10-5)=0.0081m
l2- 150x(-6.5+0.5x20x10-5)=-0.082m.
0.05m ,
l1+=0.023m l2+=0.03m
.

():

139

 () 0.05m 1
, T+,
(0.05-0.006)=0.044m, 0.044/0.178=24.7%
, ,
-, 0.05+0.063=0.113m, . 0.113/0.178=63.5%
. 0.05m 2
, T+, (0.050.008)=0.042m, 0.042/0.178=23.6% ,
T-, (0.05+0.082)=0.132m,
0.132/0.178=74.2% .
,


(). q=3.5, ( )
1/3.5=28.6% .

0.05m,


. (
)
. , 0.05m
qef=0.742x3.5=2.6.

():
()
0.268m,
0.05m
0.044/0.268=16.4%, 0.113/0.268=42.2%, 0.042/0.268=15.7% 0.132/0.268=49.3%.
1/q=28.6%,
.

q=0.493x3.5=1.73.
(
), ()
140

 1 0.178+0.0060.185m 2 0.178+0.0080.185m,
() 0.268+0.006=0.275m 1
0.268+0.008=0.275m 2.

, . 0.2m
() 0.3m ().

(. . 3.5, 3.6, 3.8)

... 200000kN ( ,
1/3
).
, 5x2m 3.6mx1.0m (. . 4.4).

24m. ( )
, 24m .
.
.

.
:
) , (
), , ( )
( L) ,
,
q=3.5.
) ,
10MPa
, , max=2.
) -,
()

141

 ( ).
) ()
()
() .

900

142

 g=1.3x0.24g=0.312g.
: Sa=(2.5g/q)min(1, TC/T) :

q = ,

TC =
,

= .

C35/45 Ec=33500000kPa. 50%

.

G=800kPa.
.
:
() :
IT=(53x2-3.63x1)/12=16.945m4, IL=(5x23-3.6x13)/12=3.033m4
:
KT=3x(0.5x33500000x16.945)/243=61600kN/m
KL=12x(0.5x33500000x3.033)/243=44100kN/m
TT 2

200000
2.5x 0.312 0.6
1.62 sec S a
x
0.0825g
9.81x 5x 61600
3 .5
1.62

TL 2

200000
2.5x 0.312 0.6
1.91sec S a
x
0.07g
9.81x 5x 44100
3 .5
1.91

:
VT=0.0825x200000=16500kN. 3300kN
VL=0.07x200000=14000kN. 2800kN
:
MT=3300x24=79200kNm, ML=2800x24/2=33600kNm
= qx( )=q(T/2)2Sa
dT=3.5x(1.62/2)2x0.0825x9.81=0.189m=189mm
dL=3.5x(1.91/2)2x0.07x9.81=0.222m=222mm
() ,
:
N=200000/1414300kN
: 14300kN/10000kPa1.4m2/

143

 : =d/h, 2
222/2=111mm.
11mm,
11 t=11x11=121mm.
1.4m2 :
K=GA/t=1.4x800/0.121=9250kN/m.
() .
, 24m
, . K,=61600kN/m,
25% KL, .: KL,=44100/4=11025kN/m.
- : =1/(1/+1/), .
1 , , 1/=0
KL=KT=K=9250kN/m
, 24m:
=1/(1/9250+1/61600)=8050kN/m
L=1/(1/9250+1/11025)=5030kN/m
8 : KT=8650kN/m, KL=7150kN/m.
, :
KT=5x61600+8x8650=377200kN/m 22.5% 5

KL=5x44100+8x7150=277700kN/m 25.9% 5

, :
T=1.61/ 1.225 =1.465sec,
VT=16500x 1.225 =18250kN, : VT=3300/ 1.225 =2980kN
dT=189/ 1.225 =171mm
TL=1.91/ 1.259 =1.7sec,
VL=14000x 1.259 =15700kN, : VL=2800/ 1.259 =2500kN
dL=222/ 1.259 =198mm.
()

144

, KT=8050kN/m KL=5030kN/m,
:
KT=8x8650+5x8050=109500kN/m, KL=8x7150+5x5030=82350kN/m
( q=1)
TT 2

200000
0.312 x 2.5 0.6
x
2.71sec S a
0.173g
9.81x 5x109500
1 .0
2.71

TL 2

200000
0.312 x 2.5 0.6
3.13 sec S a
x
0.15g
9.81x 5x82350
1 .0
3.13

VT=0.173x200000=34500kN>18250kN,
: VT=(9250/109500)x34500=2900kN 2980kN
: VT=(8050/109500)x34500=2550kN < 2980kN,
VL=0.15x200000=30000kN > 15700kN,
: VL=(9250/82350)x30000=3370kN > 2500kN,
: VL=(5030/82350)x30000=1830kN < 2500kN.
dT=(2.71/2)2x9.81x0.173=0.315m =0.315/0.121=2.6 > 2.0
dL=(3.13/2)2x9.81x0.15=0.365m =0.365/0.121=3.02 > 2.0
q=1, ,
.
, .


, , .. 270mm.

v o o o o o o =12m
o o v vo L=32m. o o h o v h=L/20.
o v ovo ov o o
D, o o v o 15m. v o o o
v o 1o o. o v o C25/30.

145

) o o D o o ( 100mm) vv ov v
o, k=N/Acfck, v v v o 0.1, o
.
) ooo v v v: T = 2 M / K t o
v voo v o v o o o, t o o
v v, o =3EIef/H3, o H=15+h/2= o v
o , EIef= v o, o 300RdD, o
MRd= o vo o, vo (=W) +h/2.
v o =2.5/q v ooo v < 0.6sec =(2.5/q)0.6/T v >
0.6sec, o = v o ( g)=0.20 q= o, o ( k0.3)
3.5 v M/VD=H/D3.5, 1 v M/VD1.0 ( ).
o v v v ov o vo MRd, v v vv v
, v oo v oo MRd v ooo .
:
()

: A=12x0.25+6x0.2+2x0.3x(1.6-0.45)=4.89m2
: 4.89x32x25=3912kN
: 12x0.06x32x18=415kN
: 15x25xD2/4=294.5D2
k=(4327+294.5D2)/(D2/4x25000)0.1 1963.5D24327+294.5D2 D1.61m
D=1.7m
() W=(4327+294.5D2/3)=4611kN, M=W/g=470000kg=470kN/m/sec2
146

K=3x300MRdx1.7/(15+0.8)3=0.388MRd=0.388x4611x15.8=28250
H/D=15/1.7=8.8>>3.5, k<0.1 q=3.5
K=28250x(2.5x0.20/3.5)x0.6/(max(T, 0.6))=2422/max(T, 0.6) ( kN,m)
= 2

470 max(T, 0.6)

=7.65sec>0.6sec
2422

=(2.5x0.20x0.6/7.65)/3.5=0.011!! :
MRd=4611x15.8x0.011=801kNm. , :
EIeff=300MRdD=408500kNm20.033(EI)c Ic=D4/64 Ec=30500MPa!!
, MRd ,
. EIeff=0.5(EI)c,

TT=7.65x 0.033 / 0.5 =1.96sec,

0.5/0.033

=0.011x7.65/1.96=0.043,

MRd=4611x15.8x0.043=3133kNm.

700m
() . 12
( )
30m
5m . ,
5mx1.8m 0.4m.
180000kN.
:
) , :

(
5mm),
- () .

) , :

147

,

,

, .
,


.
50% .
:
,
: 9MPa.
C30/37.
, G=0.8MPa.
: 0.3g.
Sa o :

Sa=2.5/q v ooo v < TC=0.6sec,

Sa=(2.5/q)TC/T v D=2.5sec > > TC=0.6sec,

Sa=(2.5/q)(TCTD/T2) > D =2.5sec,

o = ( g) q= o.
:

180000/[(12+2/2)x900]=1.538m2 2
0.8m2 .
IT=(53x1.8-4.23x1.0)/12=12.576m4
(Hi):
1 :

H1=5m

2 :

H2=10m

3 :

H3=15m

148

4 :

H4=20m

5 :

H5=25m

6 :

H6=30m

: hi, : K,i=GA/hi=
0.800x1.6/hi=1.28(MN)/hi - :
1/Ki=Hi3/(3x0.5x32000x12.576)+hi/1.28=Hi3/603648+hi/1.28 (N, m).
1 0.207x10-3m/N 1 44.728x10-3m/N
6.
K1=K6, :
h6=h1-1.28x(44.728-0.207)x10-3=h1-0.057 (m).

5mm, h1. h1=250mm
h6=195mm
: hi=h1-1.28x(44.728x(hi/30)3-0.207)x10-3=h1-0.033 (m) :
h5215mm, h4235mm, h3245mm, h2250mm.
)

1)

():

=0.8x(0.5x1.6)/0.25=2.56MN/m.
1 6 ,
1, 6:
6=1/(53/603648+0.250/1.28)=5.115MN/m
1=1/(303/603648+0.195/1.28)=5.075MN/m

Ktot=2x2.56+2x6x(5.115+5.075)/2=66.26MN/m
=2 180 /(9.81x 66.26) =3.3sec.
. : Sa=(2.5x0.3/1.0)x(0.6x2.5/3.32)=0.103g
: Vtot=0.103x180000=18540kN
: KVtot/Ktot=2.56x18540/66.26=716kN
: K1Vtot/Ktot==5.075x18540/66.26=1420kN
: K6Vtot/Ktot=5.115x18540/66.26=1431kN
. : . : Sd=(T/2)20.103x9.81=0.28m
GA.
, ( ): =1420/(800x1.6)=1.11 < 2.0.

149

2)

L=(1.83x5-13x4.2)/12=2.08m4
1/Ki=Hi3/(3x0.5x32000x2.08)+hi/1.28=Hi3/32003+hi/1.28
K1=1/(53/99840+0.25/1.28)=5.085MN/m
K2=1/(103/99840+0.25/1.28)=4.87MN/m
K3=1/(153/99840+0.245/1.28)=4.44MN/m
K4=1/(203/99840+0.235/1.28)=3.79MN/m
K5=1/(253/99840+0.215/1.28)=3.08MN/m
K6=1/(303/99840+0.195/1.28)=2.365MN/m
Ktot=2x2.56+2x(5.085+4.870+4.44+3.79+3.08+2.365)=52.38M/m
-
, .
TL=2 180 /(9.81x 52.38) =3.72sec
Sa=(2.5x0.3/1.0)x(0.6x2.5/3.722)=0.081g.
: Vtot=0.081x180000=14580kN
: 14580x2.56/52.38=713k
: 5.085x14580/52.38=1415kN
: 2.365x14580/52.38=658kN
:
Sd=(3.72/2)20.081x9.81=0.28m. ,
T>TD .

: =1415/(800x1.6)=1.1 < 2.
-
:
Hi3/99840+hi/1.28=., 1 6 :
h6=h1-1.28x(303-53)/99840=h1-0.345 (m).
1-6 ,
. ..,
1 500mm(!!) 6 500-345=155mm,
. Ktot=33.2MN/m , TL=4.67sec.

=2 .

150

, L=30m ,
, A=9m2
Iy=74m4. , 45kN/m (
). C35/45 Ec=33500MPa.
0.5Ec.
0.24g,
I=1.0 Sa ( g) :

Sa=2.5/q v ooo v < TC=0.6sec,

Sa=(2.5/q)TC/T v D=2.5sec > > TC=0.6sec,

Sa=(2.5/q)(TCTD/T2) > D =2.5sec,

o = ( I)
g, q = .
. , 10m ,

h=5.5m
b=1m . O
,
.
,
:
1. q .
2. .
3. q 1.
4.
.
5. ,
:
2

2L
T 2

m
EcIy

192 34 2
2
2
2(1 )2

4
2L m 96

2L m Kd

35
2
2
1 4 2 2

96
EcIy

EcIy Kd Kp

1 4

m m =p/(Kp+Kd)
, Kp,
, Kp+Kd,

151

, Kd Kd=48EcIy/(2L)3,
, 2mL.

,

2

1 (1 )
8
4
2

Meff 2 (2mL)
2

96
1 4 2

(24/3).
. 2m

,
.
:
1.
=12MPa
1.35(G+Q), Q 1
.
2. (G =1MPa)

100%.
, .
3.
1 2.
4. 1 2,
:
2

2L
T 2

m
EcIy

192 34 2
2
2

4
35 2 2L m 1 96 2 2L m Kd
4
96
EcIy
EcIy Kd Kp
1 4

Kp ,
5. ,

152

 (24/3).
:
.
1.

2x30x(9x25+45)=16200kN. : 5/8x16200=10125kN
: 25x5.5x1x10=1375kN
: 10125+1375=11500kN
=11500/(5.5x1.0x35000)=0.06<<0.30
:
( ): Ls/h=0.5x10/1.0=5.0
( ):
Ls/h=10/5.5=1.82
q=1+(3.5-1)(1.82-1.0)/(3.5-1.0)=1.82.
2.

,
.

+50%

=1721.5kN/(m/sec2)
:
IL=55x13/12=0.45833m4
KL=12EI/H3=12x(0.5x33500000x0.45833)/103=92125kN/m
TL=2 (1721.5 / 92125) =0.86sec
:
IT=1x5.53/12=13.865m4
KT=3EI/H3=3x(0.5x33500000x13.865)/103=696700kN/m
TT=2 (1721.5 / 696700) =0.312sec
3.

:
Sa=2.5x0.24gx(0.6/0.86)/3.5=0.12g=1.19m/sec2
: V=1.19x1721.5=2048kN
: =VH/2=10240kNm
:
Sa=2.5x0.24g/1.82=0.33g=3.234m2/sec2
: V=3.234x1721.5=5567kN

153

(16200+0.5x1375)/9.81

 : M=VH=55670kNm
:

4.

Sd=(T/2)2Saq=(0.86/2)2x1.682x3.5=0.11m
5.

2:
p=KT=696700kN/m
:
Kd=48x33500000x74/(60)3=550900kN/m
=696700/(696700+550900)=0.558
m=270/9.81=27.52kN/(m2/sec2)
=0.5x1375/(16200)=0.042, 2=0.084
TT= 2( 60 ) 2 27.52(0.45 0.084) 0.1765 sec

33500000 x 74
H 3:
Sa=0.33g=3.234m/sec2
:
Meff=(8/2)x(16200/9.81)x[1-(/4)x0.588+(/2)x0.042(1-0.558)]2((1-96/4x0.558)2
+2x0.042]=0.934x16200/9.81=1542.8kN/(m/sec2)
T : 3.234x1542.8=4990kN
V : (24/3)=0.432,
:
V=0.432x4990=2155kN, M=2155x10=21550kNm
V=(4990-2155)/2=1417kN
.

.
1.

,
, :

= 1.35x(5/8)x16200=13669kN

1 = 3mx9kN/m2=27kN/m
A 2, 3, :
(10+2x2-3)mx2.5kN/m2=27.5kN/m
,

154

=1.35x(5/8)60mx(27+27.5)kN/m=2759kN.
,

: 1.35x(600+400+200)=1620kN.
: 13669+2759+1620=18048k
: 18048kN/12000kPa=1.504m2
1.4m: A=1.54m2
:

: 1.35x3/8x(16200/2)=4100kN

27+27.5=54.5kN/m
: 1.35x(7/16)x30mx54.5kN/m=966kN

1.35x(600+400+200)=1620kN
: 4100+966+1620=6686kN
: 6686/12000=0.557m2
0.55x0.55m. 2x0.552=0.605m2
2.

( kN/m):
G=GA/t=1000kPax(1.54+2x0.605)/t(m)=2750/t(m)
t
:
=Sd/t1.0 : Sd t(m)
q=1: Sd=q(T/2)2 Sa=(M/) Sa
< 0.6sec, . :
2 (1721.5 /( 2750 / t )) 0.6, t0.015m ( )

Sa=2.5x0.24x9.81
Sd(m)=(1721.5/(2750/t))x2.5x0.24x9.81=3.685t(m) = Sd/t=3.685>>1.0
.
t>0.015m >0.6sec, <2.5sec:
Sa=2.5x0.24x9.81x0.6/T=3.5316/T :
Sd=q(T/2)2Sa=3.5316T/(2)2=3.5316 M / K /(2)=3.5316 1721.5 /( 2750 / t ) /2=0.4447
t
Sdt t0.198m. t=0.20m

155

 2.5sec 2 1721.5 /( 2750 / t ) 2.5 : t0.25m

3.

:
=0.5x33500000xx22/64=3289000kNm2
K=3 /H3=9867kN/m
K=1540/0.2=7700kN/m
: 1/(1/9867+1/7700)=4325kN/m
:
KL=4325+2x1000x0.605/0.2=10375kN/m
TL= 2 1721.5 / 10375 =2.55sec, D=2.5sec,
Sd=2.5x0.24gx0.6x2.5/(2)2=0.224m : =0.224/0.2=1.12>100%
t, t=0.23m,
=0.224/0.23=0.975
=1/(1/9867)+0.23/1540)=3990kN/m
=3990+2x1000x0.605/0.23=9250kN/m
TL=2 1721.5 / 9250 =2.71sec
Sa=2.5x0.24gx0.6x2.5/2.712=0.122g=1.2m/sec2
: V=1.2x1721.5=2070kN.
.
: 2070x3990/9250=893kN
893x10=8930kNm.

4.

p=3990 kN/m =3990/(3990+550900)=0.00720.

: T= 2(60 / ) 2 (27.52 /(33500000 x 74) =0.241sec

5.

:
Sa=2.5x0.24g=0.6g=5.886kN/m2 eff= (8/)2x1721.5=1395kN/m(m/sec2).
V=5.886x1395=8210kN, 50% :
4150kN.

156

Bolu /-

39.2m,

V. 2.5m,

(. ). M ( ...) 50kN/m
1.

(.. 600kN, 400kN 200kN 1);
2. (1),

1.35(G+Q), Q 1
.
3. ,
.
=10MPa
(2).
4. ,
100%.
, .
5. (4),

.
,

157

 . 48m
,
8mx4.5m 0.6m.
.

6. 5m ()
2m 0.9m (. ),
50% .

. C35/45
Ec=33500MPa G=1MPa.
0.5g
Sa ( g) v:

Sa=2.5/q v ooo v < TC=0.6sec,

158

Sa=(2.5/q)TC/T v D=2.5sec > > TC=0.6sec,

Sa=(2.5/q)(TCTD/T2) > D =2.5sec,

o = g, 0.5g, q = o.
:

1) ,

2) ,
,
2.5m. 1.
600kN 2.5m, 9kN/m2
2.5m. 600kN
2.5x9=22.5kN/m2.
L=39.2m (
60kN/m):
MaxM=1.35((60+22.5)x39.22/8+600x39.2/4)=29930kNm
: 1.35x(600+(60+22.5)x39.2/2)=2993kN
3) :
=2993/10000=0.299m2, 0.55mx0.55m (0.303m2)
6. ,
( kN/m):
=GA/t=1000kPax(2x0.303)/t(m)=605/t(m),
t
: M=60kN/mx39.2m/9.81m/sec2=239.76kN/m/sec2
: =Sd/t1.0, : Sd
t(m)
q=1: Sd=q(T/2)2 Sa=(M/) Sa
<TC= 0.6sec, . :
2 (239.76 /(605 / t )) 0.6, t0.023m ( )

Sa=2.5x0.5x9.81
Sd(m)=(239.76/605/t))x2.5x0.5x9.81=4.86t = Sd/t=4.86>>1.0
.
t>0.023m > TC =0.6sec, < D =2.5sec:
Sa=2.5x0.50x9.81x0.6/T=7.3575/T :

159

Sd=q(T/2)2Sa=7.3575T/(2)2=7.3575 M / K /(2)=1.171 239.76 /(605 / t ) =0.737 t

Sdt t0.543m.
D=2.5sec 2 239.76 /(605 / t ) 2.5 : t0.4m,
t0.543m.
>D=2.5sec, Sd=q(D/2)2x7.3575/D=0.1864x2.5=0.466m.
t Sd=0.466m. t=0.47m
4)
:
M=7x239.76=1678kN/m/sec2 7
:
L=(4.53x8-3.33x6.8)/12=40.4m4
: =(83x4.5-6.83x3.3)/12=105.5m4
L=0.5x33500000x404=676700000kNm2
KL=3 L/H3=18357kN/m
KT= KLx /L=47936kN/m
K=7x605/0.47=9010N/m
: KL,+= 1/(1/18357+1/9010)=6044kN/m
: K,+= 1/(1/47936+1/9010)=7584kN/m
TL= 2 1678 / 6044 =3.3sec>D=2.5sec, Sd,L=0.466m.
:
: 0.466x6044/9010=0.313m
TT=2 1678 / 7584 =2.96sec>D. Sd,=0.466m.
: 0.466x7584/9010=0.392m
o t, <100%.
6) :5x(0.9x17.5+1.1x(17.5+8)/2)=148.875m3
: (48/2)x(8x4.5-6.8x3.3)=325.44m3.
: 25x(148.875+325.44)/9.81=1208.8kN/m/sec2.
(1678.3kN/m/sec2).
, -- 2-, 1
- , 1=1208.8kN/m/sec2,
1 (KL KT) 2
, 2=1678.3kN/m/sec2,
1 2==9010kN/m
160


2- .
:
12, 2

M 2 ( 1 2 ) 1 2 22 ( 1 2 ) 2 12 22 2 1 2 2 ( 2 1 )
2 1 2

2,i=1, : 1,i=1- i2 2 / 2 (i=1, 2)

: i (M 2 M 1 1,i ) /( 2 1 12 ,i )
j=1, 2: u j,i i S d ,i j,i (i=1, 2: )
(= ): u i i S d ,i ( 2,i 1,i )

( ) SRSS= u u 12 u 22
: 1=1208.8kN/m/sec2, M2=1678.3kN/m/sec2, K2=9010kN/m
: K1=KL=18357kN/m, : K1=KT=47936kN/m.
:
12 3.3 (rad/sec)2, T1=3.46sec, :
Sa,1=2.5x0.5gx0.6x2.5/3.462= 0.157g, Sd,1=(3.46/2)2x0.157g=0.466m
22 =24.7(rad/sec) 2, T2=1.264sec :
Sa,2=2.5x0.5gx0.6/1.264=0.593g, Sd,2=(1.264/2)2x0.593g=0.235m
1 (i=1): 2,1=1, 1,1=1-3.3x1678.3/9010=0.385, 2+11,12=2144kN/m/sec2,
M 2 M 1 1,1 2429 kN/m/sec2, 1=1.133
u2,1=0.466x1.133x1=0.528m, u1,1=0.466x1.133x0.385=0.203m, u1=0.528-0.203=0.325m.
2 (i=2) : 2,2=1, 1,2=1-24.7x1678.3/9010=-3.6
2+11,12=17352kN/m/sec2, M 2 M 1 1,1 2673 kN/m/sec2, 2=-0.154
u2,2=0.235x(-0.154)x1=-0.036m, u1,2=0.235x(-0.154)x(-3.6)=0.13m,
u2=-0.036-0.13=-0.166m
: u=(0.3262+0.1662)1/2=0.365m
,
Fj=(j)Sa,1(Mjj,1)/j(Mjj,1) ( j,1 1 ),
u=F2/K2.
: jMjj,1=2+11,1=2429kN/m/sec2, j=1678.3+1208.8=2887.1 kN/sec2
F2=2887.1x0.157x9.81x1678.3x/2429=3072kN, u=3072/9010=0.341m
:

161

12 =4.43(rad/sec)2, T1=2.98sec, :
Sa,1=2.5x0.5gx0.6/2.98=0.251g, Sd,1=(2.98/2)2x0.251g=0.554m
22 =48(rad/sec)2, T2=0.906sec,
Sa,2=2.5x0.5gx0.6/0.906=0.827g, Sd=(0.906/2)2x0.827g=0.169m
1 : 2,1=1, 1,1=1-4.43x1678.3/9010=0.175,
M2+M11,12=1725.2kN/m/sec2, M2+M11,1=1889.6kN/m/sec2, 1=1.095
u2,1=0.554x1.095x1=0.607m, u1,1=0.554x1.095x0.175=0.106m, u1=0.607-0.106=0.501m
2 : 2,2=1, 1,2=1-48x1678.3/9010=-7.941,
M2+M11,22=77905kN/m/sec2, M2+M11,2=-7921kN/m/sec2, 2=-0.102
u2,2=0.169x(-0.102)x1=-0.017m, u1,2=0.169x(-0.102)x(-7.941)=0.137m,
u2=0.137-(-0.017)=0.154m
u=(0.5012+0.1542)1/2=0.524m
:
jMjj,1 =1889.6kN/m/sec2, F2 =2887.1x0.251x9.81x1678.3x/1889.6=6314kN, u=6314/9010=
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