Muslim Identity, Hidutva Rajakeeyalu - K. Balagopal

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Human Rights Forum Publication
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6 _O|~ 2013
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u X> <T. H d+|Tue+> < ns+ #dT=
|+b+~+q|& neds |]dT\ qsTTH n~ u s|+
rdT>\<T.
H ` d+|Tuy ` e m&qT+& edT+~? n~
e\+ nuT<jTy<T\ ] eyTH? m+ >=| ] nsTTH
< yde b|~ b e<T\Te&+ eT+~. ]
yde b|~ +<qT+{qT. eTqTw\ |jH\
byTqy> y{ e+ #d $\Te|& ksqyTq$ (n$
|C+ $\Te\T e#T, ~| $\Te\T e#T). eT b
|jH\H ksq |jH\qT eTT&TqysT (esY
}V+q ]esZ+) ||+#+ mes sT, +&usT. u
|jH\ ksq +&>\<qTe&+ e\HHy H
ksq esY |<> $\Te e<T. eb>, < >T]+
e{&q =~ d+<s\ < D]+#&T. yTq
ksq +&~ $\Te\H, u |jH\ <T. B
eT\+ L& eTwH +~. q byTq neds\qT ksqyTq
$\Te\ s|+ e+ #d >TD+ eTw m+<T+<, eqeC
m<T>T<\ @ <X n~ eqeH+ u>+ nsTT+< <T> n~
eTq *dq eTw H+ $&BjTs u>+. $\Te\ ksq
<e\ eT<, s{\ eT< d+|Tuy dVqTu e
*dT+~. n+<] |jH\ eT< eT u qT }V+
< d+ u+> n+<s yT |#+&yTq u X>
esTsq #q e~*|{, u @ yTs k<yT yTs
< \uT+ |<q+> H+ n, |+b+~+#&+ <s ] d+|Tue+ eTs=]

n+<>\T>TT+< ns+ #dTq|&T $_qyTq &+{{\qT @
$<+> d]+# ns+ neT+~.
<VsD |~eT+~ sT<>T\T *d sT<> d+|T+
|T+f e |~ eT+~ <>\T e+& n eyT n&>sT.
|Ck$T <X+ sT<>+ +&{ M\T<T nq qs
d |b~ksT. eTwsTT |{q |r ] jTw+ #dT=
>se|<+> neX+ +&* nq ksq H $\Te
s|+ eT ]qT e+ #ksT. ~ eTqTw|& #d |H. n<
}] += |~eT+~ <[T\T n+sH es+>
d+|T+ |{sqT+&. y L& e y& #jYT VA ys
>dT\T |& M\T <T n eyT nqsT. ke >sy
>T]+, eqe >T]+ ksq $\Te\q d\q
|b~ksT. <s eT b &e+&qT e+ #ksT. |&T
s+&T d+|\eT< sTHysT, MT]<s f MT eT&
XTe nsTTq esZ ` \ sC ( |P&*+ wsTTq
|T&< sC) es+> MT bs+ m|+& nq&+
ns+<T. <s eT byTq ]\qT e+ #jT& |j+#
ksq $\Te\ d+|Tuy e <=sTT+~ > y] u
|jH\ <T.
yT, sT<> sDyTq sj] eedL n+sH
b& \eedL eT< d++<+ +~. n$ s+& { e,
eT+ L*bjTM e. d, \+, |keT+ yTT<\sTTq
eed\ eT< |sds d++<\THsTT. <~ dsd+eTsTTq
B|+ <T. y{q{ \ud n~ n+<] eT& XTesTTq
eed ne<T. = nDy sb es+> eTT+<T=#
bs{\T e+ #d ksq H $\Te\ keq n+X\
d+|Tuy #T y&+ dT> e+T+~. d+ qTe HjT+
sT+THe { sT\ d+ L& HjT+ sTy*,
sT\ qTe HjT+ #j* nH~ VT<yTq y<q. m+<T+f
HjT+ nH ueH (n $\Te\>) ksqyTq~. eTq neds\qT
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 19
eTq+ eqe nH ueq <s m|& e+ #ky n|&T n<

eqeueqqT sT\ L& nqsTT+#& eTq+ dT\u+>
|+#TeTT. |+#Te& |jT+#eT <T.
|+#Te+ w+. < n&yTT# ksq $\Te (n
$\Te\ >) +~. u |jH\ ($\Te\ s|+ e+
njT<) nTe+{ ksq <T. u neds\ ksq
d+ y e] dT d+|<jT+ kH eqe eeVs\ @
syTq ksq k<+ < qyT bdt`y&sH <<+
$TdTq~ { e\T #|&+ neds+ nsTT+~.
{ &+{{\ >T]+ +#|&T |<q+>
rdTe\d+~ y{ eeTjT $\Te\qT. n$ @ syTq d+|Tuy
e+ #ksTT? @ ~X> eTq, eTq +\q q&|ksTT? @
#sD }$TksTT?
eTTd+ &+{{ >T]+ D+ qT+& <+. $e,
s >TseTq yTH]{> eTTd+\T e+ #d +<qqT
yTH]{ V\ D+ qT+& #d deT]+#\q&+ du.
sdq eeTjT #q\ $\Te\T de k+d d+|<qT
|+b+~+#>\e ns+ #dTq|&, sdq q neds\qT
rsT+H s |s>$T |jH\ @ $<+> u>+ >\<
ns+ neT+~. n|&~ y neds+ ` deT+dyTq neds+ `
eyT <, s+> n+<] neds+ L&q ns+ neT+~.
+ X++#& e\ nseTsTTq+> >se+ nH ueq
sT\ ns+ >\<? y H]+q+ >{> $\TeqT ysesT
H]+#>\sT? >se+ nH ueq ke d+d +&T>
m<>+& eTqeT+ sTH = de+ k<eTeT+<? q
d+d n\yq #s\q ksqyTq d+> u$d
us$sT#T= ]> yTC]{ eT< yTH]{> y
nseTsTTq+> _q+, y$<\ $\Te\T sT\ nseTej?
_q y$< e\+ dV+#&yT V+#&+ eTqeT+<s+
HsT b eTq+ }V+#TH = de+ d+|Ps+ neT+<?
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 20
Te+{ $\Te\H+ d+\q+ $\

|ksTT. y{ yTH]{\ HjTyTq deTd\ $ ( )
esD> (eyT) #&+&, us<X eTTd+\ u |]d,
<qT+& |{q #q\T, yTT+> deC n~ n+~+# $\Te\
<D+> ns+ #dTq|&T $\T #~y eTTdyTsT\T
kqTu d+|Tuy # y]>H rdTH y]> L&
q&sT. +]bs+ @$T #ksT, sT\ \e+& nH
eTT+<T |{ n+<] neds\L y n+~dTq $\Te\THjT
ns+ #dT>\T>TeTT. u+> #T\T \|&+ n d+<s\q
neds+> k<+> be#TqT > $\Te\ #jT m|&
+T+~. nsTT < >T]+ dV neds+. ne>Vq neds+.
J$ nqTue+ qT+& |{q $\Te\T y+$ s Jeq s+>\
y|+# eT+ d+w+>q HeT~>q sT>TT+~. |
|jT|Ps+> #jT+ ` $\Te\ d+|Tuy |+b+~+#&+ `
neds+. <e\ eTq+ d\V\T, kqTu # y]yT b+<
yseTT L& nq msT neds+.
sdq nH H>{y ueq L& b{y $\Te\THsTT.
nsTTq|{ n~ |]$TyTq ueH. eTTd+\qT eTTd+\T> ~*+#
b{y #q\T ` eTTd+ &+{{ u>+ >*q$ ` y?
k+ ` n+<T |+ us<X+ n~ rdTq s|+` eTq
deC #dq yTMT <? n+~+q d+d @MT <? <
q eTT&Tq eTTd+ &+{{ b{y sjT ueq ;+
C\<? uVDjT V+<e d+d >T|{ q eTq de+
k+ = = #q\q = k+d $\Te\q |yX|{+~.
n$ V+<e d+d s+&T \yTq <TsTZD\qT ` d++,
k+|T ndeq nH <TsTZD\qT ` =+ yTs es+# $\Te\T.
k+ y{ $sT<yTq $\Te\qT |+b+~+q $wj >s+>
C|+ #dTe&+ |{< eTTd+ #+<dy<T\ e+sTT+~. n~
y e+T>H +&b eT+ +f #&T me |j>|& |e<+
+T+~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 21
uVDjT <<+ V#T>TZ\ d+yT b<

d++ L& \+> +~. V+<Te\T> |{ |]q y
eT <w|+ +< >V+#&+ dV+ w+. V+<Te\
eqd <w #T = >&\T+{sTT. >&\qT <{ +#&+,
dVqTu d+~+#&+ V+<Te\ dV+> s<T. \+
|<qyTq n&T>& > n~ H]+q d+d |*+> C, uw,
<X+ yTT<\sTTq n&T>&\T L& V+<Te\ #T yTT*#sTT.
dVqTu d+<qL $ \yTq |]$TT\T |&sTT. k$T
d+d B |P]> nreT H <X+ <T. @ m\\ +&
$Xq+> eTyT+ e&+ eTqTwe] k<+ <T.
|]$T es+# k+d $\Te\T k+ HsTT. eTTd+\+
u+> fq s|+#& e nH ueqqT #+<dy<T\T
y&TH rsTqT es+#e\d+< ||+# eTTd+\T _qCT\q
d+d T\q u>yT Hs, y$< <q&+ d+
<<eT $eT]+#*+<. ns+ #dT+&,
$X\yTq dVqTu (d+ eT eT #+~qy] esH) e
*+# k+d $\Te> ns+ #dTe&+ neds+. V+<e
d+d d+ <w m #|&+ <s <
\Vq|s#& n~ |j>|&TT+<, |j>|&+< ns+
#dTe&+ neds+. ||+# eTTd+\ m+ k+d
y$<eTTq|{ ns; e{& b\dH eTTd+\ T ed $T+
e{& jT+sT eTTd+\T +<q #+<>\sT. >Tsr e{&
bs+<sY eTTd+\T u<|&>\sT. |dT~ eT+ |]~H +~.
eT #+<dy<T\ n<T|H +~. nsTTq|{, eT+ |yTjT+
ksqyTq d+<q yK] <] #|>\<T. m& ##H @<
] M V<su< dT\ n<+<T |>\>=&sT n
$dT=H V+<Te\, >&|<{ d+~+# eT d+ ~
m #|T+< ns+ <T.
<e& eTT+<T n+<s deqTqH~ k+ eTs= $\Te.
|sTc~, ] ndeq B \yTq |]$TT\T |{q|{ `
eTyT deq d |b~+# d+d >TDs\qT { <e&
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 22
eTqTw\qT ndeqT\T> dw+#& qyT V+<e d+d #

& +~. V+<e de+ X$T \ #+~qysT k+y|
]T\T e& &H <V<+ #d+~. $<+> eT+
esTqy] |+# >se+ V+<Te\T> +&bsTTq y]
|+#<T. k+, de+ us<X+ sb <X+
+~\ |]d ++ <Tss+> +&<!
us<X+ k+qT me> |#s+ #d+~ #{q dTqT
<T. deq $\TeqT |#s+ #dq d| |#s\T. M |#s+
#dq k+ <e& eTT+<T n+<s deqeTH ueq, |eT, <jT,
dVq+, kqTu yTT<q $\Te\T eTTKyTq$. M |<]+
+ |<\ eT< sT>T eT |#s+ #XsT. M] de<T
<XeT+{ |+# <sZ\T. eT nr+> |\+<s |P\T #d
@ bsH d\T <sZ\T. V+< eTTd+ usTT usTT nq
y<T\ H<+ +f <sZ me> V+< ` eTTd+ |\qT
(eTTK+> X$T |\qT) <>Z] #jTq&+ m+e+
nXj <T.
us<X| k+ q #]qT d>s+> d]+# eTTd+
&+{{ yd$yTq sjT kq+ +&>\<T. n~ dHq
y< sd]d, eTTd+ >H + nuT<jT sjT de+
u>+ >\<T. < nuT<jTy<T+<T V+#L&<T?
V+#&yT <T, < d+ m+<T |jT+ #jTL&<T?

eTTd+y< $+ |d sdq yqe
d+: du, |#TsD: \] kV, q\>=+&, e] 1998
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 23
eTTd+\T eTTd+\T> d+|T{+ y*

us <X+ eTTd+\ sjT ] V\ d+, ke
neds\ d+ <$T+# d+d\T, d+|\T # e. eT

d+d\THsTT. n+<T |seT dVH b{+#M HsTT, b{+#M
HsTT. eTTd+ de+ n+sZ d+dsD\ d+, $< e+{ |<q
ke s+>\ de\T n+~+#&+ d+ |#dTq d+|\
HsTT. @ s+>+ nsTTH eTTd+\qT eTTd+\T> d+|T{|s
V\ d+ <$T+# d+d\T # nsT<T> |ksTT.
dV eT+H V\T q>&qsTT nTe+{ <e\
<eT d+d\ be&+ Xs+ *+# $wjT+ <T.
k++ sTy n_e~ |*\qT n d\+> n+<Tq
ke esZ\ eTTd+\qT |eTTK+> #|e\d +T+~. <X
Hu eTTd+\ y{ b\T+f $<, <>+, sjT
b<+ nH eT&T s+>\q eTTd+\ y{ # e.
ssdq |<]+q # me. ys @ ke esZ+
|]dsTTH $<+> +&e+f ysT b{ d+|T{eTsTT eT
HjTyTq y{ ] +<TsT. n~ HjTyTqq y<+ b+~ L&
+<TsT. eTTd+\T n&>&+ <T. n&>& d+|T{+ e&+
<T. n& V+< de+ y<+ \_dT+<q qeTeT <T.
*<+&T\ bb\ *<+&T\ b~+#& bb\ L&
|\\qT de+ u<T* #dqT <X $uq eTTd+\ b|yTq+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 24
n|{ s #+~q eTTd+\ b~+#&q bb sTy s

#+~q eTTd+\T u+>H eqd+>q |]Vs+ #*dTHsT.
b<q HjT+ <T. n~ HjTyT nsTTH sTy s+ MT< ydq
us+ m+ e+ HjTyTq~ <T.
_{wt y $u+ b*+# +&+<, V+<Te\T `
eTTd+\T, nD>]q \T ` n>\T, ~ydT\T ` jTysT
n+ us deC m&& $u+ eT |jH\T
k~+#THs n_j>+ +~. nuT<jTy<T\T dV+
_{wty] $u+ b*+# n s#T> n+T+{sT. <X
k++ |keq eq|&T, k+eT+f n>es V+<Te\
b\H neT+~ { yTH]{\, nD>]q \ |jH\
&e+&T qwseT _{wt y eT b\qqT deT]+#Tq e
ydeyT. yTH]{\, <[T\ sjT |<T\ k~sqT >T]+
|\ |jH\ $T+ y] #s\T, d+|~+|\T |Tq e{
ydeyT. +<T _{wt y ks+ +<q&+ d+<VyTMT <T>
&\qT ks+ dw++< y{ yd$+> >T]d |
|> q |jH\T q>sT+< nq |X ydT+& _{wt
e\dy<T\ $u+ b*+# >T]+ }<+|&T |Hk\T
e&+ ue+ <T.
_{wty] $u+ b*+# nH~ eTTd+\ d++~+
me> sE |keq ed +T+~ > _{wt b\\T eT&T
|<q yTH]{ esZ\qT >T]+#sT ` eTTd+\T, d\T, nD>]q
esZ\T (H{ uw <[T\T). eT&T ke esZ\q
k++ n+f n>es V+<Te\ b\H neT+<q dVTyTq
d+<V+ +&+~. eTT>TZ] uj _{wt y yde+>
>T]+#sT. eT e\d b\q |jH\ nqT>TD+> y&THsT.
eTT>TZ] $wjT+q CrjT b nsTTq +>dt dssTTq ne>Vq
|<]+#<T. y] uj\qT dVTyTq$> ns+ #dT<T. y{
b>=& >{ w @MT #jT<T. ke esZ\ u$wT
d+ us+ @ $<+> +&uT+<qq uj e+ #dq
HjT\qT +>dt ysT _{wt @C+T n+ +~+#sT. n+u<sY
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 25
n+{ y& n~ |<T. nsTTq|{ k++ sTy d

|C+, <[ |C+ @ b| us yjTe\dq neds+ +&
eTqT eTT ke esZ\T> d+|T{+ #dT+ eT V\
>T]+N neds\ >T]+N +<q #dTHsT. eTTd+\ < eyT
_q+> +~.
#|<>Z $wjT+ @$T+f, s+&e ||+# jTT<+ eTT+|
<X ` usY +>+& k++ e |<q yesD+
m|&sTT @s&+< n|{ qT+& 1947 p H\ < L& d+
us+ @ s+> _q\ dyTq+> +T+<q
n_bjTyT \+> +&+~. eTTd+\ $wjT+H <T, eTTd+\T,
d\T, w&\T \T, w&\T >\T, usrjT de\T, +>
+&jTqT ` Ms+<] sjT ]swqT, <>\ ]swqT,
VQX | jesZ\T L& +&\, eTTd+\T, d\T,
~yd CT\T n~+> ed+# yjTe, Xq b+\ d+
sC+>\ dV djT+ || +&\ nsTTw+>H e+&
+>dt ysT dV+ n+^]+#sT. nsTT <X $uq qT+& eq
N*\ uj ds #dT= mdtd mdt{\ | ys me]
| sD e |< sC+>+ eTTksTT<qT s>sd @
sC H\=\&+ +>dt ysT T\jsT.
_{wtb\q \+ 1925 qT+& yTH]{\ (n|{ yTH]{
n+f eTTd+\T, de\T, d <T, <[T\T, ~ydT\T L&)
|uT <>\ ]swqT +&$. 1934 < +<q
s|+ eTTd+\ 25% ]swqT, s yTH]{\ 8.5%
]swqT KssT #ksT. 1932 sTy, n|{ |]$T b<+
b|~q ]q m\ n yTH]{ esZ\L |
jesZ\H {sTT+#sT.
1946 &d+sY 9q yTTyTT<{k] deyXyTq sC+> |]wY
qT sb+~+#uTq us sC+> @ qeTH
u$+#T<T. yjTe b++ dH>, q <X+ dH>
+{jT, @ dH < b+rjT sC+>+ +T+<, dH
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 26
+#& sc dHH =qk> ys dH #s n

ssTT+#TH d# +T+< H&T u$+#sT.
yTH]{\ V\ >T]+ d#q*e&+ d+ @sT #dq
sC+> |]wY du $T{ 1947 p 27q (n+f bkH
$sy e\+ eT&T ys\ eTT+<T) deT]+q y~,
eTTd+\, d\, usrjT de\, +> +&jTq, Xq
b+ ~ydT\, s b+\ ~ydT\, <[T\ sjT
]swq dV n s\ ]swq y\ d++~. _H{
yTH]{\ ]swqT y\q d#q dV+ du $T{ \+>
#s e+~>, zT MbsTT y] |b<q\ u>+
<T.
<X $uq e\ V+<Te\ |\T_q < eTTd+\ H\=q
n|s< ueqq ds #dT= +>dt HjT\T =\T |b~+q
sb >T&u #|, mdtd mdt{\ | q esZ\ sjT
]swqT, <> ]swqT s]+ n+<] bsT\T #dd n~s
+BsDqT dV+ u> |+ |dT+ q s|+ sC+>+
s#qqT eTT+#sT. n< s>b eTq sjT eedq b\H
eedq yTH]{\ | || \yTq n+X+> +&~.
sc\ d+ sC+>\T +& |&s eedq, yTH]{\
(mdtd, mdt{\qT L& yTH]{\T> >T]d) | || *+#
|C+ $\Teq sd]+# rsH sb+~+#&+q sC+>
|]wY # z #sTT+#&+q HVA, |f\T <s | |f <X deT>
|sT MT< #k&T. 1947 p 27q yTH]{\ du $T{ #dq
|b<qqT 1949 yT 11q sC+> |]wY d\V $T{ sd]++~
( mdtd, mdt{\ $wjT+ |).
B |* sE eTTd+\T nqTu$dTHsT. de\ <[
de\T sTy \+ eq _d ]swq |jH
b+<>*>sT. de\eTT eT #|>*q # w&\T \
| || |+#T>*>sT. d\ < esZ+, $<e+T\
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 27
esZ+ +&&+ e\ | sC+> || @B H V+<e

de+ bT q&e>\T>TTHsT. eTTd+\ &T, #<Te q
esZ\T (eTTK+> s us<X+) bkH y[be&+ e\, b
# |T&< <T u>+ be&+ e\ eTTd+ de+
d y>+> ~>C]+~.
ys messTTH nsTT B m<Ts=q& d+|T{eTe<TsT.
ds+ e V\T eeT n&T>T<TsT. eTTd+\T esZ+
m+#Tbe& eTTd+ deC n+sZyTq sD\T b<T
>, V+<e de+ @ $<+> d+~dT+<qq ujT+ eTTK
sD+. =H+< eTTd+\ b |uTHeT s|<X #+~q
eTTd+ |eTTKT\T |{+#>, |{ qb HjT&sTTq dTs+<
yVH e+{ e (jTq yTH]{\ deq V\qT eTqd]>
+k&q&+ d+<VeTs<T) =+<s|& n+ | #jTT<T
dTe n+ dTBsyTq |<X yd+ sk&T.
V+<e de+ >VdT+< bdT\T nqTeks eTTd+\T
m+<T >*? m sE\T >*? eT <*q y{ H\T>
e+T L& <> s+>+, $<s+>+, sjT eed d
m+<T dV+#*? d n+sZ sD\T m H y{ >T]+
@yTH #j\H eTTd+\T eTTd+\T> d+|T{eTsTT eTT <X+
u> &+ dVyTq V nq ds+ eeV]+#>\>&+
neds+. de+ qT+&, |uT+ qT+& V\T b+<\+f nTe+{
d+|Tq m{> nedsyT.
MTsT eTTd+ d+|\ eTTd+ b\ |T= V+<e de+
~ += ysT <]rdT+<yqq nqTeH e #
<T\T, |>o\ sj\ u>eTsTT n+<] bT MT V\T
b+<+& n eTTd+\ Ve #| nuT<jTy<T\T b<T.
nD>]q ke esZ\T eTT> d+|T{+ e&+ nedseT n+f
` me]ysT nu<yTq \T T= Lsy\ <T. \e>\
#, \ee\dq # ] sT \ee\d+<. $&>
d+|T{+ < V\ k<q d+> nT+, y{ deT> esD
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 28
L& k<+ <q~ yde+. $wjT+ >T]+q sTy \

d+|\T n+ nuT<jTy<T\T d&+#TH |\T <[ VQq
d+|\T @s&sTT.
eTTd+\T eTTd+\T> d+|T{+ y* n+THeT+f eTTd+
de+ n+sZ $uq < n~ eTd bdqT +< L&
ns+ <T. eTTd+\T @ >=&T> yTqs< eT |sT MT< eTT
d+|T{+ y\ eyT n+TH+. eTq <>Zs +f s
us<X+ eTTd+\ nc|t esZ, <[ VQq \ qT+
eTTd+\T> e]q nC|t, ns esZ\L eT< & # |dT+>
+< n+{sT. eT+& $TwH sTy & eT]+ ={qT
eeTeTq< L& n+{sT. n+|&T <[ VQq \
#+~q eTTd+\T $&> d+|T{+ e&+ ueeTqT+f nB HjTyT.
<X $uq sDeTjsH |TeT# eT< \+
mdt L& eTTd+ |\ sjT esD = |+<+>
jssTT+~. V<su< bd e s#T> $+T+{+.
bd eTTd+\qsTTH V+<Te\qsTTH y] <q+~q J$
neds\ d+, ke ] V\ d+ d+|T{|]# d+dM
e. T m+m+ nT _C| b\T s+&T XXH\, eT&T
skH\T> bd sj\qT q&|dTHsTT. s&T d+,
q d+, & d+ bd +<q ]q <++ me]
C|\q <T. |]d q>s b\\, sw b\\ #
q+<<jTeT ys #|qeds+ <T.
bd eTTd+\e] m+m+ | |<> d<_bjT+ <T.
me] ~*+H jTTe sT<> |<q deTd> #bsT.
bd V+<Te\ |]dr n+ e#TqT > eTdq~ <{ e*
e @< b~ #dT= kjT+\+ ] \T #sTH neX+
V+<Te\ se+ my +T+~. |uT <>\T <=sbe&yT
<T, |y{ s+>+q eTTd+\T # $e m<TsT+Tq d+>
*d+<.
nsTTq|{ eTTd+ jTTe <>V d+, |V d+,
b~V d+ d+|T{+ #d |jT+ #jTs< n me]
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 29
n&H yTeTT #d @y eTT<\T yksT. mdt n+{sT, rey<+

n+{sT n yT ksT. ~ =k] eT nHd yTH k
e#TqT > yTq |{sTT+| L& +~. yTq uj\
HsTT.
eTTd+\T B n~>$T+#&+ neds+. < |C+ X\T
&&&+ neds+. e b s+&, e d+|T+ s+& n
V+#&+ MT V\ d+, MT | deTd\ |]cs+ d+
MTsT d+|T{+ +&, yTeTT &T +{eT #|&+ neds+.
eTT* |
2004
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 30
<X k+ <eT+ ` eTTd+\T

@
|\sTTH eTT dV+ <Xuq sTEe #dTH d

+&&+ ` sTEe #dTe\dq d H&&+ ` nHjTeT+f
n+<s |+{sT. H qs |e&+ |<> w+ L& <T.
m+<T nHjT+ nq |X ydT= =+#+ T> $Xwd
n+<] H =+<] +~ n|+# yT\T <=s>\e.
<Xu nH~ $y< nryTq d<TZD+ n, eT+y+<s
ns+ <Xu\T njT +{s nqT+f m+<T nHjT+ nq
|X dT\ueTsTTq yT <=sTT+~. yTeTT dV+ eT+yyTq
sTEe #dTe\d se&+ nHjTyT eT].
<Xu nH< deTkyTq ueq. = D\, =
ns\ n~ |Ck$T ueH >\<T ={ <T. eTT
dV+ <Xuq sTEe #dTe\dq d H&q y] ]>
eTTKyTq nHjT+ d+> #|be&+, e\T
nqbe&+. >T&b{ y+#\+ nH V+< n> #+~q
s#sTT (eT >T]+, >T]+ jTq n_bjT+
@eTsTTq|{) <Xu +f VqyTq b|+ ys @B < nq>*>&T.
< C> rdTqysT C> rdTHsT, e+>+> u$+q
ysT e+>+> u$+#sT, deTq sj\MT< d]jTdt yK>
ns+ #dTqysT $<+> ns+ #dTHsT. #\+ >] yK
e\ @ weT s<T. n< +&jTH eTTd+, +&jTH djTH
n+ dT\u+> e nq>\s?
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 31
n+u<sY m+ weTsTT+~! +>dty] Crj<eT+ |#s+

#dq ns+ <Xu\T e&yT sjT ss\+<] se+ <,
<+f k+|T d+dsD d+, k+|T $|e+ d+ |#jT&+
>=| $wjTeT nq+<T jTq _{wt @C+{ nq +< mH
yjTe\d e+~! +< \+ #*bsTT+< nqT+Tq <X
nsTDYX] < eT bD+ bjT>*>&+f <Xu nH~ +>H
n VjTeTsTTq b|+ n|dT+~. n+u<sY >=|<qyT$T+f, <Xu
nH e ujT|& k+|T $|e+ d+ |#jT&yT eTsTTq
<Xu n y~+# |jT+ (H *d) #jT<T. #d |
be#TqT > #jT<T. qT nedseT u$+q sjT
s#sD q b{ qT eT>+ nj&T.
b< ns+, us k+ bs+ eTTd+\ bqT
y* rjT& djT< qosY nVeT< #dq (+ #dH q)
|jT+ e< n>, >&|q |jd n> #|&+ <T. qosY
nVeT<~ |X+djTyTq w nq&+ d+<VyTMT <T. +<
yT $$< ksTT\ #|e#T. +<yd y] $\Te\ |]~q
yT #|e#T. $\Te\qT $eT]+#&+ <sq #|e#T.
s#T> s+& nedseTesTT. |{es yTT<{ | #d eq
qosY nVeT< s+&e~ L& yTT<\T|>\&q X H\T>T
e\T nq&+ ]+~.
_{wt b\q qT+& usY $eTT k~+|f< <XujTTeTsTTq
sj#sD n |H, syTq <Xu |<]+q ys
>=|ysqTH, nTe+{ >=|y] eTTd+\ b\T m+e+
e < qosY nVeT< # $es+> s|+#sT. nsTDYX
e+{ysT s| @+ e{&H < yT #|& e\dq
de#s+ \T>T deC n+~#sT.
C eTw #q\ eTTKyTq eT\+ ` #T q
|]dT\, y{ eT+ H={ eyTq, m|& | n<
|<q+ < >T]+qsTT _{wt e\d b\q =*H&T es
V+<Te\ +f eTTd+\H me +& neX+ +< >V+#&
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 32
qosY nVeT< s#q\T #<eqs<T ` =+#+ #] *d #\T.

_{wty us<X+ sC~s+ H\= |jT+ yTT<\T|fd]
& b\\T me> eT+ eTTd+\T. jTT<\ z&bsTT
_{wt y] n~s+ n|++B me> eTTd+ sE. _{wt
$j eTTd+\ z$T> u$+#&+ 18, 19 Xu\ k<sD
$wjT+> +&~. _{wt b\qqT =*H&T V+<Te\ +f eTTd+
me sd+#sT. V+< deC #+~q ~| esZ\T ` uVD,
jTd, j, s| \T ` sH _{wt b\q n&dt
njsT. |]jTH eTsbsTT +^wt HsTHsT. = b\q eT
d>T\ yTq VA< yTHsT. eTTd+ b\esZ\T,
eT<s> n+ dT\u+> n&dt <T. _{wt esqT # \+
b>=T<T. sD+> ysT bXrsD yq& 20e X+
e#d] n_e~q V+< n>\ +f yq&bjsT. n~
ys #].
n+<Te\ =*H{ qT+& _{wt b\qqT es+q y]
eTTd+\T |<d+K +&&+ Xs+ *+#e\dq $wjT+ <T.
#] d++~+q d Cq+ +&, eT d+yTq H<
d+ nqTH y]~ ys d+>.
eeT\T q+ $wj=d, _{wt e\dy<+ d+|<jT
eT\|q, eekjT s+>+|q ydq <Twue+ eT+ $T+
+& n+<] MT< $<+> |&+~. =+<sT eTq+> dV+#sT,
=+<sT k<sD ksTT sd+#sT, =+<sT s>&sT. n
XDT\q n eT\ys HsT. nsTT _{wt b\q =\T
ds|&+~ u+> e&+ e\, MT+< eedqT =\T
|yX|{+~ n& e&+ e\, < \sTTq u+> s+>+
(eTTK+> sT u+> s+>+) me> eTTd+\T e&+ e\,
=*H{ >MTD n\&T\q eTTd+\ u>keTyT n~+.
{| $w
b\esZ sT>TuT<sqT yTT< rdT+f, _{wt y {|
dTH ujT|&q+> ys me] ujT|&<T. ujT+ n+f e\+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 33
d ujT+ <T. {|~ VT<yTq <T #H. q #T

q s ` V+<, eTTd+ ` y] sE\ e\ q s ku>+
qw+<T >, _{wt y] $wjT+ ys n dw+> >V+q n=~
eT+~ +&jTH b\\ {| &T. qy k] b
k] eT bsT>T sE\qT z&+#& _{wt y] #T\T *bsT
> {| & | mq& #jT<T. n+<T _q+>, _{wt y]
es+> <H sC\{ @+ #j\ (|+ y] kjT+
L& rdTy\) |jT+#&T. q |jT ns+
#dTbsTTq q sT>T bsT>T sE\ *$eH
$dTH&T. e] es _{wt y] e\+ eTs= y] sE>
#&& M\T<q q ne>VqqT e<T\T<T. e] yTdsT
jTT<+ {|dTH #bj& *d +&j eTq<q _{wt
d n~] sT d+w+ | |{+#&, {| dTHqT
|X+dd ||+#+ q qq eTsbsTTq sTy #\+ es
L& {| dTHqT C|+ |T+T+~ n >essY qs yd
nH& #]sT\T #bsT. qosY nVeT< |#T]+q |d\
|s+|s {| dTH MT< |+> q s#q (yTdsY |*
{| dTH) +&&+ yT. < $d]+ + $es+>
sjT>* u>T+T+~.
|<eT us k+ d+>eT+ n, dbsTT sT>TuT n
$$< |s |\e& 1857 sT>TuT eT, eTdT\L
#+~q~ <T >, < ] sT>TuT> #&<\#T+f n~
|<q+> eTTd+\ sT>TuT. _{wt y < s+>H ns+
#dTHsT. @ deTjT+ 1857qT eTVs k+ bs+>
|dTd, eTTd+\T k+ bs+ bZq< +~+# y]~
$T+>T&T|& be#T>. bs+ bZq d+kHBX\+ eT
d+VdH\T,
s#]\T
b&Te&
bZHs
yU+#sTT n~ eTTd+\+ e]dT+< V+<Te\L n+
e]dT+~. sC~s+ jeTq <T>H ysT ~*q|{ n~
k+ bsyTqqT+f n~ sasD \usTT m+yTs
e]dT+<, ne< sD u>+ VY eTVL n+ e]dT+~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 34
nsTTq|{ \usTT <Xu V+> <XeT+ |]#jT+ >

(\T>TH ` d+ k+< ` s+ |r s+&e +{
sa +&~), u>+ VY eTV >T]+ qosY nVeT< e+{ysT
#| | *jT <Td <X |{+~.
1857 yT H\ 10e Bq MTs{ s>& dbsTT\T & e
eT sT>TuT HjT+ eV+#eT K] eTT|T #e]
V<sY c |sYqT s>, =\T n+> d #| |sY sTy
n+^]k&T. H\T>T H\\bT kq bs{ nH +<eTj&T.
H=& bs&q >V+ <X+ d+kHBX\+<] q
*dseT Vq+ |+b&T. ~ eTT|T b\q |qsTJeH
<]rdT+<q d+<V+ =+<sT sE\T |{sTT+#& >eT+,
_{wt y] \Te]+qsTT <X+ deK sV b\q
H\=\T<eT L& |sY d+#&T. <X+ d+kHBX\+
{| dTH +{ysTTe+f ` eT eT m |TsD\TH _{wt
y] y| \Te]+#& { e&+ neds+ n >T]+ +f `
|sY d#q =+sTTH |*+ #<y. n|&T _{w+&j #] @
$<+> +&<! eTT|T\T\ | es @sD n&+ e+<q
d#qqT eTq <Xu\T @ $<+> ns+ #dT+{s, @ $<+>
yUks! es bsTTqsTT yTT<{ k+ d+>eTyT
e]~ nsTTe+&< #|&+ H <X+ <T > d+>e
n~s+ sTTq eTTd+ b\\ |#s> _{wtys <T,
#eT+~ d+kHBX\T #ksH~ yde+. nsTTq|{ H{
<Xu ueq |eTTK kq+ q |<eT us k+ d+>eT+
nH |T+ V<sY c |sY >, u>+ VY eTV >, eTq
V<su< #+~q s=V j<T&T TsuCUH >, d+|tT|]ysY
< >TsTe $HjTse <y<sY kessY dV+ yT#Tq
qsT b\&T HHkVu $TT&T nJeTTUH >, eT<dT
|{ ||+#eT+ ] \ bs+ u>eTsTTq eT nV<T
UH > #Tbe&+ @ s+>q HjT+ <T.
bssT] J$ bq |+>H nsTTH #]+#&+
qosY nVeT< #dq eT+|.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 35
sE\T, sDT\T, d+kHBX\ #dq bs{\T sTT, |\

qT+& >] |< ]q _{wt es sT>TuT +=T. 19e
X+ <++ ~ydT\T eT<us<X+ #dq sT>TuqT <X
k+ bs+ u>+> #&&+ eTq <Xu*+ HsT<T.
n< e #+~q$ |]X< k+qT d<++> *q sT>TuT
L&.
M k+ bs{
eV;, |sJ, yb sT>TuT e #+~qy. X< k+
nH <sD M{ \+> q sD+> M{ eT|seTsTTq
<e\T> eZ]+# neX+ +~. _{wt b\H jT++>+ |H
#d+~. nsTT >] bs{\ $Xw+ @$T+f $ |{+~ eTTd+
MT+<sT\T, ukeTT\T q s|<X e+{ b+\ <T.
eTTd+\T jTw+ #dT sT\T>, L\T> ` V+<Te\T
MT+<sT, ukeTT\T, d+|<jT |+<sT> q sT u+>
(y[ +><X), eT\usY (s sw+ s u>+) b+\.
sD+> <e\T ks+X+ ukeT es s+>
bs{q $Xw+q ysTHsT.
qosY nVeT< bs{\qT k+ bs+ u>+> #d
M{ >T]+ $d+> sXsT. ~ #eT+ w. 19e X+
<++ bs{\T, y{ bjT\T _{wt y] # +~
|{sTT. m& @ n\& ]H < yq eV; |sJ
+<qsT\THsy n _{wt +&j b\\T nqTe+#ysT.
20e X+ |D b+\ eT<s> #+~q jTTe\T V+<e
<<+q, d\sY <<+q _{wt b\q| #|{q $T*f+{
bs{\ >T]+ eTq u>H \TdTqT. u+> $|esT\,
V+<TkH ]|_H , ><sY b HjTyTq >T]+|, >se+
\_+#sTT. 19e X+ >MTD b+\ ~ydT\T,
q eTTd+ sT\ n+ |T<\ #dq $T*f+{ bs{\
|{ >T]+| <T. C 20e X| fs]dT\ +f ys
me \+, me |T<\, me> |\qT dMT]+ _{wt
+&j b\\|q bs+ #XsT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 36
18e X| ~rjs+ u+> b++ eq reyTq

sTe |\T |\e #bTq|&T L& sT +&j +|
b\H jT++>+ syq ed\TqT sjT> =qk++~. Hu
<<| eT&e e+T sTe y|& #bsTTq|{, syq ed\T
|~X+ |]+< 1770`71 d+es| ]bsT +^wt $Xw&
n+#H yX&+f +| Ls+ m+{< ns+ #dTe#T. n|{
|~ d+es\T> |ssTT b\q es+> |\ <~dTq
eTTd+ |sT |Ts eT \+ $+_+#sT. M] HjT&T
eTpc |sY. H>\T> |\e& V+< dHdT\T L& y]
&jsT. 1771 |s deyX+|q +^wt d\T \T\T ]|
150 eT+~ #+bsT.
sTy |s >] bs+ $d yT |dT +><X, |eT
u+>, nk+ b+\ ;VsY, nk+, u{H, Hb b+\
L& y|++~. y <q+ &+>T\ MT< <&#d <H sTe
|& |\ |+#ysT, e& ybsT\ e<qTq sTD|\T
>\u{sT, sT +&j +| @C+qT ]q+> +#ysT.
|\qT |&+#e<, d#+<+> # #+<\T rdTy |
\e++> &T\T ed\T #|L&< eTpc q nqT#sT\qT
<+#y& _{wt n~sT #|HsT. |sT, H> dHdT\T
*d bs+ #jT&+ e\ @ V+< eTTd+ nk<+ n
_{wtysT eT eTT q#C|Hs n~ k<yTq sTEe #XsT
L&. nsTT +| n~sT\T $|yTq V+d |j+ .X.
1800 H{ |s sT>TuTqT nDyXsT.
_{wt b\q es+> sE\T, qyT\T, $$< d+kHBX\T
n|{ sT>TuT #dTHsT. n+<T d<yTq e\dy<
es b\T m+, e\+ eT |XdH b&Ty\q s+
m+ n+f n+<] e]+# drsD #jT&+ w+. nsTTq|{ y]
||Tq yTT+ k+ bs+ u>+>H >T]+#&TTq~.
>, |\ y| qT+& ]q yTTyTT<{ $d dMTsD, bs+
|sT HjT+ eV+q<. M] V+< dHdT\ &jsT. B
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 37
@ $<+> ns+ #dTy*? V+<e de+ dHdT\T, usrjT

eTTd+ de+ |sT, de+ Tu m&+> +& |\ MT<
]> nDyL nHj es+> >=+T $|ys, sdq
>+ #ys s=$T <|sY e+{ $Xw\T >T]+#sT.
|s`dHdT\ sT>TuT d+|<jT bH _{wt b\q
es+> sV++<qTy? b eTuy\ |sD J$+#
|sT de b\qqT dV+# |s+^\qT bs<\eTq H<+
s>&sqTy? <T es+> d+|<jT #dq
sT>TuT nqTy? sTTq eTTd+ se+X\, d+kHBX
\ yuy ] k~+#&+ d+ bs&sqTy? n~ sTe
|& s+> e\d b\\L, y] @C+sTTq MT+<sL
es+> dMT]+q esZbs+ nqTy? u+> b++
MT+<sT me> V+<Te\T, sT\T me> eTTd+\T nq
$wj <w |T= ~ V+<Te\ d+|<qT <#Tq eTTd+
sT>TuT nqTy?
|X\ $es+> yT #|e& e\dq de#s+
#]sT\ n+<Tu{ +< <! n~ eTq # |]$T >,
_{wt b\qqT yTT+> n+yTT+~+ < kq+ @ d<o
sC H\= |jT eyT k+ bs+> ns+ #dTH
yK] ueC\ d++<yTq |]$T. B e<T\T=, _{wt e\d b\q
|*\qT sd+ < =\+#\q d+\+ @ |ej
<w |T= |#dH, nd\T @ |ejTeT dw+> H `
n~ k+ bs+ u>yTqqT+f |s sT>TuT k+
bs{\ u>yT. eTTKyTq u>yT.
eV; <eT+
|s sT>TuT n+yTq sTy u+> qT+& eT yTT<\sTTq
eV;`|sJ <e\ L& ~ e]dT+~. M{ eT |sD +
me. eTTd+\T |ssTT |uy qsTT eT eT #s\qT eTs
|e]dTHsq y<q, X<yTq k$T #sDqT ] |yX|f
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 38
\+ ns_j #+~q nT eVu yTT<\T|{q ]qyTq

d+dsDqT eV; <eT+ n+{sT. ~ ns_j |]$TyT
+&<T. eTTd+ ||+#eT+{ y|++~. <e <T
es+> d+|<jT #dq sT>TuT> ns+ #dTq ysTHsT.
k+ ns_j qT+& jT y|+q eT+ eTTd+ de+
nys+> e #]q _q sd+q eTsy<+>
$Xw+qys HsT. $ s+& =+yTs yT e#T. y]
ssyTq eeVsX* e\ eV;\T |#dq b+\ |seTdT\
|TsD\T se&yT <T, eTTd+\H es # e+~. X+
u<\ D+ eV;\qT nDyjT& _{wt y] u> &&+~
L&.
nsTT eTTd+ de+ ]qyTq n+sZ d+dsD
<eT+> bs+uyTq~` +&j=#d] de b\qqT =\+
k$T sC H\=\q sjT H<+>q e]+~
n~+> q eekjT<sT\T, #eT\ ysT nsTTq eTTd+
|\ MT< |uTeTT, MT+<sT, e& ybsT\T neT\T #dTq
nDyqT \+> es+q $T*f+{ bs+>q e]+~. sTe
|& u+> {MTsY (MTsY ksY n) HjT+ q&q eV;
<e e] \D+ <+&> +&+~. eV; <eT+ _q
D\ H{ sjT d+<s+ =] = = q#TsTT,
= q#e { M{ @< < m+| #dT= < eV;
<eT+ nd\T >TD+ n $Xw+#&+ sT>TT+T+~. $Xw\
nd\T $wjT+> |+#~ |C+ esZbs+ e#T,
s&T>{q eTy<+ e#T. $Xw\T }V+#TH &\T,
$uq sK\T eV; <eT+ +> HjT sTEe #jT&+ w+.
, <w D |sds+ nd+<+> # $wj\T
eTs= eTs= <w D $<+> #be#T.
n<{>TH { e+ d+. _{wt b\\T 19e X+
je # +<q #+~q $T*f+{ bs+ eV; <eT+.
|+=$T<e X+ =* <Xu\ H{ #s eeVs\ d+dsD
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 39
<eT+>q, ke d>T\ | sdq <eT+>q eTTd+

de+ eV; #H u> y|++~. >MTD s+>+, |D
b+ ~>Te eT<s>, sT<> jTTe < | u>
]T\jsT. 1831 u+> |Ps nH >eT+ MT+<sT
w<esjYT >&+|TH eTTd+\|q |qT $~+#&+ eV;\
sT>TuT $T*f+{ s|+ rdT+~. q e $qq+<T >T+|qT
b>T#d eTTd+\|q <&#d y] eTd<TqT <+d+ #dq MT+<sT
#s sdq> {MTsY HjT+ yTT<{ |<<& ]+~.
sTy MT+<s|q, |s+^\|q <&T\T =qk>sTT. eT|syTq
neeH sdq> yTT<q sT>TuT yTT<{ eT ndVH
|<]+H sTy MT+<sT, *eT+<T b+sT, sT +&j
+| b\\ <|& <sH\qT m<Ts=q $T*f+{ bs+> eV;
<eT+ u+> n+{ y|++~. <eT+ eTTd+\ |]$T+
nsTTq|{ sT u+> b++ eTTd+\T yTC]{> q
s+>+|q V+<Te\T yTC]{> q MT+<s <|& <sH\T
ke yde+ { ~ s+> sT>TuT duy * +~.
V+<Te\sTTH eT n&+ sb @MT #jTe<, eTTd+\sTTH
eT n&+ ed $T+#e< {MTsY q nqT#sT\qT <+q
$wjT+ $Xw\T #bsT. V+< deC #+~q |< s+>eT
eV;\ dV]+q d+<s\THsTT.
|Ps >eT+ MT+<sT nH>] yK] es+> yTT<\sTTq
eV;\ bs+ sH +| dq\ jTT<+> e] d+es+
bT k+~. e] |T+ {MTsY dV 50 eT+~ #b>,
eTs= eTTKT&T >T+ edT+qT +| b\\T Vs+>+> ]
rXsT. += 197 eT+~ ]q \T yXsT. nsTT eV; +,
<eT+ <XeT+{ y|+ 19e X+ e] < _{wt b\\qT
+~ |&TH +~. <qT nVeT< us k+<eT+ `
eTTd+ |C bs{\T nH |#TsD $es+> #bsT. eV;\T e\d
b\q es+> #dq bs{\qT |X+dd, y] eT|syTq
ndVq+ e\ ]q qc $e]+#sT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 40
|sJ <eT+
eV; <eT+ sTy eq |sJ <eT+ L& d\+> n<
duy *q~. |sY nH e qT+& |sJ |{+~. |sY nH~
k<sD d+uwD nqT\+|TjTyTq $~ se+ nq ns
dT+~. n~ <] se+ qeds+ <T. |sJ <eTsT\T
|j+q ns+ n~ <]yT. eTTd+\ J$ #s\ e
#]q nq |uy\qT =\+#&+, XTe b\q q <X
$eTT#d k$T sC H\=\&+ ysT m+#Tq sy\T. |sJ
<eT eek|&T sT u+> #H ] T++
|{q VJ w]jTT. qT VC eT bsTT eV; <e
>T]+ \TdT= +&j ] eq sTy n< qeTH >\
sy q qT s+#TH&T.
X< k+ |u<+ sD+> |sJ\ eTTd+\H |TsD
@s&>, |s+^ sC bs<\q \+ MT+<s dT
#*+#e<q |\T| e&+ e\ MT+<sq b\H
jT++>+q |TsD @s&+~. b\H jT++>+ w]jTTq,
n nqT#sT\q nDyd =B MT+<s <|&, +&> b+s
<|& >Tsq s+> nqT $eTT d++ nj& deTq
_{wt yU nHsT. n =&T <<T$Tj (eTVeT< ydH)
HjT+ |sJ <eT+ <] D+ Z sj] D+
|]q sD+> n~ |<q+> MT+<sT, +| b\\T, +&>
b+s es bs+> k+~. q eTTd+ duy
e<T\TbsTTH, ysT<+ sbe& sD+ sT u+>
s+>+, H ]\T me> eTTd+\T e&+, < esZ\ #+~q
eTTd+\ |sJ\ <] |#seT sj] |D[ q#be&+
e\ ysT (= $TqVsTT+|\) MT+<s b+s { e&+.
|< V+<Te\T m+ yTs |sJ <eT+ u>+ njsq
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 41
1847 H{ sT u+>\T |sJ\ yq 50 y\ q+ Hs

sT +&j +| y~\T *jTCksTT. ysT >e\
de+s b\H jT++> d+ H\=sT. |sJ K|Y
(b\H eed) <] eeVs\q eeVs\q L&
#dTH~. n+<T eTTdyTsT\T +&&yT yTH]{\sTTq
V+<Te\, de\ eT $Xk\T <q+& C>\T rdTHs
L& deTq _{wt yU\HsT.
|\qT |<mTq dMT]+ $T*f+{> <&T\T #jT&
yq& <<T$Tj es+> &H\|t nH *eT+<T b+sY
+| n~sT\qT, MT+<sT\qT dMT]+#&T. ~ <&T\T,
m<TsT<&T\T, $Tq dT\ <]rdq yq+ qosY nVeT< q
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|{ dsTT+q $wj |TsD|q $#sD ]|q _{wt
n~sT\T dV+ >T]+#sT.
1857 d+>eT+ >T]+ # *dq y] dV+ *jT~
@$T+f bs+ |sJ\T #TsT>Z bZHs. n|{ |~
d+es\ eTT+< 50 y\ nqT#s>D+ qT +| b\ >T]+q
|sJ <eTyT 1857 d+>eT+ |<q |C <eT+. q
bjTe> n|{|&T @s&q q q +<\T, d+kHBX
\ d +<\T. n|{ d+|T{+> +& +| b\q MT<,
MT+<s MT< nH bs{\T #dq |sJ\T sT>TuT
bZq&+ _{wty] # \es|{+<q& >\ <sH\T qosY
nVeT< nH+ ++#sT. n+<T |<qyTq~ <<T$TjqT
d+esqs \+ s+~+ 1857 sT>TuTqT yTT+> nDyd
< $& |be&+.
1857 sT>TuT #]q sTy L& |sJ\ bs+
=qk+~. <<| 19e X+ e] u>+ < n~ dJe+>H
#TsT>q +~. nsTT eV;\ > MsT L& |]X< k+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 42
eTqT eTT |<T\T> u$+#Te&+ e\, |]X< k+qT >&

MT< n|V+> \u{\qTe&+ e\, s eTdT\H <T,
eTTd+\qT dV+ #es <s+ #dTHsT. eT @u$+#
eTTd+ |\H <T, eT\qT dV+ +#|s#&+ e\ eT eT+H
<] $wjT+ +{]ysjsT. \Vq |sJ <e
qw<jTeTsTT+~.
yb bs+
eV;, |sJ <e\ de+s+> k y{ +f me
\+ eTq>*q eTTd+ s+> bs+ yb bs+. s sw+
s u>q q eT\usT eTTd+\T n~ d+K edksT. yb
nH~ eT\usT #+~q eTTd+\qT eT\j uw |*# |sT.
eT\usT u d++<\ yb\T n&T>Tq q sT\T, L\T
> u$T eTTK+ mq& #&+& sT w+ MT< C
(uk$T) V+< n>\ #+~qy&T. sT 70 X+
yb\T >, u$T 40 X+ C\~. yTdsT sE {| dTH
eT\usTqT sTT+q|&T C\ V\T =\+ sT\
u$TMT< V *+#&T. 1799 H\Ze yTdsT jTT<+ {|
z&bsTT eT\usT sT +&j +| Vd>+ nsTTq sTy
C\ n~s = s|+ ] |yX|&+ ]+~. =+\+
d#, V\T sT#dq yb s+>+ C\ MT<, y] n~s
\u{q _{wt y] MT< sT>TuT #XsT. 1800 yTT<\sTTq
sT>TuT 1922 < k+~. ukeTT\ MT< bs+uyTq
sT>TuT ukeTT\ eT<T<sT\T, _{wt bdT\T, HjTkH\T,
dt +&j +| b\\T, e] _{wt d\T, n~s MT<
m|&+~ n #] |]X<q\ <s+> qosY nVeT<
n+{sT.
yb\T eT yTTyTT<{ #s>H C] y& nH sT +&j
+| n~] VessT. < |rs+> +| \>\T
eTT>TZsT yb HjT\qT * #+bsTT. < =+\+ d+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 43
nsTTq yb sT>TuT 1821 qT+& eT $+_++~. 1921 |

51 bs{\T ]>jT _{wt |]X<\T |{sT.
s eT eTT nH eT>TsTeqT yb\T e{&
eT\j+ +> n+{sT. +>\ HjT+ ukeTT\sTTq
C\|q, y] b&TTq sT +&j +| |q bs+
#jT&+ eT <] $~ n yb\T u$+#sT. KTsH nTe+{
bs{ u~dT+< qesT. $<+> C\L, y] d+s\L
es+> yb s+>+ #dq bs{ <] due+ e+~.
bs+ ~q yb\T s+&qT b*q +T sV+#ys
qosY nVeT< d$es+> #bsT. XTe dJe+> L&<q
sjT+ sD+> eTsDyT y] n+eT eT. n+<T bs+
bjTeTT+< d us, |\\ |+#d, us $&*#ysT.
]+f sT \e+T\sTTq XTe\H+#T= <+< jTT<
dy\T #d eTT ##< XT d+Vs+ #dysT. 1821`1921 eT<
]q 51 bs{\ < $esH & e&+ +>
+T+~.
sT>TuT 1849 >dT 25q yTT<\sTT+~. nH >TsT nH
+> HjT+ ]+~. s+> |&dTq |+&& q+~ nH
C #] MT~ nqT 15 eT+~ y[ neT edqT |+#&T.
C CsTH&T. yb\T n&qT+& C n~| nsTTq eT+C]
sC ueq+ MT~ bjsT. y] s >T]+ \TdTq _{wt
d\T, bdT\T sC n+&> eT+C] jT\T<ssT. yb\
<& d\T T |ssjsT.
sTy yb\T eT esY =qk+#sT. ys }s qT+&
eq yb\T y] #s&+ y] d+K |]+~. <] eTTd+
eTTdyTs s+>+ dV+ y] +&, , ed @sT
#XsT. y] n{> k>d |< sT>TuT s>>\< >V+q
+| d\T |<mTq dMTyT yb\ |q <&#XsT. ;s+>
kq bsT 64 eT+~ yb\T #bjsT. _{wt d\T
nsTT<T>TsT eyT #bjsT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 44
nsTT yb\~ e\+ eTqT |&dTq C\ MT< bs+ <,

sT +&j +| b\qqT n++ #d #H y] +&+<
>T]+#& <sq+ @$T+f 1857 sT>TuT bs+u+ nsTT+<
*jT>H ysT qsq d+<q. s V+<Tkq+ sT>TuT
yTT<\sTT+~, eTq+ L& <* n eT\usT b++ ysT
|#s+ yTT<\T|{sT. nsTT ~H $wj _{wt b\\T
|d>{ |jT |PqTq HjT\qT nsdT#d C\T |&XsT.
1920\ H{ yb sT>TuT +>dt ysT #|{q |Y
<eT+ u>yTq yq+, dVjT ssD<eT+ <s >+<jT
sj\ u>yTq yq+, nsTT eT |< < $T*f+{ s|+
|<mTq s>& _{wt b\H jT++> ]yTd |Y
sC b++ @sT #dq yq+, sTy _{wt b\\T
y]|q $sT#T|& n Ls+> y\ eT+~ #+| bs{
nDq yq+, qosY nVeT< e\H eTTd+ |C bs{\T
|d+ #~$ u>T+T+~.
~ k+ bs{\T> >T]+| b+< eTTd+ |\ $wjT+
>, >T]+| b+~q bs{\ eTTd+\ bqT e#d #|&+
< nd qTeTsT>T #jT&+ ]+< qosY nVeT< n_j>+.
yTT<{ k+ d+>eT+> >T]+| b+~q 1857 sT>TuT
T> bZq|{ \usTT, +j|\ deq+> >T]+|
b+< eTTd+\ >T]+ |q #X+.
ncKTqT m+<T e#XsT?

V+<TkH ]|_H nkdjTwH duT&T, ] dT @
eTTd+ eTT<sTT nsTTq ncKT UH >T]+ qosY nVeT< sdq
q |d+ #~$q yse]HH, ncKT UH ys @ s+>q
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nsTTq+<T m<TsTq neeH\, d+<V\ u~+# eqe.
n|{ $|esT&> |sT|w\T d+b~+#Tq s+|k< _d
q }]y& nsTTH n q|q qeT+ *+ V+<TkH ]|_H
nkdjTwH du+ b+<& ncKT UH # neeH
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 45
u]+#e\d e+~. $|esT&T eTTd+\qT nqTe+#&+ q

VsTTqT |e]+#>, n eT+ #dT=, n eTqdT >\T#T=,
d+d q du+ b+<& ncKT # w|&e\d
e+~. >+B esZ sd]+q bssT\+<] u>Yd+>
me >se+ b+<& sD+ nqT y~, |C+y~,
deTdey~ e&+ q \\ d+ sTqe ]++ m&+.
u>Yd+> +f H\T> djTsY nsTTq ncKTUH
#q\q \D\ HsTT. nq 27e @ X\ +
]++ m&T. nsTTq|{ eTTd+ nq eTT<qT sTT+#< n
$|esT\ +<+ #T \_+#<T. |]d H&T
ncUH eyT |]$T+ <T. e<X+ d+ bD\T
DbjT+> u$+q eTTd+ $|esT\ |\Te] #<T
nqTuy\T |<T nq qosY nVeT< yK d>T bs\ d>TZ
*+# eq<T.
dMT m& # b* { & |qT. qosY nVeT<
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d++~+q+es djT+> =+ $wjT dsD L& #XsT. #]
N{ D\ +&bsTTq nH\ >T]+ de#s+ n+~+#sT.
eTTd+ d\ b >T]+, +<|<X uu> #+~q eTTd+\ >T]+
$&> de#s+ #sT. 2005 |#T]+q us k+ deTs+
` eTTd+ j<T\T (|<eT u>+) q de#s {, jTq
|&T k+ bs+ eTTd+\ b >T]+# k+q+s
de+ eTTd+\ d>T\ >T]+, k+ |PseT,
nq+seT L& eTTd+\ | V+<Te\ H\= q nbV\
>T]+ s#q\T #|&TTqT \TdTq~. ~ V+#<>Z |jT+.
<uT <Xu, k+ <eT+ yTT<\sTTq e\H
yTH]{\ <D+ qT+& $eTsH+> |]o*+# |jT+ L&
qosY nVeT< @< sE yTT<\T|&s <+. |{es #dq
s#q\ jTq e\ |<q sjT de+ q nsH
d]+#sT. <VsD _{wt b\q n++ y\ sT+H
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 46
_{wt y] weTD sTy eTTd+\ ys uu>+ y\ sTq

yse] |keH s#q\ <T. y]~ k+ |bd m+<T
+& bsTT+~? +&j H&T $&b+& +&&+ nk<e,
$&be&+ e\ qwyT me ]+< nq |X\qT H& #]+#&+
<T. n<{>TH, n\e e+{ys eTVeT< n H
e+{ys <Xu\T s, y]~ k+ |bd < nq>\e?
djT< qosY nVeT< s#q\|q dMT yd+
eqeV\ y~ 7e T{H, yT 2005
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 47
eT& bsd <T...

eTTd+ de+ d+dsD\qT V<+
eTTd+ d\ V\ >T]+ #s m|&T ]H n~ d\ V\
#s> eT& bsd , ( VH ) y<+, eTTd+

eT+ yTT<\sTTq $wj\| #s> e]bT+< eTV
<eTsT\T +<q e+ #dT+{sT.
eTT|sYq>sY yd eH |q yT eeT>sT n#s+
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#jT& M\T < | C #dq yq+ B C <VsD>
u$+#e#TqT. eTT\T u> #<Teq y, eTTd+ de+
uy\T m]q y { +# | C #d +{sT n
s|<X eTTKeT+ eTTjT+d+> j<y |qT y+H
deT]+#&T. n>& d\ V\ $wjT+ |<> |{+| <H~
= d+> <T. #du\ d\ eT&ee+T ]swH +&
n&T|&&+ n |TqyTq b n+<s+ m]q<.
d+|tT|]ysY |<T\T L& y+H s+>+ ~ eT&
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t 48
nH>]yTq <X\T \ |+#sTTr\ qT+& y\Te&q <+\T

V+<e de+q HsTT. y{ d+d]+# |jT+ #dq #]
d+|tT|]ysY <T.
~ <y+< |+&T\qT deT]+# |jT+ <T. eT+ |]
nH>]yTq yKsT\T |<]+# y] deT]+#e\dq neds+ <T.
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yT q us |s+ #jT& |<> V+ #|be#T.
eeT>sT q|q n#s+ #d qqT +qT #dq+<T <T,
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*d n<= <XeTsTTqT m+<T C #ksT? eH m& &
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y]# |*+ e+f ys d>TZ|&*. eH eeT>]qT<+ ysT
@ | C #jT<+fH ysT qyT k+ mTe+{ eTy ns+
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d\T #eT+< HsT. bkHqsTT y<q \+> #d
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n eT\> k+ L& yUH # e +~ n+f
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#]+#e\dq jTe\T, &, #+ @$T{ nq $wjT+
sTTq u<\Tq e d+. n< k+qT dT, wj XK\T>qT,
eT s+&+{ _q d+|<j\T>q $&>={+~. KTsH y\T
eTTd+\+<] s<s+. nsTT d\T s#T> # |+>
+&&+ e\ y{ ue+ $wjT+H _q yK\ e +~. k+
n+f @$T{ nH~ KTsH <>Zs b<T. |e eTVeT<T #|q
e\T, #dq #\T, y~+q $wj\T k+ s+&e eT\+.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 49
B dTH n+{sT. KTsH nH~ <e& eTVeT< |+> #|q~

> dTH |s+> #|q~ n eTTd+\T qeTTsT.
dTHqT <+\T> &]ksT. 80 y\ <+\T HjT
qyT eTTd+\ qT+& # =~ <+\qT eyT qyTy] <
$wjT+ # & +~. <+\T ={ = jTe,
#bsTT.
eT&e~ eTVeT<T nqTjjTT\, nqT#sT\ n_bj\T,
ysT y~+q jTe\T. C n |\e& <] eT
eTVeT<T J$\+ n |]ys |]$T+ #j\ qyTy]
qT+&, |r s+q $E\sTTq eTTd+ |<\T+{sT { y]
n_bj\ L& e]+|Cj\ qyT y]< _q XK\T k+
HsTT. KTsHqT, dTHqT |r seT => m<Ts=H deTd\
n|{ $E\T (eTTCV<\T) nqsTT+ #d yK\T <] jTe
u>yTqH $Xd+ k+ |{q =* H\T>T Xu\ +&+~. ~
d+dsD\L esTL \T|\T ] ++~. 12e X+
eTddq \T|\qT |&T eT sy\H~ eTTd+\ <T
d+ds\ ]. n~ eT |P]ksTT qT>TD+>
d+d]+#>\< y] qeT+.
#b+<$T+f (+ #|>*+~ # +~) s#T> #
sT&T>{qT |+# eTTd+ d+|<j\q #s\q esT
k<e m+ yTs k<+ nH~ eT+ eT* d\ MT<
m+ <s|& +T+< ke |]dT\ MT< n+ <s|&
+T+~. mesT yUdTHsT, y] mesT dy\T #dTHsT nH
< MT< <s|& +T+~. yTT<{qT+& n eT\> k+qT
L& eT>y yUdT+&&+ e\H d\ V\qT ~+yd n+X\
b<q+ #sT | n+<T _qeTsTTq n+X\qT |+b+~+#<
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 50
+&~ wj XK nsTTq|{ wj\T yTC]{> +& sH

d+dsDy<T\ dHq y<T\L eT< |< bsyT q&Td +~.
esT n me neX+ +&~ dT XK VH|
d+|<jT+. us<X+ eTTd+\ n|< d+K
d+|<j #+~qys. nsTTq|{ k$T <] jTe\ n
e esT e+~ +&jH. B sD+ eT+ ke
sjT |]dT\ #&e\d +T+~.
k+ n~s eT+> yTC]{ eT+> q nH <X\
# d+dsD\T, esT\T |yX |{sT. = # uV+>qT =
# >TT#|&T +& #ksT. 19e X+H ~ yTT<\sTT+~.
|t eTVeT< n, eTbc ese& <T\T>
>T]+| b+<sT.
<] jTe\ $wjT+ dHq y<T\< |#sTT> +&bsTTq
eTTd+ deC\ +&jTH eTTd+\T sT. ny+#jTyTq d
sD+ @<sTTq|{ eT& bsd B yT b>
sD\qT eT]+ |+ #d |b<q. V+<Te\T, eTTd+\T,
de\T ~s eT d+|<j\ eT< sbjTsyTq &\T #
HsTT. me] d+|<j\T ysT b{+#Te&+ e\ me] qw+<T.
n d+|<j\q eTTK+> d\ $wjT+ q n|Ck$T
>TD\T by\q~ ] y*> y$<+ q+#\q~ <T. y$<+
<X deT> eTT| nH~ bddT ueq. cuH qT+& eH <
dHq eTTd+ d+|<jT+ d\ V\qT s]+# <+\T
]q|& bddT H<+ eTT+<T se&+ eTTd+ de+|q
dHq y<+ |T _jT& |j>|&TTq~. nd \Vq+>
q d+dsD y<| >=+T B e\ eT]+ \Vq|&TTq~.
|C+
24 p 2005
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 51
yTq qw+ eTTd+\

1970`80\ us<X+ uXd+ (|) q ksTT
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|]X<q n~ |sT b+~+~.
d+d <DdjydT\ |yTq <sD \_+#~.
bkH, +&j, +><X\ #+~q uXd |]X<\
|j> n+X\ MT< d<+ |]X<q MT< d q y]~
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t 54
|\qT $$< sb\ ~*+# |jT+ eT< V<suT#+~q ysT | #dTHsT. d|(m+) L& #dTq~.
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e+ #d HsT. >TZTq |C<sDqT ] b+<+<T eT
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m+m+| $XwD s>*!

XXq y{ eTs< b{+#&+ du. eTT Xy eTT+<T
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sTysTTH eTs<\ +f ke |jq+ eTTK+ nq dV
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V+< eTJdt``V<T eTTdMTH nq b&e |sT>\
eTJdt b ke d+<syT #] d+<seT +~. 1927
d+d $s$+q|&T C+ b\q eTTd+\ V nq d
|T= |{+~. n|{ n~ |<q+> $<s+>+ w #dq|{
su < |eTTK \D+> +&+~. s deCH
+<eTVduqT L& n~ es++~.
n+<T V<su<qT C+ csTTc\ $T+ +& usY
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
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HjT ns=#sT. d+d 6e n<&sTTq eTH Ud+ sJ

kVu sCsT n |\e& d#+< d\qT \juy\ eT+~
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us dq+ & sCsT \ebjsT. nsTT sCs
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*+qB \TdTe&+ eTq #] Cq+ u>+ <T.
C|\T eTJdt b |qs$se+|q eTT< yksTT. 1948
< w~+ Ud+ sJ U<T #ksT. nsTT 1957 bkH
y[by\q wsT MT< n $&T<\ #jT&+, eTJdt|q w<+
myjT&+ ]+~. n|{qT+& eTJdt b yd T+;\ b>
+~. C+ s+ | $Xk $d]+ us sC+>
d]+q |sT eTT+<T V+< ( +&j) nq e\T
*+#T= <sTdtd+ (X+ yd+) s\jT+
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ksY yd M&<T. us<X+ eTTd+\qT nsTTw+> q
eTT&T+<, n\] #d eT |jH\T b&Te&,
nedseTsTT <sq+ #jT& d<|&b eTTd+\& eTqT>&
< yd qe&T. 1950\ +f ~ y me C+ { H{
d+> m{>TH y |<> nu+s+ #| |]d <T. nsTT
yK] yd b eTTd+\ ke ] V\ k<q d+ w#d
+f V+dq <sH ndV+#THysT dV+ yd yTs
|X+d+ +<TsT. nsTT eTJdt b ke ] nC+& yd
T++ dT\ |+|<\ f +&+~, f +~. y] sjT
seT+ eTd<T\T, <sZ\T, sYkH\ sD, k+ |$>
ysT u$+# < sD |]$T+ nsTT+~.
ne\y| >T, $>V\T, XXH\ sD @ nC+&> >\
usrjT qb bdH \+>D n+{ eTJdt b{>
m<>&+ s+&T |&T b&\ \|&sTT. eT+ |sT MT=| $wjT+. sT&T >dt 9e

Bq de qdH |q eTJdt XdqduT\T eTT>TZsT <&#d ={q|&T
neX+ <=s |sT\T ={ e#ks ` #+| <eTT\T y n
m<y #jT&+ V<su< ydT\+<] C|+ +& +T+~.
eTy< sj\ < eT>q+ n|+#T+T+~. qs+<
sd |~> q sE\ ersTqT sweT+{ \++~,
{M \++~.
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<T, eTTd+ yTqT eTTd+ sjT e N\TdTHeq +<
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+<qT Te&+ w+ eTJdt n+f d<_bjT+ ysT d+
eT $eTs sjT s|+ e+& C> |&T e#sT. Ms+
d\sY uy\T >\ys <T. dHq y<T\sTTq eTTd+\ L&
yd sj\ s&sTT+ | es # +~. k+ |sT
MT< syTq s&sTT+ neT\T e&+ eT eT# nq
n_bjT+ y] +~. nsTT s+&T s\ $eTs\q +
+~. eT qw+ #dTHe &sq +, M~ s&\ <&
m<Tse\d edT+<q +. n+<Te\ nd+|\sTTq dHqy<T\T
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ke ] J$+ m<T> u<T> +& +&bsTT+<q
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sjT+> eTJdt b{ b |{q @ eTTd+ e b
qT+& jT{= eTJdt #y V (m+_{) k|+q
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MT< =+ me <w |fy&T, eTTd+\ k V+<Te\ L&

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+> _q+> eeV]+ e+f, @eTjT< #|eTT> s+&
s><T. m+_{ bd = b+\ |]$T+ nsTT+~. eTTd+\
|jH\qT eT|jH\T> eTy<T\T u$+# y{ |]$T+
#d #d #H qT+& jT|&q <T. de qdH|q <&
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D # mHyqT k|+ $d+> w #d+~. n& b+&
sjT |ej Vs+>+> V+#&+ eTJdt y]
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s& |&ksT.
bd |\ deTd\ MT< |#j\ d|(m+) ssTT+#&+
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deTd\ nC+&qT |yX|{\ b #sD+> sjT+
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*ju< qT+& sH < +{+& TsU ydTq eTTd+ d\T
|< d+K bZq&+ |ejT sj\ eX m+ e+<,
s+ m+ e+< ddT+~. d|(m+) |jT djdY
jeqyT <T uy\T>\ bd eTTd+\T #eT+~
V+#&yT |ejT sj\ < |H~> eT\#\q
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nsTTq|{ yd ysd+ |P]> s| edbe&+ +jT+

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e&+ |dT <X |]dT\ nedsyTHy. yTH]{\ |
ndH dV+# V+<Ty< >T+&sTT+ |*bsTT n~s
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eTTd+\ de\ eT e\+ ke ] esZ\
yT+f d]b<T. >TsY eTJdt e+{ b +& +f qs+<
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
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d>T\ >T]+# eTq de+ $_q ke esZ\ k| d
>T]+ L& y~ # de#s+ +~.
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eT<d+> +<, = $wj\ eTTd+\T mdtd, mdt{\
deq+> yqT& Hs y~ ks+X+. mdtd, mdt{\qT
*|jT+& ysTysT> + +f # $wj\ eTTd+\
d>T\T mdtd\ d>T\ deq+ n ~. n{> s
V+<Te\T nH o]q n>\q _d\q *|jT+& ysT>
#|+ +f ke $wj\ V+< n>\ ~|+
m+> +< dw+ nsTT +&~.
]swqT +&&+ e\ mdtd, mdt{\T m& u|&s, ]swqT
eTTd+\T m& qwbjs y~ dw+> #|dT+~. d#sY
$T{ dbsdT\qT neT\T #j* nq H<+ $+TH+>,
dbsdT y~ n+ \VqyTq n+X+. y~ dw+>
#|+q |]d de]+#\+f $T{ #dq y{+f + \yTq
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us<X+ eTTd+\ ke, ], $<d++<yTq d>T\

>T]+ sTwyTq de#s+ be&+ e\ esZ+ jTT ke
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sb+~+#&+ w+> +~ n +< |uT+ >T]+, de#s+
d]+ deT>yTq y~ # $T+ 2005 e] 9e Bq
qksTT $T{ jT$T++~. $T{ n<\T ]fsY VsT
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d#sY > duT\T l djT< VMT<, &. {.. }yTH, l m+.@.udY,
&. sX d+Y, &. nKsY eTJ<, &. nTd w|t\T. M]
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udY s sw |uT |D[ $u>+ &ssY.
MsT n+<Tu{ q n eT\ qT+ de#s+ d]+
qe+sY 2006 y~qT +< |uT+ eTT+<T+#sT. eTTd+\
d>T\ T\H |]o\q y~ \\ eTTKyTq~ {
s ke esZ\ b* d+ mdtd, mdt{\qT esZ+>,
eTTd+\qT esZ+>, sT\qT esZ+> rdTHsT. =
$wj\ sT\ V+< yqT&q \qT ysT #d esZ+>
#|+#sT. = $wj\ s yTH]{\qT (n+f d, u<,
de, jT<T, b\qT) ysT #d esZ+> #|+#sT. n
$wj\q nsTT<T esZ\q $&$&> + +f u>T+&~.
n{ #jTbe& de#s| \u ndeT> eTTKsD+
n|dT+~. eT+H #&TH <X sjT ke d+y<+
s=Ve+> \, eT\ b|~q sT>TTq|{, |~
d+es\=k] ]> Hu \ e+ \ mdtd,
mdt{\qT eyT >T]+#&+ sT>TTq~. nsTT Hwq k+| ds
d+d (mHmdtmdtz) ke yd$> >T]+#&+ e\
V+< \ d>T\ >T]+ de#s+ |&T =+
\ueTeTq~. d#sY $T{ y~ 2001 Hu \|qH ,
mHmdtmdtz 61e s+&T (2004`2005) >D+\|q, b* d+ 55e
s+&T (1999`2000) >D+\|q |<q+> <s|&+~. $
neds { $$< sw |uT\ qT+, +< |uT XK\ qT+
de#s+ d]+ |j+#THsT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
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y~ #dq de\ {.
Hu
M{ yTT<{~ Hu. eTTd+\T T+ jT+D b{+#s
= eT>y& q\T>TsT d\qT |[ #dT+{&, n+<Te\ y]
Hu y>+> |] e] us<X+ V+<Te\T yTH]{
nsTTbjT |e<+ +< |#s+ d+|tT|]ysY #\+> #d
+~. eTTd+\ | <w+ n~+> s#>=& >TsY yTeTT
nsTT<T>Ts+, e y sy H\T>T nq ndVsyTq H<+
eTTd+\ >T]+ qs+<y&, |MDY =>&j e+{ ysT |#s+
#jT&+ ]+~. (|r eTTd+ |sTw& q\T>TsT us\qT
#dT+{&, = us sT>T] +T+ eTTd+\ L& |sTw\ +f d\ d+K =+#+
e, { =& q\T>T] #dTe&+ k<+ < >T]+#>\
k<sD CH dV+ |#s+ nr+.)
d#sY $T{ Hu \{ |]o*++~. b+\ y>,
eT esZ\ y> $Xw++~. us<X Hu |sT>T<\ sT eT+>
>TZTq< n b+\ n eTesZ\ b& |dT+<
nsTT eTTd+\ esT =+#+ \d+> yTT<\sTT+<
s]++~. 1961 <X Hu eTTd+\T 10.7 X+ Hs,
2001 eTTd+ Hu 13.4 X #sT+<, nsTT n
esZ\> eTTd+\ L& |sT>T<\ sT >TZ +<, |dT
b&\T {> =qk eTTd+\ Hu <X Hu 18 19
X+ <>Zs ds|&TT+< d$es+> #|++~. HH eTTd+\T
<X+ yTC]{ nsTTbuTHsq |#s+ d+|tT|]ysY |T+<y
#<+.
yTC]{ nsTTbsq |#s+ nydeyT nsTTH, eTTd+\ w
|sT>TTq $wjT+ ydeyT < n d+|tT|]ysY nqe#T. B
sD+ ysT |#s+ #d eT d++<yTq $wj\T e.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 63
<X Hu |sT>T<\ sT b+\ y> # &\THsTT.

<D us<X+ H\T>T sc\ n~ y>+> |&bTq~.
eTTd+\ Hu |sT>T<\ sT L& sc\H u> ZbsTT+~.
<D us<X+ eTTd+ Hu |sT>T<\ sT s us<X+
yTT+ Hu |sT>T<\ sT+f e. @ ke ] |
<D us<X+ Hu jT+DqT y>e++ #Xj n$ <D
us<X+ eTTd+\MT< |#XsTT. n< $<+> @ sD s
us<X+ Hu jT+D eT+<=&> +&& <V<+ #Xj
sD n& eTTd+\|H | #XsTT. eTq <X Hu
eTTd+\ 22 X+ s|<XH eddTHs <w +#T+f
eTTd+ Hu |sT>T<\ sT d>T Hu |sT>T<\ sT +f
\d+>, eT+<=&> >Z& eeT\T> |#seTjT sD\ +f
s|<X yqTuTq+ eTTK sDeT #|e#THy! eTTd+\T
|< d+K ed+# eTosY Hu |sT>T<\ sT +f
s|<X, eT<|<X, ;VsY, skH\ Hu |sT>T<\ sT me.
eTTd+\ Hu |sT>T<\ >T]+ |>T <Tw#s+ #d d+|tT
|]ysY ke+>, sjT+> \+ +&~ sc\H e&+
e\ mesT me] +~+# *jT |]d +<qTy*.
d\ w eTTd+\ me
2001 Hu \ |s+ us Hu 1000
eT+~ eT>y >qT 933 eT+~ eyT d\T Hsq
de#s+ # +<q *++~. 1961 w
960 +&+~. | d<+> eT>y =+#+ $]$>
|&sT (105 eT+~ eT>|\\ >qT 100 eT+~
&|\\T) > eT>y jTTw d>Tq =+#+ e
{ me deC\ d eT>y +f me
+{sT. <D, sT dj <X\T B $TqVsTT+|.
&|\\ | >s+ q|&T yTT<\T|{ neT\jT
$e B sD+.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 64
nsTT $wjT+ eTTd+\ d # yTsT>T.

eTTK+> |\\ nesTT\ d+K eTTd+\ u>
me. 2001 \ |s+ 5 d+es\ | ejTdTq
|\\ | 1000 eT+~ eT>|\\ >qT nesTT\T
928 > eTTds\ w 985. n+ X
eTsD\ $wjT+ k|+> u> |<q eTTd+\ d
# yTsT>Z +~. <X+ |{q |\\ 1000 68
eT+~ 1 d+es+ |\ #bT+&> eTTd+\
d+K 55. 1000 95 eT+~ |\\T 5 d+es\ |\
#bT+&> eTTd+\ d+K 80. m+ |<]+
H eTTd+ |\\qT, n+<T nesTT\qT u>
b&T+{s B ue+.
sD\T @yH+, <X+ yTT+ MT< rdTq|&T Hu
|sT>T<\ sT 1970 sTy >TZeTTK+ |>, eTTd+ |C+
>TZ<\ <X+ \d+> yTT<+~. <X+ = b+\q
\d+>H yTT<+~. >TZ<\ yTT<q sTy y>+>
sT>TTq~. 1991`2001\ eT< V+<Te\ Hu |sT>T<\ sT
2.8 bsTT+T |&b>, eTTd+\ Hu |sT>T<\ sT 3.4 bsTT+T
|&bsTT+~. ydMT uMT |swH #sTT+#TH $wjT+
d+d< eTTd+\ y nsTTq|{ $T> >ss< #s\|
nqTL\ s |C deTV\ +f eTTd+\ e <
|]X<q\T \T|THsTT. X+ e] H{ n ke esZ\
Hu |sT>T<\ sT eT+<, n|{ eTTd+\ Hu <X
Hu 18 19 X #] n& bT+< d#sY $T{
n+#H yd+~. @ sc\H <X eTTd+ Hu k|+> me
Hs sc\ y<, s> de\T, d\ $<_e~, |<]+
>TZ<\ yTT<q \\|q s sc\ deq+> <w|{ +f
+{ & L& VQX +&~ < d#sY $T{ n+T+~.
m+<T+f d#+<+> HuqT n<T| #dTe& d yTsT>q
$<y|, |\\ s> usk, d Jeq |eD\ u< me>
<V<+ #kjT n |]X<q\ \T|THsTT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 65
$<: d\T <X

$< n+f nsd eyT <T> nsd dT\u+>
nseTjT |eD+. 2001 Hu \ |s+ mdtd, mdt{\
nsd 52.2 X+, eTTd+\ 59.1 X+, sT\ 70.8 X+.
yTT<{ #|qT mdtd, mdt{\ >D+\T *|jT+& ysT>
#|+ +f eTTd+\ nsd mdtd\ nsd u> <>Zs
nq $wjT+ dweTjT~.
nsd sTy +#e\d+~ d\T bTq |\\ w.
B 1999`2000 d++~+q >D+\q, 2004`2005
d++~+q >D+\q d#sY $T{ |]o*++~. 1999`2000
eTTd+ |\\ d\T bjTy] w V+< n>\ +f, _d\
+f u> e +&+~ > mdtd, mdt{\ +f yTsT>T> +&+~.
2004`2005 H{ mdtd, mdt{\ & bjT |\\ w eTTd+\qT
<{bsTT+~. eTTd+\ 6 qT+ 14 d+es\ ejTdTq |\\ 25
X+ nd\T & eTTKyT #&ysT ` mdtd, mdt{\ dV ys @
ke esZ+ dr + n<q+> <T. s yqT&q esZ\
#<Te| |uT+ |&TTq X< b*d eTTd+\ #<Te| |&TTq
X< # e e&+ B eTTK sD+. y @yTH
#j\ |uT H zT u+ sj\T n+ >>Z\T
|fysT #eT+~ +&H HsT.
& m+<sT bTHsq |X sTy, & bsTTq ysT d>Tq
m d+es\T #<TeTHsq |X ydTy*. n esZ\ d>T 4
d+es\T > (n+f &bjT |\\T d>Tq 4e s> #<Te
|ks ns+) eTTd+\ 3 d+es\ 4 H\. ~ mdtd, mdt{\
dV n ke esZ\ +f e.
nsTT Hu |sT>T<\> &bjT |\\ w, d>T $<
\ $wjT+ L& b+\y> &\THsTT. <D us
sc\T, >TsY, eTVsw\ eTTd+\ d $wjT+ yTsT>T>H
+~. eT |<q |+ V+B sc\H.
5e s> |P] #dq ys+ eT+~, 7e s> |P] #dq ys+
eT+~, 10e s> |P]#dq ys+ eT+~, +sY |P] #dq ys+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 66
eT+~ nq \T rd, >MTD b+\ eTTd+\ d d]>Z mdtd,

mdt{\ deq+> +~. mdt{\ +f mdtd\ d =+ yTsT>Z
+T+~ { mdtd, mdt{\qT *|jT+& ysTysT> eTTd+\
b*qsTT >MTD b+\ eTTd+\ $< |eD\T mdtd\ +f
n<q+> HjT |+ +&~. |D b+\ e+
eTTd+\ $< |eD\T |ksTT bjT =B <X d>T d>+f
me bsTTq|{ mdtd, mdt{\ +f yTsT>.
>MTD b+\ |\\qT |D b+\ |\\ deq+ #jT>\
q |eD\T >\ $<qT n+~+# \+ eVsY qy<jT
$<\j\T @s&sTT. <X+ n$ 551 HsTT. y{ {qs
\\ eT+~ |\\T #<Te+THsT. nsTT d eTTd+
$<sT\ w 4 X+ eyT. <X Hu eTTd+\T 13.4 X+
n (b >MTD HuH rdT+f >MTD us+ eTTd+\T 12
X+ n) <w |T+f ~ y] Hu y{ b*d #
e.
d\T #s&yT<T, #<Te |P] #jT&eT eTTKyT n
#|H+. d\T #]q eTTd+ |\\ 44 X+ eT+~ eyT 5e
s> |P] #dTHsT. mdtd\ ~ 39 X+, mdt{\ (&
s+&T >D+\T ysT ysT> #bsT) 32 X+. nsTT 5e s>
bdq y] m+ eT+~ 7e s> |P] #ksT, 7e s> bdq
y] m+ eT+~ Vd\T |P]#ksT nq \ eTTd+\T mdtd,
mdt{\ deq+ (yTT<{~ 65 X+, s+&e~ 50 X+). Vd\T
bdq y] m+eT+~ J #<Te |P] #ksq rdT+f,
eTTd+\ n~ 26 X+, mdtd, mdt{\ 23 X+. n
$wj\q sT\T ` n+f V+< des\T ` k|+> u>
yTsT>q d Hs ys #|qeds+ <T. d\T #s y] 5e
s> bdjT y] 7 |P] #dysT 75 X+, 7e s> bdjT
y] Vd\T |P]#dysT 62 X+, Vd\T |P]#d y]
J |P] #d ysT 34 X+ HsT. +<T n> \qT, _d\qT
ysT #d ` V+< n> \ b*q|&T eTTd+\ d m+
n<q+> +< + dw+ neT+~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 67
$< : J <X
<>\ J &^, n+<Tq @<H k+ $<
d++~+q &^ &be # eTTK+. $wjT+ eTTd+
|C+ # yqT& Hs d#sY $T{ y~ \T|T+~. <X
Hu 20 d+es\ ejTdT |&q y] 3.8 eT+~ @<H
&^ &be +~. ~ ejTdT>\ Hu 6 X+. n+<T
k+ $< *|wH b+~q ysT ysTT 70 eT+~. eTTd+\
20 d+es\ ejTdT |&q y] &^ &be >\ ysT
ysTT 10 eT+~ eyT. y] d mdtd mdt{\ +f =+#+ yTsT>
nsTTH sT\ b*d d>+ +f e.
q $< $wjT+ d#sY $T{ _d\ >D+\T $&>
d]++~ { _d\ d eTTd+\ d b\e#T. ke
esZ q+ HjT+ sT>TTq< #b\+f <X Hu y]
w m+ +< &^ &be b+~q $<e+T\ y] w
n+ +&*. _d\ $wjT+ &^ &be b+~q y] w <X
Hu _d\ w 2/3e e+T +&>, eTTd+\ ~ 1/2
eyT. (eTTd+\ $< <> s+>\ ]swqT e& =
_d d+|\T L& esdTHsTT { y] d M] +f nHjT+
n >T]+#&+ neds+). V+< n>\ $wj=d, Hu
y] y{ +f &^ &be >\ y] y] y{ s+&Tqs sqT
$T+ +~. nsTTH eTTd+\ yT\Td+ |uT+ @+ #jTpdH zT
u+ sj\T n+ s& n]#~ me> M.
<> ns\ k+ $<+& beTTK+ *d+<. 2001
dHdt |s+ 20 d+es\T |&q <X Hu 1000 70
eT+~ k+ $< &^ &be +&>, eTTd+\ 1000
10 eT+~ HjTq de#s |q |k$+#eTT. 2004`2005
mHmdtmdt s+& d]+q de#s <s+ #dT $wj
d#sY $T{ eT]+ $es+> $Xw++~. yqT&q esZ\ ysT &^\
$wjT+ b{|&bsTTH &be\ $wjT+ |&>\sq
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 68
n_bjT+ +T+~. { d#sY $T{ s+&{ >D+\q

ysTysT> $Xw++~. &^\ $wjT+ #d, n>\ 20
d+es\T |&q y] ysTT 80 eT+~ |> k+ $<
&^\T * +&> _d\ 20 eT+~, mdtd mdt{\ 10 eT+~,
eTTd+ 17 eT+~ * HsT. &be\ $wjTyT #dH V+<
n>\ 20 d+es\ ejTdT |&q Hu ysTT 40
eT+~ &be\T * HsT. _d\ 20 eT+~, mdtd mdt{\ 10
eT+~, eTTd+\ 15 eT+~ &be bdqysT HsT.
]swq s|+ >, s sb\ > |uT+ | X<
|&+e\ V+<e deC #+~q _d\T, mdtd mdt{\T \eT+
q $< $wjT+ eT d =~> yTsT>T |sT#T>\T>TT+&>
#<Te $wjT+ |uT+ @ | #s\T #| eTTd+\ ~
k|+> d\+> +~. b >D+\T <=s&+ w+ {
qT>yTq esTqT n+#H yjT& d#sY $T{ |&Tq
HuH s\ eT<qTq &qT $Xw+# esZ+ m+#T+~. 51
d+es\T |&q $$< ke esZ\ J #<Te |P]#dq
y] w rdT=, 40`50 d+es\T, 30`40 d+es\T,
20`30 d+es\T eT<qTq y] n< w bsT. yTT<{
esZ+ k++ eq sTy $<e+Tq =*s+ d
ddT+< u$+qsTT, n|{ n>\ &^ #<Teqy]
w b*d eTTd+\ w nsTT<ee+ q|{, _d\T,
mdtd mdt{\ +f eTTd+ yTsT>T. , sTy _d, mdtd, mdt{\T
k|+> =+ y>+>H eT d yTsT>T|sT#T> eTTd+\T
yqT&sT. n|{ |{ n>\ n~ eT&Tqs ssTT+~.
eTTd+\ s+&T+ue ssTT+~. |&T _d Hu &^ #<Teq
y] w eTTd+\ n< w +f 50 X+ me. mdtd mdt{\
w |{+ eTTd+\ +f y q|{ y b\H
$<H\T =qk += s+ mdtd mdt{\T $wjT+
eTTd+\qT <{b>\sT. (nsTT & mdtd, mdt{\qT *|dq
$wjT+ >TsT+#Ty*. $&BdqsTT mdtd\ &^ q y] w
|{ eTTd+ n< w #sTy +&e#T. mdt{\ += s+&T
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 69
s\ L& be#T.) |D b+\qT $&> rdT+f #

sc\ |{ eTTd+\T mdtd mdt{\ +f $wjT+ yqT&
Hs d#sY $T{ n+T+~. eTTd+\ L& $<s+>+
]swqT, k\sYw|\T, XeT bsX\\T e>s H\=\e\dq
neds + +f \yTq y<q ns<T.
$<: q ksTT
|sT>+q q $< d+d\ eTTd+\ kq+ @$T{ nq
|X yT + sXq+> +&uT+< }V+#&+ w+
<T. _d\ ]swH keT+fH n>\ ysT HH s# #d
dT|+sT bsTT d #Tq m+, {\ >T]+ d#sY $T{
de#s+ d]++~. m+\ 4,743 eT+~ $<sT\ e\+
63 eT+~ eTTd+\T (1.3 X+) {\ 27,161 eT+~ $<sT\
894 eT+~ eTTd+\T (3.3 X+) HsT. <X Hu eTTd+\T
(2001 Hu \ |s+) 13.4 X+ nq $wjT+ <w
+#Ty*. |cyTq y< $<d+d\ L& < |]d.
eTTd+ $<sT\T e\+ 4 X+ HsT.
2004`2005 d+es d++~+ 129 $X$<\j\
de#s+ d]+q d#sY $T{ bdt>&TjT{ sT\ eTTd+\T
n e> q $wj #|++~. yTT+ | $<sT\ 50
X+ +f =+#+ me V+< n>\T, 24 X+ _d\T, 14
X+ < mdtd mdt{\T +&> 5 X+ eyT eTTd+\T HsT.
($T*q ysT d\T, _d C_ de\T e>s.) $< eed
]swqT be&+ e\ eTTd+\T m+> yqT& bjs
>D+\T dw+> #|ksTT.
eT<sk\T, e<eT+
eTTd+\T |\\qT & |+| <T\T eT<sk\ |+|sT {
y] $< |eD\T e> +&e#Tq, n~ y] | qT
|uT > V+< deC > +~+#&+ ns+ <
y~+#ysT +{sT. B <w +#T d#sY $T{ m+eT+~
eTTd+ |\\T eT<sk\ bTHsq de#s+ L& d]++~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 70
de#s+ ks+X+ @$T+f &bjT eTTd+ |\\ 66 X+

|uT bsX\\ bsT. 30 X+ |y{ bsX\\ bsT. 4
X+ eyT eT<sk\ #<Te+{sT. s us<X+
w 7 X+ < +&> <D us<X+ 1.7 X+ eyT.
@<H, $< $wjT+ eTTd+\T yqT& +&& eT<sk\
be&+ sD+ m+e+ <T.
& ne>VH |+ e\ >+<s>+ =+ +< d#sY
$T{ >T]+ < L& yU++~. eT<sk nH~ bsX\. n~
bsX\ |ejT+. eT<sk bjT |\\T
bsX\\ bsT. e\+ eT u< #jT& eTd<T\
nqT+<+> eTu nH <] $<d+d +T+~. n+<T ns;
H]ksT, KTsH #~$ksT. ~ bsX\ |ejT+ <T.
bsX\ bjT |\\T n<q+> eTu\ L& eTu< d+
bsT. s+&+{ & *jT n{ eT<sk\T> u$+#&+ e\
eT<sk\ #<TeH eTTd+ |\\ d+K # me nH n_bjT+
|#s+ nsTT+< d#sY $T{ yU++~. nsTT s+&+{ L&H
L& e# d+K y. m+<T+f d\T bjT |\\ eTu<
d+ }] eTd<T nqT+<+> +& eTu bjT |\\T 4 XyT.
n+f eT<sk\T, eTu\ *|H y{ VsjT |\\T 8 XyT
{ <] bsX\\ |\\qT |+|&+ | eTTd+ |<\q
yEe\ y] n$< |*+<q +< <s+ <T.
eTs sD$T{ nq |X ydTq|&T |<]+ n~+> +&
n ke esZ\L keq+> +& sD\ uT =
|yTq sD\T L& |ksTT. C |<]+ f
yqTuTH sD+ < sTEe #d >D+\T L& d#sY
$T{ +~. eTTd+\ |<\qT, sT\qT ysT#d s+&T
|esZ\ de+ $<e+T\ @ w Hs *|
>D+\T +~ (|<\T nH eqT @ $<+> s+#sH~
|dT nqeds+ ` s#q+ n e]H >D+\ &
@MT su<T). <X Hu eTTd+\T 2001 Hu \ |s+ 13.4
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 71
X+ n #|H+. 2004`2005 mHmdtmdt \ |s+ |<

esZ\ #+~q >&TjT eTTd+\T 10.5 X+, s esZ\
#+~q >&TjT 6.8 X+. |< esZ\ bdt>&TjT
eTTd+\T 7 X+, s esZ\ bdt>&TjT 6.4 X+.
>&TjT |<esZ\H eTTd+\ w me +&&+ Xs+
*+#e#TqT >, n+<T Xs|&&MT <T. n
neX\q d+Vu>+ rdTH~ V+< n>\T. |<\ y]
d+K e { y] & e. { |< esZ\ mdtd, mdt{,
_d\T, eTTd+\T y{ d+ me b{|&sT. nsTT & |dT+
@$T+f |<\T eTTd+\T dV+ >&TjTT, bdt >&TjT
eT Hu <ec d>+ L& sT.
| sD\ e<e d#sY $T{ $es+> |k$++~.
eTTd+\+<] euw s bsTTq|{ s euw nsTTq
y] eT euw #<TeH neX+ d]>Z \u+ e&+ <
>D+\ dV #|++~. eTVsw eyT eTTd+\
m+ w sqT eT euw> u$ks eTTd+ |\\ n+
w s e<eT+ #<Te+THsT. s eTTd+\ <<|
70 X+ sqT euw> u$dT+&> eTTd+ |\\ 45 X+
eT+~ eyT s e<eT+ #<TeTHsT. +<|<X
eTTd+\ 80 X+ s eT e uw> u$dT+&> ( w
<X+ n sc\ +f +<|<XH me) 20 X+ eT+~
eyT s e<eT+ #<Te+THsT. ;VsY 60 X+
eTTd+\T s euw \ysT > y] |\\ 30 X+ eyT
s e<eT+ #<Te+THsT. nsTT n{+f n<qyTq d
s |{\sTTq s|<X~. n& eTTd+\ 45 X
euw s > s e<eT+ #<Te+Tq eTTd+\ |\\T
2 X+ eyT! <X+ eTTd+\ 22 X+ s|<X ydTq
>TsT+#T+f euw $<u<q eTTd+ |\\ m+>
s]+#&TTq< ns+ neT+~. q+ s e<e
eTVsw, s, +<|<X bV+ \_dTq<, s
us<X+ |uT\T eT de#s+ # $wjT+ dV+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 72
s yK] |<]+#jT d#sY $T{ n+~. eTTd+\

yqTuTq+ V+B sc\ b|+ # +< yTT<{H
#|H+ <.
b~
d#sY $T{ neX\qT eT&T> eZ]+ eTTd+\ b~
|]d $Xw++~. djT+ b~, ~q L (Ee), dsyTq
<>\T (s>T\sY) nH eT&T $u>\qT d#sY $T{ >T]++~.
eTTd+\ n~u>+ djT+ b~|q, sTy ~qL*|q,
sTy dsyTq <>\|q <s|&s de#s $Xw+
*|+~. V+< n>\ djT+ b~ |<eT+ (+<T
eekjT+ L& +< >TsT+#Ty*), dsyTq <>\T ~rjT+,
~qL* rjT+. mdtd mdt{\ ~qL* |<eT+, djT+ b~
~rjT+, dsyTq <>\T rjT+. V+< _d \ L&
djT+ b~ |<eT+, $T*q s+& <<| y<T
JeH<s+ *ksTT.
dsyTq <>\ $wjT+ eTTd+\~ n s ke esZ\
+f <jTjTyTq d. dsyTq <>\T me> \_+#~ |D
b+\H { $wjT+ #&& |D b+ HuqT $&>
rdTe#T. |D b+ n>\ <>T\T, ]\ 49
X dsyTq <>\T+&>, mdtd mdt{\ w 40 X+,
_d\ 36 X+, eTTd+\ e\+ 27 X+. n< |D b+\
eTTd+\ 64 X+ eT+~ djT+ b~|q <s|&TT+&>, _d\
w 51 X+, V+< n>\ 55 X+, mdtd mdt{\ 43
X+. nsTT djT+ b~ nH <+{ &T| +& L&T |
wyTq |qT\ qT+ eT+ <jT$T# y{< # +{sTT.
{ |<q+> djT+ b~ |q <s|& eTTd+\T @ syTq
eT\ y|\ me> Hs \TdT+f | +
|P]<T. eTTd+\T n~+> |#d s+>\T b> T\T (
s+>+ |#d ]\ eT>y 41 X+, &y 35 X+
eTTd+\T), <TdT\ j (eT>y 30 X+, &y 17 X+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 73
eTTd+\T), y{sY yVH\ neT+, ]|sT (26 X+ eTTd+\T)

m\ T\T (23 X+ eTTd+\T), es s+>+ |#d
<>T\T (27 X+ eTTd+\T).
djT+ b~|q <s|& y] M~MB sT>T edTe\T
nyTysT 8 X+ > eTTd+\ w 12 X+. djT+
b~|q <s|& d\ d+ +{H |#dysT 51 X+ >,
eTTd+\ n~ 70 X+. eTTd+ d\T jT{ bsTT | #jT&+
k+|<jT & sD+> w+ e&+ e\ H
+<\T, c|\T +{ qT+& q&T|sT. d+ XeT +{H +&
b~ b+< eTV\ w eTTd+\ s ke esZ\ +f
me. X$T\T> qy<q eTTd+ eTV\ <<| 80 X+
e #+~qysT. ys @ ke esZ+q w 65 <<T.
syTq | me> du +{ s|+ +T+<, s>eT,
<jTeT s+& L& Vq+> +{jT d#sY $T{
yU++~.
djT+ b~ nH~ nd+|T{ s+>+ u>+. +^w
Hbs dsY n+{sT. nsTT nd+|T{ s+>+ ys b~
|jT\T L& HsTT. d+|T{ s+>+ b*d & <j\T
e. nu< me. eTTd+\ ys n ke esZ\ +f me
eT+~ nd+|T{ s+>+ HsT. |D b+ ]\ d+|T{
s+>+ +&y] w _d\ 22 X+, mdtd mdt{\ 18 X+
+&> eTTd+\ 8 X+ eyT.
bdT\q, dq+q eTTd+\T m+<sTHsq de#s+
d#sY $T{ d++~ |uT XK\ qT+ ]q|&T usrjT
qb H\T # s##dq $wjT+ |\ #~yeTT.
nsTTq|{ d#sY $T{ de#s+ d]+#>*+~. sD
s+>+ $$< VA<\ V+< n>\T 52 X+, _d\T 23
X+, mdtd mdt{\T 12 X+ +&> eTTd+\T e\+ 4 X+ HsT.
+< bdT d+d\ V+< n>\T 42 X+, _d\T, mdtd
mdt{\T #] 23 X+ +&> eTTd+\T 6 X+ HsT. sw bdT
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 74
d+d\ n>\T 37 X+, _d\T 21 X+, mdtd mdt{\T 26

X+ +&> eTTd+\T 7 X+ HsT. $ 2004`2005 >D+\T
>, 2001 Hu \ |syT <X Hu eTTd+\T 13.4 X+
n |q #XeTT. eT |TsD\ bdT\T, s u< d+~
V+<Te\ | |b+ eeV]dTHs s#T> $qe# s|D\
yqT yde+ L& +< >TsT+#Ty*.
]\ @sEsE | yTH y] Ee n, =+
ds+ +& <>T\qT s>T\sY n nq&+ ]yE. Ee
]e] | u< +&<T. s>T\sY n |\e& ys+<] L&
syTq u< +&<T. *|PsyTq nbsTT+{yT+{ ssY
+&+ =+ me u< dT+~. ke esZ\ y> s>T\sY
]\ m+ eT+~ yTs u< +< \T yd eTTd+\~
n+<] +f n<qyTq d. s>T\sY <>\T #dTHsT nqTH
eTTd+\ 72 X nbsTT+{yT+{ sY <T. V+<
n>\ w 50 X+ >, _d\, mdtd mdt{\ 62
X+. * |PsyTq <> |+<+ q y] eT& $T+q
<>\+ (fqsY) qysT n>\ 42 X+ >, _d\
32 X+, mdtd mdt{\ 34 X+, eTTd+\ 23 X+. b$&+{
|+& e+{ V\T * +&ysT V+< n>\ #+~q
<>T\ 55 X+ eT+~ +&> n~ _d\ 42 X+, mdtd
mdt{\ 43 X+, eTTd+\ 29 X+. syTq H\ J+ +&ysT
n>\ #+~q s>T\sY <>T\ 95 X+, _d\q mdtd
mdt{\q 89 X+, eTTd+\ 82 X+ eT+~ HsT.
|< |s+ |+# | ek\ $e sD+ be#T.
eTTd+\T me> |#d ] s+>\ dueyT n~ e#T. nsTT
] s+>\ due+ +&& sD+ y{ me>
eTTd+\T | #jT&yTHy n L& #&e\d +T+~.
u+ sTD\T
ke esZ+ u+ sTD\T @ yTs b+<>\T>TTq<H~
] n_e~ ysT @ yTs bZ+THsH < d.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 75
$wjT+ \ y >D+\T <=sqTHsTT. nsTT yTH]{\

u+ sTD\T n+~+#&+ nH \+ |uT $<H\ u>+>
u+\ +~ { eTTd+\ d++~+q >D+\qT ]sY
u+ d#sY $T{ e>*+~.
|uT u+\q, |y{ u+\q L& eTTd+\
n+ w y] Hu w +f =+#+ eyT e. |uT
u+\ eTTd+\ d$+> ~s U\T 12.2 X+, |y{
u+\ 11.3 X+ HsTT. nsTT sTD\ yTT+ eTTd+\ y{
(d#sY $T{ ydq n+#H |s+) |uT u+\ e\+ 4.6
X+ > |y{ u+\q n~ 6.6 X+ eyT. \d] sTD+
V+<Te\ b*d eTTd+\T b+<TTq~ |uT u+\ eT&e
e+T eyT (33 X+) > |y{ u+\ 40 X+ eyT.
<>\ +f djT+ b~, es s+>\ eTTd+\T n~+> q
sD+> u+ sTD\ \u m+ q~ y] ] d>T\=
eTTK d. n<eT+ Xq+> < >D+\T \T|sTT.
sc\y >D+\T rdTH L& <<| n sc\q
u+ sTD\ yTT+ eTTd+\ y{ Hu y] y{ deq+>
b> n+<T d>+, eT&ee+T, H\T>e e+T, nsTT<e e+T,
<X s< nsTTq &H 24e e+T (Hu eTTd+\T 100 12
eT+~ > u+ sTD\ 100 sbjT\ 50 |d y]q$)
+~. +<T s+& $TqVsTT+|\T. ]k Hu eTTd+\ w
m+ u+ sTD\ y] y{ L& n+. $TH&T Hu
eTTd+\T 5.6 X+ > u+ sTD\ y] y{ n+ +f =+#+
me ` 6.6 X+. e] Hu eTTd+\T 67 X+ q eTT
osYq u+ sTD\ eTTd+\ y{ 54.4 X+ eyT.
Hu 24 X+ nsTTq V+<Te\ y{ u+ sTD\ 40 X+.
eTTd+\T me d+K eddTq \qT rdT #d d
eT]+ ={qT |dT+~. <X+ eTTd+\ Hu 40 X+
$T+q \T 11 HsTT. \ d>T eTTd+ Hu 51.4 X+.
n&Tq u+\ (|uT, |yT \T|) sTD\ eTTd+\
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 76
y{ 11.6 X+ eyT. \ fq eTq V<su<

eTTd+\T Hu 41.2 X+ > u+ sTD\ y] y{ 3.2
X+. Hu 26 qT+ 40 X+ < eTTd+\T q 12
eTTd+ Hu y{ 34.2 X+ > u+ sTD\ y] y{ 19.3
X+. Hu eTTd+\ w 22 qT+ 26 X+ < q 10
\ eTTd+ Hu y{ 24.1 X+ > u+ sTD y]
y{ 6.3 X+.
yTH]{\T n~+> ed+# \ y] u+ sTD\T
$]$> n+<T #&eT u+\ ]sY u+ <X\T q|{
B |]d!
\|TT |]XeT\ sTD\T, HusY sTD\T

eTTd+\T <>\ +f djT+ b~ s+>+q q es
s+>+q n~+> HsT { ysT eT n_e~ qsV
|]XeT\ |y+#&+ esZ+. B |+> sTD\T # d+d
us \|TT|]XeT\ n_e~ u+ (d& SIDBI), d& 2000`2006
eT< q sTD\ e\+ 1.5 X+ eTTd+\ n+~+~. n+~q
yTs L& e yTT\T n+<sTT. d& q d>T sTD+ 1.66
sbjT\T >, eTTd+ e\q d>T sTD+ 63 \\
sbjT\T eyT.
HusY >MTD n_e~ d+ sTD\T e&+ eTTK \+>
>\ d+d. 2004`2005, 2005`2006 d+es\ HusY q
sTD\ 3.2 X+ eyT eTTd+\ n+~+~. n> |T&
sTD\ 3.9 X+ eyT eTTd+\ n+~+~. n edT\>
$wjT+q eTTd+\ n+<TTq y{ y] Hu <ec +f
u> e.
ke, u edT\T
o] +< d#sY $T{ eTTd+\ d, dT\T ~s
ke edT\T s&T, s+T, >TsT, syD d<Tbj\T e>s
u edT\T sT\ deq+> n+<TTHj < nq #s
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 77
#d+~. >D+\ \u deTd\ sD+> |\ >T]+ eyT

ssD s>*+~. eTTd+\T n~+> ed+# >MTD
b+\ ke u edT\ d d>T +f Vq+> +<
s]++~. |< >e\ k<sD+> edT\T q >e\ +f
yTsT>Z +{sTT { d#sY $T{ dE\ y> >e\qT rdT
|]o*++~. 1000 eT+~ +f e Hu q >e q
>eT+ n, 1000`2000 | Hu q >e\qT ydsT
|]eD+ >\ >eT+ (y&s{) n, 2000 |&q Hu >\ >e
|< >eT+ n eT&T esZ\T> $u++~. >eT Hu eTTd+\
w { eT eT&T> $u++~ ` eTTd+\T 10 X+| q
>e\T, 10 qT+ 40 X+ < q >e\T, 40 X+ $T+ q
>e\T.
$XwD |*\T Xs+ *ksTT. >eT+ d\T +&&+,
y< d<TbjT+ n+<Tu{ +&&+, bk|dT n+<Tu{ +&&+,
dtk|t +&&+, |s&T +&&+ nH nsTT<T edT\ eTTd+\T
e> q >e\ yTsT>T>qT, eTTd+\T me> q >e\
Vq+>q HsTT. & $wjT+ |< >e\ & n+>
q&<T > q >e\ ={qT |dT+~. 1000 |
Hu q >e\qT rdT+f y{ eTTd+\T 10 X+| q
>e\ 80 X+ & * HsTT. eTTd+\T 40 X+ $T+ q
>e\ 69 X+ eyT & * HsTT. dt ed d>Tq
<<| 40 X+ >e\ +&>, eTTd+\T 40 X+ $T+ q
>e\ 32 X eyT +~. |< >e\ 67 X dt
ed +&> eTTd+\T 40 X+ $T+ +& >e\ 45 X
eyT +~. |s&T |< >e\ d>Tq 82 X +&>,
eTTd+\T 40 X+ $T+ +& >e\ 72 X eyT +~.
y< ed |< >e\ 10 X+| eTTd+\T q y{ 75
X +&>, eTTd+\T 40 X+ $T+ q >e\ 64 X
eyT +~. bdT, f*>|t de\T |< >e\ eTTd+\ d+K 10
X+| q y{ 84 X n+<Tu{ +&> eTTd+\T 40
X+ $T+ q }s 63 X eyT n+<Tu{ HsTT. |e\ $wjT+ |+q &\ ydsT >e\q

|ksTT. q }s m{> edT\T me +&e {
& n+> |+#<T.
sc\ y> rdT+f eTTd+\T n~+> ed+# >MTD
b+\ $<eed Vq+> q |Tq |eTu+>, ;VsY\
<T+~. y< eed $wjT+ |Tq nk+, eTosY,
|eTu+>, ;VsY, s|<X\ <T+~. bdT, f*>|t
d<Tbj\ $wjT+ y sc\ eTTd+\ Hu n~+> q
b+\ edT\T &TVq+> HsTT. |s& $wjT+q
sc |<q <w\T> \&sTT ` Cs+&bT. n
$wj\q <D us sc\T, eTVsw\ |]d k|+>
qjT+.
s+T y&+ $wjTeT n+. s+T y& { >e\qT
d#sY $T{ sT esZ\T> $u++~. nd s+T >e\T
es, 90 X+ |> yk\ s+T q >e\T es |{
eT< H\T>T esZ\T #XsT. nd s+T >e\ eTTd+\
Hu >eT Hu <<| 10 X+ +~. 90 X+ |>
yk\ s+T q >e\ eTTd+\ Hu 5 X+ +~. eTTd+
Hu w >Z =B n< esd $<TBsD |s>&+ |dT+~. <
$wj += s+> #&e#T. <X+ q >e\ (1000
| Hu *q$) nd s+T $ 29 X+ < +&>, eTTd+
Hu 40 X+ $T+ q q >e\ <<| 40 X+ s+T
y. ydsT (1000 qT+ 2000 y\ Hu *q) >e\
s+T $ 14 X+ >, eTTd+\ Hu 40 X+ $T+ q
ydsT >e\ s+T $ 23 X+. |< >e\ (2000
|&q Hu *q$) nd s+T $ 5 X+ >, eTTd+
Hu 40 X+ $T+ q |< >e\ nd s+T $ 10
X+.
s eT+{ \u |D b+\ eTTd+\T d>T +f
=+#+ eyT yqT& HsT >MTD us+ 25 X+
Hu s eT+sT n+<Tu{ +&>, eTTd+\ 15 X
eyT +~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 79
, {sTT $wjT+ eyT eTTd+\ d n+ Vq+>

<T. | * +&$wjT+ eTTd+\ d <X d>T T++
d deq+. V+< n>\T eyT y] +f yTsT>q
d HsT. {sTTT * +& $wjT+ V+< n>\ +f
L& eTTd+ >V\~ yTsT>q d. |ed, eTTK+> d\ $wjT+,
eTTd+\T k+d+> # $\Te B sD+ nsTT +T+< d#sY
$T{ yU++~. nsTT |<]+ n~+> q ke esZ+
ed MT< + KsT |& ys m& # +T+<H~
$~yT.
yTT us<X+ eTTd+\T ke u edT\T Vq+>
q ||<X+ H&s yU+#&+ nXj u<T.
|<]+
] keTqT <jT+ =\ee#T, KsTq =\ee#T. |<\
<jTeT e +T+~, ysT #d Ks e +T+~. d#sY
$T{ $$< ke esZ\ |<] b\& H\y \d]
d>T KsTqT |eD+> rdT+~. 2004`2005 \ |s+
V+< n>\ \d] H\sE\ KsT 1023 sbjT\T +&>,
_d\ 646 sbjT\T, eTTd+\ 635 sbjT\T, mdtd mdt{\
520 sbjT\T +~. |D b+\qT $&> rdT+f eTTd+\T
mdtd mdt{\ deq+. <] \d] H\ sE\ KsT 800 sbjT\T.
_d\ n~ 950 sbjT\T, n>\ 1470 sbjT\T +~.
|D+ q<q =B eTTd+\ d eT]+ ~>Cs&+ |dT+~. Hu
50 y\ e q }s eTTd+\ H\sE\ \d] KsT mdtd
mdt{\ +f e.
|D b+\ eTTd+\ n+sZ ndeq L& my.
|D b+ |<]+ eTTd+\ mdtd mdt{\ deq+> +<
#|H+. nsTT u> |< esZ\ eTTd+\ w me. H\
\d] 350 sbjT\ KsT eTTd+\T |D b+ Hu
17 X+. n< w mdtd mdt{\ 15.7 X+. < esZ\ <]
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 80
kqeT f. eT<d+> +&ysT eTTd+\ =+#+ e, mdtd

mdt{\ =+#+ me.
sc\ y >D+\ < ydy #|dTHsTT. nsTT |eT
u+>, ;VsY, +<|<X, >TsY, skH, eT<|<X\ |D
b+\ eTTd+\ \d] <jT+ mdtd mdt{\ +f e.
nsTT n #{ >MTD b+\ eTTd+\ d mdtd mdt{\ +f
k|+> yTsT>q<.
<]<sK ~>Teq q Hu w L& < dT+~.
2004`2005 \ us<X+ <]<sK ~>Teq q Hu
w 22.7 X+. n>\ ~ 8.7 X+, _d\ 21 X+,
eTTd+\ 31 X+, mdtd mdt{\ 35 X+. eT |D b+\
mdtd mdt{\ +f L& eTTd+\H sT|<\T me. <]<sK
~>Teq +& |D b+ Hu w mdtd mdt{\ 36.4 X+
>, eTTd+\ 38.4 X+. nsTT <]<sK nH~ |<+<sT nH
$wjT+ #|+~ | y m+ |<> Hs #|<T. <]<sK
~>Teq qysT m+ ~>Teq Hs #&&+ L& deT> |]o\q
neds+. B= esZ+ ` <]<sK ~>Teq qysT d>Tq sKqT
d+# <jT+ m+ X+ (d>+, eTTbe e>s) <jT+ *
Hs +#&+. rd, |D b+\ <]<sK ~>Teq
q eTTd+\T d>Tq <]<sKqT d+# <jT+ 77 X+
<jT+ * +&>, mdtd mdt{\ w 76 X+.
n ke esZ\> eTTd+\ L& \eT+ <]<sK
~>Teq qy] d+K >TZTq~. nsTT eTTd+\ >TZ<\ >MTD
b+\ q+ |D\ be&+ e\ eTTd+\ |<]+
|D\ +ByT +< d#sY $T{ $Xw++~.
|uT <>\T
eT+ J\T, u<, VA<\ sD+> #eT+~ |{
|uT <>\qT +ks #|P eTTd+\T s+>+ m+yTs
Hsq $XwD d#sY $T{ #|{+~. & |uT <>\T n+f
+<, sw |uT\ XK\ <> |uTs+> d+d\
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 81
<>\T L&. n#{ eTTd+\T eT Hu w +f #

e q $wjT+ d#sY $T{ jT|{+~.
sw |uT <>\ eTTd+\T 6.3 X+ HsT. s 4.5
X+, u+\ 2.2 X+, bd &bsYyT+{ 5 X+, u<
d+d\ 3.2 X+, $X$<\j\ 4.7 X+ HsT. +< sw
|uT XK\ yTT+ 4.9 X+ HsT. +< |uT d+d\ 3.3
X+, sw |uT d+d\ 10.8 X+ HsT. +<T e]
d+K f Hu eTTd+\ <ec nsTTq 13.4 X
=+#yTH <>Zs=dT+~.
mmdt\ eTTd+\T 3 X+, |mdt 4 X+ HsT. n+<T
nysyTq |ywH MT< mjTdt, |jTdt VA< b+~q y]
$TqVsTT+ d$ dddt | sd mjTdt, |jTdt VA< b+~q
y] eyT d eTTd+\ ysT 2.4 X+, 2.3 X+ eyT.
mjTdt, |jTdt jTjTH |_ ddt $TwH sV+#
|\ <s m+|#d n ddT\ dr <. 2003, 2004\
|\T sdq y] 4.9 X+ eyT eTTd+\T. #|<>Z $wjT+
@$T+f |\T sdq y] rsTq y] w n>\
deq+> +~. n+f qksTT |\T, |<e\T n+<T>*
eTTd+\T n+<]> sD+#>\sT. n+<Tbe&yT deTd.
$$< |uT XK\ eTTd+\T q< e+f + L&
+~ksTT <>\H | |ksTT <>\ <T. 14 \\
eT+~ <>\T *+# s eTTd+\T 4.5 X+ eyT >
n+<T 98.7 X+ >|t d, >|t & bdT\ HsT. 1.3 X+
eyT >|t m, >|t _ (n+f |dsY) bdT\ HsT.
$wj += D+ qT+ L& #&e#T. s >|t
m bdT\ 72 X+ des V+<Te\T, 18 X+ mdtd mdt{\T +&>
e\+ 3 X+ eTTd+\THsT. +~ ksTT <>\ =#d] y{
d+K # me { eTTd+\ d+K my +~ > ksTTq
eTTd+\ y{ 5 XyT. n+f @ ksTTq y] y{ Hu y]
y{ b\<>Z~ <T. q =~eT+~ L& q{ 98.7 X+
eT+~ +~ ksTT bdT\H HsT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 82
n ddT\ $wjTeT n+. +< bs$T\ \>q

_.mdt.m|t, d.sY.|.m|t, d..mdt.m|t, dXg de\ eTTd+\ y{
|ksTT <>\ 3.6 X+, +~ksTT <>\ 4.6 X+ +~.
s+&T ksTT\q y] y{ y] Hu w +f u> y.
q y] L& 96 X+ +~ksTT <>\H HsT.
$X$<\j\ u<q, u<Hs d+~ >D+\qT L&
d#sY $T{ d]++~. u<q d+~ n>\T 45 X+ +&>
u<Hs d+~ 47 X+ HsT. _d\T u<q d+~ 35 X+
< +&> u<Hs d+~ 18 X+ HsT. mdtd mdt{\
u<q d+~ 7.4 X+, u<Hs d+~ 16.9 X+ HsT.
eTTd+\T u<q d+~ 3.7 X+, u<Hs d+~ 5.4 X+
HsT.
sh |uT <>\T
+< |uT s+> d+d\ q ksTT yTHsY VA<
V+< n>\T 70 X+ < +&> ]swH |Dq mdtd
mdt{\T 20 X+ HsT. ]swqT _d\T, eTTd+\T #] 3 X+
HsT. VA< +~ =# =B _d\ d+K =~>qT, mdtd mdt{\
d+K >DjT+>q |s>&+ |dT+~> n e VA<
dV+ eTTd+\T 5 X+ $T+ sT.
sw |uT <>\q < +. @ sw+qT
(eTTòsY dV) eTTd+\ u>keT+ y] Hu <ec
deq+ <T. H\T>T sc\ | (|eTu+>, s|<X,
$TH&T, +<|<X) ys m& n+<T d>+ L& <T. n
sc\ +f yTsT>q +<|<X d+ Hu eTTd+\T 9.2 X+
> |uT <>T\ y] w 5.6 X+! VQX n{ +f
Xs+ *+#~ eTTosY |]d. sw Hu eTTd+\T 68
X+ >, sw |uT <>T\ eTTd+\T e\+ 18.1 X+. ($
osY jT d++~+q >D+\T e, yTT+ sc
d++~+q$).
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 83
sw |uT XK\ <>\T sw |uT d+d\

<>\qT rdT+f |]d =+#+ yTsT>T> +~. sw |uT
d+d\ eTTd+ d+~ 10.7 X+. ~ d+ Hu y] y{
+f y nsTTH s s+>\ d++~+q >D+\+ Vq+>
<T. >TsY, +<|<X\ e+ sw |uT d+d\ eTTd+\
y{ Hu y] y{ +f =+#+ me.
d+eT |<\T
$$< ke esZ\ nuTq d+ |uT\T d+eT |<\T
neT\T #d $wjT+ *d+<. |<\T, q |\\T, eTV\T, sT\T
yTT<q esZ\ d+ #|f |<\T j esZ\ eTTd+\
|C m+yTs n+<TTHjTq de#s+ d]+#&
d#sY $T{ |jT++~. nsTT \_<sT\ eT qy<T #jT
sD+> de#s+ n sc\ qT+ \u+ be&+ e\
byTq + eyT e>*>sT.
s <]<sK ~>Teq q |<\ eTTd+\T 30.7 X+
HsT. |<\d+ <+q @ |<+q eTTd+ \_<sT\T 30
X+ L& sT. >MTD n_e~XK #|f d+\ 12 X+
eTTd+\ \_dT+&> q |<\ \_<sT\ eTTd+\T 5 qT+ 18
X+ < HsT. dVs d+d\ sTD\ \_<sT\ e+ 25
X+ HsT.
s|<X |<\ 23.6 X+ eTTd+\T > |<\d+
<+q $$< |<\ eTTd+ \_<sT\ y{ 3 qT+ 14 X+
<H +~. ds jT+ b~ |<+ n~+> 16 X+ +~.
n+>Hy&\ k|q &bjT ejTdT |\\ b\T
Hs& <+#&+~. ejTdT |\\ bwVs+ n+~+#&+
L& eed \\ {. ~ deT> X n_e~ de (d&mdt)
nH b>+ <s neT\eT+~. |<]+ n~+> q ke esZ\
|\\ ~ # |j>s+> +&>\ |<+. |<+ 11 X+
yTs neT\eTq< (n+f n+<e\dq |\\ 11 X eyT
n+<TTq<) d#sY $T{ yUd, n+<Tq eTTd+\ y{
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 84
s yqT&q ke esZ\ b*d Vq+> +< n+~.

_d\ nsTq |\\ 13 X d&mdt de\T n+<TT+&> mdtd
mdt{\ 10 X, eTTd+\ 8 X eyT n+<TTq<
2004`2005 >D+\T \T|THsTT. & L& V+B sc\
|]d eT Vq+. sc\ n+>Hy& de\T nsTq |\\ 3
X eyT n+<TTHsTT.
bwVs eTs= <syTq eT<V uq |<+ dr +.
|<+ |uT d | |yT $<d+d\ e]+#<T. yTT+
d\T b>\ ejTdTq |\\ (n+f 6 qT+ 16 d+es\|
ejTdTq |\\) 27 X+ eT<V uq |<+ qT+ |jq+
b+<TTHsT. nsTT mdtd mdt{\ w 35 X+ +&>,
_d\ 28 X+, eTTd+\ 23 X+ +~.
yTH]{\ nuTq d+ +< sw |uT\T H\=*q $$<
d+d\THsTT. y{ >T]+ L& d#sY $T{ =+ #s #d+~. y{
e\q =+ |j>+ q|{ y{ {sTTdTq <T\T HeTe+
e&+ e\ n$ eT \ k~+#bTHjT d#sY $T{
s]++~.
]swqT, s | V\T
us<X+ eTTd+\ ke ] d>T\ >T]+ $esyTq
q |<|, yqTuTH n~>$T+#& |yTq
#syH |uT\T #|{j nq |X d#sY $T{ ydT+~. n
s+>\q eTTd+ |C+ V+< n>\ +f u> yqT&
Hs, _d\ d++~+ $&> de#s+ q s+>\ _d\
+f L& yqT& Hs, mdtd mdt{\ dV+> Hs
+ #TT+~. yTT<{ #|qT, mdtd mdt{\qT \>\|+&
ysT#d |]o*+ +f, mdtd\T # $wj mdt{\ +f
k|+> yTsT>T> +{sT { eTTd+\ d mdtd\ d eT]+
dV+ nH $wjT+ dw+ nsTT +&~.
nsTT _d\L mdtd mdt{\L deq neX\T *+# ~X>
]swqT, k\sYw|\T, | Vd, XeT bsX\\T yTT<q
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 85
V\ edT\ *+q |uT\T eTTd+\ $wjT+ Te+{

#=se >T rdT<T. n+<Te\ eT d qT+ jT|&&
dX | eTTd+\ ys ds +& +~. y] d+ X #\
sD+> y] d m& ydq >=+>& n& nqT +~.
$< <> ]swqT ndeq neX\qT n~>$T+#&=
eTTKk<q+ { |jT+ $$< sc\ @ yTs ]+<q
$XwD d#sY $T{ #|{+~. us<X+ eTTd+\ H\T>T
#] de+T\ #+~qysTHsT. =+<sT $<X\ qT+ eq
eTTd+\ d+> eTqT eTT u$ksT. =+<sT eT+ esTq
V+< n>\ y] d+. =+<sT $$< < eT\ #+~q
ysT. +<T #esL V+< _d \ qT+ eT e]& <s
eTTd+q ys. e]esZ+ n+s \ qT+, ~ydT\ qT+
eTTd+qysT. s us<X+ +<T yTT<{ s+&T esZ\
#+~q y] nc|t n, eT&e esZ #+~q y] nC|t n,
H\T>e esZ #+~q y] ns n eeV]dTHs d#sY $T{
*|+~. <X+ n b+\q syTq eZsD eeVs+
be#TqT > deTq eTTd+ |C+ | H\T>T de+T\ qT+
sb+~q ysq #|e#T.
+<T e] y] mdtd\T> >T]+| e&+ +>
+T+<, n{ s>be&+ y] nHjT+ #d+< d#sY $T{
u$++~. nsTT y mdtd> +& eTTd+> eT+ e]&
#dTq e dV+ mdtd >T]+| Tq |]d, #]+>
n+s |C+ u>+> +& k+ d]+q y] mdtd\T>
>T]+#\q ] rs&+ sjT+> w+ e#T. sD+>,
eTTd+\ ke ] yqTuTH >T]+#+ n+ ]q
sc\ d+ mdtd\T> +&e\dq eTTd+ esZ\T _d C_
HsT. mdtd\ b d+ n+ yqT&q esZ\ (m+_d)
C_qT dw+ < { $&> *+ M] n+<T #s\ d#sY
$T{ n_bjT|&+~.
]swq $wjT+ q |]d @$T{ #<+. s,
s sc\T eTTd+\qT yTT+>H _d\T> >T]+ s _d
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 86
esZ\uT ]swqT dTHsTT. $TH&T sw+ eTTd+\ <<|

95 X _d\T> >T]++~. +<|<X sw+ =+\+
eTTd+\ =~eT+~ e+ _d\T> >T]++~. eT<
eTTd+\+<] _d C_ #s\ |jT+ s+&TksT sT
z&bsTT+~. |dT+ eTTd+\ n+<] n~u> _d\T>
>T]+# #{ C#d+~. n~ L& sT *{>wH q\T>T +~.
s sc\ $wj=d eTTd+\ = esZ\qT _d\T>
>T]+ sw _d C_ #]q sc\T # HsTT. nsTT
s+#, ]k, |eT u+>, nk+, Ve#|<X\ n =~
eTTd+ esZ\T eyT _d\T> >T]+| b+<sT. |+Cu, #rdt>&
eTTd+es _d\T sT. ;VsY, eTVsw, >TsY, skH,
eT<|<X\ #|<>Z d+K eTTd+ |esZ\T _d C_
#s&sTT. yTT+> us<X eTTd+\ 40.7 X+ _d\T>
>T]+#& esZ\ Hs, <X+ _d Hu ysT 15.7 X+
n d#sY $T{ *|+~.
C eTTd+\ d>T\ >T]+ d#sY $T{ y\Te]+q
ydy\qT <w +#TqsTT eTTd+\T yTT+>H ` |&&T
qy; T+u\qT $TqVsTT+ ` ]swq nsT +&*. n
$wj\q eTTd+\T V+< _d\ +f yqT& +&>, M]
e+< X+ ]swqT b+<TT+&>, y] e\+ 40.7 X+ eyT
nsT{ nesT?
d+<s+> d#sY $T{ e|sq n_bj yTT+>
++#&+ +> +T+~. ysT eTTd+ de+ nc|t,
nC|t, ns nq eT&T esZ\qT ` #] eT\ <s+>
>T]+q d+> #XeTT. b|~ MT<H eTTd+\ ]swqT,
s | V\T *+#\ d#sY $T{ n_bjT|&+~.
ke sD+ b|~q eTTd+\ eT&T esZ\qT
>T]+#e#TqT ` nc|t, nC|t, ns nH$ eT&T. eT&T
esZ\ _qyTq #s\T neds+. s+&e esZyTq nC|t _d\ |
V\T neds+. n$ V+< _d\ V\qT b* +&*. mdtd\
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 87
b\<>Z d+|<jT eT\T *q eT&e esZ+ nDy <=+s +<

q\T>TTHsT { y] nuTq VQeTTKyTq #s\T neds+.
]swqT y{ {. M] n+ yqT&q esZ+ (m+_d)>
>T]+#*.
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$T{ |]o*+#eTq~ ke ] ndeq\qT eyT {
y{ |]$T+ njeT d#sY $T{ eTT+| n<jT+ n+~.
ndeq sD+ <X|PsyTq $e n eTTd+\T
u$dTHs, sdq e\ deTd eT]+ {\+ nsTT+< L&
n+~. nsTT <X|PsyTq $e +> +< < nq |X
ydT<T, yT y<T. eTTd+\ d # <jTjT+> +<
*| de#s $XwD+> y*rd jT|{q d+<s\
L& y] <X|Ps+> us de+, b\\T d H{s
me] <TsT<X\ $T+ +& #] sD\ e\ n{
]bsTT+< nq #s d#sY $T{ y\H <s+ +&bsTT+~.
#s |Te&+ eTTd+ |C+ d>T\qT yd$+> >T]+
yTsT>T|s#>\ #s\qT d+# D sy qws+ n
u$+#sy.
y$< >s$d, eTTd+\qT n_e~ de+ rdT=#
$<H\T s+# eXqT d#sY $T{ H= #|+~. Bd+ nH
d#q\T #d+~.
1. CrjT de#s u+
|C J$, |]b\qL d++~+q de#s+ ke
esZ\ y> \u+be&+ e\ $$< ke esZ\ d>T\T,
y] |uT+ m+ #dTq~ yTT<q $wj\T *jT&+ w+>
+~. mdtd mdt{\ $wjT+ =+ yTs de#s+ <=sTTq~
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n+<TTHsTT, m+eT+~ |jq+ b+<TTHsT ~ $wj\T
L& b+<T|s#*.
2. |sy $T{
de#s+ n+<Tu{ eqsTT |uT |<\ |syD
dT\us+ neT+~. <d+ e\+ |uT n~sT
$<e+T\T, bsd+d\ u<T\T L& duT\T> q |sy
$T{\qT H\=* eed]+#*. m|{|&T |uT |<\T @
ke esZ+ n+<TTHj |]o*+ d\V\, d#q\
|uT e&+ |sy $T{ se+.
3. deq neX\ $TwH

yTH]{ nsTTq+<T eTT $e >T] neTHeT eTTd+\T
u$dTq $wjT+ eT $#sD |<|< eTT+<T=+< d#sY $T{
n+~. @ syTq esZ $esTTH us sC+> $sT<+. nTe+{
|s<T\qT |]o*+#& HjTkH CrjT eqe V\
$TwH, yTH]{ $TwH e>s d+d\Tq|{ HjTkH\
yC\T q&|&+ q deTd\T T >, $T*q $TwH\
n~s\T, |]~ |]$TyTqe d#sY $T{ >T]++~. yTH]{\T
$e d++~+ |s<T #dT HjT+ b+<>\ y~ +&&+,
< $wjT+ dwyTq n~s\T+&&+ neds+ n u$++~.
d+<s+> _H C d++<\ #{ (sdt ]wH jqT)
qeTH> |k$++~. qT d+q HjT y~ deq
neX\ $TwH nH |sTqT L& d#sY $T{ |b~++~.
4. b\q u>keT+
b\q >T u>keT+ be&+ n_e~ |\qT
n+<Tbe&= sD+ >\< d#sY $T{ >T]++~. n
ksTT\q b< eed\ n>\~ |< y{ > mdtd
mdt{\ >eT |+#sTTr qT+ bsyT+T < Hu <ec
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 89
b<+ sC+>yT *++~. s _d\L, d\L >eT

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#s |f V, neX+ HsTT. d#sY $T{ @sTqT
n_q+~d, eTTd+\ |]b\q u>keT+ *+#e\dq
neds H= #|+~. @ sD+>H ]swH *+#\ d+#
<T\T H$THwH |< |+#\+~. nsTT zT V H$THf&
|<T\T +&&+ e\ \_+# |jq+ d\yT.
d+<s+> s|<X, ;VsY, |eTu+> sc\ mdtd\
]sY #dq nd+;, bsyT+T kH\ eTTd+\T n~+> ed+#
b+\H $wj >D+\ dV d#sY $T{ #|++~. Be\,
d+ eTT n~ d+K ed+# b+\HH eT y]
mqTH neX+ +& bsTT+< $T{ eTT+<T VsqysT
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#CsjT+& +&& eTTd+\T me> q b+\ mdtd
]swHqT |]$T+ #jT&+ B sD+ nH~ dwyT. jesZ\
&*$TfwH #|{q|&T d de]+#\ d#sY $T{ d++~.
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rdT+< < <T.
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yTH]{\T eT y&\, yTTV\ |]$T+ e&+ eT+~
< >T]+, yd d\, $<\j\, d\ y$<
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t 90
s+>\ |#d |uT <>T\ k+d, ke y$<

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ke esZ+ |s>eTq+ $<+& beTTK+ <c
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d eT Vq+> +< d#sY $T{ >T]++~. d\T bjTy]
w, y] nsTT<e s> |P] #dy] w, s+& #
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w eT n+ Vq+> <T. { 14 d+es\ es +>
s+<+> #<Te H]+#\ sC+>+ |uT+ |q |{q u<
eTTd+\ $wjT+ # \yTq< d#sY $T{ u$++~. |y{
d eTTd+\e> n+<Tu{ +&e. { q |eD\T >\
|uT bsX\\qT eTTd+\T n~+> ed+# b+\
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sTq q eddTHsT { b+rjT+> d&d+sY\T
H\=\, n& Ls= #<TeH yesD+ *+#\ n+~.
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#<Te eqTe&= sD+ { Vd\T ksTT nTe+{
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eTTK+> nesTT\ Vd H\=\+~. euw $<u<q
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esZ\Tq # s e<eT+ d H\=\+~. s
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nT+, s us<X+ uc d+ +< +^wt ` V+B `
d+d+ Hs&+ qysTTr nsTTbsTTq sD+> suwqT d
#<TeH neX+ d+ +& bsTT+< ybsTT+~.
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de+ y$<+ bs+X\ L& +&\ b yTH]{
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 91
esZ\ #+~q |\\T bs\ qT+& eqd+> <seTjT |e<+

+< n+~. yTH]{\qT +#|]# yK\T bs+X\ +&
#dTe&+ neds+ n+~. |eT u+> |uT+ $<s+>+
w #d mHy\ dVs+ bs|d\qT |q #dq yH
d+<s+> |X+d++~. n<|\# <T ({#sY f+>) L&
y$< >s$+# $X\ << Hs~> +&\+~.
q $< eTTd+\ u>keT+ # e n >T]+q d#sY
$T{ < yTsT>T|s#& = d#q\T #d+~. n{+f
dsyTq~, dT\u+> neT\jT~ ]swH. nsTT @ sD+>H
d#sY $T{ $<d+d\ bV\T *+# |ej
m+#T+~. $<\j\L jTe]{\L <T\T deTLs jTT..d
y{ ke y$< { me <T\T y\ n+~.
+<|<X, s, $TH&T\ nH eTTd+ d+d\T yTH]{
$<d+d* H\=* eTTd+\ $< y| w #dTq yH
|k$+, nsTT d+d\T eTTd+\ |<\ n+<Tu{ e
d#sY $T{ yU++~. d+d\T |<\# dqT { |uT+
y{# edT\T, ] dVjT+ +&\ d++~.
eT<sk\ #<TeH eTTd+ |\\ X+ # y
nsTTq|{ j b+\ ny y] bsX\\T> HsTT {
y{ Vd eTT&|{ eT<sk #<Te eTT+q |\\T HsT>
Vd\T J #s neX+ *+#\ d#sY $T{
d++~.
7. b~
$< $wjT+ > b~ $wjT+ L& d#sY $T{ yTq
V\T *+# d#q\T , de#s bs<s, bV\T
yTT<q esZ\qT yqTuTH $eL $sT>T&T> d++~.
n~+> djT+ b~ s+>+ q eTTd+ |C u+
sTD\T n+<TTq~ # e e&+ y] b~ neX\
dqT ddT+~. u+qT n| n&q ysT @ ke esZ
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t 92
bs<s+> qy<T#d +#\, nyT] Te+{ jTeT+

$eqT n]& |=+< d#sY $T{ n+T+~. 2001 Hu
\qT { #d eTTd+\T n~+> ed+# b+\ u+
XK\T e HjT \TdTq~ { eTTd+\T n~+> ed+#
b+\ XK\T ]# u+\ bV+ *+#\ d#sY
$T{ n+T+~. HusY e+{ d+d\T yTH]{\ |jqsyTq
|<\|q |+> <w |{\ n+T+~. eTTd+\ Hu 25 X+
$T+ q \ n_e~ |+> <T\ {sTT+| s>\
n+T+~. mdtd mdt{ _d\ qT eTTd+\ L& | +<
|uT |<\T +&\ n+T+~.
keTs |+#&+ d+ eTTd+\T n~+> ed+# b+\
{\T, b*f\T $]$> H\=\ d#sY $T{ d++~.
djT+ b~ MT<q, ~qL* MT<q eTTd+\T me>
<s|&TTHsT { s+&e sY $TwH dbsdT\T s>
neT\T#jT&+ eTTd+ |C # |j>s+ n+~.
eTTd+\ me> <>*# d+d\ bV+ e&+, <>
|q\T s L& e&+, d+d\T eT$ deq neX\
d+d\T n |{+#Te&+ <s yqT&q esZ\ ysT L& n|
#dTe& bV+#&+, e>s #s\qT d#sY $T{ d++~.
eTTd+\T n~+> ed+# b+\ bdtdwqT, dT\T e>s
d+d\ d+ n~] nsTTH eTTd+ +&T #&\q<=f
]wyTq |b<q.
dbsT\ <>Zs nd+|

d#sY $T{ d#q\ ds|+ b{ nsyT +T+~.
yTq V\T *+#eT #|+& V\T \_+# ~X>
bV\T e&+, bs<s H\=\&+, eed eT L& #T
*dT+<q $Xd+ *+#&+ eyT $T{ dbsT\ \+.
#s\T d+#&+ d<T<X+ nqTd]+q ePVyT nsTT +&e#T.
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t 93
b\H jT++>+ eTqq nqTue+ @$T+f yTq V\

usk <T. n]wyTq d#q\T y<+ b+<jTe#T s
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q eTTd+ |\ <] dT\qT n$T, ybs d+d\ E
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d+b~+ < eTTd+ |\ nuTq d+ KsT|{\q~
nH deTd\ <]rjT>\ d#q. B MT< + # #s
s>e\d +~.
eqeV\ y~ T{H ` 9
&d+sY 2008
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
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..................................................
yT&MT<
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meqT+{qT. @ &+ <sZ #T VX + myy.
k+qT |<q+> |#s+ #dq |< |s Vu<\$ V\T.
<sZ\T, y{ ]> |P\T dHq k+ q#e. y{ V+<Te\T
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>VsD+, >VA|sD\ & dTq \+ qT+&
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}V+#& ujTeTeT+~.
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|P] yd+ eT+| u\>b |d+ +~.
1999
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 100
eTTd+ ]swqT
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
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sC+>+ d+> yTT< #|+<+. ke+>, $<|s+>

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< y~ VT<+>H <T, XdjT+> +&\q eD+|.
HjTeed ]swq | =*H{ qT+& q es yKs
|]De eT\+. < e\ sE eTTd+\ nHjT+ ]+~.
s| +e]sTTH s>>\< >T]+qsTT rsTqT _d d+|\T
eT $jT+> u$+#e.
es>, ~ eTTd+\ eTesZ+> ]swqT *+#&
#+ nH #<q *+#Tq nqT |jT+ nq VsT yK
>T]+ e. n~ sjT+> dsq yU < nq~
|q|+&. sT #jT<>Z yUH? ]HH sC+><e |s+> |q $eTs b+&,
~ yTH]{\ V\qT nD><=& sT <]+q eTTdT>T
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sTb sT H\\T C\T |+|eT+{sT. eT] sT #dq
yK @ |sT |{*?
|C+
13 qe+sY 2005
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 112
eTTd+ ]swHqT n&Te&eT+f

ke Hj \Vq|s&yT
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eTTd+\T yqT&q esZ+ H<T n+ n< V+<Te\T >V+#sT.
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nsTT<T>TsT &\ <sT <<| < n_bjT+ e+ #ksT.
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 113
|jT+ #kjTH < bsyT+ eedqT |CkeT eed>

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nq #s ns+ +~ > | yd+ #ksq yK\ ns+
<T.
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m+<T ny~++~? # $yTq y<q\T #ksT. ke
esZ ]swqT #|&T esZ s+#e\d +T+~.
s#q+ ]swH e& >\ sD d+#<T, ]swH
dTq<e] $e]dT+<+. eTTd+\ ]swH # #+ eTTd+
n+f mes+f k+qT #]+#ysT n s++~. k+qT
#]dTq+<Te\ y] ]swH keTq<T. ]swH b+<TTq
esZ e]+#& eyT s#q+ e&+ ]+~. nsTT B
|T= k+qT #]+#& yqTuTH d++<+ @$T{?
\+ d++<+ sjT+ dVT+ m{ neT+~? n
y~+#&+ ]+~. VsT y<q nqTL\+> d+~+#&eT
]+~.
eTTd+\+<] ]swH dTHsT. k+qT #]+# ys+
eTTd+q+THsT. eT] s| V+< n> \dT&T ]swH
b+<&+ d+ k+ |#T+f nqT L& yqT&qy&T
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d+~++~. syTq y<q\qT >+ dT|+sT sd]+q
$wj $e]+ #|q|{ <VsD\qT $d]+ y<qqT
y~++~.
eT osY sw+ ydyBq sK dMT|+ n_e~ @B ]>
neX+ <T { n& ed+# |\qT sw |uT+
yqT&q esZ+> >T]+ y] _d C_ #]+~. ~ nVT+
n+ Cq |k< |]eT nH osY |+&{ sT m&T. n&
ed+#ys+<s yqT&q esZeT MTs+f, s| lq>sY yd
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 114
e\+ ]swH b+<&+ d+ n& bsTT \T T+{&T.

e\+ \T e] yqT&qy&sTTb&? n jTq |+#&T.
dT|+sT y<qqT sd]++~. #+, |uT #s
deTsjTe < n #d|&T < <T]j>+ #d neX+
+<H~ |eD+ e& M\T <T. n~ <q+~ deTsjTe
< n #&*. <T]j>+ #d neX+ +f < n]f
dVTyTq esZ\T nHw+# | #{ =fd jT+ ><T.
<T]j>+ m|& nsT<T> | s>< u$d <
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++f $yTq y<q L& #ksT. < L& VsT
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qws+.
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q $esDqT jTq Bs+> ++#sT. jTq y<q #dq|&T
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 115
sT qeqys+<], ~ ={yjT<>Z y<q <T n VsT

rsT \_+q <sD Xs+ *++~.
sC+>+ y&q yqT&q esZ+ nH |j>+ eTTd+\
e]dT+< nq |X sC+> |]wY #s s<T. yqT&q esZ+
nH~ ndw+> +~, < ue+ @$T{ nq $esD duT\T ssT.
n|&T eT <w q~ nD>]q V+<e q n+u<sY
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s + syTq #q nqeds+ nq eT& n+<s
se&+ e\ eTTd+\ yTH]{> | V\T *+# #qqT
$s$T+#Te&+ ]+~. n+ | ke H|<+ eTTd+\
>T]+ #s sC+> |]wY s>H <T.
] +& neX+ L& <T. m+<T+f sC+> T~ s|
q H{ <X $uq ]bsTT+~ > k+q+s ke
+ + s|+ rdT<T. n|{ + eTTd+\ >T]+ mesT
+H k+ |Ps| ke <XyT eTqdT +& neX+
+~. k+ |Ps+ <X yjTe b++ (n+f |dT
bkH) eTTd+\T |<q qesZ+. u+usTT b{ |&q sN
q>s+, eT& |+CT s< nsTTq VAsY q>s+ eTTd+\T |<q
deTT<jT+> q q>s\T. s|<X e+{ sw+ eTTd+
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e+{ d+kH\ se+oq eTTd+ qyT\T+&ysT.
k+q+s+ yjTe b++ bkH bsTT+~.
s|<X MT+< esZyT <T, q $<e+T\T, <qe+T\T
nsTTq eTTd+\T |< d+K bkH s*bjsT. V<su<,
ub e+{ d+kH\ se+o\T dV+ <X $&|{
y[be&y ke J$+ qT+& |P]> |e&y ]+~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 116
sTy eT+> k+q+s eTTd+ de+ s|+ rdT+~.

~ |<q+> nD>]q V+<e \ qT+& eTe]& <s
eTTd+\sTTq |C deTV+. qT M] yqTuTH >T]+
y~+#|&T sC+> |]wY ]q #sqT ++#&+
nd+<seTsTTq~.
n+ sC+> sdqy] <X\T @eTsTTH, e]
sC+>+ yqT&q esZ+ nq e y&+< | yqT&q \+
nq<T. B dT|+sT nH d+<s\ H=#|+~. yqT&q
\T yqT&q esZ\esTT > n$ eyT e n,
yqTuTH @ |eD+ #jT& M\T < d+
&qT dT\ dT|+sT n+~.
|q #|qT eTosY sw+ ydyBq sK dMT|+
ed+# y] yqT&q esZ+> >T]d < dT|+sT y~++~.
s|<X =+& b+\ ed+# |C+ (~ydT\sTTH,
H) n_e~ nqqTL\yTq |]dT\ J$dTq+<Tq sw
|uT+ y] yqT&q esZ+> >T]++~. < L& dT|+sT
y~++~. e s$esesY >sT ++q n+u<sY
n_bj _qyTqy. nsTTq|{ ysT y<q #jT&+, n~
={bsjT<>Z y<q < & <]+#&+, & n_bjT+
eTT @u$dTHeT $T> <sT |{+#&+ ]bsTT+~.
C $< <> s+>\ eTTd+\T d>T +f me
yqT& qT >D+\T ddTHjT Vs |+~. =
s+>+q eTTd+\ b<+ u>keT+ 15 qT+& 30 X+
< e +< >T]++~. nsTT ~ >DjTyTq yqTuTq+
< 50 X+ +f e +fH >DjTyTq yqTuTq+
neT+< VsT n+T+~. n_bj b|~ @$T{? d>T
+f 25 X+ yqT& e+f n~ >DjTyTq yqTuTq+ n
eT+& $TwH dr]++~. < dT|+sT y~++~ L&.
eTq sw+ eTTd+\ yqTuTq+ <<| n+ e+~. =
s+>+ =+#+ e, = s+>+ =+#+ me e+~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 117
nsTTq|{ 50 X+ yqTuTq+ e+fH >DjTyTq

yqTuTq+ neT+< VsT @ |eD+ +& n+~.
sw |uT eeVsX*qT, _d $TwH y~qT b\T
b<T. sXKs s& |uT \&sTTq HjT+ #jT&+ eTTK+
<T. yTeTT n~s s>H nsTT<T X+ ]swH #k+ nq
VMT y+H \uTe&+ eTTK+. _d $TwHy deT>yTq
y~ e&+ eTTK+ <T, @*qysT m+ y>+> eT+f n+
y>+> e&+ eTTK+. _d $TwH eTT+<T Vs y $wjT+
$es+> #|&+ ]+~. k+ n_e~ <s+> d+|<jT
nd+|T{ s+>\ n~u>+ q |CesZ\qT
yqT&q esZ\T> >T]+#e#TqH n_bjT+ nH dT|+sT
rsT\ eyT+~. n~ eTTd+\ ke d d]>Z nTT+~
{ eTTd+ b~ $es\qT deT>+> d]+ b|~q
$Xwd, $XwD sT\ \TdT+< d+#+. _d $TwH |
#jT+&, yTeTT eTTd+\T ed+# b+\ bsTTq|&T me
eT+~ \s eT\ +&&+ >eT+#eTT n+ s*dT ]bsT>
sjT&+ dV+>H n_X+dq <] rd+~. \X~ sj\T,
s< |DT\T ke Hj nsD+> \Vq|s#>,
beD ns HjTeed < yTT+> |P& |{+~.
k, eTVu~, #eTH
2006
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 118
] ]>=q eTTd+ ]swqT

ksH *#H?
eTTd+
]swq #+ eT e+~. k] Jy s|+

e+~. s+&ek] #+ s|+ e+~. |&T eT #+ s|+
e+~.
n|&sTTH |&sTTH =+#+ C> rdT= <X+ C #d,
HjTkH\ d++ | ys @ nes<eT +&~ <T.
yTT<{k] _d $TwH <s y~ b+<+& <X+ C #ksT.
s+&ek] _d $TwH deT>yTq |]o\q ]|+es >+&
=+<s|{ ndeT>yTq y~ <s+> <X+ C #ksT. k]
|uT+ ys d+<s+ jT$T+q $TwH ]bsTqT <s+>
#dT= y~ eT _d $TwHqT eT =+<s|{sT. #+ *+q
n~s #sTTdTq _d $TwH, y~ m|&#B yTeTT ssTTk+
nH <T\T sXKss& n&+< &e #d+~. nsTe y~ MT<
<s|& sjT+ #\TT+<? eTs=k] sT\T =fd @+
k~+qT?
sTsq&+ d+<V+ <T. y+ yd y |sT @esTTH,
> s+&T |sj\ VsT dT yd+~ $XV+< |]wY ys.
k yjTusT. y eTqdT q~ nsTTH, dy\T #jT&
k+ sD\T <=sTTHsTT. |uT eeVsX* y]
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 119
neX+ n+<CdTq~. >+ s+&Tks ysT $jT+ k~+#sT.

k] L& y \yTq sD+ <=sTT+~. _d $TwH |]X<q
sb\ #+ n+T+&>, ys $TwH y~qT ysT d]+
|uT dbsdt #jTe#? nq~ # \yTq nu+s+
>\<T.
eTTd+\T ke+> yqT& Hsq $wjT+ |<>
n_bjTu<+ mes e+ #jT> HqT $q<T. < >T]+
|uT+ @MT #jT& M\T <T. @+ #dH n&+ |&sT. |uT
eeVsX* < qf +~. eTTd+\ HjT+ #jT&+ +f
sXKss& VMT sTTq >&Te > #dk& |#s+ #dTe&+
eTTK+. @< y~ MT< sXKss& sujT $< d+es+>
neT\T #k+ n |{k&T. n~ jTq m{>sTTH \uTy*.
{ _d $TwH |\ q y~ #j*. #dT+~. yqTy+H
#+ C nsTTbT+~. y+H cj+s<sT\T sT dT
yksT. n~s+ {>H #sTT+#~ n+ sT VA+]dT+~.
me] yT\T d+ |Vdq+?
yTT<{ qT+& e #|H+. sT y~+#+, _d $TwHL
#b+. d+|<jT k+ s+>+ e <jT+
b+<TTq esZ $< <> ]swq $T+ yqT&q esZ+>
>T]+#e#Tq dT|+sT |\T esT |{++~. e{ |<]+
yqTuTq+ <T. n_e~ neX+ ] s+>+
q |<]+ yqTuTq+ +~ edT+~. e <>\
d+|<jT ] s+>+ djT+ b~ MT< n~+>
eTTd+\ ~ e]dT+~. nsTT d+> >D+jTT+> s]+#&+
neds+. _d $TwH |#d @ deTk +&< d+#+.
<d+ |uT XK\ MT<H <s|&+& ddt e+{ |]X<H
d+d\, $X$<\j\ ke Xd $u>\L $$<
|]X<H+X\qT |sesTT+#&+ +> +T+< _d $TwH
#sH dTeTD+ >] $e]+ #b+. jTq s+&T |sj\
| #jT+& eTTKeT+ |sesTT+| yTs & & y~
#ksT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 120
eTTd+\ 15 \qT >T]+ y] _d > >T]+| y\

_d $TwH dbsdt #d+<+. eTTd+\ \T e, \qT
>T]+#&+ eTTd+ es es #s n = eTTd+ d+d\ =+<sT
eTTd+ |<\ nu+s+ *bsT. k+ >T]+# e
ydeyT eTTd+\ b*q esZ\T q e{ ydeyT.
$$< V+< \eT\ ysT k+ |#Tq sTy n< eT\
=qk>&yT eT \+ >T]+|qT L& eT rdTbjsT.
eTTd+ \ eT< >&\T eT n+ <Ts<+> +&be#T. |[
MT< w<+ K+> neT\T be#T. nsTTq|{ eTTd+\
|esZ\T> n$ qe yde+. =*H{ V+< \
deq+> yqT& q e{ yde+. { eTTd+ eT |<\
nu+s+ dVTyTq~ <T. nsTT sjT+ ys
deTd\THsTT.
15 \T |eTsTTq esZ+> |sT >, >T]+|
> yqT&q eTTd+\T s? V+<Te\+<s @< \+
* +{sT. eTTd+\q #] sD\ e\ b*q
>T]+| =+yTs q|{ eTTd+\+<s @< \+ * sT.
y+<s n_e~ #+~bsTTq ys sT. y d+>$T{?
15 \ Hu m+? eTTd+ Hu y] X+ m+?
$wj\T _d $TwHL <T. sw |uT <T. M+
*d eTTd+ Hu 85 X+ +{s eT+ w;sY n nq>
$H+. n~ jTq $XdyT | jTq <>Zs de#s+ <T. y
Ms+<] Hu *| eTTd+\ 50 XyT nsTT, M] 4 X+
]swH #d q 50 X+ (|yTq >T]+| @B )
yqT&q esZ @MT e&+ k<|&<T <?
|>, M] Hu m+ *jT+f 4 X+ ]swH m{
#e VsT |d |uT+ @+ yT #|+~? ]swH Hu
w |syT +&qs<T > Hu w $T+ +&
e&+ ><T. w m+ nd *jT+& 4 X+ ]swH m{
ks VsT |+#<?
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 121
s yTT<\T ujT $< d+es+ H*+> ]HHqT

neT\T #j\ |uT+ d+\+. nsTT eTTd+ e]<>Zs eT
d+# d]|{\T e. y[|&T ds n\T
|Ty*. dsT m+ sb*, d]|{\T y*. s|& #d
bsuT s>>\e. nqsT\T ]swH b+<>\sT. #sDyTq
deTd L& VsT #s s>\<T. < |uT+ @+ yT
#|+~?
|uT \Vq esZ\ yT\T #d u<, n~seTT
q|&T, eTTd+\T \Vq esZyTqH~ mes <q yde+
nsTTq|&T, HjTkH\ + ujT|&e\dq neds+ +< nq
|X se#T. neds+ ydy +&L&<T. sC+>s\
<XeT n<. nsTT = $wj HjTkH\T sC+>+ eT
e n~s eT rsT\ <s \eT+ eT <K\T
|sT#THsTT. |sesD+, n&e\ $j>+ s+&T |eTTK
<VsD\T. ]swqT eTs={. sC+>s\ <X+ @<sTTq|{
VsT, dT|+sT HjTeTsT\ q#b |uT\T ]swqT
ee. deTd |]cs b\H $<H sb+~+#eTT+<T
< d++~+q de#s+ |uT+ e< +&\, de#s
VT<+> $y+#\ eyT sC+> b\H d<++ #|+~.
]swq &=#d] deTd >T]+ deT> XdjT $XwD #jT<
b\H #s\T #& M\T < HjTkH\T |&T n+THsTT.
n b\H s+>\L |eD e]+|CdsTT b\q nk<+
neT+< y] dTqT <T. n+<T. @ deTdH |uT+
|b~+# |]cs+ d\+> #dq|&T VT<yTq<H nq
|]o\q eyT HjTkH\ |]~ $wjT+ >, ]swq
&=#d] |uT+ |b~+# |]cs+ deTd m+es
q< eTT uE ykeT HjTkH\T n+THsTT. <X+
\+> HjTkH\ yK] ~X> yTT yTT k>TTq~. yTTq eTq
sw VsT eTTd+ ]swH #{ =fd q rsT B |sw.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 122
n s\T> ny+#jTyTq |]De |+#&

bsyT+T dsY k+H< # & q |jT+ #k&T. nsTT n~
me <s+ b<T. B |*+> ]swH V b+<e\dq |\T
sXKss& e+{ HjT\ neXy< HjTkH\ eTs
eT< = #sTTC]bTq |\T ~> <sTT n~> <sTT n
eT eTT X #|+ e\d+< u\T.
|C+
8 p 2007
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 123
#] bs\| cjT+ &

..................................................
C b<qT f eTq`q nH~ ssTT+#qeds+ <T.
eTTd+\, de\ deq V\T e&+ w+ V+<y<T\T
rdT=q $yTq s+ ~. m&qT+& e & |\
MTs+ yTeT+ n+{s? nH~ yTH]{\ es+> ysT
|j+# y<q. C H&T <X+ q eTTd+\T, de\T
m&qT+& s<T. ys+ &ys. d+> V+<y<T\
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#+~q< <. eT+ & |\ eT+ deq || m{
sT+T+~? eTd<T bsq\T ]> f+ eTd<T eTT+<T uC
u+r\T ysTT+#=< & |\ d+d|q +{ |&sT?
& |\ <e&sTTq seTT& >T& |ssTTy Ld n& |ssTT
eT bsHd & & |\T < y<+ |]
u]+#e\d+<H? ~ |X\T V+<y<T\T # <+
n&T>TsT.
y V+<e+ >&MT< $s$+q eTyT nsTTH k+,
de+ deq V\T sTe&+ |<T. n$ |&T m&
|{ +&e#TqT. |&T eT\qT nqTd]+# |\T
d+K <XydT\H HsT. n$ |ssTT eT{ nesTT?
sE n$ s+& eTq <X (L&) #+~q eT. |\ deq
V\T m{ s]ksT?
#] bs\| cjT+ & yd+ qT+ =+ u>+.
|P] yd+ eT+| u\>b |d+ +~.
1999
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 124
eTTd+\T ` d+|tT|]ysY
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 125
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> Xys+ (nsY 12) V<su< eT eTd<T dMT|+
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+=] bdT\T * #+bsT. 22 s V<su< q>s ys
||t|PsY >eT+ <>Zs eTVeT< +qT, 23 s +q>sY |D+
ysT djT< nJCqT * #+bsT. + V<su< q>s+
sdt CsY yd >, nJC eT\| yd.
+qT * #+|q yH $e]d, nqT q+sY |T
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t 161
*k{ <=]+< bdT\T #bsT. sTy + qT u+T\T

e>s <|{q d #|kq bdT\qT es+> sV<] |q
q ||t|PsY ysT &$ rdTbj&, <q edTe\T
rd eT bdT\T n <+#> @ e+ eTs< +&
edTe\qT #+#T= bdT\| <& #k&, n|&T sD
d+ ]|q \T nqT eTsD+#& nHsT.
nsTT< +< |dBHqT #+|q H|sY>s L&
#+b& ys ~q| sd+~. sd }sT H|sY HsTq,
kVk, |T<\q =j&+~. n<y> nsTT<> n=
= #q L& s< |dBH V<+, eTVeT< +
V<+ b*d ns+ neT+~. m{N sE nsdT #jT
eTT+< * #+b&T, sE nsdT #|+ eT #+b&T. (nsdT
#|+q sTy #+|L&<q #<d+ nsTT< +< eTq sw
bdT\ +&+~. nTe+{ jTeTyTB < dTs+< uT,
dse+HjTT\T nH <sT |mdt n~sT nsTT< \+
sTEe #ksT. | d e+{ dqsT qsT bdT\T y]
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m+.m.@. nd<TBH yd nHsT. ~dTUq>sY u+T |\T&T y]
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Hs |rs+> V #j\ bdT\T ssTT+#Tq|&T
Hs b\&q eH #+b\q jTeT+ <T. q $wjT+
$wjT+ # ksT sTesTT+~. nsTT y]<] V+k eT
sj\ d++<+ <q~ yd >] ueeTsTT n~ +
e#T, be#T. djT< nJC >T]+ n T+ duT nqT
kB ns_j qT+& +&j eqf eT < n+THsT.
+q>sY ysT bdT\ * #+bs $q|& *d+<
]<] ys nHsT. + d+> n+ dw+> <T. VQX nqT
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bsq #| dsY m +{qT+& jT\T<s&T. (n~ q+sY
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y] ]H <]H |T= #+|&+ + #&&+ <? #bTq
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jT++> m sE\T u]keTq~ deTd.
V<su< bdT\ <>Zs eTTd+ rey<T\ C_ { +~.
n+<T ys+ @< ns+ n+<T +&<>Zysq
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#Tqeds+ <T. nsTT, ~dTUq>sY u+T |\T&T e+{ |Tq
]q|&T C_ |sTq ]H <]H |T= #+| n~s+
bdT\e]#s |+#*.
bdT\T | #dTHsq <+f de+ BH+ keq
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u+T |\T&T ys $q>H + { s+&T sE\ bd
mH+sY s>uT+< V<su< n+<s nqTHsT.
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ns+ nqTHsT. eT< $jTy& \T>T<X+ HjT&
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+~bT bdT\ <=]&q ys sdq $K] s mH+sY
s>qT+<? nq ys sdqT.
qT, +~bT, eTTd+ rey<T\T ` eTT>TZs #+
qT+& y*yjT&sT. M] bT b\ b #+< ssTT
V+\T L&. dbjT+> +<T |< de+ d>Tq
nqT+Tq~. nTe+|&T C_ s| |s>< qeT+
@eTT+~? n|&T @&H |jq+ @eTT+T+~?
|C+
9 &d+sY 2002
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 163
|Cke yTq dy\T

& dwH sT, jT+sT += dwH sT eTTd+
rey<T\ @+> ] $~+#&+, & eTs= dwH sT +>dt

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w+.
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V#Y..m. u>Y > dHesY > s ys #|qeds+ <T.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 164
bsyT+T|q ]q <& #bsTT+~ nsTT<T>Ts? sT>Ts?

jT+sT #bsTT+~ sT. Hs\ e+ |P]ksTT
|rs+ ]bsTT+~.
qqT sT sw n |{+#>H, HjT+ >*+<
|Cke~ $jT+ n dHesY nH&T. bsyT+T|q <&
dT b{j Vdt dwH sT q\T>TsT eTT<sTT\ eTT>TZ]
] $~++< $q>H |Cke~ $jT+ n #eT+~
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dHesYqT sT $&T<\ #d+< *d & d |C+
sdq |<sq\T sV+ |CkeT+ K nsTT+<HsT. ~ eTq
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mTq }s+|\T rksT. sdq |<sq\T #|{sT. eTq MT&j
eTq $wjT+ #|<T. $<+> MT&j |Cke
b&+~.
|CkeT+ nq e |&T # ns\T HjT B {
ns+ neT+~. |Cke ns\T +&&+ |Cke
eT+~ < ys #|qeds+ <T.
b{ +&&+ e\H bsyT+T|q <& dT <w\
|&+<, b{ m+ nedsy B { ns+ neT+< _C|
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eTT<sTT\T bdT\ q |\T | ys kyTB <T.
rdTH |< |\T rdT+f dHesY e+ Hs+
|bjTy&! nsTT n e+{ +>dt HjT <>Zs |\T
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 165
us<X n~s esZ\|q, n~s d+\|q <& #dq

ys+<] ]\T |&sTT. +~s>+B #+|q y], sJy>+B
#+|q y], dH~| qs y<qT #+|qy], bsyT+T|q
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|\qT #+|q y] ] <T, @ yjT<T. Cs \&
d\ MT~ H s#>={ eTeT& V\T #sTT+q V#Y..m.
u>Y, dHesY @ |&<T. += d+<s+, += #
eTTd+\qT eTeT&> #+|q |MDY =>&j, qs+<y&,
nX u{, VsH b+& @ ysTT+#sT.
~ <X+ yTC]{ eTdT\sTTq y], |<q de+ CT\,
sj\ #+~q y] eeT\T $wjT+> |+#e#T `
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Hs+> >T]+#&+q +#&+q cqT sTTq
HjTeed q MT<H <T, yTT+> de+ MT<H $Xk
#+|dT+~. m+<T+f $Xk HjT+ \eTsTTq~. de+
HjT<yTq HjTeed +<q qeT+ de+ | $Xk
|+q+> ys @B |+#<T. HjTeed eT HjT+ s><q
n|qeT+ @s&qsTT de+|q $Xd+ n+>q |q+
neT+~. eTTd+ rey~ n|+#Tqy&T bdT\ # {
| C\T b&q n|qeT+ @s&qf, sT # ]++
|+#T&q n|qeTeT @s&+~.
n|qeT+ qT+& eTq deC jTyjT>\e nq~ us
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|C+
6 qe] 2003
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 166
~ eTq y|\yT, bdT\ y|\+ <T

\T+_ bsT, > #{ |\T u<T\sTTq y] >T]+
$#]+ +#\ n+<s sT+{sT. nsTT V<su< q>s

bdT\T eeV]dTq rsT # +<qs+> +~.
|Tq s>>H |H +><o d+d Vd+ +<T +<,
V<su< yd nsTTq _ nH e b +< q>s bdT\T
|{+#sT. n+ y>+> y]{ *d +&>\<T? *d +&
neX+ <T, <T. eT] y+H |\ +<TqT? |\TqT
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>+ eT eTd<T |\T&T |j+q |<H &
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u<T m|&T sT? n~ \+& < b*\THjT B
>T]+ ssD se&yT$T{?
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t 167
$eTs? e+ V#] #jT& d_ ns<T, +{*CH

s ns<T. mesH e+ }V+#>\sT. <
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] q>s+ eTq+ T>\e? Hs+ s>>H bdT\
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t 168
#|d |s>$T+#\ nq<T. de#s V #+ L&

de#s $TqVsTT+| +~. eT] bs<syTq Hs|]X<q
m+<Td+ #dTqT? eT *$\T |<]+#Te& b?
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< >s$dTq d#q\T e. V<su< \\ bdT\T
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rdTbTHsT. eTT mes, eT s\jT+ m&T+< #|&+ <T.
rdTbsTTq y] m& s+~dTqB me] <T m+<T
rdTbTqB <T. >us |&q T+ duT\T k bdt
dwH n& e+ < ys+THsT. bd #+~q eTTd+
jTTe\T +]> jT be& ujT|& |]d H\=+~.
|&es+ e{&TsT? q{ < y|\+ n { |&T |
#dT+f #jTT<+f m{ n bdT\&>s?
nd\T $wj=d, bkH VdeT +><o VdeT +f
+&e#TqT > eTq<X+ eTTd+ jTTeH nd+| #
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ysTHs >T]+#&+ neds+. B bdT\T y]+#sT. y
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< eTTd+\ <>Zs |< n_j>\ C_jT +~. C
n_j>\ HjT+ +< eT+ |yTjT+ +& |C+
X\+ n+^]ksT. nsTT y{| sdq ysTysT>H +Tq~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 169
eTTd+\ sdq s#T> eT d+d\ <s eeTsTTeTq~ e&+

| <T> sdq n& b+& |C+ de+
\e&+ neds+. n|&~ nHs>syTq b&\ qT+& <s+
+&>\<T.
s MT< nyT] <& #dq|&T, n+ eTT+<T u; eTd<TqT
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e<, wsYu>qT sdq se\T ]>sTT. $&> Xys+
bsq\ nq+s+ eTTd+\ sdq eT eTd<T qT+& eeTsTT+~.
de+ yTT<{ < HjT<yTq sdq>qT, s+&e <
eT|syTq sdq>qT #d+~. yTT<{ < >s$++~. s+&e
< nqTeq+> #d+~. n~ T s<T, ~ nT b<T.
eTTd+\, eTTd+ |C+ yTC]{> q deC\L ]q,
sT>TTq nHjT+ | y] q >V+ HjTyTq<q d+<X+
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n++f eTTK+> neqTw neqTw+> m<TsTH |&T <]
|e< eTTd+ jTTe\ |\T|jTe\dq u<, <H=
ke seT+> #|e\dq u< eTq+<] MT< +~.
bkHq +><Xq Te&+ u<qT $d]+#&
|=dT+~.
| |PqTbe&+ eTq+<] y|\+. B b*d bdT\
y|\+ q<.
|C+
9 d|+sY 2007
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 170
|\T| <s| |Vdq+!

|D\ u+T |\T yT. y{ neqTweT yT.
u+T |\T >T]+ bdT\T #dTq Hs |]X<q

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n|{|& |{+#sT. nqT +><X +<+> >\ VsT
VB kMT (VQJ) ss nHsT. nbT b#T,
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eTT<sTT\T> #|+#sT. |Tq | ] re+>

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|] 64 njsTT.
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y{bT mdt #d eT&T d+d\ nHysT.
sTy VQJ s+> |yX+ #d+~. <X+ m&& L*
#dT= TTq +><o\qT nsdT #jT&~ |=+~.
=+ \+ @ u+T |\T&T ]H n~ VQJ |Hqq >+;syTq
|q #de#sT. MT&j < ]eTs> sd+~. d$T|q
w< <sM e {Tq =fdq sTy n
|\Tq d$T Vk #&k>sT. n+ eTT+<T m|&
d$T |sT <T. {Tq rsTqT dT|+sT d #sTT+#& ~
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#]+~. <qe+T\ yw<sD bwqT e]qT fs]dT Hs\
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$q|&&T, y[ d<] s| $q|&&T. yT, u+T |\T
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#Tq n< mH <#T+? d+ |] mH
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 172
& C$Tjq>sY mH+sY #T $y<+

#\s>TTq~. d|+sY 19 H&T ]q mH+sY n+
=~sE\ eTT+<T & ]q u+T |\T u<T\sTTq <sT
+&jTH eTTCVBH ss\ uT mH+sY dw*dt n
|sT d+b~+#Tq yVH#+< Xs nH bdt HdsY
#bj& yTT<{ #~$q|&T ~ yTq m<TsT\T\
|THHy n n+<s+ nqTH+. sTy # d+<V\T
sTT. #bsTTq <sT eTTd+ jTTe\T (eTVeT< d<,
nr|t nMTH) $<sT\T. yTT<{ n ejTdT e\+ 17. s+&
n ejTdT 24. &, u+>TSsT, nVeT<u<, V<su<
(neqT, eT V<su<) |\T |<s#q M] \b +<
bdT\HsT. sT>T bsT>T mes ~ qeT&+ <T. #bsTTq
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<s b{ L& rXsT. bdT\| \T\T sT| nqT +<
|&bj&, n+<Te\ \ T{ >j\jjT bdT\
$esD.
mH+sY ]+~ d|+sY 19q > 24e Bq
ssD d+ n& y[q T~Je\ +< m<TssTTq
nqTue+ @$T+f > yTT+ bdT |Vs +~.
_*+> bdT\ nqTeT +& mes y&, k\
e{&& M\T<T. C\T <|f <X+ b +{
| m+<T? <sT $T*f+qT #+| y] dV]+#s
u$+q q y]q+<] nsdT #dq sTy L& +{
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 173
+<dT m+<T? +{ | eT< L& k\T nH

$wj\T jT|{sT. #bsTTq jTTe\ >~qT+ kBq+
#dTqT #|q |t{|t, jTT<\T e>s\ |+#He n&
s|<T. k\T y{ kBq |jT k\T sT. Hs
d++~+q edTe\qT kBq+ #dTH|&T k\T
k\T> |+#He sb\q jTe m+<T b{+#<T?
15 $Tc\ bT \T\T ]|q sTy bdT\T n&Tq
|P\+&\qT m|&d $]q eTT\ {\ n<\T |>\>={
mH+sY dH dw+#s k\T nHsT. >jT|&q
yVH#+< XsqT +~ rdT=q sTy <sT jTTe\qT
H\T>e n+dTqT+ rdTse&+ #keT, sTy y]
#+bs =+<sT nHsT. bdT\T @< de#s+ <s+> k<
d+ e#s, n&Tq jTTe\T m<TsT ]q sD+>
@|+> \T\T yTT<\T|{s, sT >&\ eT< ]|q
\T\ yVH#+< Xs bdT T >jT|&&,
sTy ysT <sT jTTe\qT #+bs \yTq n_bjT+
+~. n|{ & u+T |\T u<T\T> u$+q y]
}V ^sTT+q bdT\T eTT\qT Kqq+ #jT&
eTT+<T M] b{\qT }V\ b |jT+ #jT<T.
m+<T #jT<T?
e s<syTq d+<V\T e#T. _*+>
ed+#ys+ eTTd+\T e&+ e\ y\ n<\T
#|+&e#T. ssD #jT |jT+q T~Je\T bdT\qT
<H+ #jT&yT |> |Tq $ T<T\T e&+ e\ b
yK\T |#s+ #dT+&e#T. nsTTq|{ d+<V\T
q|&T HjT$#sD &e+& #jT&+, d_ # Hs|]X<q
]|+#\ &e+& #jT&+ |{>sTT+~? mH+sY eTT\
dV#sT\q |sTMT< bdT\T nsdT#dq C$Tj $T*j
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 174
$X$<\jT+ $<sT\ HjTdVjT+ n+~j\

ydt#q\sY rdTq sj m+<T <X<VsyTq #s>
u$+#*? b|dsY eTTwsT VdH @ ns+q dHqy~
&T, rey~ &T. ke Xds+>+ <sy< uy\T >\
|]X<&> jTq >T]+| +~, eT+|sT +~. bdT\
<q+ nqTeHd< $wj\ sD+> ;< $<sT\T
HjTdVjT+ n<\ *e< jTq u$d |eTT+~?
us<X bsT\T> eTq+ $wjT+ HH >V+#*. eTq
bdT\ u+T |\T u<T\sTTq e\ >T]+, d+d\
>T]+ @MT <T. yTeTT \TdTbTH+, =+ >&Te
e+& n n& y] mes @MT nqsT. n~ CsTTr>q
+T+~. sVk\qT m|{|&T #~+#& ys+ e+\T
sT. nsTT CsTTr Ms+> |+#<T. { u+T
|\T&T s>>H sw bdT jT++>+ >+;syTq
|q eTT+<T=dT+~. q{< @MT *jT y, Hs
s~+#y y |P] de#s+ eTT+<T=ksT.
d<sTesT, b<sTesT, <sTesT, |\T&T |<s+
m& jssTT+~, bkH y] d++<$T{ ` n
#|ksT. (@yTH $T*b >TsY qT+ qs+< y&
#|k&T). d<sT\ <sT\ <=ssT { y]
dV]+q k\T nq |sT MT< nsdT\T yTT<\T|&sT. eT
+=# u+T |\T ] sw bdT\T < +T
yTT<\T|&sT. y] C_ ysT |{ksT. d<sT\T,
<sT\T |Tq |]$Te n+f <T. nVeT<u<,
u+>TSsT, dsY, &, V<su< n+ <+&+ #<y*+<
sw bdT\ d<sT\T += sc |ssT. n
u+T |\TL d<sTs > ys+<s! B |Vdq+
nqb +eTH*? ~ C e+ <T. eT+
e+<\eT+~, VQX y\eT+~ eTTd+\T nsdeTHsT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 175
V+d\ >TseTHsT. &> =+<sT mH+sY

neTHsT. <X+ eTTd+\ HjT+ s><q sdq
|+#T+THsT. ~ me] eT+< eTq b\\T
|VdH k>dTHsT?
+<C ~q|
22 nsY 2008
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 176
mH d++
mdt
@C+T eTd<T MT< <TsZe |q #|\T

$dssT, V< V< n+ e MT~ e#sT, ` $
u+k nsY 10e Bq ]q |TsD\ >T]+ $q|& yK\T.
n\] yTT<\sTTq|{ qT+& n& q bdT\ $Ks
<X\T #&<T, e\T $q<T. nsTTH |H nT$Tj
eTd<T| @y #k&+f neHy nqTe#T> mdt
@C+T #ks+f @eTqTy*? e\T nqysT V+<Te\
d+s\T> eTqT eTT jT$T+#Tq d+|tT|]ysY
#+~qyssTT |+ m|& +&< nqTe#T.
e\q~ +>dt b #+~q |D X+ $T{ duT&T, eTs
eeT\T >VD. |&T e\+ sYmdtmdt |#TsD\, y]
XK\ <sq$T# e\T, yK\T |&T m+> V+<e
de+ |#s+ njjTq& <= eT#TTq. k++
sTy d\sY sC+>+ sdT _qeT\T,
d+dT\ysT *dyT*d <X+> usYqT sb+~+#\
ssTT+#THeTT > <s |* qT+& =*yd
d+|tT|]ysY $w |#s es+> |C+ <s\ |#s+
|uT\ y| qT+& > |C <e\y| qT+& > s><T.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 177
u+k eq|&T CrjT yTH]{ $TwH yK #d+~.

s us<X+ eT |TsD\T ]q #{ yT|&T y[H
n~s jT++>+ V+< jT++>+> |#dT+&&+
>eTdTHeT, eTVswq, ]kq n< |]d +<,
nsTT +<|<X =+ _q+> |++< ysT nHsT. u+k
n\s sw |uT+ |ksTTH y>+> d+~+q e yde+.
]k ;syTq V+k+& sT>TTH sw eTTKeT+
u~ b+\ |s{+#<T. s VA+eT+ us+><qT
deT]+#& k\T y&+ eT>yT H&T. eTq <>Zs yT.
#TT|\ >e\ >eT |+#jTr <s+ |\\T, jTTe\T
V+< eTTd+ usTTusTT n+ }s+|\T L& rksT.
n+es u>H +~. |<q+> w s>e\d+~
ke X\y| qT+&. <w+, d++ dT\u+> |#s+
nesTT. eT+ |#s+ e&yT w+. |> sYmdtmdt ne>Vq
nH~ d+w+> +&<T. <X #] >T]+, ke yd$
>T]+ y] e\+ |&&T n_bj\T+{sTT.
|]dT\qqTd]+ y{ esT\T se. y{ ydy\ @MT
d++<+ <T. { ds+> +{sTT. <w+, ~|+ y{
|<q d+<X\T { nu< +&q eTqdT\q$ dT\u+>
]ksTT. n$ *+# yX+ e+ D+ <T. |<|< ny
yK\T $H yT< m+#&+ y] \+. n~ eTqdT\qT
<w+ +|T+~.
de\|q us+>< #dTq <&T\qT d+
yTT>e{H K+&+#b>, < dbsT> |<
d<+ |&T |#s+ |{sT. <*\ eT|< nsTTq
b|t, +>dt n<s\T kj>+B, de\sTTq y.mdt.
sXKss& e+{ +>dt HjT\T *d us<X de
<X+> es& #dTHsH~ d<++. b|t
d+>y> kj>+B +>dt b n~s+ m{
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 178
+#&+ nq~ | ys + q <K\T e. y.mdt.

sXKss& de |#s&> #&&+ +f Vkd<+
+={ +&<T. n& d, n~s+ | ys #q @ sp
<T. < nedsyT dy y&T>\&T, s&H
y&T>\&T, <HH y&T>\&T. nsTTq|{ |#s+
sT>TH +~. B + sXKss&|q <w+ *+#&+
<T, kj>+B|q <w+ *+#&+ <T. eTq #T q
de\|q <w+ s*+#&+.
<w+bT MsT +={ |< |s+ #dTHsT.
~ V+<Te\ <X+. & s eTdT\T d+ m] *.
eT u+kH rdT+<+. u+k yTT< s yd+~ eTTd+\T,
mdt \T$s>=Z{+~ eTTd+\T, nsTTH jTq V+<Te\H
&TTH&T #&T n |{ nqT+ +&e#T. yTT<
s yd+~ eTTd+, mdt \T $s>=Z{+B eTTd+ (sTy
nj n+ jTqqT bdt dwH ydTbsTT+B ys),
n+eTT+<T @+ ]+< #&&+ neds+. ~ me] | m+
n + yjT&+ d+ <T. |Tq\ yqq s#sD
\+ @$T{ n \TdTe&+ d+. eTJdt b \+ u> q
u+k eT ndVq+ s+&Ty| <+&> +~. n~ = $wjT+
<T. nsTT ~ V+<Te\ <X+ nH d+yTq $Xk
|#s+ #d s#sD #jT\T u+k n\s yq #&b @
eTH<sTTH | nH d+ <>Zs bsT.
<ds |+&>|&T eT>y <TsZeqT }s+|>
rdTbsTT eTq+ #d d+|<jT+ \+>DqsTTH
\T>TH m&sTTH m|{ qT+& +~? d\ d++~+q
TeT |+&> \+>D d+|<jTyT > }s+|\T <. $
eT< d+|tT|]ysY <s+ yTT<\sTTq se\T. nsTT
njsTT, |\T = d+s\T #dTL&< <T. ~
nejT+> |{q d+|<jT+ <T. us<X V+< <X+>
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 179
eT*# sjT dMTsD k<q+> yTT<\sTT+~. esXeT

<s $eT]+# d+|tT|]ysY XS<, <[ \ y] <e\
|P\ #TH dMT]+#>\<T. esZ\ V+<e+ ys sD
@B <T. |+&T>\qT |{+#&+ < nedseTsTT+~.
}s+|\T yX L& d+<s\T. $+# H<\T,
b\T s+&T y| dMTsDqT |+#TsTT. |TsD\ d+<s+
*ksTT. $<wy<T\ nC+&qT eTT+<T rdTbsTT.
u+k d+es+ d+es |sT>TTq <TsZe |+~
k] 14 #sTHsTT. |> q+ }s+| eTd<T |qT+&
by\ |T{sT. m+<T nqTeT+#s yTH]{ $TwH
bdT\qT |+#> nd nqTeT+#b # n\] #ksT
{ nqTeT+ jT++#\qTHeT y nHs+.
V<su< >DX eTq+ $wjT+ *dq y]~ ns+ neT+~.
nqTeT+q bdT\T, }s+| |+Cc # eTd<T
#sTH|{ eT<V+ qeE nsTTbjTT #ksT.
eTd<T + L& yXsT. nsTT <TsZe u\T eTd<T <>Zs
<<| ns>+ m>TsTH eHsT. + #\T q&e+& n
ns>+ sTy mdt nq> m+<T q&y*? ~ e <X+ <
n m<TsT |X yXsT. n+ ne*y| >T$T>&q eTTd+\qT
de<q|s#& mdt y] <>Zs bj&T. n< n<qT>,
n|{< |&TTq u d{ rdd eT+~sY eV HjT+>,
s+ d+ nH d{ |{sT. mdt yqe d{
rdjT+& n n+f rdjT+ ~ e <X+ < n
<usTT+#sT. + >{> <+q|&T qTe V+<Tey?
n m<TsT <usTT+#sT. n|{< <s+ qT+& #dTq
eTTd+\T s n+<THsT.
~ e <X+ <? yTeTT +=] eTHuy\qT m+<T
>s$+#*? yK] yT< m+#&+ d+|tT|]ysYysT
T\jsT. n& qT+& u <&T\, n\s <s+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 180
&T>. B usTTusTT |#s+ yT <T. |#s+

d+<s+ eq|&T #jTe\d+<>, d+<s+ dw+> ~
e\+ V+<Te\ <X+ <T, n+<]B n #|e\d +~.
#H |\ #q+ \ue\d +~. _q eT\ ysT
*d sT nq s+&T CT\ d<+ sd]+q <X+
+&j. < H& H& yqdT=+~ >=\sY w\T.
|&T #|+< sT> yK] |\ |#s+ |{
|\ nu<qT y&T yTH]{\|q <w+
s#>=&TTHsT. B es+# |#s+ n< |\ |C+
d+d\T #|bsTTqsTT +&j H>] <X+> $T>\<T.
|C+
4 qe+sT 2008
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 181
V<su< |\T:
s\T *jT<T nsdT\ T<T
2007
V<su< eT&T Xe+yTq u+T |\T

]>sTT. yT H\ 18q eT eTd<TqT, >dt 25q \T+_ bsT,
> #{\qT |\T ]>sTT. eT eTd<T |\T&T 9 eT+~
(nq+s+ \T <T>TsT), \T+_ bsT <>Zs 32 eT+~, >
#{ <>Zs 9 eT+~ #bjsT.
d>TZ #|e\dq $wjT+ @$T+f <sTD\
b\&+<es bdT\T |{ qTbjsT. y me]
y+{&< <T. #eT+~ y+{&sT. 64 eT+~ C\T |+bsT
L&. #dq yes e+ qTbjsT.
$XwyT$T+f V<su<H <T <X+ m& Te+{
|\T ]H bdT\T y+H # de#s+ #|ksT. ~
\wsY``=jYTu | n, Cwt`èTVeT< Vd+ L& qT
n|dT+<, @~ @eTsTTq|{ bkH #+~q >&#] d+d
.mdt. eTT< +> +< eT<V\qT + esT s*+#
eTT+< |{dT+{sT. eT< VsT V<``kMT (eTT<T |sT
VQJ) C_ #]+~. @+ $y, Hs|]X<q ]> =B
bdT\ <>ZsTq de#s+ ZbT+~. =+ eMT <
|dT+{sT. 2001 &d+sY 13q us bsyT+T|q ]q <&
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 182
C|+ +~ <? <& b\&q nsTT<T>T] bs$T* \>\T

n|{|& Xs L& C|+ +~ <? n|&T L&
yqTy+H ysT bkjTT\, .mdt.. |sesTT+#> us
bsyT+{|q <& #Xs, \wsY Cwt duT\ & bdT\T
|{+#sT. e] y] dV]+#s |sT|& y]|q sT
n_j>|+ <K\T #dH{, nsTT<T>T] >T]+ e\+ ysT
bkjTT\ | ys @MT < bdT\T |HsT. y] |P]
|sT L& *jTe, eTVeT<, s| e+{ b&|sT eyT \TdTq
nHsT. nsTT k+ #|& Hyd>{+> |dsY uqT md]
ysT bk\q $wjT+ L& C < *+~. ysT
#&& bk\ > Hs n|{ +< VA+ eT+ wH
n< #dq yK f y] CrjT sTEe> $T*+~.
V<su< u+T|\T $wjTeT n+. VQJ |\T
b\&+<, V<su< q>s+ eTTks+u> ed+# cV< nH
jTTe&T usY VQJ |~ n, |\T d<] nHq
bdT\T nHsT. d+es+ >&q sTy L& y] ++f
me <T, CH L& y] <>Zs sTEe <T. + m|{
d+|syTq sTEe <=sbe#TqT L& ` m+<T+f d<]
n |\e&q cV<qT bkH bdT\T >dt H\ sN q>s+
* #+bsT. n+<T eTq bdT\ bZHs ys cV< eTT&T
eTJ<qT |+# eT+ >s+> #|HsT L&.
HsT> #dq Hs #~+#be&+ d>TZ|&e\dq $wjTyT+
be#T. CsTTr> |jT+#d $T+> e{& e] e e\
< eTT\ T+u\ k #| meseTq>\sT? n *dqT
yTT<{ qT+ |>\T |\&+, nqTL\Tsq s*dT\qT |T=
eT +f*CH <H\qT d\T> ssTT+#Te&+, m|{|&T
\ ydy\T qTqT |{+#Te&+, y nsTT<T>T] s|
|~eT+~ *yTq n_j>\|q ]e+& #sTT+#&+, =
nsd u n u+&+ ` ~ nu+ss+ >, Hs\qT
|]w]+#be&+ <T.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 183
eTeTd<T |\T sTy bdT\T $jTe++> #dq

| ` |+q H d <T>T] #+|&+. Xys+ eT<V+
qeE sT>TTq deTjT+ 1.25 |\T&T ]+~. |+,
+<q, ujT+ L&q <Ts q+ eTd<T qT+ jT{=#sT.
jT se& <sC q sD+> =+ =d
]+~. jT m|{> bdT\THsT. eT eTd<T sjT
L&*> >T]+| +&&+ e\, # d+<s\ Xys+ bsq\
nq+s+ }s+|\, +<q\ ] +&&+ e\ n&|&
bdt +<dT +T+~.
eTd<T qT+ jT{=q |\ |+ bdT\ MT~ eT[+~. ~
#eT+~ nssV+> n|++~. u+T\T |{+~ @< eTTd+
d+d nq ssD n+<s y+H e#sT { MT eTd<T u+T
|\T MT ys u<Tq|&T bdT\ MT< |+ m+<T? nH
|< #eT+~ d+~+#sT. k+ |sTMT<, eTTd+\ |sTMT< ]>
V+d eTTd+\+<s yT<sT nH yK] ndVq+ yq +~.
eTd<T qT+& jT{=q q+ b dVTyTq sD+
+~. rey< nD#&+ |sT MT >d
#|&TT+{sT. nss <] jTTe\qT mTbT+{sT.
s +]> sT>TTq y] dsTTdT+{sT. + #dysT
eTd<T u+T\T neT]q y]H+<T |bjs |\ |+
e+~. n&Tq H\T>T s @] bdT\|q $dssT. #]HsY s
|\T+& b++ <T. n~ eTT+<T> |<+ ydTq <& <T.
<e\ bdT\ |<> |e<yT+ @s&<T { bdT\T
uwyjTTe |j+ \ ={ H c*+&y| ]esT.
b b q+ eTd<T <>Zs q eT<+ <TD
>\u{sT. eTTd+\T n~+> +& eTeTd<T b++ n<=f
V+<Te #+~q <TD+. eTd<T <>Zs eT<+ <TD+ +&&+
nqT+ n < =\+#eT eTTd+\T # \+> &e+&
#dTH eTTdb*{ysT > <TD+ jTe > |{+#T<T.
< >\u{q sTy |H q $XV+< |]wY e
#+~q |{ |+||q s yXsT. |{ |+|tqT >T+| |d
|jT+ #Xsq~ sTy ]q \T\ bdT\T #|q sD+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 184
{, s yjT&+ | >T+| ys @+ #jT< qT+

jT{= #dq q+ #bs \b*. q+ n~u>+
V+<Te\ L& \b*. eTeTd<T n~+> eTTd+\T ed+#
b++ >, |H q c*+& V+<Te\T n~+> ed+#
b++. bdT\T |+> q eTTd+ >T+|qT nTy| ]es+fH
eT d++<yTq V+d #\s>>\<q X+ y]q < ns+
neT+~. nsTTq|{ |{ |+||q <& eTV+d d++>
#|+ HsT> \T\ |$T+#sT. uwyjTT |j>+ <T,
ssY TT y&<T. n&wq &.. (yT) sJy yB e>
#]HsY m.d.|. s&q, VQd \+ d.. w| |<q+> \T\T
]bsT. nsTT<T>TsT s&T MT< |& #bjsT. 40 eT+~ >j\
dMT|+ mk Vd rdTb> n+<T 14 eT+~
H|w+{> n&{ #dTHsT.
eTd<T jT |j+qT uwyjTTe |j+ +f
>T+| #~]bsTT +&< nqeds+> nsTT<T bD\T rXs
<X H&T #dq ys+<s nHsT. |Tqs+ |
eTeTd<T |\T&T $wjT+ bdT\T |{ #d+B, k~++B
@MT <T. nsTT n|{ qT+ VsT V<``kMT (VQJ) |sT,
< sZHsY> >T]+qT #|q cV< |sT |#s+ |{sT.
>dt 25 e+~. kjT++ deTjT+ V<su< s+&T |<
|\T ]>sTT. \T+_ bsY nH |s |<X+, >#{ nH
{|H d+sY <+d+ njsTT. yTT+ 41 eT+~ #bjsT.
y+H bdT\T eT VQJ |sT, cV< |sT |{+#sT. |<+
yd+~ cV< nHsT. neT\T #d+~ nqT ]+q |sD>
*q VQJ H{esY nHsT. s nsdT\T yTT<\jsTT. =
H\\bT ~q|\ u+T |\T >T]+ Hs|]X<q kdTq
bdT\T sE |q # |q e\qT n<T| rdTHsT
nH qeTH ys\T edT+&$. ys, s+&T ys\ k]
u+T |\T |]X<q \ eT\T| ]+~ nq ys e#~.
n+ < n yTT<{ yTeTT L& nqT<T. u+T |\T
#eT+~ keq bsT\ bD\T rXsTT. eT b @ s+>q
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 185
u<T\T keq |\qT Cs u+T\T |* <X|Ps+>

Ves ysT m+e+ +e\T sT. y] m+ HjTyTq
>VyTH +&e#TqT>, d++<+ y] Ves&+
neqTw+. sD+>, bdT\T +> |Ts+& b\&
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#d+~), H{ n\sL V+&L |<q u<T\sTTq edq `
_C| V+<Ty<T $#sD yTT<\sTTq sTy eTVsw
n~s e $TwH $#sD n&T|&\ X$<\ |jT+#&+
eTs= sD+.
\j|q #jT& V+<Ty< b\T #dq yTT<{
|jTyT$T+f, 1993 e] 12 H&T eTT+usTT q>s+ ]q
u+T |\TqT L& < $#sD d+|T+ |]~ rdTsy\
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 199
&e+& #jT&+. n|{ eTVsw n~s+ q +>dt

b\\T B |<T. 1995 _C|èdq |uT+
eTVsw n~s s>H, 1993 e] 12 H{ u+T |\TqT
L& lw $TwH |]~ rdT=d ssY C #d+~. Be\ y
k~+#<\#Tq~ dwyT. u+T |\T > <X\ +Tq
<eP< V+ e+{ eTT+usTT eTTs HjT\T u<T\q n_bjT+
$d+> b#Ts+ b+~ +~ { u+T |\Tq, n+ eTT+<T
q>s+ ]q V+k+&q $#sD u>+ #jT&+ <s
V+k+& $<oVd+ +<+ V+<Ty< d+d\T yTT<{
qT+& #dTq |#s y \+ #Ls<\#THsT.
1995 $<+> lw $TwH |us |+q V+<Ty<
b\\T, 1996 qe] 23q $TwHqT s<T #d eTs= ssY C
#ksT. s<T #jT& y #|+q sD+ @$T+f $TwH q
y~ deT]+#& #\+ rdT+~ n, y y~ |&T
deT]+H <e\ ebsTTq >j\qT s><&&+ | ]>~
@MT +&<T nq!
$TwH s<T nd\T sD+ me] }VL n+<+& b<T.
_C|, edq b\\ }V\ _q+> $TwH eTT+<T k\T |<
d+K y+>\T qy<T #ksT. V+<Ty<T\q y] @C+T>
eeV]+q eTT+usTT bdT jT++> +~ |f k+
#sT. ddt lw L& $wj\T s s n&T>TTHsT.
n+<Te\ $TwH y~ eTVsw b\\ +~s+>
+&uT+< y] ns+ nsTT+~.
lw $TwH s<T| <Xy|+> sjT X\T, |\T,
|C+y<T\T re+> d+~+#sTT. eTT+usTT VsT |\TesT
]{ |{wH <K\T #ksT. y{ MT< rsT |uT es+>
e#T |++~. + 1996 yd$ V+<Ty<T\ <sy<
eTTK+ nsTTq n_V yCbsTT +<+ 13 sE\ |uT+
q&bsT. <sy< eTTU b&Te&y, nqT lw
$TwHqT |qsT<]+#eT eTVsw |uT <+#&T.
u+T|\T e+ $TwH nC+& +&bjsTT. $<+>
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 200
1996 yT 28q |qe+ bdTq lw $TwH 1992 &d+sY `

1993 qe] \+H{ eTT+usTT V+k+& >T]+# 1993 e]
12 H{ u+T |\T >T]+ L& q $#sD |P]#d 1998 |e]
16 H&T q y~qT eTVsw |uT deT]++~.
{ 1999 qe] B ks+X \T>T |#T]+#&+ eT
\dyTMT <T! n++f eTTKyTq sDyT$T+f, lw $TwH
y~ sujT sE\ n<+|&TT+~. sujT sE\ m+<TH* `
e#dq sE\H nH=#T. V+<Ty< >+& >+>T\T eT
\|j>+ deC sT#T= eT n;c \e++>
k~+#T+Tq |Tq\T < sTy { sT>TH HsTT.
u; eTd<TqT LksT. < >T]+ +<q #dq eTT+usTT q>s
eTTd+ |\|q esD+& ]bsT. m+.m|t.VQdH
|<sq\|q <&#d +|& y] q# \T ^jTuq
n# #|+#sT. eTT+usTT bkH { TqT &eeT
u~]+ {usT n~sT bkH T eq|&T eTT+usTT
e#Y +& C>|&T #ksT. >TsYq, s s~
sc\q de\| <&T\T eTTeTs+ #d q{ s+&T X+ q
de\qT ujTu+T\qT #ksT. eT q# <q+, dyX\T
HjT |sY de |<]dTq ~jTs| <& #d, $<+d+
dwkeTq u~]+| nH q>s\ de &+& #ksT.
V+<eTH< bd+ HS e\+ d<+ ueq
e#T. sE n<= ke yde+. <D us<X+ n~
|{ \Vq+> +~ {, n~ \+> q b+\ <
n;c n&+ qysT mTe+{ uj+<q\ >TseTHs
eTq ns+ e&+ w+ e#T. ns+ #dTe&+ neds+.
H&T <X+ q eTTKyTq eqeV\ deTd\ <={. ~
e\+ yTH]{ eTdT\ eyT |e<] <T. ns\
|C+ $\Te\L |Cke |e<].
n+<Te\ L& $ ydy n<+|f ddt lw $TwH
y~ ks+X |&T |#T]+#&+, |#s+ #jT&+ neds+.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 201
&d+sY 1992:
eTTd+\ >V+, V+<y<T\ +
eTT+usTT n\sT
eTT+usTT n\sT> |sT>+q V+k+& |<q+> s+&T
|T{\ ]+~. 1992 &d+sY 6 H&T nj< V+<Ty<T\T
u;eTd<TqT L*ydq nq+s+ ( s qT+&) eTT+usTT q>s+
yTT<{ sTT. s+&e sTT. yTT+
(n~s \ |s+) 900 eT+~ #bjsT. M] 575 eT+~
eTTd+\T, 275 eT+~ V+<Te\T > 50 eT+~ eTyT<qB <T.
n\s >jT|&q ysT 2036 eT+~. n+<T 1105 eT+~ eTTd+\T,
893 eT+~ V+<Te\T > 38 eT+~ eT+ <T. #e\ >\
sD\T $<+> HsTT.
bdT\ \T\T . . . . . . . . . . .356
bT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
dJe<Vq+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
<=MT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
seTT\T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
yTT+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .900
lw $TwH q | yTT<\T| eTT+< n\s >T]+
yK |#s+ e#d+~. yTT<{ eTTd+\T b\&q V+k+&q, eTd<T L*y >T]+
*jT>H y eTT+usTT q>sM<T\ e V+<Te\|q,
bdT\|q d+|T{+> <&T\ b\&s yK #|+~. s+&e
<b n\sT L& eTTd+\T nejT\sTTq V+<Te\|q |j+q
V+& yTT<\sTT+<, n|{< dV+q V+<Te\T
dV+# |rs |PqTe&+ s+&e |T+ |<q n+XeT
yK n+T+~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 202
yTT<{ <b V+k+& (n+f 1992 &d+sY 6`12 B\ H{

|Tq\) eTTd+\T #=se rdTq |Tq\T me, s+&e |dT+~.
B d+ eTs= H\T>T $wj\qT C&+#< +
|P]<, |PssTTq |yKL q b* d\yTq lw
$TwH d$es+> #|+#>*+~.
(i) eTTd+\y| qT+& ]q V+k+& me> nd+|T{+>
]+~. eTTd+\q eT d+d\THsTT ]q V+d
y] \ |*+ <T. u; eTd<T L*y | eTTd+\
k+fjTdt> |\T_q >V+ |*+. (B ns+ V+dqT
lw $TwH deT]++< <T). V+<Te\ y| qT+& ]q
V+d e+ n~ u>+ d+|T{+>, |P]+> ]+~.
edq < |<q+> HjT+ eV++~.
(ii) eTT+<T M #ksT, sTy y #ksT, bdT\T <] n<T|
#jT bjsT nH + |+# $wjTyT$T+f
bdT\ yK] m+ e+ c+ <T. bdT\ eeVsX*
eTTd+ es ={qT |++<H~ ddt lw
k<VsD+> #|q $wj\ {.
(iii) eTT+usTT bdT\ eTTd+ es +&&yT <T. edq
V+k+& | <s yK] L& dw+> +&+~. s#>=f
|Hk\q }s+|\q eTVs se\q s
dV+ nqTeT+#sT. edq #+~q <T+&>T\ |sT u~T\T
dw+> #|H nsdT #jT<T.
(iv) edq #+~q eTs |\T = |Tq\qT $|+> |#s+
#jT&+ <s, = nu \q\qT |#s+ #jT&+ <s
eTTd+\ <wuy s#>=&+ T\jsTT.
<VsD n\s mdt (bkH >&#] d+d) Vd+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 203
+<q n_bj y m+> |#s+ #ks+f n|{

eTVsw >essY d. dTVD+ dV+ < deT q$T q
<>Zs @y <s\TqT |\ y] n\s mdt Vd+
+~ n |{+#&T. C eTT+usTT bdT\
|]X<q nTe+{<MT y\& < ddt lw
s|+#>*>sT.
D\{ #], n|{ |#s+ q y yTT<\T
|{sT, M |rs+ rsTHsT nq y<q yde+ < ddt
lw #|+q+<T jTq>] y~ MT< eTVsw eTTKeT+
eTHVsY Cw $sT#T|&&T. n~ V+< es y~ nH&T.
< y~+#& HH+ bkH |<qeT+ qT nH&T.
eTHVsY Cw qqT qT eTVsw V+<Te\ eTTKeT+>
u$dTH&T | n+<] |~> u$+#&+ < B{ ns+
neT+~. yK] V+<Te\ L& edq`_C|\ nqTjjTT\T
$TqVsTT+ q eTT+usTT q>s ydT\T y~+#s u$+#&
<sMT e.
edq b ` yTT<{ |T+

1992 &d+sY 6 H&T nj< V+<Ty< d+|tT|]ysY
d+d\T u; eTd<TqT L*yks $ eTT+usTT eTTd+\T sbsTT
M<T\ se&+ eTT+usTT n\s =* d+|Tq. +<T L&
V+<Ty< d+d\ b +~. y eTT+usTT q>s+ $je
j\T rd, du\T sV+ eTTd+\ |+&T MT< s+ #*qT
#jT&+ eTTd+\ >V+ eT]+ |]+~.
C H{ du\T, }s+|\qT |q |{H, eTT+usTT
eTTd+\T >V+ d+~++~ m& nj< ]q L*yq
L& nqeTT. n|{ <<| 6 H\\T> $XV+< |]wY, edq
e+{ d+d\T eTT+usTT q>s+ M~ M~H du\ deyX\
sVdTHsTT. nj< seTeT+~s sD+ |sT MT< sV+q
se\ eTTd+\ MT< <w+ &+ |<q $wjT+.
V+<TkH V+<Te\~. me& njTB <T n, <X+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 204
+&<\#T+f e+<es+ nqe\d +T+~ n, H<\T q

du\ e\ |Hk\T eTTd+\ MT< $w+ jT $TwH
n+T+~.
eTsq, V+BH $T+ L& $<w kV+
|#T]+#sT. 1992 nsY 12 H&T eTT~+q ($T) s|+
eTTd+\ |P\T <X <#Te& <+& e#sT n <X
<#Te&+, eT eT |#s+ #dTe&+ | y] ys \yTB
<T n nHsT.
1992 p`&d+sY H\\ eT< \+ eTT+usTT q>s+
|rM~ |r #sk V+<Ty< d+d\T &d+sY 6 H+~>
seTb<T |P\T, |T+{H< se\ sV+#sTT.
se\ eTTd+\|q <w+ &+ |<q |Hd $wjT+. |<
b++ nsY 23 H&T Te+{ seT+ || <XsTT
nH V+<Ty< HjT&T |r ] <D+> q seTT&
yT\T|+. seT<V $&|+& ]$T=&+ n+
q |Hk ddt lw <V]+, $<c s#>=f Te+{
|Hk\qT |& >, dT\T |& > bdT\T @
|jTeT #dqT s n_X+d+#sT.
nj< >T]+ |#s+ #d se\qT m+<T n<T|
#jT< ddt lw q m<T VssTTq bdt n~sT\qT
|+#>, n$ e\+ eT|syTq se\T { X+ u<\
sVD |]~ se eTT u$+#eT nHsT. e] &d+sY 6
H&T | nj< sde sT>TT+&> L&, < eT<T>
eTT+usTT q>s+ $XV+< |]wY sV+q |T+{H<
se\qT dV+ bdT\T n&T< ddt lw n_X+d+#sT.
&d+sY 6 eTT+<T q>s+ n b+\q q&q
se\qT <w +#T+& eTd<T L*y | eTT+usTT q>s
eTTd+\T d+~+q rsTqT ns+ #dTeTT.
6e BH&T L& n& nj< u;eTd<T L*b>H &
eTT+usTT V+<Ty< d+d\ $je du\T yTT<\jsTT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 205
H{ eT<V+ 2.30 >+\ eTT+usTT <s$ b++

edqysT $jV+ d s rksT. s+&T eT&Te+<\
eT+~ ed\T |>T eTTd+\T n~+> ed+# M<T\ s
rd <>Zs du sV+#sT. s#>=f |Hk\T #sT.
|< b++ L& $j d++> |T+{H< seT+
sV+#sT. &+^ b++ &d+sY 5e Bq H\T>T s& L&*
$XV+< |]wY <s+ eTsTd{ sE s>ujT L*y
seT+ >T]+ du ]+~. 6e Bq L*y nsTTb>H \\sY
|T+{H< seT+ ]+~.
1992 p H\ qT+& eTT+usTT q>s+ sT>TTq s#>=f
se\qT bdT\T rdTbe&, y{ n<T| #d
|jTyTMT #jTbe& ddt lw re+> ||{sT. eTTd+\
d+<q n+ re+> +&& <= eTTKyTq sDeT
n_bjT|&sT. V+<Ty< HjT*q |Hk\qT |k$d,
y{ |sekq+ |e<s+> +&>\< bdT\T }V+#
bjs+f n~ y nejTeTsTTH y*, *$eqyTH
y*, |b <sD nsTTH y* n+{sT.
H|<+ &d+sY 6 s 11 >+\ sTy eTT+usTT
q>s+ $$< b+\ eTTd+\T |+> M<T\ e#sT. nsTT
sE y #T\ s> s\T> e. n$ e\+ sdq
|<sq\T eyT. bdT\T $wj ns+ #dT= HsT>
eeV]+ +f X+jTT+> yTT<\sTTq |<sq\T
X+jTT+>H eTTdyy> bdT\ <TsTdT |esqe\
X+jTTyTq |<sq\T V+k+> esjT ddt lw
n_X+d+#sT. V+<Ty<T\T |&sTTH }sT=, eeVs
bdT\ $& |& u>T+&~ >, eTTd+\ sdq |<sq\
yT> nqT _C|, edq ss\T M<T\ e sks\T
sV+#&+ eTTd+\ >V eT]+ |++< L& jTq
yUksT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 206
1992 &d+sY 6`12 H{ |Tq\T

~ eTT+usTT n\s =* |T+.
&d+sY 1992 eTTd+\T b\&q <=MT\qT |]o*d ne
L& b~\sTTq eTTd+\ >T+|\T me] HjT+ +&
eT+ eTT d+~+q |Tqq k\T *jT#ksTT.
d+<q X+jTT+> yTT<\sTT s <=MT\ ~>C]+~.
V+<Te\T $je du\T, s#>=f H<\T, sks\T #|{
eTTd+\qT s#>=&+ <s =+es eTT L& <=MT\
u<T\jsT. V+<Te\T #|{q sb\ n~u>+ edq
ss\T, =+yTs usrjT qb ss\T sV+#sT n
|T{ >T]+ lw n_bjT|&sT.
u; eTd<TqT L*ydq $wjT+ 6e B eT<V+ 2.30
>+\ eTT+usTT *d+~. kjTT< \>\ deT+H V+<Te\T
$<+k b\&>*>s, s|<X |uTyT +< |uT+
L& eTd<T @ V s><+ q VMT _q+> ~
]+< eTTd+\T sbjsT. k+ |e<+ |&+<+ k$T
eTy<T\T eTTd+\ ~ s+#>*>sT. $$< f*$H
#H #|+q <X\T L& eTTd+\qT @ $<+> s#>={j ddt
lw $e]+#sT. +< ]sY bdt \>\T |+ #dT+&>
<T+&>T\T eTd<TqT L*q |TqqT sMT< #dqysT
>bjsT. |> n+eTT+<T d+es+ eTd<T MT< m
sde\T >+T\T ydq |*+ L& 6e Bq | qT+& rd {$
#H #|+#sTT.
~ #\<qT <s$ e+{ b+\ V+<Ty<T\T y+H
$je s\T rjT&+ L& eTTd+\ |+&T MT< s+ *qT
nsTT+~. nsTTH 6e Bq M<T\ e sdq *|q eTTd+\T
X+jTT+>H | #XsT. bdT\T y+H sT|\ HjT\q
deyX|s X+ k<q d+ w #d +f |]d @ $<+>
+&< > y n\yT |s+ <sq+> >T+|\qT #<s>=f
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 207
|jT+ #jT&+ X+jTTyTq sdq V+k s|+ rdTH

|]d @s&+< ddt lw nHsT.
6e B s sq>sY nq+YHsY esYZ $HjT&
>T& $>V+ \ mes q]ksT. s 11.45 >+\ $wj
>eT+#&+ ]+~. | #d+~ eTTd+ nsTT +{s n+<s
u$+#sT. <eHsY b++ usrjT qb HjT&
+{|q eTTd+\ >T+| s yd+~. yqT n<T| #jT&
|jT+q bdT\ |q y |+> s>&sT. bdT\T |<mTq
\T\T ]bsT. ~ eTTd+\ >V+ *++~.
7, 8 B\ V+d # ]+~. eTTd+\T esDjTT<\
$<+k ~>&+, V+<Te\T y \|&&+, n$ <=MT> es&+
q>seT+{ ]+~.
<VsD u bdtdwH |]~ &d+sY 7e Bq 500
600 eT+~ eTTd+ jTTe\T +< sV+# <X+ yVH\ fs
>* rjT&+ yTT<\T|{sT. yqT n<T|#d | bdT\
$&|+& V+<Te\T |<>T+|> M~ e +< sV\
\|&sT. B eTTd+\ sdq |<sq sTesZ\ <=MT> e]+~.
eTTd+\T yTC]{> q <eHsY bdTdwH |]~q &d+sY
6e Bq nj< sT>TTq sde eT<T> V+<Ty< b\T
eTTd+\qT s#>=&T |T+{H< seT+ sV+#sT. 7e Bq
eTTd+\T m& sdq \|& jT{=H V+<Te\ >T+|\T
y] \|&sT. <=MT\T # ]>sTT.
<s$ b++q < ]+~. &d+sY 6 kjT++ edq
ysT u; eTd<T L*y| Vs+ *jTCd d s rks
|q #beTT. eT |TsD\ #] q <s$ s m+<T
nqTeT #s bdT\qT $TwH |+#>, eTT nqTeT
s]+#eT djTsY H|sY |> $TwH nH&T. nqT
$TwH #|+q ]sT yTT+ *+q<, k+ d+ jsT
#dq< ddt lw s=Ve+> nHsT. nsTTH, nqTeT
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 208
s]+q s +<dT> bdT\T y] y+ q&q e

ydeyT! s q H<\T: jT rk+, eT+~s+ n&
&+, seTTMT< T, eT+~s+ n& &+, \T+^ #|T=
H{ bH |T= Ts& bkH b]b, V+<TkH
+&<\#T+f V+<TesTT +&*, edq +<u<, u<s
+<u< yTT<\sTTq$.
eTsTd{sE (n+f &d+sY 7e B) eTTd+\T <s$ b++
sdq |<sq rksT. n~ X+jTT+>H k+~. bdT\T |H
HsT. |<sq cVAq>sY MT<T> _d VA +H <>Zs
e#d] V+<Te\T yTC]{> ed+# y& qT+& |<s\ MT<
s |&sTT. < |<s\T sbsTT ] s yksT. bdT\T
#] #ksT. |<s\T bdT\ |q L& s yksT. bdT\T
y& V+<Te\qT s#>={ + s ysTT+#sT. < |<sq>
yTT<\sTTq~ k y>+> <=MT> e]+~.
C>X] bdtdwH |]~ L& &d+sY 7e Bq eTTd+\
>T+| u; eTd<T L*y| sdq \T| deyX+ >H,
yqT #d V+<Te\ >T+| L& deyXyT y] m<Ts=+~.
]MT< sT s ydTe&+ yTT<\sTTq |TsD <=MT> e]+~.
&d+sY ]q V+d n+ eTTd+\ #=se yTT<\sTTq<
<q& # <sH\T HsTT. <VsD # bdtdwH
|]~ &d+sY eTTd+\y| qT+& ]q V+d @B <T >,
&d+sY 9q eTTd+ #+~q , 10e Bq eTTd+ #+~q
dsYqT, eTs= eTTd+ #+~q >&HqT >\u&+ ]+~.
eTTd+ jeq+ q +&djT md{qT \{ #jT&+ L&
]+~.
Us& bdtdwH |]~q eTTd+\T yTC]{> q b+\
&d+sY 7e Bq eTTd+\ >T+|\T bdT\|q, V+<Te\|q
V+d b\&> V+<Te\T yTC]{> q b+\ 8e Bq
eTTd+\ |q, n+>|q <=MT, \{ ]>sTT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 209
eV+ bdtdwH |]~q &d+sY ]q <=MT, \{\

<+deTsTTq 748 , n+> 413 eTTd+\$ > 268
V+<Te\$, $T*q$ de\$, |uT$.
7e Bq q>s+ $$< b+\ eTTd+\T 11 V+<e
<y\j\qT <+d+ #ksT (={ b+> b&T #ksT. ={
|P]> <+d+ #ksT. ={ <Vq+ #ksT). V+<Te\T L& =
eTd<T\qT, eT<sk\qT <+d+ #ksT. V+dqT, <=MT\qT n<T|
#jT& bdT\T 72 d+<s\ \T\T s|> 72 eT+~
eTTd+\T, 20 eT+~ V+<Te\T #bjsT. >jT|&q 132 eT+~
131 eT+~ eTTd+.
eTTd+\ >T+|\T <eHsYq uq yTT+ eTT>TZsT
bdT\qT VessT. <eHsY #+|q <] T\ >q]
#+bsT. Xe+ @&T sE\T sTy > <=s<T.
8e Bq L& < esd =qk+~. 33 bdtdwq |]~
<=MT\T y|+#sTT. bdT\T 43 # ]|q \T\ 31 eT+~
eTTd+\T, 21 eT+~ V+<Te\T #bjsT (eTs= eTT>TZsT eTT\
eT+ <T). <s$ {, <eHsY H\T>T, bsYd{ {,
kH { yTT+ @&T V+< <y\j\qT eTTd+\ >T+|\T
<+d+ #ksTT. V+<Te\ >T+|\T <s$ s+&T eTd<T\qT,
eV+q usTTy&q = eT<skqT, <<sY <sZqT
<+d+ #ksT.
9e Bq L& <=MT\T, bT =qk>sTT. bdT\T 28
d+<s\ ]|q \T\ 12 eT+~ eTTd+\T, nsTT<T>TsT
V+<Te\T #bjsT. |T{bsY s+&T V+< <y\j\T,
{+u eTd<T, C>X] skH (eTTd+\ XXqy{)
<+d+ #jT&sTT.
10e B sTy |]d n<T| e+~. n&& =
|Tq sT>TH H |<mTq <=MT\T e. b |Tq\ 11e
Bq, 12e Bq yTT+ 8 eT+~ V+<Te\T, <sT eTTd+\T
#bjsT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 210
sTy n\sT #]q H|<+ bdT\ MT< reyTq $eTs

eeTsTT+~. \T\ me> eTTd+\T #be& sD+
bdT\T |>T= eTTd+\qT #+|&yTq eTTd+ eTHjT <T,
$$< sjT b\ HjT\T, |\T $eT]+#sTT.
B bdT\T $TwH eTT+<T #|q de<qyT$T+f, yTT<{
 V+d b\&+~ eTTd+ { \T\
me> eTTd+\T #be&+ dV+ n. #bsTTq y] >jT|&q
y] {\T y* +< #r u>+q \q >\&
>\ sD L& bdT\T $TwH eTT+<T $e]+#sT. <T\T,
esDjTT<\ <=MT\ b\&TTq y]|q \T\T ]|q|&T
m+ C>> \T\T ]|H y* |u>+ {\T >\eq
usk +&&+ w+ nHsT.
$ |P]> rdbsjT>\ yT\T e ddt lw u$+#sT.
= |Tqq bdT\T neds & eyT \T\T ]bs
< nH~ ys d+> >, y\ eTTd+\qT * #+bs
u$+#& <s\T e nHsT. nsTT,
bdT\ |esq eTTd+\ | es ys
s|+ eeTsTT+~. < k\THsTT. y|
<TsTdT> |e]+#&+, eTTd+\T q |s<T\T
>T Hs\sTTH qy<T #dTbe&+, qy<T
#dTq dT\T L& <s\T <=s<T n+
dT\u+> eTdjT&+ ]+~. bdT\ eTqdT\
eTTd+\ | k<sD es +&+~. eTTd+\
y |e]+q |< n~ e+ nsTT+~. d+>
n&wq bdt MTwqsY $.mH. <XeTTU dV+
|HsT. 1993 qe] yK] eT]+ ]w
s|+ rdT+~ n ddt lw n+{sT.
C 1993 qe] ` n+f eTT+usTT n\s s+&e |T+
` bdT\ eTTd+ es m+ re s|+ rdT+<+f \T\T
]|q|&T L& y] #+| <X+H s ddt lw
qesT. $wjT+ ~>Te #<+.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 211
s+&e |T{ H+~

eTT+usTT n\s s+&e |T+ 1993 qe] 6 qT+& yTT<\sTT+~.
B H+~ @$Tq $wj >T]+ edq |< |s+ |#s+
#d+~. eTTd+\T |<mTq V+& =qk+#&
dq<eTjs, n+<T bkH >&#] d+d mdt b +<
|#s+ #ksT. s+&T |Tq\qT B <VsD> |#s+ #ksT.
|#s+ m+ deTs+> ]+<+f k<sD ~q|\T, keq
|]o\\T dV+ s+&T |Tq qe] n\s H+~ n qesT.
s+&+{q <w+ eTTd+\ b~+#&+~ { |#s+
|*+> | eT eTTd+\< nsTT+~. qe] n\s n~+>
<+~, ;eVQ\sTTq~ eTTd+ {, V+<Ty< d+d\T eT
MT< +<|&+& |+#Ty\+f syTq + jTe\d
e+~. | # $jTe++> #ksT.
ddt lw $wj T> |]o*+, edq |#s+ #dq
s+&T |Tq qe] n\s H+~ n u$+#& <syTMT
<, eTTd+\T yTT<{ <XqsTTH s+&e <XqsTTH d+|T{+>
eeV]+#s qeT& <syTMT <, mdt e+{ $<o Vd+
eTT+usTT n\s | #d+< qeT& L& <syTMT <
d$es+> #bsT.
edq |#s+ #dq s+&T |Tq\ yTT<{~ qe] 5 s
]+~. (eTDs+ rdq u+usTT de |Dq |TH n\s
H+~ nq n_bjT+ b{ <Xy|+> H\= +T+~). 5e B
s &+^ bdtdwH |]~ $jYT {HbsY +| >&H |
#dTq Ve ]&T (eTs eTs& ]&T n+{sT) s
< eT jT b> mes <T+&>T\T n b&
#+bsT. n \T $ jT{=q eT] eTT>TZsT Ve ]\qT
L& b& #+bsT. q\T>T] #+|+~ mes, m+<T #+bs
me] *jT bsTTH ~ eTTd+\T #dq Vq edq |<Tq
>=&e #d+~. eTs& ] d+|T+ sTy sE +< |\T| +~.
+< |\T| eTTd+\ |keq @MT <T. q>s+ q\TeT\ |#d
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 212
Ve ]\ sD +& bsTT+<, |uT+ sD *+#\

|\T| #sT. nsTT +<H&T sV+q sdq du e+
V+<Ty< e\T ~ eTTd+\T #dq |Hq+ s#>=f |Hk\T
#sT. n|{qT+& eTs& ]\ V edq |#s+
eTTK kq+ @s&+~. sTy ]q eTTd+\ }# jeT
|Tq |d+<q>H #|+#&+~.
s+&e |Tq qe] 7`8 B\ eT<s 3.00 >+\ deTjT+
]+~. C>X] bdtdwH |]~ s<usTT # <T+&>T\T
+{ jT{qT+& >=+ |{ >\u{sT. eT+\ sT>TsT
dJe <VqyT #bjsT. #bsTTq T++ V+<Te\T,
#+|qysT eTTd+\T. ~ |TsyTq esD+& nq&+ d+<VyTMT
<T. nsTT |TqqT edq ys, ~q|\ $|+> |#s+
#d V+<Te\qT s#>=&yT, edq ss\ <s+
|< |s+ sTy ]q eTTd+\ }#qT |Tq
V+<Te\ |d+<q> r]+#sT. ~ + < ydy\
<s+ n ddt lw $eT]+#sT. nsTT |#s+ m+ deTs+>
]+<+f edq ys <T, n|{ eTVsw eTTKeT+ (+>dt
b) dT<sse HjT, n|{ eTT+usTT q>s bdt MTwqsY
l+Y u|{ L& < n_bj |{+#sT.
eTs& ]\ V (~ #d+~ @ eTdT n|{
*jTqTL& *jT<T), s<usTT # esD+& V+<Te\T
HjTyTq >V+ d+~+#&yT qe] n\s ks+X+ nq
n_bj (edq, _C| bdT\ +>dt |uTeT L&
q$Tq n_bj) ddt lw sd]d, ydy\qT |]o*d,
1992 &d+sY 12 qT+& 1993 qe] 5 eT< eTTd+\|q <&T\T
sT>TH HjT >V+#>\T>T+ n nHsT. eTTd+\y| qT+&
L& <&T\T ]>sTT.
* &d+sY 15q |T{|sY b++ f\ &bqT >\u>,
q\T>TsT eTTd+\T n+<T dJe+> <Vq+ njsT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 213
&d+sY 20q >s>y bdtdwH |]~ <sT eTTd+\qT

>~ |{ +~+ >~ ||&+ ]+~. <] sT
#bjsT.
* qe] 2q sY<y bdtdwH |]~ m+.|.$T +b+&
eTTd+\ >T&d\ ||{ <>+ #jT&+ ]+~.
* qe] 4e Bq edq HjT+ |<>T+| C>X]
bdtdwH }s+|> bjsT. V+<Te\ sD +&
bsTT+<H~ y] |s<T. <] ysT ##q>sY eTd<T| <& #d
|\TesT eTTd+\qT >jT|]#sT. eV+ +H eT>+q>sY
qTq eTTd+\ >T&d\qT >\u{sT.
* qe] 6 s 9.00 >+\ deTjT+ eV+ b++ d+jYT
>y& nH bdt dT, $T*+< y< nH edq s=ssY
HjT+ eV+q V+<Te\ >T+| # T\T |T=
eTTd+\|q <&T\T #ksT. B eTTd+\T L& sbjsT.
sTesZ\T |<mTq \|&sTT.
* < deTjT+ <D eTT+usTT #+~q d+ s+|], |sC =+D
nH <sT e HsdT\ <s+ V+<Te\qT T\ b&
#+|q d+|Tq\T ]>sTT. B |rs+> eTTd+\qT n< s+>
b&q |Tq\T L& ]q|{ bT d+|Tq\
me> <q~ V+<Te.
yTT<{ jT |#s+ #jT&+ nsyTMT
< ddt lw n_bjT|&sT. |#s+ e\+ sTy ]q
V+k+&qT V+<Te\ HjTyTq >V+ n+ deT]+#&
|=+~. yUH edq, _C| +>dtb, eTVsw
|uTjT++>+ L& d]+ |#s+ #jT&+ e\ < d+>
#eTD nsTT+~.
ddt lw q eTT+<T qy<sTTq k\ <s+>
s+&e yU+#sT. jTq <w n~
*
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 214
|<q+> V+<Ty< d+d\T <X|Ps+>, |D[ |s+

]|q V+k+&. eTs& ]\ VqT, s<usTT #
esD+&q sD+> #|+ |#s+ #jT&+ L& |D[
u>eTH jTq qeTTsT.
&d+sY 26 qT+& edq <s+ yTT<\sTTq eTVs
se jTq |eTTK+> <V]ksT. C &d+sY 12
sTy n\sT Zq|{qT+& Xys+ qeC (bsq\) eTTd+\T
me d+K VsTe&+, u; eTd<T L*y >T]+, yTH]{\
|]d >T]+ yX+> e{&Te&+ eTT+usTT q>s+ |]+<
jTq >T]+#sT. B de<q+> nqT edq <s+
eTVsT\T yTT<\jsTT. Xys+ qeC MT{+>\T eTTd+\
d+|T{|&& |j>|&TTHjT >T]+#sy, eTVsT\
ysT |<q+> |{q &e+&T qeC |\T| yT\ >{> e&+
eHj\, eTd<T m<T s&T n&+> bsq\T #jT&+
eHj\. qeC deTjT+ eTd<T #T #\b s& e
bsq #jT&+, yT|{ u\qT >{> |\e&+ = $wj\ e,
sT\ @eT+ reyTq +~ *+# $wj\ e n ddt
lw yUd, ~ e\+ eTV sT\qT sjT seT+>
#|& k> eyT |j>|&+< n+{sT. eTV sT\
s#>=f |Hk\T e&+, eTV sT\ VssTTq y ]
bb eTTd+\|q <&T\T #jT&+, eTTd+\ yk\T >\u&+
s#T> ]+< ddt lw k<VsD+> $e]+#sT. 1992
&d+sY 26q yTT<\sTTq eTVsT\T qe] H\ V+k+& eT<
L& s|+> =qk |e] yTT<{ys+ < q&#sTT.
s dV+ bdT\T edq eTVsT\ n+sjT+
*+#< sTy n<jT+ #<+.
{, qe] n\s sDyT$Tq |X edq |#s+ #dq
(eTVsw |uT+, bdT\T, #es |\T n+^]+q)
yTqT sd]d, n~ eTTd+\ V+k+& V+<Te\ |d+<q
< dw+ #XsT. eT] qe] n\s due+ @$T+f,
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 215
1992 &d+sY 15 qT+& 1993 qe] 5 eT< nH

V+k |Tq\T ]q|{, qe] 6 qT+&
V+<Te\T |<Tq <=MT\L V+dL b\&sT.
V+< eTy< d+d\ s#>=f |#s+ ~>qT
sksTT rdTbsTT+~. ke, qe e+{ ys
|\ s#q\T L& n< | #ksTT.
V+k+& edq HjT+ eV++~. edq
|eTTU u<s <X\T, s\T, edq ss\
|q\T, #s\T eTH< $|+> s#>={sTT.
nyT] #+~q f+ | u<s q
+sq, edq HjT\T eT<TsY dsYb{<sY,
eTHVsY Cw\ |rs d<++q yK]
||*++~. edq ;uyT |\ yTq s nq
H<+ edq ss\ V+k+& d++>
*+~ n nHsT.
eT] eTTd+\T b\& V+d ef$T{ n n&, 1992
&d+sY>
<X L& eTTd+\ d+d\T> |eTTK
e\T> < u<T\q& <sMT e. nsTT
#eT+~ eTTd+\T, eTTd+ eTdT\sTTq Hs>
V+d, <|&, <Vq+&, <=MT b\&q e
ydeyTq n+{sT.
B $XBsD s+&e u>+ #<+.
II
qe] 1993:
V+<y<T\ V|D[, bdT\ &T
edq b ` s+&e |T+
1993 qe] eTTd+\|q ]q bD+yTq <&T\
edq |b +< #|+# nH |Tq\qT ddt lw q
m<T qy<sTTq y+>\ qT+& ++#sT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 216
qe] 3e BH (n+f V+<Te\ |d+<q sD+>

#|+#&TTq eTs& ]\ V\T, s<usTT # esD+&
s> eTT+<) |rq>sY b++ 18 qT+& 25 d+es\ ejTdT
|\ q jTTe\T #eT+~ Vd+>usY <>T\eT #|+
*\ ] eTTd+\T ed+# qT >T]+#sT. sTT|q dT<
>TsT\T L& |{sT. n+<] >T]+N n&qT #d eTTd+\ $es\T
e+ sdTHs, eTTd+\ e+ >TsT\T |{s
sTy> n& ydT\ ns+ <T.
ys+ sTy ` qe] 9,10,11 B ` |rq>sY|q
|<mTq V+< >T+|\ <& ]+~. \ cjT+ sTe\T
#TTq jTTe\T Cls+, C uy, C ;+, C eTVsw, edq
+<u< n H<\T d <&T\T #ksT. y ydTq {wsY\|q
edq n eTs yd +~. eT&T ~H\T |rq>sY
eTTd+\ \T|\T |>\>={ \{ #ksT, <Vq+ #ksT. q\T>TsT
eTTd+\qT b& #+bsT. eTd<T |q syd |qTq eTTd+\
|&T qT, yVH\qT >\u{sT. sT bTq eTT>TZsT
eTTd+\qT |, jT{ >T+, $|+> ={, ] n< sT
yqT H{ < >\u{ eTT>TZ] dJe+> <Vq+ #ksT.
|Tq yJ # bdt |{ 50 >C\ | ]+~. n|&MT
#jT bdT\T H\T>T sE\ sTy <] nsdT #jT>, qe]
15 H&T edq #+~q m+m@ [<dt \+sY, s=ssY c
$Xdsy, k XU |eTTU |V< <+u\ HjT+ eT&T
H\T>Ty\eT+~ yqT $&T<\ #j\+ bdtdwH MT~
}s+|> bjsT (M bT @H< >& nH +>dt m+m@
L& +&&+ >eTHs+).
b++ ed+# sc eTsY eT nH eTV $TwH eTT+<T
q y+>\+ $es+> +~. |[ eTT+<T yT V+< d. eTsY
eT nH eTTd+ jTTe& |$T+, eT+ esT |[#dT= q
|sT sc> esT+~. qe] 3e Bq edq ss\T
|rq>sY eTTd+\ >TsT\T |{q|&T M] +{ L& >TsT
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 217
|{sT. 9e Bq sTT+{|q edq ss\T T\, s\,

>=& <&#ksT. yT us >T]+ n&>sT. sc n |<
|f < |{ +{ & TsTT++~. 11e Bq y eT
e#sT. eTTd+qT m+<T |[#dTHe? V+<Te\+
#bjs? n <usTT+#sT. y] eTT>TZsT q\T>TsT +{ e
sc yT&MT< |{ n]d \T +|d s|t #keT u~]+#sT.
sTy L& k edq ss\T eTTd+qT |[#dTq+<T
qqT y~dTHs yT $TwH #|+~.
q usqT y #+|THs, eT dVjT+ #jTeT sc
b+ bdt H|sY $HjT b{ $q$+#T>, nqT
s=Ve+> eTTd+ #d, eTTd+ e ne&TeT
yT #b&T. qqT y~dTq d+> #| L& |{+#T<T. n|&T
|& sE edT+~eT sc H|sY b{qT dVjT+>
X|+ e#d+<+. nsTT yT e deTjjT sTy
]sTqT { \TdT+< ddt lw n+{sT. n sw |uT+
sTy $#sD +& ss|t #d+~. nH s s|D\uT
eT d+d\ dV d++<\T HsTT nH~ n MT< q
s|D\ {. |rq>sY |Tq\qT ddt lw $es+>
dMT+, $HjT b{ eyT yTT+> bdT\T eTTd+
es b sV+#sq n_bj e#sT. bdT\ yK]e\H
|rq>sY n+ |<mTq <&T\T s>>*>jT jTq nHsT.
|rq>sY V+< <T+&>T\T |<mTq <& ~>sT. y]
=+<sT Vs+>+>H eTT edq ss\eT #|HsT.
eT]=+<] u~T\T edq ss\T> >T]+#&+ ]+~. k
bdT\ | |s dVs+ y eTTd+\qT ;eVQ\T #d
nDyksT. + |<mTq y $jTe++> eT seT+
sV+#>*>s+fH bdT jT++>+ m+> wj|s
qsTT+<, m+> eT C&+ bdT jT++> k+< ns+
neT+~ n ddt lw nHsT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 218
nsTT H|sY $HjT b{ > |&q eTT+usTT bdt

n~sT =~eT+<. n~\T mTe+{ n_X+dq +&
|+#THsT. $wjT+ ~>Te #<+.
<=MT\ edq sV+q b |<q+> eTVsT\
eTT&|& +~. s&T MT< qeC #jT& s~+#*, qeC eTd<T
qT+& yT <s _>Zs> |\T| e&+ e+#* nq b &e+&
= ~> *d V+<Ty<T\T &d+sY HKsT eTVs
se\qT yTT<\T|{q d+> |q #beTT. qe] e#d] n$
eTH< s#>={ eTTd+\|q <&T\ V+<Te\qT dejT+
#d se\T> sb+s+ #+<sTT. me u>+ <&T\T
eTVs se\ VssTT w$TdTq V+<Te\ >T+|\T
#ks lw $TwH y~ *jTCdT+~. n+ eTT+<T @ n\sT
s> b+\ L& eTVsT\T yTT<\T|{q sTy V+k+&
#\s+< y~ k<VsD+> #|++~.
u bdtdwH |]~ s+&T VqTeH eT+~sY\ <>Zs qe]
9q s neT\T +&>H eTVsT\T sV+#sT. #yH nH
md| (ndd+{ MTwqsY |t bdt) djT+> |q +&
eTVsT\qT \+#&T! M{ eTVs seT+ qT+&
yqT~] bTq q+ <=MT b\&s n< md| n+T+&>, k
H|sY |{+sY e+ q+ uq\T b&T+ +{
bjs n+{&T! |> eTVs qT+& yqT~] bTq y] #
q|s&T, \T HjT k\T #|HsT <, B { y
eTVs eq|& jTT<\T |T= eqTHsT <, MTsT
#d @+ #dTHs $TwH H|sY |{+sYqT n&, +{ ]
bsTT jTT<\T rdT= yq e +&e#Tq n+{&T. $TwHqT
|<e |{+#& H|sY + u<syTq |jT+ #jT&+
VjTyTq $wjT+ n ddt lw yUksT.
=u bdtdwH |]~ MsYs+> >T& <>Zs qe] 11
s edq ysT 8`9 >+\ eT< eTVs seT+
sV+#sT. s#>=f |Hk\T q seT+ qT+& yqT~]
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 219
bTq q+ # |+>, ndVq+> HsT. y yK] >eT+q

bdT\T y]H q&#sT. <] nT sC nH s& sd|&&T.
eTVs qT+& bTq q+ n y+|& ]$T |T= |XeqT
e~+qT e~+#sT. 45 bTq n Xy bdT\T y*
rksT. eTVs VssTT yq bTq q+ # nkT>
T& qT+& e#jTq $TwH |X bdT\ qT+& yT <T.
&._. esYZ bdtdwH |]~ ;sYy& VqTeH eT+~sY <>Zs
edq m+m@ #+<+Y |&, s=ssY ns$+< HssY\
H+ qe] 9q ]q eTVs nq+s+ ] bTq >T+|
y& | eTTd+ <TD <+d+ #d \{ #d+~. d& dw
u+ #=se se yTT+ M&j rjT&+ ]+~.
eTVs VssTTq q+ ~\js y] n\& #\s+<
y] n<T| #jT& bdT d+~ \|j> b\&e\d
e+< dw u+& #|+&>, $TwH eTT+<T VssTTq djTsY
bdt H|sY us e+ & ]sT nydeeT n<+ <
n+{&T. eTVs |X++> sT>TT+&> bsT>Tq q
>+Ts&T eTd<T qT+& CH |\T| >{> $q|&+< n|&T
eyT q+ =+ n\& #\s+< n+{&T. dw u+
|sesTT+| MT< M&j rdq dTBsY HH c q y+>\+,
eTVs # _>Zs> k>TT+&+< CH |\T| < &dsY
#d+ >{> @MT < n+{&T. n M&jqT yTT+ \+q
$TwH L& n< n_bj e+~. djTsY H|sY us
e+ eTVs eq >T+| ] bb b\&q V+d
CHH sD+> #|+#<\#TH&T.
>+<$ bdtdwH |]~ qe] H\ 18 # eTTd+\
yk\|q, <TD\|q <&T\T ]>sTT. M{ |r { edq
ysT, usrjT qb ysT eTVs sV+q =~d|{,
|<X <>Zs> ]>sTT. yTT+ 80 |> , <TD\T \{
>TsjsTT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 220
sY<y bdtdwH |]~ qe] 9e Bq VqTeH eT+~sY

e< eTVs ]+~. _C|, edq, $XV+< |]wY, s+><
*d se sV+#sTT. b++ $|yTq fqH
+< d& ]bsT q|{ eTVs bdT\T nqTeT
#sT. jT<$~> eTVs qT+& ]y q+ <]
eTTd+\ |q, <TD\|q <&T\T #d ;u dw+#sT.
eTVs VssTTq ye] <>Zs jTT<M e $TwH eTT+<T
bdt n~sT\T y+>\+ #sT. ] y|&T \{
#jT& e\dq T\T, s\T, >=& y # |eTjsTT.
n$ m&qT+& e#jT bdt n~sqT $TwH |d VQX b
b <] q V+<Te\ qT+& rdT=Hsyq ysT yT
#bsT!
eTVsT\ d++<+ +& V+<Ty< d+d\T, ysT b>T
#dq >T+|\T eTTd+\|q <&T\T #jT<qT+f bsbf. C
qe] H\ eTTd+\|q ]q <&T\{q V+<Ty< d+d\
b ` eTTK+> edq b ` |+>H +~. <&T\ H+~>,
eTTd+\y| qT+& |<Tq <& s>uTq< |#s+ #|{sT.
|#s+ V+<y&\ <yq\+> y|++~. <,
eeT\T> eTy<T\T y dV+ sbjsT. edq
eT\ u>eTjsT.
# bdtdwH |]~ <+<b& eTd<T|q qe] 9
H&T <<| 12`14 y\ eT+~ <&#ksT. >T+| usTTw+>,
se+Y sV, s$ #yH, l<sY <yT, n>& nH edq
HjT\T H+ eV+#sT. >T+|\T >T+|\T> $&bsTT M
eTd<T|q =+d|, eTTd+\ |q =+d| <& #ksT. eTVeT<
e \+ nH e|q sdH bd dJe+> <Vq+ #ksT.
>T+|qT n<T| #jT& bdT\T ]|q \T\ eTT>TZsT
#bjsT. eT]=+eT+~ bdT\T nsdT #ksT. yqT $&T<\
#j\+ edq HjT+H eT |< }s+| bdtdwH
MT~ bsTT+~. s, k&u{ y bdT\|q <& #ksT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 221
+ ;u+ ]q|{ bdT\T n< kjT++ edq XU

|eTTU B|w+& <s+ k VqTeH <y\jT+ eTVs
s>#sT!
bdT\T ` edq
bdT\T edq V+k sb\qT |& mTe+{
|jT+ #jT<q $wjT+ |{ d+#eTT. eTVsT\T
V+d <] rdTHjT *d L& y{ s~+#& bdT\T
mTe+{ |jTeT #jT<T. |> s neT\T q b+\
L& jT<#> s>#sT. d& dw u+ n bdt dwqL
|+|+q +{*CH ]bsT eTVsT\ e\ +&>\ |e<
>T]+ * |Ps+> V#]+q|{ bdT\T m+e+ C>
rdT<T.
V+<Te\ y| qT+& ]q d+|T{ V+k+& eTVsT
+<+> |#kjT ddt lw >T]+#sT f se\
$wjT+ bdT\ yK] s s |+#sT. { s+&T
$TqVsTT+|\ $TwH eTT+<T Vsq bdt n~sTes dssTTq
yT #|<T. eTVsT\ VssTTq y # mTe+{
jTT<\ e |r bdt n~ $TwH nH&T. nH
d+<s\ ]bjT|&T y s\ sH <T, T\,
>=& eTTd+ d\|q <&T\T #dqT bdT m|tsY $TwH
eTT+<T VssTTq u~T\ y+>\T L& *jTCksTT. eT]
jTT<\T m&qT+& e#jT n&, @y < sT,
+{bsTT #T= +{s sT, <] V+<Te\ qT+&
rdT= +&e#Tq +=sT yT #bsT. ~ $TwHqT |<e
|{+#&+ | ys @MT < ddt lw eTT+usTT bdT\qT
re+> <TjT{sT.
nd\T eTVsT\ |sekq+ #dq sTysTTH y{
m+<T w~+#< (d+ |TsD yesD+ q b+\) ddt
lw #eT+~ bdt n~sqT $#sD deTjT+ n&>sT.
$wjT+ sjT+ |ksTTH ]+< jTq \_+q
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 222
de<H\qT { \TdT+~. n|{ eTVsw +>dt b

n~s+ +~. bdt jT++>+ y n<T| +~. nsTTq|{
edq |+ |+#\+f y <s+ #\<T.
bdT\ w<\T |{+# n~s+ eTT+usTT bdt
#+ dH 37 +~. dH 37 qT+& eTVs
$TqVsTT+#\q sjT+ eTT+usTT bdt MTwqsY &d+sY 6
eTT+< rdTH&T. <=MT\T yTT<\sTTq sTy =+eT+~ bdT
n~sT\T + MT{+>\ sjT+ e\ edTq qc MTwqsY
$e]+q|{ sjT+ es<T. nsTT e+ V#]+q
n~sT L& =~eT+< qTHsT. #eT+~ bdT n~sT\T
yT edq ss\sTTqT |e]+#sT.
eTVsT\qT dH 37 |]~ qT+& $TqVsTT+#&
sDyT$T n|{ q>s bdt MTwqsY l+Y cJ u|{qT
$TwH n&T>>, n$ e\+ eT d++<yTq se |
sjT se\T e n deT]+#TH&T. s bdt
n~sT\T L& n< de<q+ #sT. bdt MTwqsY y+>
ddt lw yUd +~ n~sT\T yd+ nsTTH
+&*, < qT L& yd+ u>+ nsTT +&* n+{sT.
nsTT eTVsT\ | <dq yK] ne\+_+#&+ f <T.
+ nH s sb\ eTT+usTT bdT\T V+<Ty< d+d\
| eT |b |<]+#sT. y V+d ]sT\+&
#&& # VjTyTq |<T\ |jT+ |<]+#sT.
1992 &d+sY 27 H&T edq ysT }s+| rksT.
}s+| Us&, sq>sY bdtdwH b+\ qT+& k+~. y
# q |sT\ MT< edq ;uyT |\+<] s
(Shivasena's terror is public safety) n sd +~. n< H<+
#sT L&. }s+| >T]+ Us& bdtdwH sE
de#s+ qy<T #dq +*CH yqT $wj d]>ZH
sk&T. sTy HjT $#sD |{+#d] dwH bdT\T
< ~<sT. ;u+ nH eqT ~~ <sq+ (eTs $ s+&
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 223
<>Zs> +{sTT) nH e #ssT. nsTT ]sT |+ |]o*+q

ddt lw $wj >eT+ re+> n_X+d+#sT. |>,
;u+qT <sq+> essT> ;u+ nq jT q|&T eTs
uw s d *+>+ +T+<, <sq+ nq|&T d*+>+
+&\, ]sTqT ~~q bdT\T $wj >eT+#<L&
n+{sT. n+ Us& bdtdwH H|sY esT #k&T >
sq>sY bdT\T #jT<T. dwH ]sT edq y] H<+
q<Tqf qy<sTT+~. Us& bdT\ Hs ~ jT|{+~.
bdT\T edq ss\ *d <&T\T #dq d+|Tq\T L&
$TwH m<T qy<jsTT. <eHsY bdtdwH |]~ &d+sY 9
H&T n;< n J nH e +{ MT< bdT\T <& #ksT. n
$|+> ={, n&yTTq n k<] L& ={, n k
edq XK s\jT+ y| = bjsT. d+> eTeT
#dT=eT+{y edq y] n|+#eT+{y n n&Tq
bdt H|sY n u~]+#&T. s u> , + b]b
nH&T. nqT b]bT+&> edq ss\T 10 12 eT+~
n ]$T d #qq V s\q ={|&ksT.
u bdtdwH |]~ ed+# w;sY nT VQdH
+uy y+>\+ |s+, MTH Vd+> kd{ q eTTd+\
MT< bdT\ deT+H <T+&>T\T <&#ksT. ~L&
eTVs |sekq+> ]q <&. _*+> >{ + yd kjTT<
bdT\T | +&>H <T+&>T\T >& < \T|\T |>\>={
<& b\&sT. y] XKsY nH e >T]+ w;sY k
bdtdwH |s<T #&T. ndd+{ H|sY Ck w;sYq
XKsYq bdtdwH |*#&T. n& nq+HsjTDY +> nH
edq XU|eTTU Ls= H&T. n deT+ ndd+{ H|sY
Ck w;sYqT sJ eT & #k&T. eT |TsD\T sT>TTq|&T
nTe+{ |Tq\T sT>TT+{jT w;sY b++
+&<\#T+f < |{+#T+& +&&+ eT+<
sJ|&TTqT sd y\ & |{&T. w;sY |<T.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 224
&d+sY 7e Bq &+^ bdtdwH |]~ |V* u|q

edq +<u< nq H<+ 100 eT+~ jTTe\T <&#ksT.
y #T\ \T, q|s&T, T\T HsTT. <& #dq y] _|H
nH jTTe& u jeq+ >T]++~. bdt +|sTT+{
#sT. bdT\T _|HqT nsdT #jT<T. edqL <& #dq
<T+&>T\L eT< qTq d++< >T]+ Hd>{ #jT<T. dT
qy<T #dT= eTdksT.
# bdtdwH |]~ u+usTT & sYusT (_&m_)
\ ]q <=MT bdT\T e]+q rsT edqqT b&&
eTT+usTT bdT\T m+ <syTH b>\s sTEe #d+~. <=MT
yTT+ ~esYUH nH eTTd+ HsdT& <s+ ]+< bdT\T
dT qy<T #ksT. \ yTC]{ yk\T eTTd+\y> #T
q b++ V+<Te\T yTC]{> q b++. edq u>
b\+ q b++. \ ]q <=MT 39 dT\T <+d+ >
n+<T 9 V+<Te\ #+~q$. $T*q 30 eTTd+\ #+~q$.
\ e \jT+, eTd<T HsTT. eTd<T <+d+
nsTT+~> \jMT <T. \jT+ |PC] $TwH |*|+
n y+>\+ qy<T #d+~. <=MT ]qH&T > n+eTT+<T
> \ eTTd+\T >T& mTe+{ V *+#< nqT
nH&T.
nsTTq|{ \ ]q <=MT d++~+q dT bdT\T
50 eT+~ eTTd+\qT, sT>TsT V+<Te\qT nsdT #ksT. eTs= 12
eT+~ V+<Te\qT L& eTT<sTT\T> #|+#sT> yqT nsdT
#jT<T. bdT d+~ y+> | \ ydTe]
y+>\eT bdT\T dT qy<T #jTbe&+ # $yTq
$wjT+. yTT+ |TqqT |]o*+q MT<, V+<Te\T \|q <&
#ks, eTTd+\T < |=& m<TsT<& e+ #ks ns+
neT+~ n ddt lw n+{sT. bdT\T e+ ~ ~esYUH
HjT+ eTTd+\T b\&q <=MT nH u$+#sT!
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 225
C edq u> b\+ q # b++ &d+sY

H\H edq <s+ ]q sVd deyX\ ` q>s+
s b+\ u; eTd<T L*y sTy eTTd+\T sbsTT
V+d b\&q+<T |rs+> eTTd+\|q <&T\T #j\
sjT+ ]qT <s\THjT $TwH u$++~. edq,
usrjT qb\ |sT MT< eTTd+\|q <w+ s#>=f usT\T
b++ |<]+#&sTT. 26 &d+sY H&T # eTTK
L&* (jTX+Y #) {|qT |P]> d+_+|Cdq eTVs
]+~. $wjT+ edq ~q| ke |Tq+> sdTe&+
]+~. {|qT yTT+ d+_+|Cd se m+<T
nqTeT+#s $TwH k H|sYqT n&T>>, nTe+{<MT
s>< }] >=|d+ edq y eT | sdT=
+&e#Tq yT #b&T.
b+ &|P{ $TwqsY |t bdt w _cjYT y+>\+
eT Xs+ *dT+~. qe] 10 H&T V+<Te\ >T+| n
djT+> ={ >jT|]+~. qe] 9 qT+& 19 eT< nH
d+<s\ V+<Te\ >T+|\T n\s ~>sTT. $ edq ss\T
#dqy < n $TwH n |+#>, <=MT b\&q y]
edq ss\T q e ydeyT >, ysT d+d ss\T>
bZHs e> VA< bZHs nH~ eT |]X<q
\< yT #b&T. eTTd+\ T~#b\ sjT+ rdTq
sVd deyX\T edq <s+ ]qT =+<sT eTT<sTT\T
q |\TqT n <w $TwH rdTs>, n~ yT
nqTq|{ n\s |< qT q n|+#<+{&T. #
eT+~ edq HjT\ |eTTKT\ n\s bZqT *|
<s\qT n <w >, e\T bZq& d+d bZ+<
u$+#& & +< eTs=k] n+ b++ edq
# b\+ +~ { |\ & \ Z y] HjT+
eV+#b |sTe bT+<q ujT+ edq HjT\T |#d
+&e#Tq y] s|q d]#b&T! jTq q bdT yqT
&T. @+> &|P{ $TwqsT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 226
n\sT b++ 10 ~H\T >+& s|+> m+<T

k>>*>j B { ns+ neT+<qT+{qT nq ddt lw
e+> +f ys yK neds+ <T.
m.{. esYZ bdtdwH |]~ &eT+& p_ +b+&|q
]q <& eTs= <VsD. +b+& 18 yk\ 200
eTTd+ T+u\THsTT. 8 qe] s +b+& jT |<>T+|
#] C ls+ n H<\T e&+ yTT<\T|fd] +b+&
eTTd+\T >us |&sT. y] ssTTq s _{ (Blitz) ys|
d+b<&T VsH sw< bdtdwH bH #k&T. y <sT
yqqT +b+& >{ <>Zs \&eT |+|+#sT. =+d|{
<T+&>T\T |&T +& k&u{, s s\T rdT= e#d]
y[<s | +& bjsT. VsH sw< eT bdT +{
s+ bH #k&T> n # dVjT+ |+|+# d yTeTT
eT y yT #bsT. <T+&>T\T jT<#> +b+& q
yVH\qT <+d+ #d s +b+& m<TsT> q yTV
md{ \<#THsT. &eT+& p_ +b+& eTTd+\T
s+ ujT+ujT+> >&bsT.
9e B b<Tq 10 >+\|&T V+<Te\ >T+| +b+&
yq>& < |* e |{ &|q >T&\qT n+{+ MT<
$dsk>sT. n|{ +b+& >{ <>Zs eTY nH H|sY
<s+ bdt |{ +~. y #sTT\T <|+& #d
}sTHsT. <T+&>T\T HeT~> &eT+& p_ +b+& m<TsT>
q s+&T _*+>T\ MT~ #ssT. y{ < b+ edq
s=ssY H&T. _*+>T\ MT~ qT+& y eT+&TTq edTe\qT
+b+& MT~ $dsk>sT. bdT\T n|{ #d
}sTHsT. y] =+<sT eT #=\ MT< q >T]+| V\qT
>TT #|&T +& =\+ CT |THsT.
|]d u>< >eT+ +b+& eTTd+\T eT<V+ 2.00
>+\ yd+ (&eT+& eT+) #sTHsT.
sTT+{MT< <& yTT<\sTT+~. MT n$TjqT |\T#T+& n+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 227
Vq #d eT+& edTe\T $dsk>sT. =+eT+~ edq HjT\T

>T+| qT VsH sw< >eT+#&T. n+ n&= bdT
J| e+~ > bdT\T edq HjT\ TsT #|P C #d
LsTHsT | u~T\ dVjT+ #jT& mTe+{ |jT+
#jT<T.
kjT++ 6.00 njTd] <& reseTsTT+~. +b+&
eTTd+\T =sT> U#d y[bjsT. VsH sw< L&
y[bj&T. b<Tq 6.00 >+\ nqT e #dd] +b+&
<<|> |P]> yTT+ >\&bsTT +~. s+ d]T yd
<Vq+& =qk+#s n *d+~.
edq <&T\ qT+& eTTd+\ sD *+#be&+H ,
edq <T+&>T\ |sT dw+> u~T\T #|q|{ y]|q dT\T
|be+q bdT\T eT |b yK] dw+> |<]+#sT.
# dT\T @ syTq Hd>wH +& eTdyjT&sTT.
n+{|tV bdtdwH |]~ 1993 qe] H\ ]q
V+k+& >TssTTq eTTd+\T eTTk|sYUH ]|t +| +
eT|q ]q <&T\ u<T\sTTq y] |sT $es+> d djTsY
H|sY |s<T #sT. nsTTq|{ mTe+{ |]X<q #jT+&
pH H\ dT\ eTdyjT&+ ]+~.
<s$ bdtdwH |]~ qe] 8 H&T ksTTuu eT+~s+
<>Zs ]q |T+{H< seT+ L& <=MT, V+k+&L
<]rd+~. eT] seT+ bZqy] s#>=f |Hk\T
q e\q m+<T nsdT #jT< $TwH djTsY bdt
H|sY |> |+#>, deyX+ q+ $|+> +&&+
e\ me] >T]+#bj+ n yT #b&T. n< bdtdwH
#+~q w X+sy b{ nH dT q y+>\+ ||t
#+< ssY nH _C| HjT&T V+<Te\qT s#>=f |Hd+
#& #|q|{ djTsY H|sY e+ qMT <H
n+{&T. nT > nH u~T&T q +{MT~ H rdT=q
H n |\e& M&j b{>|sY |sT H|sY |> #b&T.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 228
nsTT VAH nH |sT M&j>|sY H&T > H nq

|sT>\y&T &T { me] nsdT #jT< H|sY n+{&T.
b VAH nq nH |*|+ nH Hy
|]X~+#bjy n $TwH |+#>, |#d |\ |s~
nT > q d>e y[bj& n& #bj& n+<Te\
| #jT< yT #b&T! nrsY sVeH d| nH eTs=
u~T&T sE + s, ssY, >DX es& nH eTT>TZsT <T+&>T\
|sT dw+> #|H yse] bdT\T nsdT #jT<T. m+<T
#jT< $TwH |+#>, y <=s< (<<| 3 d+es\
sTy L&) H|sY |> yT #b&T.
~ bdtdwH | H|sY | <T.
q>seT+{ < ]+~. dT\T |{q # L& |Tq @<H
, |D[ HjTy #&& bdT\T s]+#sT. &+^
bdtdwH |]~ esTd> eTTd+\qT b >T] #dq |Tq\
yqT @<H |D[ +<y |]o*+#y n $TwH djTsY
H|sY #+<+Y ||tsy u> |+#>, H eT|dT+<+f
#eT+~ V+<Te\ $&$&> <<| k] eTTd+qT b&
rsTy\q #q eqT+~ n yT #b&T!
n< bdtdwH |]~ e+y& _{ # V+<Te\T,
eTTd+\ eT< |<Tq <=MT ]+~. bdT\T \T\T ]| n<T|
#jTe\d e+~. 33 s+& \T\ eTTd+ #bj&T. <=MT
#\&q sTy bdT\T n& n& 81 eT+~ eTTd+\qT nsdT
#ksT > V+<TeqT L& nsdT #jT<T. V+<TeqT
dV+ nsdT #jTbe& sDyT$T{ $TwH n&q |X
djTsY H|sY u> <>Zs yT <T.
eT]= <VsD\T sTy dH #<+.
bdT\T ` eTTd+\T
edq | |b+ #|+#&+, edq ss\ Hs\qT
||f |jT+ #jT&+ eyT eTT+usTT bdT\T nH
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 229
d+<s\ |+>H eTTd+ es yK] |<]+#sT. B =

<VsD\T |{ #eTT. eT]= & #<+.
|< bdtdwH b++ ]q |Tq\qT yUd
b+ djTsY H|sY |.mdt.<+ yK] >T]+ $TwH $<+>
n_bjT|&+~.
<=MT\ V+< >T+|\ bqT <|&
bdT\T dw+> |jT+ #ksT. H|sY <+ qT+&
$wj\T ={ dt`m>$THwH \e++>
se\d e+~. eTs= $yTq $wjT+ @$T+f,
V+<Te\ eTTd+\ <=MT ~q # L& \T\T
e\+ eTTd+\ MT<H ]|qTHsT. \T\ >j\T
eTTd+\ eyT njsTT.
m.{. esYZ bdtdwH |]~ ]q |Tq\qT yUd`
eTTd+\T n~+> ed+# b+\ ]|q
\T\> , V+<Te\T n~+> ed+#
b+\ bdT\T ]|q \T\T @ e+ |ue+
#|<T. <VH\L \{ $<+k b\&TTq
>T+|\qT \T\T m+e+ n<T| #jT<T.
e\+ 100`200 n&T>T\ <s+ qT+& ]|q \T\
dV+ >T+| s >jT|&be& { #d,
\T\T yTT+> >* ]bs n nqTeq+
edT+~ n $TwH n+~.
C>X] bdtdwH |]~ ]q |Tq\ >T]+ #|P`
b++ L& $TwH >eT++<$T+f
<=MT\ V+<Te\ >T+| +< |e& dV+
bdT\T w|& be&+. dt m>$THwH & |{
ydy jT >e\d e+~ nHsT.
u bdtdwH |]~ ]q |Tq\qT dMTd $TwH
bdT\ rsTqT re+> n_X+d++~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 230
$TwH eTT+<T VssTTq y] y+>\T #

u< *ksTT. bdT\ |b yK] n$ dw+>
#|ksTT. eTTd+ u~T\ |s<T\ bdT\T d]>Z
d+~+#<T. = d+<s y] eT+ |] y]
y]+#&+, y] MT<H |&T dT\T |&+ L&
]+~ n $TwH n_bjT|&+~.
|T{|sY bdtdwH b++ >T]+ e{&T, &d+sY
n\s dV+ s+&T y|\qT+& V+d ]q $wj $e]+,
ydy\T $<+> +&>, dwH djTsY
bdt H|sY, md|, &d|\+<s &d+sY ]q
n |Tq\ eTTd+\T b\&qyqq n_bj >{>
qeTTTHsT. bdT\ @| yK] k+ dw+>
jT\&+~. 1992 &d+sY V+<Te\T, eTTd+\T
<s <& b\&q |Tq\T nH+ HjT
yd$+> |=H <T\T djTsY H|sY yTT+&>
V+d n+ eTTd+ #ks n+{&T. |&T yK]
n | n~s L& +~ n $TwH n_X+d++~.
&+^ bdtdwH |]~ |Tq\ >T]+ yUd,
1992 &d+sYq 1993 qe]q ]q
V+k |Tq\| Hs |]X<q # nd+|s+>
]+< #b*. bdT\T V+<Te\, eT eTTK+>
edq eTjsq n_bjT+ \T>TT+~ n
$TwH n+~.
n+{|tV bdtdwH |]~ ]q |Tq\ >T]+ yUd
bdT\ q&e& # +<q *+# $<+> +~ n $TwH
n+~.
= d+<s\ bdT\T #T\T eTT&T#T
Ls= <=MT\ b\&TTq y] jT<#> eT
sb\T =qk>#sT. = d+<s\ y]
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 231
bV+#sT. y] #T\T *bsT. H|<+,

qy<T #dq Hs\ |]X<q |+# b\T
jT+> ]q$ e k | |&
<X|Ps+> ]q |jTeT nseTeT+~.
bdT\ eTTd+\| es +&+< k\T dw+
#dTHsTT. e #b\+f, bdT\ q&e&
X+ u<\ jT++>+| $Xk HXq+ #dT
+&+~ n $TwH n_bjT|&+~.
= |T\qT |]o*d bdT\ @| yK] m+ d+|Ps+>
+&+< ns+ neT+~.
<eHsY bdtdwH |]~ u+>Hy& 1992 &d+sY 8q
V+<Te\, eTTd+\ eT< |<mTq <=MT ]+~. sTes
bZHsq& <s+> eTTd+\ n+> 58, V+<Te\$ 53 <+d+
njsTT. bdT\T nsdT #dq 36 eT+~ eTT<sTT\ eTTd+.
bdT\ \T\ #bsTTq 9 eT+B eTTd+. V+<Te T{
>jT+ e+ nsTT+~.
n< sE n< bdtdwH |]~ >e+& b++ bdT\T
n\] b\&TTq eTTd+\ >T+|qT #<s>=u> ysT bdT\|q
T\ <& #ks m|tsY qy<T nsTT+~. nsTT =+#+ s
|]o*d, n\] V+<Te\ #+~q yk\T 40 <+d+ >
eTTd+\$ 207 <+d+ njjT $TwH >eT++~. n+f n~
C eTTd+\T #dq n\] < V+< eTTd+ <=MT n ns+
neT+~. m|tsY m& V+<Te\ >T+| |keH <T.
bdT\ sD ]q eTTd+\ nH d+<s\ #<T nqTue+
m<TssTT+~. nb< bdtdwH |]~ _{ # ydT\
n~\T V+<Te\T > =~eT+~ eTTd+\T. qe] 8 H&T
V+<Te\ >T+| eTTd+\T eddTq # H+sY 12 |q s,
k&u{, |{ u+T\ <& #ksT. ksTTT\qT #+|+&
bkH ]yTjT+& n+ H<\T #sT. # H+sY 12
eddTq eTT+C sVeH ujT|& bdtdwH bH #jT> bH
rdTq e qT mes #|+& n|& @eTsTT+~? HsT eTdT
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 232
|& +&T n n] bH |fk&T. n< # ed+# yTVsTk

eTVeT< jLu nH nTe+{ nqTueyT m<TssTT+~. yT
bdT\ |s<T #jT>, bkH b]b, & m+<T+{e `
#e& n yT \_++~.
usTTy& bdtdwH |]~ q | wsY nH VA
jTe q VA|q <& ]> |e<+ +< qe] 10e Bq
bdT\ |s<T #k&T. nqT eTTd+. n |s<TqT bdT\T
|{+#T<T. VA qT+& bdtdwH e\+ nsTT<T $Tc\
q& nsTTH bdT\T mTe+{ dVjT+ |+|+#<T. nqT
}V+qf n VA|q <& ]+~. 7 \\ d \{ nsTT+~.
m+.sY.m esYZ bdtdwH |]~ bdt dT q
d& q eTT<sTT edq ss\ n|+ #+|+q |Tq
$TwH |]o\q y* e+~. &d+sY 8 H&T <=MT bZq
uT nT wU nH e H|sY k* nsdT #d, bdtdwH
rdTbeT $<<sY s|TTH< wsY nH dT n|+#&T.
=+d|{ H|sY yq s> _& <>Zs uT nT wU
reyTq bT >j\ |& H&T. n b&q edq
ss\T s+ &dq T\ dV n& HsT. n d
s*+#> n|{ #bj&HsT.
d& q e V{ >Tsj& dT wsYqT
|ksTT bdt n~sT\T |+#>, eTT<sTT q #qT+&
|+#T= b]bj& b]bTq y& edq y #+bs
nH&T. n< yT nqT y+H bdtdwH ]bsT y*
<, >TT#|&T +& m+<T }sTH&q |X yT <T.
n| n~sT\T n e\T $Xd+ $#sD eTT+q|{,
ddt lw d+| #+<<T. s k\qT $#]+, dT
eTT& y\H edq y] n|+#& s]+#sT.
u bdtdwH |]~ ]q d+|TqqT $TwH $es+>
|]o*++~. H]jTy& b++ nTV d+ n nH nH
e f\]+> d+d +~. &d+sY 7e Bq d+d|q <&
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 233
]+~. <& #dqysT k { nH y =+<]

>TsT|{&T. d<, #T, dT, sCX nH q\T>T] |s dV
bdT\ |s<T #&T. q\T>TsT edq ss\T. eT d+dqT
<#THs yTwqT mTbjs _*+>qT >\u{s |s<T
#k&T. C <& ]q|&T djTsY bdt dT |{+sY,
H|sY yVQ, du H|sY s+<XjYT n& HsT. y
deT+H <& ]H y @MT #jT<T.
nH |s<T q sTy L& bdT\T yqT nsdT
#jT<T. 7e B s nH d+d m<Tf d<, #T nH <sT
eTT<sTT\T H|sY yVQ qe TsT #|P |+#sT.
b<Tq eT <& #ksT. nH bHMT< djTsY H|sY |{+sY
|s<T #jT>, +<dT MT< q bdT\T eksT eTH&T.
>+ sTy H|sY yVQ HjT+ bdt b n&
e+~. y e{eT+r +& |* e nH, n
ndd+{q q|s& ={ yH m+ bdtdwH
rdTbjsT. ~ #d nH <>Zs |#d d+~ d>+ eT+~
b]b> $T*q d>+ eT+~ L& nsdT #ksT. y+<] MT<
bdT\T dT |{sT. |t q nH bdT\T ={q <\ q
#sTT $]+< y<+ #sTT+#eT n&T>>, \T $s><T d+w+#T
n H|sY yVQ sks+> yT #b&T.
usTT MT< jT{=q sTy nH qT yTT< q
|s<T MT< dT |{+#\ # |jT+ #k&T. qe] 4e Bq
H|sY yVQ n d+d e< e sJ|&eT n \e++
#k&T. <& #dq yqT qT >TsT|< \e++> d{yT+{
ssTT+#TH&T. ddt lw $TwH eTT+<T nH VssTT
]q $wjT+ yTT+ $e]+ <s\T #|+#>, $TwH n
y+>\+ $XdjTyTq< s]+, <T+&>T\T edq eTTKT\T
{ bdT\T dT |]X<qqT <X|Ps+> =|{sT n
|s=+~. H|sY yVQH djTsY H|sY |{+sYqT L&
||{+~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 234
u bdtdwH |]~ |sH#|q qe] 10 e Bq

V+<Te\ >T+| sq k&u{q <& #d+~. #
ydT\sTTq eTTd+\T |s<T #jT> bdT\T e#sT> <T+&>T\qT
]yTd <T\T # ydT\H y~+#sT. y sdq \T|
}s+| rksT. < |> V+< eTV\T bdT\ y~+|\
es+> eTT L& }s+| rksT.
>=&e\ eT< bdT |TsyTq V #ksT. |sH#
VdH$Tj y> +{ #=s& n usq es jdHq
Tb u~]+ n =&T cqyCqT bjsT. n +
Tb eT&eT\ =&T jT rdTbjsT. yH m+#
eTT+<T n M| Tb * #+| Xy yH m+#sT.
cqyC k<] jdH $TwH eTT+<T VssTT q
y+> $TwH b<$T+> $Xd+ n|{|& V|q
$#sD ]| >T #s rdT=eT dTs+<sY esY nH &d|
<++~. nqT |]X<q ]|qT ]|, e\+ <sT eTT>TZsT
eTTd+ k\ e\qT { cqyCqT bdT #+bs
s]+#eTT n $TwH q y~ deT]+#&T. n ]bsTqT
<TssZyTq~> n_e]d < |]o*+#&yTH, $#sD ]|q
|< >T]+ yU+#&yTH X< <+&> n ddt lw nHsT.
eyTy& _{ # ed+# bdT dT |q
&d+sY H\ eTTd+\T <& #d $<+d+ dw+q+<T |rs+>
bdT\T sTy # ed+# eTTd+\|q reksTT
|rs+ rsTHsT. nJC eTs+{ mH+sY V B=
<VsD. nJC eTs+{ >T+& T, n\sY +&$. <<| |&
MT~ qT+& e d H&T. $wjTyT n y<+ #dq &sY
yBH $TwH eTT+<T k+ #b&T. qe] 10 H&T 20 ` 25
eT+~ kjTT< bdT\T n +{ |y+ \+ +<se+<s
#d n us dqT | Hfd nJCqT rdTbjsT. nJC 11e
Bq <=MT bZH&, n|&T mH+sY #bj&
|{+#sT. d k {, nJC y<+ #dq &sT k
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 235
{, n bdT\T eTT+<T sC rdTbsTT * #+bs $TwH

u$++~.
eTTd+\ >T+| <sT bdt dTqT Ve]q <eHsY
bdtdwH |]~ bdT\T eTTd+\|q $|+> V+d b\&sT.
ndsY UH w UH nH e q eTT&T VsYUH bT &d+sY
28q yJq>sY seTeT+~s+ |q bT+&> bdT\T bsT.
s\, Tb eT&eT\ ={sT. |H +<dT u>+> \T
ydT= LsTq bdt n~sT\T #d HsT | eT d+~
y]+#<T. bdT\T =&TT+&> VsYUH |+#TH&T >
ndsYUHqT e+ +<|&d Ts& n+ HsT. nqT dV
j&T. =+d|{ dV e#d] q CT q 5000
s\T, q # >&js+ bjjT >eT+#&T. $wjT+ #|u
bdT\ N]+#T= b]b nHsT. ndsYUH
y[bT+&> <>ZsTq edqXK ss\T n u~]+#sT.
&d+sY 8e Bq qsY``V eTd<T <>Zs nT nc| nH
eT<sk n<|&T LsT +&> jT n\& $|++~. nqT
jT =+ #&> q+ ##<TssTT |sT>TTHsT. bdT\T
\T\T sT|THsT. n+ eTd<TL = <TD\L bdT\T
| |&+ L& #X&T. | s& nc|, eT]=+<sT
|jT+#> bdT\T eTd<T |* |y+ y] ={ jT
bjsT. Tb >T]|{ H \&eTHsT. eTd<T $T{
s<] nT >bsYqT HsT> #r * #+bsT. ju nH
eTs= e &T| * re+> >jT|]#sT. V|C eTVeT<
|qT eT rdTbjsT. n # sTy
*jT<T.
Te+{ |Tq\| $TwH yUd, eTTd+\ >T+| <sT
dTqT #+|q+<T |rs+> <eHsY bdtdwH |]~
bdT\T eTTd+\|q |rs+ rsTe& |PqTHs, V\|q
|]X<q #dTHeTq H|+ MT< nejT\sTTq eTTd+\qT V+d
>T]#ks n_bjT|&+~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 236
<s$ bdtdwH |]~ eTBH eTd<T <>Zs d| UH nH

n s&yT& \ n+>& +&+~. &d+sY 8 H&T k edq
XK ssq nX <sTy, >DX, $jYT, u\T, nT, dTsX
~sT\ HjT+ V+< jTTe\ >T+| n +{|q,
n+>&|q <& #ksT. n # \e++> Cls+ nq H<+
|+#sT. n +{ edqXK s\jT+> es<\#THeT
#| n +{+ ]yTksT. n+ | #ksT. nqT = sE\
sTy ] e #dd] n \T edq s\jT+> e]
<|q edq C+& m>TsTTq~. UH <s$ bdtdwH
&d|, q>s bdt MTwqsY L& $wjT+ |s<T #k&T. <s$
bdtdwH #T #ksT ]>&T. nsTTq|{ n +{ n
n|+#&+ s><T. # H\\ sTy n|{ &d| sCX e]j
~ nsTT b+& nH n~] &d|> eq sTy UH eT
nu]+#> b+& #=se rdT= n +{qT+& edq s\j
=\+ UH ] |+#&T. e+ #dq bdt n~]
nsTTH eTT+usTT q+<T ddt lw n_q+<q\T *jT#ksT.
&+^ bdtdwH |]~ bdtdwH e\+ 100 n&T>T\
<sq (n+f <<| |H n #|e#T) q y _*+>
eTTd+\ 16, <swt _*+> eTTd+\ 10, jTcusTT
_*+> eTTd+\ 8, #{ eT+ eTTd+\ 57 \{
<VH >TssTTq $wj $TwH |k$d bdtdwH n+
dMT|+ q \T|\T $s>=Z{ jT<#> <#Te&+, >\u&+
k<eTsTT+<+f bdT\ syK] m+{< ns+ neT+~ n+~.
eTTd+\T bdT\|q Tb\ \T\T ]|q nH |Tq\qT
eTT+usTT bdT\T |#s+ |{sT. bdT\ <&T\T me>
eTTd+\|H s>& deT]+#Te& ~ y] | e+~.
$TwH |Tq\qT ={ |]o*+ $ # es nydy\
s]++~. $TwH eTT+<T y+>\+ q ndd+{ bdt MTwqsY
C+& L& CsTTr>H $wj |H&T. eTTd+\T
bdT\|q, V+<Te\|q Tb\ \T\T ]|q nH |Tq\
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 237
>T]+ |#s+ ]+~ > |]X<q MT< $ nydy\ *+~

nH&T.
{ s+&T |Tq\qT |]o*d eTT+usTT bdT\T eTTd+\qT
fs]dT\T> r]+#& m+ <s+ bjs ns+ neT+~.
V+ sV+T s& dTeH u|q qe] 9 H&T
bdT\T <& ]| 9 eT+~ eTTd+\qT * #+bsT, 78 eT+~
nsdT #ksT. #sqT deT]+#Te& bdT\T dTeH u
|< fs]dT kes+> r]+# |jT+ #ksT. sE b<Tq
u |u>+ qT+& bdT\|q \T\T ]>jT \T\T ]|q
eTT>TZ] ] # dH>H, <]# ]y\sT HjT bdT\T
nHsT. n+<T q>s CsTT+{ bdt MTwqsY sY.&. <s+
<& ~>eT, u { n<\T |>\>={ |*bsTT, #q m |
n+dT bsTT eTTd+\ \T\qT m<Ts=H+<T \T\T ]| 9
eT+~ #+| 78 eT+~ nsdT #keT m|tsY sdTHsT.
Ms s+ q\T>TsT bdT\ >j\jjT nHsT
> y |sT |{+#<T, yqT $TwH eTT+<T k\T>
|yX|<T. yqT $T+q k\T +&sT { yqT
|yX|be&+ C <#&+ dyTq $TwH n_bjT|&+~.
nsdsTTq 78 eT+~, #bsTTq 9 eT+~ *d yTT+ 87 eT+~
eeT\T u sT Hs+f yqT fs]dT\T> u$+#
bdT\ <&T\ ujT|& n& <HsqTy nq |X L&
$TwH yd+~.
y ]bs #|q \T\ @ <s\ bdT\T
#|+#<T. <T+&>T\ # dH>H +< #|P, m`47 wqT
#|+ ~ y TbqT+& e+< nHsT! C bdT\
|\T |syT bdT\ # m`47\T HsTT { n~
bdT\ Tb #+~q< nsTT +T+< $TwH n_bjT|&+~.
u | n+dT by\+f dq{ #q m &T |T=
<\, | n+dT Tb\T |Tq fs]dT\T > qsTT
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 238
bdT\T =sT> | n+dT $jTe++> bsTT 9 eT+~

#+| 78 eT+~ nsdT #d yTes #e+& ] se&+ k<+
< L& $TwH n_bjT|&+~.
ks+X+, n#> dTeH u |Tq L& eTTd+\T
bdT\|q s, s\T, k&u{ u qT+&, |q q
#THu{ eTd<T qT+& <& #dqTHs, bdT\T |rs+>
|<Tq <& ~>d] n+<s dTeH u sD d+ <ss,
y+H bdT\T u |y+ $#\$&> \T\T ]| 9 eT+~
nejT\qT bq uTHs $TwH s]++~.
|Ts CsTT+{ bdt MTwqsY djT+> u<
eV+#e\d +T+<+~.
V+<Te\T d+|<jTyTq jTT<\H <=MT\ ~>sT>
eTTd+\T Tb\T, n+<Tq {yT{ Tb\T |j+#s,
n$ y] bkH >&#] d+d mdt ds|s #d+<, n+<Te\H
bdT\T eTTd+\ MT< me> #s\T rdTe&+ ]+<
n_bjT+ *+#& edq, eTT+usTT bdT\T |jT+ #ksT.
ddt lw = |Tqq |]o*+ Tb\ <\ n~
u>+ n<eT sT. mdt Vd+ +<q& @ <s+ <
$TwH eTT+<T bdt n~s |HsT.
eTTd+\ |q bdT\T <& #dq|&T d\ neeqs+>
|e]+q |Tq\T nH+ $TwH <w e#sTT. eyTy& _{
# ed+# EU VdH wU 56 d+es\ d. &d+sY 8 H&T
b\T e&+ d+ CsT bsTTq eTqTeT& d+ m<TsT#d (n~
n|& s d&*+q deTjT+) yT yTMT< \& +&>
bdT\T yT +{|q <& #ksT. &+<T He n+ s\
q&TeTT MT<, M| MT<, yMT< ={sT. yMT< =&T &H
#d ejTdT L& n+<+> +{e dTe n+ yTqT Vq
#ksT.
bdTessTTH wb+> +& |jT+ #d edqysT
}sT<T. eTT+usTT bdT q~sT @ eTTd+ nsTTq
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 239
n&wq bdt MTwqsY m.m.UHqT =\+#\+ }s+|\T

rksT. nqT V+<Te\|q n#s\ b\&TTH&
s|+#sT. n ss|t #j\+ eT&TksT ys\T rdqy&T
edq m+m@ eT<TsY dsYb{<sY. qT djT+> J|+&
jTT<\T |T= q>s M<T\ sT>T <=]bsTTq |TqT&T.
bdT nsTT n nsdT #jTb<Tsy > \d+> s+>+
~q dH qe] 11 H&T dsYb{<sY <=]&T. n J|
nqT sT>TsT ed\T HsT. 0.32 ]y\sY, 0.20
|d, 0.99 |d, s+&T >=&, s+&T V s\T <=]sTT. dq+
n |T= bdT\ n|++~. dsYb{<sY <>Zs <=]q
jTT<\ s+&+{ (|k) dH <T. eTT+usTT {& #+
+< H{|& b++ nsTTq|{, dH jTT<\T * +&+
{& dH 5 +< Hs+ nsTTq|{, bdT\T n MT< {&
dT|f #q #jT<T. n sT usTT\T e& es+#<T,
|{q d<k< dT eT&+& sTy L& #]wT |<T n
ddt lw yU+#sT.
<<| n< deTjT+, eTTd+\ nqTL\+> +{& |sT|&
+>dt m+| dT<Y esT&T d+jYT<Y <>Zs dH jTT<+
<=]+<q sD+> n|q {& dT|{ #\+ C\T +q
d+> *d+<.
dTeH u |Tq+{< sYm esYZ bdtdwH |]~
V] eTd< \T\ |Tq. 10 qe] H&T ]q |Tq sT>TsT
eTTd+\T bdT \T\ #bjsT. bdT\ <q+ |s+,
<<| 2,500 eT+~ eTTd+\T esDjTT<\ V] eTd< <>Zs
deyXyT #TT|\ q V+<Te\ yk\qT >\u&T eTT+<T
k>sT. eTd<T qT+& \T\T L& ]bsT. V+k+&qT n<T|
#jT& bdT\T \T\T s|> sT>TsT eTTd+\T #bjsT.
$TwH |Tq d++~+q = $wj s s
|+ ~ yTT+> n<+ n s]++~. yTT<{>, eTd<T
dMT|+ @ V+< yk mTe+{ nbjT+ s><T.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 240
s+&T, |Tq sT>TTq|&T bdtdwH n+~q ysYdt de#s+

|s+ eTd<T <>Zs |< V+<Te\ >T+| L& yV]+ +&+~.
V+<Te\L eTTd+\L eT< <=MT ]+<q $wj ||{
e\+ eTTd+\T <Vq+& b\&qT #|+#\ bdT\T
sTy |jT+ #ksT. e]>, #bsTTq sT>T] Xy\
eTd<T| HsTT> jT<T. eTd<T y| qT+& \T\T
]>jT qeT& L& <sMT e $TwH s]++~.
C ]+<$T+f eTd<T dMT|+ sTesZ\ yV]+
|TsD |&sT. bdT\T e#d] qeCy nsTT+~. eTd<T 100
eT+~ |> qeC #dTHsT. duH|sY | HjT+
bdT\T eTd<T |y+ qeC #dTq y]|q >Tes+
]|+#sT. | #dq Hs &d| _cjYT yqdTse& L&
$TwH re+> ||{+~. | \T\T s|<, qT eq
sTy \T\ <X+ e&+ ]+< &d| q y+>\+
n+<] k\L $sT<+> +< $TwH n+~. q +~ n~]
n+&> \&&+ >=| \DyT e#TqT > n e\T
qeT+& H+ n+~. yTT bdT jT++>+ | qT+& +~
< n<\T #| V] eTd<T ]q |TsyTq V+&qT <
|{\ |jT+ #jT& $TwH re+> <TjT{+~. bdT\
e\T |P]> qeTX+ $ n, *+ n, \T\T
deTsjT+ <T n s]++~.
n< bdtdwH |]~ ]q qsT VQdH wU V bdT\
yK] d+# eTs= <++. qe] 10 H&T M ed+# b++
MT< V+<Te\ >T+| <&#d <+d+ #jTk>sT. n|&T qT,
us, s +<Te\ b]bT+&> nsTT<sT eT+~ s\
<&#d qsTqT +<|&d n|q sdH bd >\u{ #+bsT.
nsTT V >T]+ dT ]dsY #jT& n us w
uqT #dq |jT+ |*+#<T. yT s&TksT bdtdwH bsTT
#|H ndd+{ bdt H|sY u>Y e<y , du H|sY
| VdT qy<T #dT<T. e] eTw q&&+ <T nq
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 241
m|tsY eyT qy<T #ksT. lw $TwH @ssTTq sTy

w uqT e yTTs|TH< dT L& qy<T <T. bdt
n~sT\T , | y\H | #ksT. |s~ eTTd+ nq
sks ue+ e#T, V+\qT b& <X+ e#T n
$TwH yU++~.
duH|sY | MT< eTs= reyTq |s<T L& +~. V]
eTd<T \T\ |Tq >T]+ |q #beTT. \T\ #bsTTq
sT>T] Xy\qT m yH yjTeT | eTVeT< <+ nH
jTTe& |sesTT+#&T. sTy <+qT L& yH meT
rdTbj&T. n|{qT+& <+ # <T. n * swH;
sTy sEqT+& esTd> m$T~ sE\T bdtdwH bsTT q
=&T >T]+ n&+~. eMT < bdT\T nHsT. swH;
sTy q>sbdt MTwqsY, VA+eT+ n\T |T+~.
VsT ]{|{wH yd+~. < |*+ <<T. <+ #
|{ <T.
eTT+|
lw $TwH y~ yTT+ #~$ VQX n{+f
={qT |+# $wjT+, edq|q #s rdTe& bdT
jT++>+q n~s jT++>+q q ys|. bdt
n~sT <T, n|{ eTVsw eTTKeT+ dT<sse HjT
dV+ $TwH eTT+<T VssTT < yK] e+ #k&T. edq
HjT\qT d\+ n<T| rdT= +&e#TqT < n+f |
#d eTT+usTT >\&TT+< ujT|&eTT n+{&T. nsTTH
eTT+usTT >\&+& +&<T < nq ddt lw e+>
yTq<.
ujT+ |qT+& +~< H\=+~. edq n~s ~q|
ke u<s + sdTq s#>=f s\|q n|{ +>dt
|uT+ @ #s rdT<T. qe] 1, 1997 H{ d+b<j lw
$TwH |+> |k$+ <|q d+<T |< bdt
n~sqT |++~. |be& y #|q sD+ |q
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 242
$e]+#eTT. n<$<+>, eTTd+ u~T\T edq ss\ |sT

q|{ m+<T nsdT #jT< H|sY\qT $TwH |d,
nsdT #d n\sT eT]+ |sT>TjT #jT<T n yT #bsT.
H{ qT+& H{< edq |, d+|T|]ysY d+d\ | <
yK] =qk>TTq~. y deV |q s yd de |<sq
s<T #j\ |uTyT ssTTdT+~. y bkH TqT eTT+usTT
n&T>T |eeT u~]d { n~s jT++>yT e#YqT s<T
#dT+~. yHyTH n+f >=&e me neT+~ { y <X\
>Z&+ eT+ nH yK] ds y|++~. fssYqT
sTT+#b us<X+ |Cke \u&+ k<+ <T.
lw $TwH y~ e=d me]qsTT $TwH |<q
<w\T> >T]++< ys |\ eTVsw n~s e#sT.
$TwH y~|q #s rdTe\d+~ ys. eTT @ #s rdTus
ysT |{ |{+#sT. $TwH #dq d#q e\+ k+yTq
y{ eTVsw |uT+ y~++~. n+f bdT\ Hs|]X<q
+ u> <T y*, eT+ ysYdt |]s\T y* e>s. ys @
n_bj d#qq y~+#<T. n\s edq +<
y~+#<T. bdT\ eTTd+\ | es +< |<T.
bkH b, mdt b HjT qeT& <sM e+f
n+^]+#<T.
n\s @ yUHqsTT $TwH sd]++< <H eTVsw
|uT+ |qsT<{++~. <X<VQ\sTTq eTTd+\ V+k #s
n\s H+~ n, y] yqT bkH +<, eTTd+\ ny<+q
y]| y<+ |] k>TTq T+| <sDq $dbsTTq
V+<Te\T s>&s | n\s V+<Ty< d+d\ fMT <
n+~. { lw $TwH y~ |*+> eTT+usTT bdt
jT++>+ |q @B s>be#T, V+d b\&q edq
y] #+ qT+& @ nbjTeT sbe#T.
nsTTq|{ $TwH |jd e< <T. u;eTd<T L*y
<X ke sjT J$+ |Cke |CkeT $\Te\L
|< |e<]> eTT+<T=q V+<Ty< bdC m<TsTH
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 243
|<sy y~, n+<T y* eq d\T &TqT

jT>\e. bd+ >T]+ lw $TwH y~ eTq eT]+
$esDyTq ne>Vq jT>\<T. < d]+, ne>Vq
#dT= |CkeT |]sD d+ w #jT&+ eTq+<] se+.
eqeV\ y~ =* |#TsD, qe] 1999
eTT+usTT 1992`1993 \ ]q n\s|
ddt _.mH. lw $TwH q y~ ~ d+| |]#jT+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 244
+= >TsY m& s>y=<T

eTqTw\ |TsyTq |esq >T]+ ys\T $q|&T, #~$q|&T
eTqeTd\T H>]\yTH? nq d+<V+ edT+~.

>TsY |Tq\ >T]+ $q|&T += yTT +~ ~
eTqeTd\T eTqTw\yTH? nq d+<V+ #eT+~ e+~.
d\qT eTeT&> s|t #d eTT\T> q] >\u{q y, q
|\\qT |{\T bd dJe+> >\u{q y, sV<] MT< bTq
yVH\qT +~+ |{\T bd yVq+ |jD\
dV < | |{ Ve]q y ` M L& eTqTw nsTT
eTq+ @$T{?
eT&T H\\T> |X eTq* y~dTq~. nsTT y<q
u<T\sTTq d+|tT|]ysY b\ y |X yT #|&+ <T.
MTsT >< esD+&qT K+&+#&+ <T n m<TsT <& #dTHsT.
mes esD+&qT K+&+#<T f >Tsr V+<Te\T
b~\sTT eTTd+\ |q <& ~>s <usTTdTHsT.
+<T s+&T n<\THsTT. >< esD+&qT mes
K+&+#<q~ n<+. K+&+#& n+<] f+ q sTy
V+<Ty<T\T b>T #dq eT\T eTTd+\|q <& ~>sq~ s+&e
n<+.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 245
>< esD+& ]+~ |e] 27 b<Tq. 28 b<Tq qT+&

eTTd+\|q esD+& |< mTq >TsY y|+> yTT<\sTT+~.
= # 27 s yTT<\sTT+~. mesH K+&dTHs < n y
#d+<&? < d+ +<&?
sde\T nj< edb sq, dwqq |+q
eTTd+\qT |\T$<\ dsTTdTHsT. B >V+q >< s dwH
y+&sT eT yd b+yTq d> b*j nH d <>Zs #sTTH
>T+, dydT\qT L&>{ sde\ MT< ysT |jDdTq
u^ >\u{sT. n+<T <& #dq y] >V s\sTTq
sde s |jD\T ` d\ |\\ dV ` HsT.
yTT+ 58 eT+~ #bjsT.
] MT< |+ y |jD+ #dTq s\T u^ yTT+>
>\u{ |d|\\ dV 58 eT+~ #+|&+ n|TsyTq #s. <
K+&+# yses +&sT. { s|D | n<+.
n< n&+ |T= V+<Ty< d+d\T k+q
esDVAeT+ C DyT yTT<\sTTq~ L& <T. < d+
@sT # \+> k>TTHsTT. @ n<qT <=]H eTTd+
|C+|q yTT+>H <& #jT& y # \+> jsT>
HsT. >< esD+&qT neX+ #dT= n|{ jssTTq
|< neT\T #XsT. nLs+> (bX$+> n+f |Xe\qT
neeq |s#&+ neT+~) neT\T #XsT.
eTqTw\ yT< <X #] >T]+ n<\T #=|+#sT,
eTqdT\ eTTd+\ >T]+N k+ >T]+N $<c +bsT. XS\T,
sT |+#sT. n<| e<+T\ |#s > nud+
|<]+#sT. |uT CT ydT= bdT\qT eT @C+T>
eT\T#THsT. eTTd+\qT esZ+>H u+> ]+> k+|T+>
nD yjT&, y*yjT&, HXq+ #jT& e\dq ue,
u yesD sb+~+#THsT.
>< esD+&qT ds #dT=, n|{ jsT> q
|< |&+B> eTsTd{ sE \y] qT+& neT\T #XsT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 246
|e] 28 qT+& <<| e] 15e B < kq

<sq+& eTTd+\ yk\T, <TD\T, VA yTT+ 22,515
n VQ njsTT. 3800 sbjT\ d <+d+ nsTT+~.
1500 eT+~ < VeTjsT. d\T q+ eT+~ +
n#s >TsjsT. \qs Hu eT yk\qT e~*|{
XsDsT\ _s\ #ssT.
yH |+> $e]+# |#TsD ` eqeV\ y~ n#T
ydq >+B >TsY >& s+. 8 sE\bT nsTT<T V\
d+|\ +<+ u>+> eTT>TZsT eqeV\ y~ u<T\T
>TsY #|{q |sq |*+ |#TsD.
B <X+ Ls eT eT C|+ #d <c s#>=&+
<T. eT ndVq+ |{ m+{ $<w|P]yTq s|+ rdT+<,
me] |Dq rdT+< $e]+ #| $c =\+# |jT
&&+. #< b\qq, b<$T V\q |eD+> |T=
|]b*+#e\dq b\H jT++>+ yTH]{ esZ+ |q ]q
esD+& q u>yTq yH $|]+ b\H $\Te\qT
|q:k|+#& &&&+.
|+> #b\+f, += >TsY m& s>+& #&&
e\dq #q+ *+#&+ |#TsD \+.
#< b\qq, b<$T V\q, y< d]
b&Te&+ d+, nkeq y$<+ q eTq H>]qT
eTd ~+yd d+|tT|]ysY d+ |jT m<Ts=q&+
d+ |Cke |$T+# ys+ {> ~* sy\
|\T|d...
>+B >TsY >& s+ ]bsT
$wsD du d+ sdq s|+
11 pH 2002
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 247
>+B >TsY >& s+

I
eeT\T |TsD\T e
>TsY esD+& *+q+ \es+ eT<\+ ys @
|TH *+#<T. eT |TsD\T <X+ m|{qT+& sT>TTHsTT.

y{ m+<s #bjsT, #bTHsT.
>TsY esD+& eeT\T eT |TsD\ +f eT&T
s\T> _qyTq~. {, n~ |TsD <T, @|yTq esD+&.
|TsD nq|&T s+&T |\T +&*. >TsY |Tq (q{ 99
X+) s+&e |+ <T. s+&T, sw |uT+ |+> esD+&
u>+ eV++~. eT |TsD\T m|&T ]H |uT+ |b yK]
nqTd]dTq<q |s<T\T $q|&sTT. >TsY |uT+
|<]++~ e\+ |b+ <T. |uTyT esD+& ]|++~.
eT&T, <T+&>T\ eT\T n LsyTq V+d b\&sTT. |d|\\qT
eTT\T> q] #+|&+, |{\Tbd >\u&+, d\|q eTeT&>
n#s\T ]| eTT\T> qs&+, s&T MT< bTq yVH\qT
|, \T|\T rjT+& +&+<T +~+, yVq+ MT<
|{\T bd >\u{ n+<T q y+<] Ves&+ ` $
eeT\T eT |TsD\ \T e.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 248
1992`93\ eTT+usTT ]q esD+& b*\T

q|{ >TsY >TD+> _qyTq~. eTT+usTT eTTd+\T L&
=+yTs |TsD ~>sT. |uT jT++>+ V+< eT\
nqTL\+> eeV]+q|{, n~ >TsY> |uTyT q&|q
esD+& <T. V+d Ls+> |j+q|{ eT +
Ls+> <T.
+= eTTKyTq & L& +<y. >+ ]q eT |TsD\T
n~ u>+ |D\ |]$TyTq$. >TsY esD+&
nVeT<u< q>s+ deq+> esTeT\ >MTD b+\q
]+~. sw+ 25 >qT 6 \ eyT V+d
s><T. 8 \ ` nVeT<u<, dsY+{, |+#YeTV
<VA&, yTVkH, s&, q+<, U& ` reksTT ]+~.
n+, >+ ]q |TsD\ ` eTT+usTT esD+& dV `
<T+&>T\T nH y | esZ+> |+#ysT. >TsY
V+<Te\T yTT+>H Xs+>H eqd+>H <sq+&
bZHsT. $TqVsTT+|\T n d\+. #<Teq y, eTs<dT\
esZ #+~q y k<sD+> eT |TsD\ djT+> bZqsT.
Ls= d+w+#e#TqT >. >TsY <sq+&
esZ #+~qysT L& HsT>H bZHsT. s e eTTd+\
<TD\T \{#d eTT sTq edTe\T rdT= <TD
>\u{bjsT. |\ b{>|sT, {$ ]bssT kVd+ #d
<T+&>T\ eT\ <] V+k+&qT dJe+> #|+#sT.
\ +~+q V+k<c\T, Ls+ #dy
ujT+>=*bsTT. eTqTw\T + Ls+> |e]+#>\s n Xs+,
+<q *+#sTT.
sD\{e >TsY esD+& # \es+ s|+~.
d+|tT|]ysY d+d\ d+<q \es # |++~. HS
nDeTD |& q V+<Te\T |&T yT s>&sT n,
|]y n+<s u$+q V+<Te\T eT Xs+ |<]+#sT n
$XV+< |]wY HjT\T #s ]sC csY, |MDY =>&j\T
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 249
$yTq q+<+ |<]d |{+#sT. sjTT<T\sTTq |\qT `

d\q |\\q ` Ls+> V+d+ Ves&+ Xs+ @eTT+<,
|seT+ @eTT+< ns+ <T. < Xs+>, |seT+> u$+
]+\T =fy <X sj\qT Xd+# ksTT m<>&+ eT
+<q, ujT+ *+# $wjT+.
Te+{ |Ts\T ]q|&T +<q #+<&+, \es|&&+,
<X sujT ~H\ @+ > |&TT+< n ujT|&&+ dVyT.
n& eTq+ b $ |qse+ +& |& @MT
#jTeTT. |Tq |Ps|s\T \TdTy*, < duy ns+
#dTy*, < m<Ts=q& e\dq #H eTq+ b+<*,
|\ |+#*.
\+ +<|<X, eTVsw, |eT u+>\ #+~q
nsTT<T V\ d+|\ |<T\ +<+ yT H\ 7e B qT+& 14e
B < >TsY sw+ |s{++~. +<T eqeV\ y~
bT +<|<X bsV\ d+|T+, d|&sY (eTT+usTT), m|&sY
(|eT u+>), cV V d+|Tq (eTVsw)\ |<T\T
HsT. 14 eT+~ duT\T >\ +<+ eT&T {+\T> $&bsTT
nVeT<u<, s& q>s\H V+k+& n~+> ]q
dsY+{, <VA&, |+#YeTV, yTVkH, q+<, U&, s&
\ L& |s{++~. sw+ 91 XsDsT\ _s\ 20
_s\qT d+<]+ e+<~ eT+~ e{&+~. yTVkH, s&
\ sY\q, yTVkH bdt d|]+f+&+{q, sw
|uT ndd+{ ]|t $TwqsYq, s& q>s bdt
$TwqsYq, |+#YeTV +<yTq >< $XV+< |]wY
s<]q, #{ <|PsY #+~q sYmdtmdt |eTTKTq L&
e{&+~. >TsY d\ d+K |#dTq d#+< dy d+d\
ss\T L& eT n_bj\q nqTuy e +<+
|+#THsT.
ys+ sE\ |sq |*yTq y~qT s nsTT<T d+d\
eT& |#TsD> +>+ rdT=keTT. |{ +>+ =
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 250
y~\T e +&&+ e\, e y~ XsDsT\ |qsyd+

deTdL, bdT\ Hs |]X<q b\L, >TsY VsT
esD+& d+~+q rsT b\L b<q+ e&+
sT>TT+~.
nsTT >TsY esD+& >T]+ \T>T |{ deT>yTq
|#TsD @B s<T {, +>+ eq s y~\
$wj\qT L& #] eqeV\ y~ $&> |#TsD #|{+~.
nsTT<T d+d\ eT& +<+ d]+q de#s y~
y&Tq|{ +<T n_bj\ yTeTT eyT u<T\+.
II
CHd&
@<sTTH C HeTsb\T +& #d |jT CHd&
(C Vqq+) n+{sT. VsY HjT+ HJ\T jTs|t
jT<T* +& #jT& |jT+q d+> *d+<. eT<
\+ udj $Td$#Y Vj+ k eTTd+\qT yTT+>H
T&|fd |jT+ ]+~. s+&T |Tq\ MT< n+srjT
jTT< Hs\ {Tq $#sD ]bsTT.
CHd& nH Hs+ de+ \e+T\ esZ+ \VqT\ |q
|uT n~s+ dVs+ b\& Hs+ {, B dV+>H
<X+ |]Vs+ <=s<T. V+\T eT Hs Hs+> eT
<s+>H, eT C >=| de>H u$ksT. ys n& \e+T\T
{ y] @ #+ n&+ s<T, @ s +#<T.
VsY b\q jT<T\ <TsZ <w +#T=, C VqH
ys @ Cr *+& +&\+f n+srjT & | ys @
esZeT < u$+q s d$T, 12 qe] 1951q CHd&
HqHqT |{++~. <|q d++ #dq <X\ usY L&
{.
&+& ] 2 CHd&qT $<+> s+#sT.
C, eT+ ~s b|~\ MT< |CesZ yTT+> >
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 251
b+> > s|e| <X+ esZ #+~qy] Ve]H,

y] re Xs eqd V *+H, esZ u+> |q+
#d Jeq |]dT\T \e++> *+H, y] d+H
y]+# <X+ y]|q +\T $~+H, y] d+H
\e++> y] qT+& ysT #d nqesZ |\ n|+H n~
CHd& neT+~.
C VqH b\&&+, <d+ #jT&+, <
bV+#&+, n+<T u>k$T e&+ Hs\ &+&
] 3 n+T+~. B|q d++ #dq <X\ Hs eT <X
Hs #{\ #T *+ ]q+> +#\ &+& n]
5 n+T+~. C VqH b\&ysT mesq|{ ` |y{
e\sTTH, |uT n~sT\sTTH ` y] +#\ ] 4
n+T+~.
<X+ ]q C VqH >T]+ <X+ >T #s
rdTb, $wjT+ s d$T <w rdT=# n~s+ s
<X\ +T+< ] 8 n+T+~. ({, >TsY >T]+ s
<X\T e{&&+ nu+ss+ n us |uT+ n\>&+ CHd&
HqH $sT<+).
eT |TsD\T ]q d+<s\ CHd& nq e y&&+ `
eTTK+> eTTd+\ y| qT+& ` >+ ]+~. dssY dsesY e+{
bC\ e\ ~ydT\qT eT yd d\+ qT+& |*+ ~
yqT #jT&+ CHd& +~ edT+< y~+q y L& HsT.
nsTT $ H<\ ksTT +&bjsTT. eTT CHd&
>TsjeT+ #|syTq y~ |s<T #d < |q rsT
#|eT yTTyTT< ]q~ osY |+&{\T. y CrjT eqe
V\ $TwH |s<T #d, eTqT eT qd\yTq osY jT
qT+& yTT+>H ]yTdq V+k \|j>+ C Vqq+ +~
edT+< rsT #b\ ssT.
|s<T|q 1999 pH 11q rsT #|q CrjT eqeV\
$TwH y] y<qqT n+^]+#<T. osY |+&{\ ]+~
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 252
reyTq nHjTyT, eqeV\ neTDq n+^]d, nsTT

osYqT usY qT+& ysT#d |jT+ u>+> ysTy<T\T
|j+q V+d |+&{\T \js |, yqT osY jT
qT+& ]$T yjT&yT V+d \+ <T { n~ CHd& +~
s< #|+~.
eT] >TsY d+>? eTTd+\ sw+ |>T\T +&
#jT&+ | d+|tT|]ysY ys @ \yTH +<?
yTT< $<+k d++~+q >D+\T #<+. >TsY sw
|uT+ n+#H\ |syT, |e] 28 sTy |#]*q V+d
22,515 sD\T (, <TD\T, VA, b\T e>s) |P]>H
b+>H <+d+ njsTT. n~ u>+ n VQ njsTT.
y{ $\Tyq edTe\{ r]> \{ #d |q >\u{sT.
cs+\|q, b\|q <& #dq|&T j s+>\ |DT\sTTq
e\qT y+ rdT=bjsT ` $&> rd mTb>\ edTe\qT
mTbe&.
22,515 sD\ eTTd+\y. yse] MT< d+|tT|]ysY
eT\ e> >V+ <T. eTTd+\T> y]|q <&#ksT. y]
]+> HXq+ #j*, e+& <rj* nq~ | <T+&>T\
ys \+ <T. qw+ 3,800 sbjT\T +T+<
n+#H. |uT+ qT+& |{< <q qw|]Vs+ e\+ 17.6
sbjT\T. += 8 T <e#T. n+f $<+k >TssTTqysT
]+> eT \Te&+ # w+.
+ #e\& ed, ds m|dt #bsTTq 58 eT+~
\T|=, yTT+ 554 eT+~ eTT\T> >T]+qT |uT+
|+ +~. >T]+#&+ n+f ns+ Xy bdtes+ ]
+&*, Xe+ |q e n >T]+ +&*. nsTT n~ u>+
V\T keTV <Vq+& s|+ ]q|&T, Xy\qT
>T]+#&+ w+. nTe+{e $Td+> dT\T> |uT ]sT
qy<sTT HsTT. yTT+ eTT\ d+K 1000 qT+& 2000 <
+&e#TqH~ n+#H.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 253
M+<] #+|q V+<Ty< eT\ Mse]|H e>

<w+ <, <X+ d+, de+ d+, V+< eT+ d+, |
#Xs $XV+< |]wY >TsY sw HjT&T qusTT |f
nVeT<u< ybs esZ\ (&=HwqT sT) @| 4q sdq
K nH&T. n+f eTTd+\|q V+<Ty<T\T rsTq
eTeT& |rsyT V+&. ~ eTTd+\T> y|q ]q
<&.
C V+& yTT<\sTTq sTy < deT]+#TH
eT+ n~ CHd& | ys @MT < #|H #| | |q\T,
XseTq s|\T # e#sTT. eTq*+ +u{ |
>Tsr qT+& +^wt nqTe~+q s| \T>T
nqTe~+ & dTH+.
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t 257
L& eTTd+\T +&ysT >, = eT |TsD ]q|&T =

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t 258
usus\T d+sY |sY ~ |ywH |t swq <{ nH VTy<

d+d q&T|THsT. n eH #b\+f, V<su<
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CVsY <+|T\T \<#THysT. 1993 k] $<+>
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t 259
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t 260
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q +{ qT+& jT edT+&>, d+|tT|]ysY eT yTqT
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yTT+>H q eT+qT mHy s\j es&T. y
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|sT s| n #b<T, s$ n #| n MTsuVH nesTT
V#]++~.
d+|tT|]ysY |#s kV+ V+< d\T eTTd+\ ejT
|&b+& C>|&\ # re |<C\+ |<|< V#]+#&+
sT>TT+T+~. eT V+< eT>y eTTd+ d\ d++<+
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me $jT+ neT+<y. n< ]esY ] C
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C $<c\ eeT\T> +& \D+ >TsY
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t 261
<eTsT&T e e{&T <++ #b&T. n n\T&

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III
><
|e] 27q >< s dwH <>Zs dsr m|dt mdt`6
#YqT k eTTd+ >T+| >\u{ 58 eT+~ dJe+> <Vq+
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}] eT |TsD\T n&b<&b sT>TH HsTT. >TsY
sw+ |<q eT |TsD\ +< {> >< |sT b+~+~.
1980 ]q |TsD\ }] 365 sE\T s +&+~.
>< yTeTT k eTTd+\H , $XV+< |]wY |+#YeTV
s<] _|H usTT s<&q e{&eTT. n+, sw+
m&bsTTH me] e{&H >< >T]+ @< n_bjT+
$q&TT+~.
d\+> eT&T s\ n_bj\T HsTT. { $XV+<
|]wY n_bjT+. _|HusTT s<& @eT+{&+f, seT de\ MT<
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27e Bq nVeT<u< y| edTq dsr m|dt seTde\T
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 262
Ves\ eTT+<T>H |<+ ydTHsT. < ><H m+<T

m+#THsT? nq |X _|HusTT meeT+~ eTTd+\T ed+#
dqT+& s\T |jD+# #T <X+ ys m& <T { n
&&+& yT #b&T (n~ e n MTsT ]+#L&<T.
n > $XV+< |]wY > <X+ s m&& @jT
d\ qT+& |jDkjT \TdTqqTe&+ eTq *$ eq+
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t 263
nj< edb >< sdwH eTTd+ y+&sqT $|+>

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bfH bsY bdT\ n_bjT+ L& n< e&+ >eTHs+.
seTde\T nj <T. M
1990 nj< T\ {& bs+_+q|{qT+& ~
sT>TH e+~. s\T eTTd+\ # \e++> Cls+
n|+#&+, eTTd+ y+&s <>Zs =qTq edTe\
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b{bs+ MT< +<T\T yjT&+ ` |~ d+es\ |> +T
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|esqqT n<T| #d |jT+ @ sp #jT<T.
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y <& T =+eT+~ eTT V+<Te\eT
|{+#Te\d e+~. | k\ <q+ |s+
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t 264
s& ={sT, d\q |d|\\q L& e~*|<T.

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y L& n< > |{+#sT.
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| k\ <q+. b<Tq 8 >+\ sT& dwH
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ys |e] 27 +f s+&T sE\T eTT+< |#T]eTsTT+<
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*+q ys nq& M\T<T.
|e] 27q <& >Tsq dsr m|dt |jD+q
seTde\T L& <]b&eH eTTd+ |jD\qT, b{b+ MT<
q y] re+> dsTT+#sT. n< s\T |Cu< qT+&
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 265
eTTd+\qT &+, =&+, y qT<T \+ ~~ Cls+ n H<+

eT |&+#&+ yTT<\T|{sT. eTTd+ d H<+ e&
s]+#> y #sTTH >T+ yTq yT usq \e++> s\T
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nH&T.
s\T <<| 1200 eT+~ sde\T |jDdTHs ~
V+< ~q| k s n~sT\T #|qT | sd+~.
<] b&eH ysT s |jD\qT y~dTHs n~sT\T
#|qT fyT |t +&j L& sd+~. s\T qs +bsYyT+{H
, mdt`5, mdt`6 u^\ L& sde\T |<d+K msT. 66
eT+~ usY\T T #dTq mdt`6 #Y 150 eT+~< |jD+#sT.
sde\T d MT< Ls> ]swH #sTT+#Tq |jD\T
=+<sT H\MT< |&Te\d e+~. s+ +H mdt`6
&{ q {{ mu>, sde\T n me<T.
< >T+| =~sE\ + nj< s\T
q|&T b{bs+ MT~ eTTd+ y+&sY >=&e |THsT.
neeqs+> e{&sT, rdTq #jYT &T\T e+&
dsTT+#sT. sT>T |jD+ s\T >< dwH >>H
sde\L y+&sL eT< >=&e yTT<\sTT+~. >< s b{bs+
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 266
|+#T+~ > yTqT sde\T n|V]+#sq e<+ b{bs+

MT< y>+> b+~.
sTy @+ ]+<H~ mes dw+> #|bTHsT.
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m+#sq nqTeq+ <T\TTq s\T mq eTTd+ jTTeesH
>T+Cs? b >=&e @MT d++<+ ys |jDesH
>T+Cs?
m ]H > s @ >=&y s>+&H s\T eTT+<T
bsTT+~. nsTT MTsT bsTTq sTy, d>b*j d
eT< #sTTH eT mes >T+CsT. d>b*j d n~+> |+N
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d>b*j d dMT|+#>H #sTTH >T+ +&e#TqT.
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m|dt +~. D\ MT< dqT+& |<d+K eTTd+\T s\T <>Zs
#ssT. mdt`6 #Y MT< <&#XsT. s, qT| s& ={sT.
sde\T {\T, \T|\T yXsT. eT<eT< = s
<=]#T y L& yq $dssT. s\T |jD\T
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bXs L& bD\ jT|& e nH&T.
sTy |{\T, &d &dq u^ ||{sT.
D\MT< n~ >\& 58 eT+~ #bjsT. n+<T 24 eT+~ d\T,
12 eT+~ |\\T, eTT>TZsT eTTd+\T L& eHsT. 58 eT+~ 33
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 267
eT+~ sde\ n+THsT { (n~ eTsTT) d\ =+<sT

sde\sTT e+&*. $T*qysT k<sD |jD\sTT e+&*.
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u^ k<sD |jD\ bD\T L& bjT *d e+&*.
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<Vq+ #jT&+, n+<T |d|\\qT L& #+|&+ $T+#s Hs+.
nsTT >< esD+& |<+ |s+ seTu\|q
eTTd+\T ]|q V+ <& n sw |uT+ |>T #dq
|#s sTy esD+& |eTTK b +&+~ {, sw
|uT+ sj m|&T e+~, m{ e+~ nq |X
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| |<+ |s+ ]+~ < 28e BH |\ #|q d+>
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e n |\q, {.$. #Hq nHsT. yT m& <sq
+& e nq<T. s+ yT >< sTesZ\
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|D+ e+ { s+&T q |Tq\T $TqVsTT+ @MT
s>+& #&>*+~.
u<>\ k n~sT*<s b<$T <s| <s+>
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 268
n|{ esD+& jsT> eq d+|tT|]ysY eT\ eT+

k +~. sde\ nV+uy >< dwH y+&s <TsTdTq+
#|q <sTDyTq yT> $T*be\dq |Tq, V+<Te\|q
eTTd+\ jTT< |q> e] ujT+syTq |rs |] nsTT+~.
CrjT eqe V\ $TwH >TsY sw |uT+
deT]+q ]bsT #d, |uT+ yK] m+ nd+<yTq< ns+
neT+~. >< esD+& eTT+<T> ydTq |<+ |s+
]+~ n qs+< y& |uT+ y~ n+~. n+f
seTde\T |<d+K sE dsr m|dt yq edTHs
>< eTTd+\ *d +&*, *d |<+ ydT= +&*.
n+eT+~ sde\T s\T edTHs *d, |TsD\T ]>
neX+ e+< *d, s\T>, b{bs+ MT<> +<dT
m+<T |<T nq eqe V\ $TwH |X yT>, y
sE s\T edTqT |uT +{*CH de#s+ <T n+~.
|e] K]ys+ nj< bsTTq sde\T e] 10`15 eT<
] eks e +{*CH de#s+ +&+~ > |e] 27H
] eks e de#s+ <T n+~.
eT] bdT +{*CH *jT $wjT+ >< >T
eTTd+\ m{ *d+~? y eTT+< |<+ m{ ydTHsT?
IV
esD+& |<+
>< esD+& |<+ |s+ s>< nHeTT.
|e] 28 qT+& d+|tT|]ysY <s+ ]q esD+& e+
|<+ |s+ ]+<H n+TH+. n+f |e] 28 qT+& <=MT
yTT<\T|{\ ysT |<+ ydT<T. neX+ >< esD+&
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@sE neX+ eH eTTd+\|q <& #jT& e\dq j
|P]> #dTHsT. e] 15 |\ @ neX+ sb, e] 15q
>T& bsTTq &T|eT+qT eTTd+\|q <&#d (yqT
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 269
T+#&+ dyT < |uT\ sT\ eTqT >T& e&+

<T?) #sT+<TsT.
B sTEe #jT& yTeTT |<> w|&qs<T. d+|tT|]ysY
HjT\ e sTEe #ksTT. $XV+< |]wY >TsY sw
#sH> |\e& .. Xd (Xes+ os+ Xd) &|t.+ q
+s n d+>T\ |dTH&T. 90 d+es\T |&q
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ns+ nesTT.
neqT, ey #XsT nH&T. n\> q+ <T, eT+eT+
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ey <, yqT |{ |&+? nH&T. $wds\T $
L& XTeqT ujT|& n|&|&T Td=&TT+&* nH&T.
Xk\T V+dqT |e < n+f = $wj\T Xk\
u>H +{sTT nH&T. ~ <=MT <T, V+& <T, sT>T
|q, mes | |q nH&T. bdT\T L& V+<Te {
ey #dT+f #dT n }sTHsT nH&T.
n{+f eTTK+>, <+d+ #jTe\dq eTTd+\ <TD\T,
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s, ns_ uw\ qT+& eq |sT +&e. >Tsr |s +{sTT.
usT s sjTsT. >TsrH sksT. C >Tsr eTTd+\
<<| me] s s<T. |D\ +&y, #<Teqy
V+B e#T. <X+ # b+\ eTTd+\T V+B e{&H =
s e\T #sTksT. >TsY eTq+ y e{&|&T
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e+ d#yTq V+B yT #bsT.
+ |P]> *dbsTTq y] <TD\T, s\j\ C_ m{
jsT#ksT? n+<T e\dq $es\T (<TD\ |#d
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 270
qT+& rdTy*. ]sT\ #d de#s+ d]+ |Te&

# f+ |&TT+~. n+<T |uT XK\ n~sT\ dVjT
dVs\T y*. C ys messTTH m+ eT+ nedsH
c|\ jTeq |sT, $es\T y\ n& n~sT\T esT
d+|tT|]ysY n+{ dVs+ \_++<+f n~s jT++>+
MT< d+|tT|]ysY |T m+{< ns+ neT+~.
jTe mes \TdTe& |uT ]sT\ MT< <s|&s
#|&= sD+ dsY+{ VeTYq>sY e
sd|&+~. }] yVs @Cdt nH d+d +~. n~ |&T
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<H= V+<Te =H&T. nsTT |uT ]sT\ e+
jeq+ esT qy<T <T. < >T\u& d+|tT|]ysY
eT eq|&T = jTe #T\T C&+ qT V+<Teq
#|= nu]+H $q+& B jTe mes e \TdT n
|P]> >\u{sT.
>TsY sw+ CrjT sV<s MT<Tq 1150 VA,
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f+b\q CrjT sV<s MT< ds$Vs+ #d =
VAq, b \{ #XsT, >\u{sT. eT +><,
$XV+< |]wY ss n|{|&T |]ds >e\ qT+&
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L& V+<Te\ #+~q sD eTTT<T. m|{qT+&
deT>+> de#s+ d]+ +f | ~ k<+ njT~ <T.
#\+> $XV+< |]wY XS\T, #\T |Te&
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+>< |<q seTyT XS\T |+#&+. jTTe\+<s
XS\T <]+#\ +>< n~]+>H |\T| dT+~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 271
XS\+ nH~ # dT\u+> $T& |<TqsTTq jTT<+.

bD+yTq jTT<+. < XS\+ n |sT |&+ e\+ n<<
eT V+ nq n_bjT+ *+ sY |]~ qT+&
|+#Te& |, < #L & @MT<T. skH
sw+H +>< 40 \\ XS\T |++< sw eTTKeT+
nX >V{ nH&T. >TsY m |+#s #|y sT.
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bkHqT T<eTT{+#sTT yTeTT eT+~s+ sD =+\+
ysTT< yk+ nH&T. = sE\ sTy uTeHXsY $sT\
e{&T osY deTd |]cs+ nj< +~ nH&T.
nj< se\jT sD+ V+<Te\ , XkeTs \q
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eT+~s sD+ <s |<]+# neX+ ks |uT+
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s< +& e{&&T. keTH< <y\jT+ MT< >
eTVeT<T #dq <&, nj< usY se\j L* eTd<T
&+, d|+sY 11 H&T es f& d+sY|q ]q <&, osY
$T*f+ >&\T, &d+sY 13q us bsyT+T|q ]q <&,
|e] 27q >< ds m|dtqT >\u{q |Tq ` e
f, n VB T~ V n =>&j k] <T, s+&TksT
<T |<|< nH&T. M{ us+ <X+ | eTTd+ yj*.
M{ | eTTd+ yT #b*. 2000 d+es+ osY
neTsYH< j\T 33 eT+~ \wsY``sTTu $T*f+T
#+|q+<T |rs+> >TsY eTTd+\|q $XV+< |]wY
<s+ ]q <&T\qT deT]+#T+ |MDY =>&j, n&
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 272
|Tq yT & #b+ nH&T. n+f m&sTTH $XV+<

|]wY V<> u$+# |Tq ]qsTT <X+ eTTd+\+
< yT #|y*. |X\ yT #|&+ <T, sL
XS\L #|y*.
~ e{ H<+> |+#e#T. >TsY syTq
#q\ $d b#Ts+ +~. |MDY =>&j >TsY
#+~qy&T. nVeT<u< yd. n|&= |< Vs nj&T. e
+<+ >TsY q K] sE eTT \T# d+|Tq ]+~.
sE yTeTT *dq eTTd+\T # uj+<q eHsT. eT
>TsY |rs V+& yTT<\eT+<yq.
d+|tT|]ysY XS\T |+, n$ |Te& jTTe\
u\T\T |+, eTTd+\ , dT\ *dT jsT#dT=, neX+ d+
m+<T #T +< ns+ y\+f $wj\ <w
+#Ty*.
V
= |Ts\T
Ls |<|< #&&+ eTq eqd s> eT+~ <T.
nsTT CrjT, <Xu, dN\ yTT<\sTTq H<\ <X
sj\ |y+q d+|tT|]ysY ss\ eqd d
m{+{< \TdTe& y] Ls f |Tq\H=k]
|qXsD #dTe&+ neds+. s| eTq #T L& nTe+{
|Tq\T ]> sE ed eTq+ d+ #w\T& Ls+& +{+.
* *+U& |+#YeTV >eT+. |e] 28 qT+& n&
|]d # res|+ rdT>, 20 eT+~ duT\T>\ eT&
T++ b+&T>yT nH >e b<eT jT\T<ssT.
*+U& s\T m &s dwH ~>sT. n& qT+& ]> ys
@<H +&> rdT= b+&T>yT by*. &s ~> y]
n& L& |]d u>< nseTsTT+~. mTb<e n
dT+&>H # jTT<\T |Tq |<>T+| nTy|
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 273
e+~. M |+#Te& |sT>sT nqsYUH |sH nH

e y # &T. y n sdH bd >\u{
#+bsT. $T*q y &s >e dMT|+#d] eTs= |<
eT m<TssTT+~. eT # T\T, u\T, s\T HsTT.
|{\T sdH &u\T HsTT. eT MqT qs< bC
\e y| ]$T+~. M nf |sT>sT. n& >T+| d\T
yTT< y # sT. CTk (18), sVHuH (50), ds
(12), qsYCVH (14), nbH uH (20), UH ;; (40)\qT
$ed\qT #d y]|q eTeT&> n#s+ #d, q], |{
bd >\u{sT. eT>y L& 8 eT+~ y] T\, |{\T
\jsT. *+U& qT+& |+#T= eq 20 eT+~ 14 eT+~
$<+> #bjsT.
MMT< <&#dq >T+|\T n|{ &s >eT+ =
+{MT< <&#d \{#d 38 eT+~ dJe+> <Vq+ #d HsT.
&s >eT eTTd+\+ |&T , V \ +<\
XsDsT\ _s\ HsT.
* <VA& <VA& \ s+~|PsY #+~q _dt nH d
<VA& mdt.|. sd q |s<T q T+u #+~q 15
eT+~ Ve]q yH, qq q q_&q, s d\q s|t
#dq yH $<+> $e]++~. |e] 28 b<Tq _dt q
3 1/2 d+es\ _& dVq, s T+ duT\q *d
(yTT+ 16 eT+~) s+~|PsY qT+& u]j *q&q
jT\T<]+~. s+~|PsY yesD+ u>< >eT+ |
#XsT. <] eTd<T s >&bsT. eTsTd{sE
jT\T<] KT< >e bsTT n& ~yd +{ s+&T
sE\T >&bsT. sTy eT jT\T<ssT. #|sYy& >eT
ysT s+&T =+&\ eT< bT+&> s+~|PsY, #|sYy&\
#+~q 30`40 eT+~ kjTT<T\T s+&T yVH\ m<TsT e#sT.
y s+~|PsY ydT\+<] _dt >TsT|{+~. y #
T\T, ]d\T, u\T, =&e, $\+T\T eHsTT. |T+&,
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 274
qs+& n+ y M] y+|&sT. _dtqT, s d\qT, _dt

3 1/2 d+es\ _& dVqT (yTT+ 8 eT+~) s|t #XsT. _dt
#dT+&>H b|qT #+bsT. _dt \MT< => yT
dV| |&bsTT+~. yT #bsTT+< y u$+, $T*q
y+<] q] #+| y[bjsT. yT |&T >< XsDsT\
_s+ +~.
* e] 1e Bq |+#YeTV |+<sYy& |TsyTq
esD+& ]+~. sE b<Tq 5000 $T+q >T+|
>eT+|q <&#jT&+ #d eTTd+\T ##<TsjsT.
deTjT+ eTV+< e nH |f \dT&T yqT q
y[ <=eT nH&T. 10 n&T>T\ mT >& +~ ` MTsT u<+>
+{sT nH&T. n e q$T #eT+~ eTTd+\T n
bjsT. qT jT \T||{ < n&+>
syTT<T\T |{, <T+&>T\ d>#X&T. y e yTT< >E
|+\, eT+& skjTq |<s\ |\ yXsT. sTy sdH
bd >\u{sT. |+#T= b]be& |jT+q y]
|T= q]sT. _C| #+~q UH|PsY \ |+#jT
n<&T d+Y |f dV #eT+~ |sqT |+#Tq
u~T\T bdT\ #sT. yTT+ 60 70 eT+~
esD+& #bjsT. #e |+#Tq y+<s \Hy&
+| HsT.
* yTVkH dssY|PsY 70 eTTd+ T+u\T HsTT. e]
1q }] d+|tT|]ysY HjT+ 5000 eT+~ >T+|
=\qT |+| sT +|, { s+T HH |{, eTTd+\qT
=] rdT= n+<T \e++> d+~. =+<sT {H
#bjsT. =+<sT \\ qT= jT|& |jT+ #jT>,
y] ]$T |T= q], >\u{ #+bsT. yTT+ 33 eT+~
$<+> #bjsT. q eTTd+\+<s yTVkH H e~*|{
+>dt =+#+ \+ eq bsT>T nsTTq dsY+{
y[bjsT. + m{ |]dq ] dssY|s eTT beT
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 275
ysT ssTT+#T>, eTTd+ d#+< d+d\T |uT dVjT+ d+

>+& kYq>sY nH# y]d+ \ {dTHsT.
* dsY+{ e|PsY #+~q eTTd+\T e] 1e Bq
= |y{ yVH\ qT+& y[bjT <X+
jT\T<ssT. |+#YeTV |y+#>H y yVH\qT
y{sY d |jDdTq <T+&>T\T seT&+ yTT<\T|{sT.
*+_&j # nH# M yVH\ { KssTT bsTT+~.
1000`2000 eT+~ kjTT<T\T M] yVH\qT #TTeTT{sT.
|{bd >\u{sT. b]bjT |jT+ #dq y] y+&+
q] #+bsT. yTT+ 74 eT+~ VeTjsT.
* s& (e&<s) q>s+ VqTeH f b++ eq udt u
jTe eTTd+. b++ me> |< V+<Te\T, =+<sT
|< eTTd+\T edksT. eTTd+ T+u\ |e] 27 H& d
$& y[bjsTT. udt u jTe e+ b<T. k
V+< |eTTKT&sTTq jT+usTT #jYTy n VMT #&T
@MT <.
nsTT e] 1 kjT++ 8 >+\ #jYTy djT+>
500 eT+~ >\ >T+|qT rdT= u|q <& #X&T. u y
bdt +{ s+, b>{ bdtdwH bH #XsT. bdT\T
~> edTH+ nHsT. >+qs sy bdt J| e
$Tw+ u <>Zs \& y[bsTT+~. + sTy <T+&>T\T
<& res+ #XsT. b<Tq 10 >+\ < \{ #XsT.
>\u{sT. eTqTw\qT dJe+> <Vq+ #XsT. T\ q]
#+bsT. u |#dTq eTT>TZsT V+< ]\ b\T N*
#+bsT. eTT>TZsT d\qT, q\T>TsT |\\qT dJe+> <Vq+ #XsT.
yTT+ u eq 18 eT+~ 14 eT+~ VessT.
* <VA& ||s >eT+ skH d]V<T 10 .MT\
<sq +~. }] 217 eTTd+ T+u\THsTT. n~ \
+<+. bdtdwH +~. }] eTTd+\T e] 1e Bq
ujT+syTq qs+ nqTu$+#sT. |e] 28e BH ysT |]d
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 276
>eT+ }sT $&|{ y[b<eTqTHsT >, 28q sw+<,

e] 1q <XeT+{ +< sV+q d+|tT|]ysY eT\T
||PsY qT+& jTbjT n s&L #T, s n&+ yXsT.
e] 1q s L& +&+~. n+<Te\ eTTd+\T
|+#TbjsT. nsTT d+|tT|]ysY <T+&>T\ s n&+
s<T. d+|tT|]ysY ss\T, y] yqT ||s #+~q
V+< T+u\ jTTe\T, |]ds >e\ ~yd\T |<d+K
1e Bq eTTd+\ |q <&#XsT. bdT\T, dsT #d
}sTHsT. <T+&>T\T = +{ d\qT jT
$ed\qT #d s|t #XsT. sTT+{ eT>y ||T{+#>,
eTT>TZ] (eTVeT< k >T+&, jTdT|t eTVeT< >T+&,
nV< nT + >T+&) ]$T, q] #+bsT. = >+\d|
kq <sq+& qT+& |+#T= d\T, |sTw\T, |\\T
eT&T f+b\ sT= skH d]V<T <{ |& >e
bjsT. sT d+> *d }] e M] s+&T
+|\T @sT #X&T. +{MT< d]>Z \T +& eq
d\ \T |+#&T. >TsY sw |uT+ >, <VA&
n~sT\T > skH |\T ||PsY |Ts+ >T]+ |<mTq
sd< }] eTTd+\T @eTsTTbjs L& +#<T.
sTy <VA& sY |& bsTT 11 yVH\ y]
yq rdT=#&T (eT&T yVH\ bsTTq yeTT 11
yVH\ ] e#eT+f yTeTT @ |]d bjy
}V+#T+& n ||s _s+ |< nT dsY n+{&T).
||s ]q s|t >T]+ {.$. &yT+ s
u~Ts $es+> e{& y+>\T qy<T #d<, s
#dq k bdT\T >, dsT > Hs+ qy<T #jT<T.
* nVeT<u< q>s+ #eTH|s b++ >T\sYZ kd{ y]
_*+>\T HsTT. n+<T ed+q |eTTKT\ sT +>dt
b HjT&T, eJ m+.|. mVkH C|. |e] 28 b<TqT+&
d|q d+|tT|]ysY <& yTT<\sTT+~. <+d+ #jT&+,
>\u&+ ws #XsT. C| nVeT<u< bdt $TwqsY
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 277
b+& bH #X&T. b<Tq 10.30 deTjT+ $TwqsY b+&, ysY

H+sT 19, 20\ s=ssT C| +{ e#sT. \>\qT
|+|keT <s+> +&e#Tq VMT #sT. y y[bsTTq
nsTT<T $Tc\ >T\sYZ kd{ dMT|+ u, {q
d+|tT|]ysY <T+&>T\T >T\u{sT. sTy _*+> MT< s,
|q |{ u+T\T, d& \T\T yjT&+ yTT<\T|{sT. e]
>T\sYZ kd{ yqTy| qT+& |< >T+| >T |>\>={ |*
#=s&sT. nqsY nH e #+|, f\T rdT= nd+
|s&yT eTs= eT&T T\T L& |ssT. nqsYqT
eTT\T> q] |q >\u{sT. <+ sT>TT+&>
mVkH C| kd{ _*+>qT+& bdt $TwqsY dV
n~sT\+<] bqT #dH H&T. @ dVjTeT n+<<T.
>T\sYZ kd{ |qTq V+<Te #+~q _*+> qT+&
<T+&>T\T |<mTq s, +&\T kd{ _*+>| yjTk>sT.
<& n&+|T |* <] mVkH C| jT{
>T+EbjsT. <<| eTTbe >+ n nLs+>
&THsT. \T }&Bd |s& #sTT+#sT. Cls+, e+<es+
nqeT \e++ #XsT. nqT nqbjTd] #y >q]sT.
sTy #T\ S >q] yT& |s +{ k<q+ |{
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kjT++ nsTT<T >+\ bdT\T e#d] 59 eT+~
VessT. d+|tT|]ysY ss\ HjT+ <T+&>T\ d+K
<<| 20,000 +T+< dT m|tsY <K\T #dq HdsY
ms djT+> q |s<T nH&T.
* qs& >eT+ nVeT<u< q>s 15 .MT\ <sq +~.
|H qs& b{j +~. |e] 28q qs& >eT+q qs&
b{jq ]q esD+& esHr+. b++ <<|
1000 eTTd+ T+u\T+&$. n+ |< ]. dMT|+
>|H< kd{, >+> kd{\ #+~q d+|tT|]ysY ss\T
>+ L& nHksT qs&, qs& b{j eTTd+\qT
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 278
dsTT+#sT. 1999 qs& <sZqT L\>={ V+<

<e $>V+ n& |w+#sT. | #dq |TqT\T $XV+<
|]wY d+jTT |<q s<] &. CB|t |f, k m+m@
ej ={.
yTTq{ |e] 28q eT CB|t |f HjT+H U sT,
cjT+ jTqT, \ q\T|/cjT+ ]qT <]+q 10,000
eT+~ eT qs&, qs& b{j\|q <&#XsT. y #T\
T\T, ]d\T, |{ u+T\T, d& u+T\T eHsTT. se&+
se&yT qs eTd<TqT <+d+ #XsT. sTy = T+u
eTeT&> dJe+> <Vq+ #jTk>sT. UsTk nH d|q 11
eT+~ n#s+ #d yT dV yT yTT+ T+u dJe+>
<Vq+ #XsT. dsYuH nH 8 H\\ >]D|q n#s+ #d yT
&T| d _&qT jT rd | |&d yTqT q] #+bsT.
eTq*+ +u{ e{&T nMTH nH XsD] e
VQdHq>sY d L& e~*|<T ` n+<]|H n#s+
#XsT, #eT+~ sTy q] #+bsT n+~. VQdHq>sY
qs& y&. eH nH 6 d+es\ u\T& # \e++>
|{ +, nZ|\ ^d H{ yXsT. u\T&T |* #bj&T.
yTTsTTqTBH nH 18 d+es\ $+>T& # \e++> sdH
+, |& fd >\u{ nqT m{ >\&& #d
q+~+#sT. bsT+{ nesTT b&& bsTTq n *
$+>T&sTTq q =&T &T> +&bsTTq+<T $\|d
n&q ys+<] q yTTsTTqTBH < #|q~. qs&, qs&
b{j yTT+ 80 eT+~ VeTjs n+#H. * TZ nsTT
dXq+> jssTTq qs& >eT+ >TsY CVqH
V+> +~.
eTqTw\qT qs&+, s|t #jT&+, dJe+> <Vq+ #jT&+
eyT <T. eTTd+ eT V\qT HeTs| neXw+ +&
=\+# |jT+ #XsT. eTq*+ +u{ rdq \ |s+
sw y|+> 234 eTd<T\T, <sZ\T b+>H |P]>H <+d+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 279
nsTTHsTT. n~+> nsTT+~ nVeT<u< q>s+, (55),

q+< (53), s& q>s+, (22), |+#YeTV
(19), yTVkH (18), dsY+{ (13), <VA&
(13). <+d+ #dq eTd<T\q <sZ\q >&\|q T, T\T
sjT&+, V+< <e\ $>V\T, b{\T |&+ ]+~. eTd<T
KTsH \T +| <|q eT+ bXsT. <VA&
||s >eT+ eq s+&T eTd<T\T, <Z\qT <+d+ #jT&yT
eTd<T >&\ MT< T T sXsT. eT&+{q cjT+
C+& m>sXsT. n< d+C* >eT+ eTd<TqT <+d+ #d
< >&\ MT< V+<Ty+ V V+<TkH, eTTdH #Cy
bkH (us<X+ V+<Te\~, eTTd+\T bkH b+&) n
jTV |sY ny> { *j Cy> (& ed q] #+|+) n
sXsT. dsY+{ VeTYq>sY <ZqT L\&
eTTdb*{ #+~q T&sYqT rdT=#sT. eTTd| n~sT\
&T +& n~ s><T.
nVeT<u< q>s+ bdt $TwqsY s\jT+ |H eq e
>Tsr <sZqT e] 1 s syqeT+ VsH b+& nqT#sT\
eT L* H\eT+ #d n& cjT+ C+& m>syd+~.
yqTy+H q>s b\\T s+>+ ~ <sZ q# sTs&T
ydXsT. e q nqTuy\T |+#Tq nVeT<u< #+~q
n<|s\T $<+> n+~. e] H\ sE HqT,
s#sTT, eTTd+ eTdT&sTTq &sT { nTy| bTH+.
|&T <sZ q# => eq qTq{ s&T <>H <sZ #jT\T
dV+ $T>\+& #dXsT, #Xy nHqT. { &esT y+H
n+<T= neqT, yTyT #X+ nH&T. <sZqT #dqf eTTd+\qT
#+|q|&T L& |P&|& Xe+ dV+ <=s+& eTT\T>
q] >\u{+ nH&T. n|{ s b<TbsTT+~. sTy
|jD+ eTTd+es e q &sYqT |sT|{ |\e+& &sY
ku n d+u~+#eTT. =+d|{ &esY, MT eTTd+\qT
#+|& T\T $XV+< |]wY eTT+< |+|++~ < n
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 280
dV|Ps+> n&>eTT. neqT, |e] 28 b<TH T\T |+#sT

nH&T.
$XV+< |]wY n+srjT |<q s<] |MDY =>&j
e &sT. nVeT<u< <q+] d q&T|&T. yTT<{
s+&T V+d q&TdT+&> n d jTT<\T |<mTq e#jT
n+{sT.
eT $<w+ eTd<T\T, <sZ\T, <Z\ $<+d+ <>Zs b<T.
skH\qT (dXH\qT) L& $&|<T. dsY+{
wH|TsY \ _& >eT+ 3000 eT+~ +>< eT
15 qT >\u&yT , eTTd+\ dXH bsTT b de<T\T
$ y{ |{ bd + $T* eHjT u$+q eT
neXc\qT >\u{sT!
VI
|uT b
>TsY sw b\H jT++>+ | |yTjT+H
esD+& ]+<q& e\dq <s\THsTT. $es\T
#d eTT+<T, #] =+#+ bsTT sw+ |]dT\T +>
~>Cs& >\ H|<+ #<+.
>TsY esD+& <[T\T, ~ydT\T |<d+K bZq&+
|C+y<T\+<] \es|]+~. esZ\ |\T d+|tT|]ysY
>T|{ m{ bjs n XsbTH+. yde+ #b\+f
sw+ |C+ <e\T m|& \+> e. \+> @$T{,
nd e #|e#T. |<\qT, <[T\qT, ~ydT\qT |C+
<e\T d+|T{+ #jTb esZ\ |\T n#q+>
+&bsqT+f bsuf. eT neds\ yTs yT d+|T{+
>\sT. nH d+<s\ neTHsT L&. < bddT X\
\\+>q es>\sT. $XV+< |]wY ~ydT\qT q
eTT&Te& nqTd]+q |< sTy #<+.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 281
uVDT\T, j\T, |f >TsY |<q |+< \T.

(|f nH~ \+ |sT <T. b{<sY n+{sT. nsTT ysT
eT |sT es |f n |T+{sT { y] |f n+{sT).
>Tsr ybs esZyT yT<$ esZ+ L& n~+> \
#+~q<. ysT sb+~+q <T >Tsr #] = |<q
|T{\THsTT. >TsY V+<T+ M{ #T sT>TT+~. {,
k++ sTy dssY |f #=se rdT keTH< <y\j
(> eTVeT< <&T\ <+dyTq <y\j) ] ]+#&+.
|Tq eTq+<] \TdTqT > >TsY < ys beTTK+ +~.
k++ e\+ _{wt b\q qT+& k++ <, n+eTT+<T
q&q eTTd+ b\q qT+& L& k+eT d+# V+>
keTH< \jT |q]sD ysT #ksT. HVA $wjT+
>V+#&T f |q]sD+ dssTTq | < u$+#&T. nsTT
jTq nqTd]+q dsTuT sj\ u>+>, \jT |qsT<sD
#|{q VA+eT+ |fqT > qq \jT+ $wsD VssTTq
sw| sC+<|k<qT > |<T.
s+&T, <<| n< deTjT+ bkH d+< b++ qT+&
V+< XsDsT\ s. d+< >TsYqT qT= +~. <X $uq
deTjT+ d+< qT+& e#dq V+< XsDsT\T n|{ u+usTT
sw+ >TsY b+ e#sT. ysT nqTu$+q V+dqT
>Tsr\T $HsT. C <X d]V<T s+&Ty| < |]d
+&+~. & eTTd+\T, n& V+<Te\ d\ syTq
}# >TsjsT. nsTTq|{ < eyT C|+
+#T<\#Tq y] |<esT?
eT&T, 1965 us ` bkH jTT<+ |<q+> #Y d]V<T
<>Zs ]+~. ~ L& eTq *dq d+> > B#T >TsY
m+{ eTTd+<c ]+#&+ ]+< eTqeTT >V+#eTT.
| #dqy~ u> \TdTqT f n< q s<jqT keTH<
<y\jT+ qT+& yTT<\T|{&T. n~ eTs=k] >TsY eTTd+
<c + bd+~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 282
<Xy|+> k+q+s sj\ eTq |+#

yeT|\ |ue+, HVAy<+ |ue+, >+By<+ |ue+
>TsY # \Vq+> HsTT. >+B >TsY sE
eT]bsTT+< #eT+~ n+THsT. >+B n+f >TsY @
sp |<> >se+ <T. >+B |ue+ nTq <X q|&T
dV+ & +>dt >+B +>dt <T. dssY |f +>dt n
nVeT<u< djTsY eqe V\ HjTy~ wt |f
n+{sT. HVA n+f >Tsr\ n~\ m|& n_eq+
<+{&T. ] $<H\ HVAy< =*H& es+
|T&< ] $<H q b\d> |{+#Tq d+ b q
d+ \+ n~s+ #|{q+ | #dq @ sw+ >TsY. 1962
m\ e\+ 10 d & d+ b n~s+ #sTTC]+~.
+~s>+B Vj+ +>dt b nuT<jTy<T\T,
s>$Ty<T\T nq $uq eq|&T >TsY +>dt b MT<
N* |ue+ n\+> +&+~. <<| yTT+> b yTTs
<XsTTH +&bsTT+~. b]X$T+> >TsY n_e~ eTT+<T,
ysTXq>|+, qH ybs+ ] s+>+ |<q b sV+#sTT.
>+&q{ ; >TsY sj\qT Xd+#~. +<T |<q u>+
|f~. | V] $|e+ e\ |]q eekjT y$<+, eTTK+>
q+< +<+> |]q b& |]XeT, eTs=y| >&q <Xqs
\+ ]q b]XMTsD, ny esZ\L, \L eT]+
#sTT.
] ~| =+esH m<Ts=q>\ eTdT <eT+
>TsY m<><T. u+usTT q>s+ \+> +&q eTdT b
] d+|\T nV<u< \|&bjsTT. & e+
>+<jTy<+ k b\esZ |=+~! >+<jTy< b]X$T
d++<\ d<++ nVeT<u< \+> |#jT&+ e\
eTdT\ |<> #T <=s<T. ]esZ+ #T <=s
eTdT\ de+ #T <=s&+ L& weTsTT+~. n+<Te\
yTT+>H eTdT\ |ue+ >TsY e. <[ <eT+>
d+yTq ~yd <e\T > >TsY nd\T yTT\H <T.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 283
>TsY eq n <e\ s>$T <eq X

|f n+{sT. 1969 +>dt b N* eq|&T >TsY
b <<| yTT+>H yTTs<XsTT +&b>, +~s>+B eTTd+
` <[ ` ~yd\ b|~q q b ]+# seT+ #|{+~.
1972 jT|wt HsjTDY +~s>+B n$ sj\
es+> s>&eT q |\T| ;VsYq, >TsYq
jTTeq <e\ <]rdq d+> *d+<. ;VsY C.|.
<eT+ |C <eTs|+ rdT>, >TsY qesDY d$T
due+ m|& <+{sjTq. nVeT<u< q>s+ =+<sT
yT<e\T n+<T bZq&+ e\ =+ |C+ duy *
+&+~ >, \ eTTd+ es, <[ es, ~yd es
uVD ` j ` |f <eT+> q&+~ n wt |f
n+{sT. C| *jT<T> >TsY C.|. <eT+ n+
]jq <eT+ n+{sT. sTy eq meTs es
<eT+ L& sYmdtmdt ` qd+|tT ` yTTs +>dt\ <eTyT
>TsY. y s>$T sj\T \|&& |j>|&+~
n+{sT.
1981 k], 1986`87 k] >TsY ]swH es
<e\T q&#sTT. n sc\q nTe+{ <e\T q&#sTT
> >TsY n$ <[ es V+k+& s|+ rdTHsTT.
<[T\qT #+bsT. >T\u{sT. eT<s> b+\ eddTq
<[T\qT \|j>+ jT ]yTXsT. deTjT+ @<H
|C+ sjT <eT+ <[T\qT sZHC #d e+f d+|tT|]ysY
$dsD <[T\T ++> * +&ysy. n|&~ s><T.
sTy ]swqT ds|&sTT. weTTH H |+< \T
]swqqT n+^]+# |<T. <X <[T\qT ` eTTK+>
=> #<Teq <[T\qT ` eTy| |e&+ d+|tT|]ysY
w+ <T.
k+ |Ps+ nVeT<u< q>s+ eTTd+> \yTq
+<+> +&+~. eTTd+> <s+ <sq+ L& ]>~. 1941
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 284
]q yTT<{ eT |TsD V+<Te me <HsT. 1947

eTTd+> HjT+, eT]=+<sT eTTd+ |eTTKT\T bkH y[b>
nVeT<u< eTTd+ b nHeTr|PsY. eTTd+\ eT }s+| MT~ >H<T&
>T& qT+& e e+~. y < | ]yTXsT. |TqqT
>TsY de#sY eMT< eTTd+\ <sq+> |#s+ #d \e\
|\e\ n* sd+~. < yTT<\sTTq eT |TsD eTTd+\T
|<q+> qwbjsT. <<| 40 y\ eT+~ sdT\jsT.
eTTd+\ MT< <&> yTT<q V+k+& <[ es s|+ L&
rdT+~. n\s MT< HjT $#sD ]|q ddt >HVH s&
$TwH ]bsT sYmdtmdt, qd+|tT y\ n\sT #sTT+#jT
s+<+> | |{+~. nsTT 1941 yT #b+ n <T+&>T\T
d+| |{+#THsT.
1969 qT+& y[ < eT |TsD\T, yTH]{\|q <&T\T
>TsY sT>TH eHsTT. 443 qM |<M |Tq\T ]>jT
CrjT eqe V\ $TwH yTTq{ esD+&|q qT |{+q
b<$T y~ n+~. 1985, 1990, 1992`93 |<mTq
]>sTT. nVeT<u< q>s+ = |TsDq eTTd+\qT
|T{ Hfd |jT+ = n&T>T |s>$T++<, 1993 H{
eTTd+\qT dsr sT rsq q = d\ |]$T+ #d |
|P] nsTT+< $|& &kC nH ke ss n+{sT.
1997`98 de\|q L& >TsY sw+ ## <&T\T
]>sTT. <<| 50 |Tq\T ]>jT n~s >D+ #bsTT.
#]\|q, bsH d\|q, |#s\|q <&#d deyX\qT
##<TsT #XsT, ={sT, u_ |T\qT >T\u{sT. $XV+<
|]wY, +><, _C| HjT\T <&T\ djT+> bZHsT.
1999 E H\ ]Z jTT<eT|&T d+|tT|]ysY d+d\T
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t 285
u><jT sks+{qT >\u{sT. q>s+ H\T>sTT<T b+\

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]H < u< us<X+ eTTd+\<sTTqT y] <wd
H<\T e&+, s\T sjT&+, s#>={ <=MT\ ~>&+ >TsY
eeT\T $wjT+ nsTTbsTT+~.
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d+|tT|]ysY d+d\T |<mTH dMT]+#>*>sTT. yTTq{ <=MT\
L& |+#YeTV, <VA&, dsY+{ \q, s&
#{ <|PsY b++q ~yd\T y\ d+K bZHsT.
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<eTsT&T n+{&T).
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H\=*+~. |q #|q b+\ <<| |r ~yd >eT+q
|]wY ss +{& #{<|PsY yTeTT *dq J
|b n+{&T.
eqyd DY d$T sb\T @$T yTeTT #{
<|PsY #+~q s\ djT+de& |+#eTT. ~yd
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$>V\T |+ uq\T sV+#&+ y] se\T n jTq
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 286
=> $<e+T\eTq ~yd jTTe\ $\TeqT H]+ y]

<s >T&T e+# |#s d+|tT|]ysY >e\ #|{+~.
|\ J$ #s\ n\y n\yTq$, #yTq$ n Hs&+ y]
V+<Te nH >T]+| u>+ #jT& &&+~. >DX |P L&
n+. y] <e yTq <e s, V+< <e yTq <e
H] y]# b <e |P\T e+ $HjT& |P\T, uq\T
#sTT+#&+ V+<e de+ y] ueH|s+> \T|H |jT.
~ #{<|PsY, |+#YeTV b+\ #<s+ bsTT+<
b|dsY jTdT|t |sH nH J |b n+{&T. 1500 eT+~
$<sT\ 1300 eT+~ ~yd\sTTq q J $<e+T\sTTq
~yd\ $XV+<|]wY rdT=dTq |]De\qT >eT+#&+
jTq dT\Tu+ nsTT+~. => $<e+T\sTTqysT &+{{
sT+{sT. y] Jeq d>T\T > ke d>T\T >
@e+ es+& y] V+<Te nq >T]+| e&+ $XV+<
|]wY $jT+ k~++~ n+{&T. e eTTd+\ => eT+
|#Tq y eT b& $wjT+ me> yX|&&+
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~yd\ dVyTq <s kVk\ => n+]+q V+<Te
nq ueq &sTT # V+k |]De\ <]rd+~.
& V+<Te nH ueqqT e\+ $HjT&, seTT&
|P+#ysT nH ns+ , d+|tT|]ysY e# sjT
ns+ rdTe&+ neds+. ns+ n~ ~yd >e\ |#s+
#jT&TTq~. n+<T eTTd+\ | $<w+ $&BjTs u>+.
+>< ~ydjTs >e\ sV+# se\ L&
uq\T, y{ nqT+<+> ]> <XujTTyTq |u<q+ #
eTTKyTq$. u<H seT+ y us<X #] >T]+,
de+ >T]+ # yK\T >MTD jTTe|q yd |ue+ #
qwsyTq~.
$XV+< |]wY >TsY sw HjT&T qusTT |f
yTTq{ @| 4q #+<\ d+ nVeT<u< ybs esZ\
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 287
sdq s |{ |k$+ eHeTT. n+<T qT+& = y\T

+d, #] ysT dTq yUq+ ns+ neT+~. jTTe\
yT< syTq yUH\T m+#&+ e\ e# ujT+s
|]De\ ns+ nesTT.
qusTT |f $<+> n+{&T:
eTTd+\qT ns+ #dTy\+f k+qT ns+
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#dTsT ` eT\qT + T> by*. k+
$s$+q sTy 1400 d+es\ |s++
H<T\sTTq nsT\T # , # KTsH
|T= ||+#+ MT< |&sT. y e f ` k+qT
n+^]+#T, b #ke. k+qT n+^]+#
sD+> 10 eT+~ #+bsT. j <X\
d+|<jT d+d T&|fksT. <X\qT eTTd+
<X\T> |{+, n& k+ |+ m>TsyksT.
eTq <X+ Ws+>CT, usY, VQeTjTH, nsY,
#+CUH, eTVeT< |T], eTVeT< >, cVH
~s V+\T, qT\T, jT+\T nsTTq eTTd+
b\\T eTq* ud\T #d |]b*+#sT. >&q 1000
d+es\ eTTd+ b\q us<X+ eTTd+\T
10,000 jTT<\T #d eT |TsD\T s#>={ s+&T
V+<Te\qT #+bsT. s+&T \\ eT+~ k<Te\q
d+Y\q #+bsT. nsTT<T \\ V+< <y\j\qT
LsT. y{ H\T>T nj< lseT qu$T,
eT<Ts lw qu$T, ysDd l o
$XH<\jT+, >TsY l keTH< <y\jT+.
L*q <y\j\ kq+ eTd<T\T {sT. \\
d+K V+< d\|q (\T\T, #, LTs|q)
n#s+ #ksT. d+K >e\qT e~+#sT.
e eTq+ eTsbsTTqsTT <e&T L& eTq*
b&&T.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 288
Te+{ y\T s+ + # HsTT. $|yTq

nXj\T, n<\T +& q y\ >eT+#e\dq
eTTKyTq $wjT+ @$T+f eTTd+ eTdT\sTTq e\T #dqT
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qT+& |Ts\ |{sTT. { eTTd+L eTs= eTTd+L &
#&e\dq neds+ @eTT+~? k+ n+fH V+d, |&q n
|{+q sTy |r eTTd+ fs]dqq ssD s<+>H
se#TqT <!
k+ #] ~ n #b\+f |&Tq #] |d\qT
>\u{ $<sT\ <=s+& #j*. $<sT\ bs |d\T
dssTTq s>sj*. |&Tq #] |d\T k+ #]qT
n+ |TsyTq~> #|e. |T= k+qT y|+|Cdq <+f
es ybs\ <sqT, d| |#s\ |eTeTjTeTsTTq u<q\
<sq y|+q< me n #] |d\T #bsTT. B ns+
\|j>+ eT e]& #dq eTTd+ b\\T Hs <T. k+
y| < |<q sD+ < eyT. us<X @*q eTTd+
b\\+<] b\HH+ s+> < L& #] |d\T #bsTT.
V+< eTdT\ | $e #|+q eTTd+ b\\T =+<sT qf
n+<] |{ deTue+ #|+q ys Hs #bsTT. V+<Te\
<y\j\qT <+d+ #dq eTTd+ b\\Tqf <y\j\T
Te& eqsT\ edT\ qys Hs #bsTT.
(n<$<+>, u< Cq $Vs\qT <+d+ #d n& <y\j\T
]+q V+< b\\T Hs L& #bsTT). + s+&T
V+<Te\qT #+|&+, s+&T \\ k<Te\qT #+|&+, nsTT<T \\
<y\j\T L\&+ ` d+K\ #] @ <s\ e
|&Tq #] |d\T #~$ \TdT+~.
n+<T |&Tq #] |d\{ s>sj\ d+|tT
|]ysY n+ |T<\. n|&T n<\T, nXj #]
nesTT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 289
sE |{+ <syT +~> |\ +><,

$XV+< |]wY, <TsZyV, sYmdtmdt yTT<q d+|tT|]ysY d+d\
|#s kV+q y] ss\ D _s\q u~dTq
#] ~. y] eqyd DY d$T ss\ HsTTq #] ~.
~yd\ n+~dTq V+<Te nH >T]+|, #] |+#
eTTd+ |]> s+#&q V+<Te. |D\ <[T\L
s nD>]q \ jTTe\L L& n+. => $<e+T\sTT,
qq ke sjT #q+ b+<TTq y] d+|tT|]ysY <s
n+<TTq $d+ <.
$<w|P]yTq #]qT +{+#Tq jTTe\T >
n<jT+ e]+q nLsyTq V+d b\&s+f Xs+
@eTT+~?
VII
bdT\ u>keT+
d+|tT|]ysY >TsY sV+q esD+& bdT\ b
|\Ts\T> +&+~. bdT\T #+ |s+ sV+#e\dq b
sV++~ n = |<X\H. yTeTT |s{+q b+\
yTVkH eyT { s+&T # bdT\T d\+ C+
#dTe&+ e\ # bD\T <jT u~T\T #bsT.
n~ u>+ >e\q |D\q n+<T |P] _qyTq
<\T $HeTT. s+&T <+\T 5e n<jT+ #keTT. >T\sYZ
kd{ |q <& bdT $TwqsY djT+> e eJ m+.|. mVkH
C| VMT sTTbsTTq nsTT<T eTTc\ yTT<\sTT, <<|
sTqs >+\d| s++> ]+~. C| dV 59 eT+~ n
LsyTq V+d >TssTT #bjsT. sTy > bdT\T
|qssq+ e<T. ~ ]+~ m& esTeT\ >eT+ <T.
nVeT<u< q>s+ ]+~. ||>\T ]+~.
s& udt u <++ L& nTe+{<. s 8.00
>+\ <& yTT<\sTT+~. u~T\T bdT\ bH #ksT.
>+qs sTy bdT J| e+~. $Tw+ u <>Zs ,
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 290
sT>TTq <& >eT+ bdT\T y[bjsT. eT b<Tq 10.00

>+\ < s<T. |\ <T+&>T\T 14 eT+~ #+|, u
r]> \{#d >\u{sT.
C _s\ eTTd+ u~T\ e{&TT+f Te+{
<+\T =\\T> *ksTT. u~T\T bdt n~s bH #d
|\be&+, ek+ n ndw+> yT #|&+, e <>Zs
+<dT <T, yTyT+ #jTeTT nq&+, MTs mfH b]b+& n
d\V e&+ e+<\ dT\ ]+~. & = <VsD\T
eyT keTT.
<VA& dTsY >eT+ bdT W{bdT +~.
W{bdt nqT+<+> mdtsY| (sw ]sY bdT) |{ L& +~.
e] 1 eT<V+ >eT V+<Te\ |]ds >e\ ~ydT\T
*d |< >T+|> eTTd+\|q <& yTT<\T|>H ysT bdT
W{bdT bsTT |s<T #ksT. yTyT+ #jTeTT. e ssY e.
$TeT* MTs b&T+& n bdT\T nHsT. C n|&T s
neT\T +&+~. s \+|T+ <=MT b\&TTq >T+||q
#s rdTe& bdT\ #+H n~s\T HsTT (s
bsTTH <=MT\qT n]& bdT\ d\ n~s\T
HjTq~ ys d+>). nsTTq|{ e ssT e nHs+f y]
<X+ dwyT. sTy u~T\T b]b> }] n+<sT
eTTd+\ S, s+&T f $Twq <|&, <VH >TsjsTT.
* s& (ss) #{ <|PsY \ +<+ _s+
eT&T \\ XsDsT\T 3000 eT+~ < HsT. y] eT&
<q+ |s+ b++ \{, <Vq+& e] 2q yTT<\sTT
e] 11 < k+~. yTT<{sE bdT\ de#s+ <
nqTH, |~ sE\ L& ysT *jTH +&bjs+f
qeT&+ nk<+. nsTT |~ sE\ m& <T+&>T\qT
bdT\T nsTT+q <+\T e, |& |jT+ #dq
<+\T e. <T+&>T\T y\ d+K \, yH\ >{>
H<\T #T+ s, XS\ Vs+>+>
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 291
|<]+#T+ }] qT+& }] b ds $Vs+

#ksT. ysT m<TsT|&H L& bdT\T y] |& +T
L& |jT+ #jT<T. |> y{ \ +<+ \{
sT>TT+&> bdT\T \& #ksT. sH bdtdwH #+~q
d.&. |ssY nH bdT n~] nsTT }] ]q \{
djT+> bZH&T. eTTd+\T u< deT |H& bdt
W{bdt esD nsTT<T f+b\T, yH\T |>, y{
<T+&>T\T W{bdt esDH, &mdt| #dT+&>H <Vq+ #ksT.
<Vq+& >T]+ |+#He sV+q &mdt| XyesY
(=+#+ d>TZ $T* +&&+ e\ u\T) <Vq+& m& ]+<
|+#He ]bsT sjT<T.
* nVeT<u< q>s+ qs& b++ esD+& qT+&
|+#Te& bdtdwH y| |sT>q eTTd+\|q H|sY
.. yTdsYy uwyjTT |j>+ #d q dwH <>Zs
s+& b&T. ]<sT n|{ n dMT|+ sD d+
nu]+#>, bb! H |qT+& ssT HsTT n+ ]yTk&T.
* s++> sT>TTq <&T\ ujT|& <s b+\
y[b<eT |jT+q eTTd+\qT |d>& sw+ |<q
sV<s MT< dsT, y{sY d d+|tT|]ysY <T+&>T\T
|Vs ks <VA& d+C* _s+ nHsT. f+b\,
yH\ eTTd+\T bTHs >eT+qsTT d bq
de#s+ eTTd+\T bTq ~X q }s #sydysT. n&
qT+& |< >T+| \ jT\T<] b]bTq y] #TTeTT{
yVq+ dV y] >\u&+, b]bjT |jT+ #d q]
#+|&+ nH d+<s\ ]+~. Te+{ n |TsyTq |Tq
{ nsTT<e n<jT+ #keTT. dsY+{ e|PsY
>eT eTTd+\T b]bjT |jT+ #jT> y] y+&+
#TTeTT{ |+#YeTV *+_&j # <>Zs yVH\qT
>\u{ 74 eT+~ Vess #k+. nsTT ~ n |TsyTq
|Tq eyT. (<+f e ksTT |Tq\T # ]>sTT).
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 292
sw+ |<q sV<s{MT< y k>TT+&> bdT\T

sV<s MT< |{*+> @sT #jT&+>, #bdt\T @sT
#jT&+> s><T. |D\q |\q <T+&>T\ n|+
sD\ LsTHsT.
]<sT bdt n~sT #=se rdTH d+|tT|]ysY eT\T
y] UsT #jT<T. |qT+& eT dbsT +< y] \TdT. eT
V+& n&yTTq bdt n~] +]> n&T|&e\d+< |
@ \> #T& \TdT.
d+C* >eTdT\T ydy\qT sE yTT+ qsjq
nqTu$+ \TdTHsT. e] 1e Bq }] 400 eTTd+
T+u\ qT <T+&>T\T #TTeTT{ eTTd+\qT #+|+&, qs+&
n+ <&#ksT. y b]b> # sE >\u{sT. e]
2e Bq n< <& eT ]+~. eTTd+\T eTd<T #] (<VA&)
mdt| bH #ksT. |&T H <>Zs \>\T e, q|&T |+|kqT
nH&T. kjT++ 5 >+\ &C nH bdT n~] =+
d+~ rdT= e#&T. }] n|{+ q eTTd+\T eT
<=]q yVH ><y| jT\T<ssT (>< eTTd+\~ |<
Hu. eT }s <& >TssTTq eTTd+\+<s eTTd+\T n~
d+K ed+# >< e+{ }s e\dbsTT n& k eTTd+\
dVjT+ _s\T @sT #dT= +THsT). bdt n~] &C,
n d+~, M] +<dT> eTT+<T, yq jT\T<ssT. nsTT
MsT @ ~X> bTqB dbq de#s+ bsTT+~. <] U
sT, eTTK+ ~>Te u> eTTdT>T\T ydTq eT\T |< |< n&+
|&sT. bdT\ eT< q XsDsT\ yVH\ qT+& e
q] #+bsT. +=+#+ <s+ bsTTq sTy yVH\ MT< \T\T
]bsT. yVq+ fsY |+ssTT b < >\u{sT.
eTT+<T bTq yVH\|q eT eT <&T\T sT>TH HsTT.
=] jT qsTH HsT. \T\T sT|H
HsT. yTT+ 11 eT+~ #b> $T*q yqT &C>] bdt b
eT+> >< #]+~!
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 293
* nVeT<u< qy<sTTq m|tsY $es\T #d bdT\T

# d+<s\ V+ eTTs\qT \Te]+#b>, y] sD>
y] y+ ]>s ns+ neT+~. |{ bdtdwH qy<sTTq
+ H+. 70/02qT <VsD> rdTe#T. +<T |s~ djTsY
bdt H|sY d.C.d+>. nqT djT+> qy<T #dq m|tsY
|s+ |e] 28 b<Tq nqT >d sT>TT+&> 4000
5000 eT+~ >\ V+<Te\ >T+| sd|&+~. n|{ deTjT+
b<Tq 10 >+\T. n|{ >T+| wH|s dtk+& b++
eTd<Tq, skHq <+d+ #d+~. n& qT+&
eTT+<TbsTT VAq, s &\q <Vq+ #jTk>sT.
H|sY d+> H\T>T s+&T &T. nsTTH <T+&>T\T eT
<Vq+& =qkdH HsT. += >&eqT, <TD\T
>\u{sT. H|sY d+> uT q bdt yqT @&T
s+&T \T\T ]b&T. nsTTH <T+&>T\T \{, <Vq+&
=qk+#sT. b<Tq 10 >+\ yTT<\sTTq <Vq+&
kjT++ 7 >+\ eTTd+~. bdT\T *q 11 s+&
me] >j\T >\<T. n<q| \>\qT s|+#& H|sY
d+> @ |jTeT #jT<T. ( s+&T $wj\ m|tsY qT+&
\TdTHsTT ` n~ H|sY d+> djT+> qy<T #dq m|tsY).
e] kjT++ 7.00 >+\ <T+&>T\T d#+<+>H
<Vq+& $s$T+#sT. (n\dbjs + >\u&
U eTTd+\ dTM $T>\< eT]). y y[b>H H|sY
d+> bdtdwH e kjT++ 7.30 >+\ m|tsY
qy<T #k&T. m|tsY <T+&>T\ @ ] |sT>, esq>,
$es\T > e.
nd\T @+ ]+< }V+#&+ w+ <T. y \{, <Vq+
#dT+f H|sY d+> s+ y y+ sT>TTH&T. = {\T
>* s&T |q eTTsT>T \e &T. y| nsTTbsTTq
sTy jTq bdtdwH ]e m|tsY sdTH&T.
esD+& n+ res|+ rdTq sE\ nVeT<u<
bdT\T n|&|&T \T\T s|b<T. |e] 28q q>s+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 294
bdT\T 40 eT+~ \T\ #+bsT. nsTT n+<T 36 eT+~

eTTd+\T! ]+<$T+f, V+< eT\T @|+> esD+&
b\&q# bdT\T eT sqT +&bjsT. eTTd+\T
||T{+q # e+ <=MT n<T|#d |] bdT\T s+>+
~ eTTd+\qT * #+bsT.
+= m|tsYqT |]o*d nVeT<u< bdT\T |
@$<+> #ks ns+ neT+~. ~ eTDq>sY bdtdwH +. H+.
58/02 m|tsY. |s~ ys mes <T, n< bdtdwH djTsY
H|sY nsTTq .mH. |f. m|tsY eTT<sTT\T> nT eTJ<
bsT nH eT]=+ eT+~ jTq |s=H&T. m|tsY
#&>H ~ eTTd+\T #dq <& nq n_bjT+ \T>TT+~. 5000
eT+~ eTTd+\T T\, ]d\, |{ u+T\ |T= useH<
s&T #+<& # nH V+<Te\T ed+# _*+>| <&#ks
H|sY |f>] |s<T n+T+~. u+T\T $d] _*+>qT
>\u{sT. V+<Te\T _*+> qT+& jT{=#sT. sT esZ\T
|TsD |&sT. q+< <>TusTT kHyH nH e \MT< eTTd+\T
={sT. eTTd+\T Tb\ \T\T L& ]bsT. >d u>+>
nTy| bsTTq H|sY |f <=MTMT< \T\T ]b&T. <jT+
10 >+\ qT+& kjT++ 6 >+\ < ~ k+~. e] <sT
#bjsT, 12 eT+~ re+> >jT|&sT. #bsTTq y] |sT
Ee~H eTVeT< e<sY nH, dTH nqusTT e*.
eTT<T, re+> >jT|&q 12 eT+B L& eTTd+! m|tsY
eTT<sTT\ C_q eTTd+\H #|+#&T. V+<Te |sT L&
m|tsY <T.
nd\T ]+<$T{ }V+#&+ w+ <T. mesT
yTT<\T|{s> n& sE sTesZ\ eT< <=MT ]+~.
bdT\T s+>+ ~ V+<Te\ |+ eV+ eTTd+\|q {\T
|j+#sT. <s *d <] #+|, 12 eT+~ >jT|s <=MT
eTT+| #sT.
eTTd+ eTdT\sTTq VsT &, ]fsT VsT &
|{q > #d k<sD bsT\ dVjT mTe+{< ns+
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 295
neT+~. MsT (]fsY) ddt nsY ~y#, ddt U~. ddt ~y#
>TsY VsT &> ]fsY nsTTq sTy & m+sY{| #sH>
#ksT. |dT+ nVeT<u< +THsT. nqT UC XK #+~q
eTTd+. |e] 28q d+|tT|]ysY >T+| n +{|q <&#jT>
nqT b]bsTT bD\T <+#TH&T. n +{ <T+&>T\T
\{#d >\u{sT.
ddt U~ <+ ]fsY N|t ddt sy e\ #|e&+
+> +T+~. sy >TsY VsT &> |#d sTy
skH VsT N|t ddt> ]fsY njsT. >TsY qsyT<
HsT$| K+&+q n =~eT+~ eTTdyTs >Tsr\ ddt sy
sT. jTq CrjT eqe V\ $TwH deT]+q ]bsT
d+| bs & dTH+.
|e] 28 eT<V+ 3 >+\ qT+& q>s+
sT>TTq V+k+& >T]+ H f*bH
de#s+ n+<k+~. VsT m<TsT>H \qT
>\u{s &\T sT $&|{ y[bjs $ HqT
~>+ #+<qT. VsT esD bdT \>+
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L& m|& +T+~ < nqTHqT. H eTTd+
dVT\ bH #jTk>qT. ddt U~ bqT 4`00
>+\ *d+~. q +> <>Zs |]d u><,
\{\T, <Vq+& yTT<\jjT jTq #b&T.
n +{ <>Zs q bdT +<dT >T]+ n&>qT.
dssTTq jTT<M <sT yqT Hs #b&T...
>+ sTy eT ddt U~ bH #kqT. VsT
&\ +>\Tq <*j{ b++ L& \{,
<Vq+& sT>TTq< #b&T... |q, qes+>|s
bdtdwH m<TsT> q eTTd+ kd{
dVT& bH #kqT. n& qksTT bdt
n~sT\T, s |uT n~sT\T #eT+~ +{sT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 296
n& mdtsY| (d{ ]sY bdT) \>+ +~. ddt

U~ \T n& <>Zs. ddt U~ eT bH
#dqsTT mdtsY| \> n& |+|>\+ nH&T
$TT&T.
nsTT ddt U~ MTsTTH esTTH bH #d+
deTjT+ <T+&>T\T ks? n $TT&T qqT
n&>&T. H dV n|++~. nsTTq|{ s
10.30 >+\ es bHMT< ddt U~ e{&TH
HqT.
nsTT b<Tq 8.30 >+\ ddt U~
bH#jT> jTq ddt y|T nH eTs= HjTeT]
+> s*bsTTqT *d+~. 11.30 >+\ ddt
U~ H bH #k&T. |<q HjTeT] ddt
<s~] q eT+ >T]+ # +<q
#+<TTH&, qqT &\ +>\Tq ed|s
b+ eT+ eseT n+TH& #b&T.
HqT y+H m& be<HqT. & q n~s
yd+ ed+# |]d ed n~ sC+>+
d] HjTeed k+ neeq|s#&yTq
n+<Te\ n~s yd+H +&eT nHqT.
nsTT ]fsY & nsTTq ddt nsY ~y# n|{
q \T U#d y[bj&, sTT+{ <T+&>T\T
\{#d <Vq+ #ks *d+~. $T* y
+{HyT+{qsTT qqT b&>\T>TeTHs ddt
U~ H nH&T. q u< $wjT+ bdT\qT
qeTe< $T* +{*CH jTqqT V#]++<
L& *d+~... HqT ddt U~ +&> VsT
]ksY qT+& bH e+~. &\ +>\ s+&T
|&T s&> HjT y{ <H ddt U~ q
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 297
eT+ ese#Tq ]ksY nH&T. H n_bjT+

@$T ddt U~ n&>sT.
b<Tq HqT bH MT< #dq u< eT]beT
HqT ddt U~ #bqT. sC+> d] |d
|]$T+ nsTT+<H~ H{ yde+ n #bqT...
sTy d\T e ddt U~, n T+u
s*+#sT...
@y LseT>\T q>s+ MT< nkT> <&#d q>sydT\T
m+ dVjT+> +{s n+ dVjT+> sC+> eed
qksTT |<e\ qysT dV+ eeV]+#sT. N|tddt
<s~] q k<s HjTeT] n n~s yd+H |P]ksTT
sD *+#eT >TsY sw |uT DyT <X+ C#d
+&e#T. n~s+ jTq +~. nsTTq|{ nTe+{ <X+
qs+< y& |uT+ MT< |#dT+< ddt <s~] u$+#<T.
jTq |jT+ dV+ #jT<T. @ n~s+ k<sD
bsT&>, e H sTT+{ +&T, HqT #dT+{qT nH&T. +
bdT\ ys mes eqs +& dqyT q T +~.
eT+ $wjT+ bdT\qT qeTTe<T n ys me] <T `
HjTeT] $T* +f*CH n~sT\T #bsT. eTT L&
+{HyT+{qsTTH HjTeT] b&>\eTT jT
b&eTHsT.
dH >TsY y+H s|+#< y|, nedseT|+q
y+H s|+#&+ ]+< eTs=y| y<|y<\T sT>TTHsTT.
m|&T |*#sq <+f eTTK+, dH @yTs
|j+#THsH~. yTeTT |s{+q ~H\ nVeT<u<
bd b++ | ys m& dq+ |+#<T.
nVeT<u< L& dH k bdT ~s n~s eed\
dVjT dVs\T d]>Z n+<<T. nVeT<u< q>s |+ dV+
y] e< = |uT s\jT+q n& <|+#T=
e] Cs =qTHs $HeTT. bd yV]+q #
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 298
L& dH ~wueT> y&THsT | @+ #j\q <X\T

e< = |Tq\T dksTT. eT+s $yV+ #dTq
MTsuVH nH ke ss >T]+ |q #beTT. yT c`\+
_s+H + XsDsT\ neds\T #dT+ +~. yT 6 H&T
yT _s+ +&>H jT s&TMT< bTq <] >T+|
#TTeTT{ #+|&+ yT #d+~. bdT\ bH #d y s<T.
=+d|sTTH yT n& dq+ bH H#] nsTTq \ bH
#d+~. nsTT eT @$T #jTe#T, @$T #jTL&<T nH $wjT+
yTq <X\T e jTq L& dVjT e+ #k&T.
$wjT+ eTsTd{ sE yTeTT yTqT *dq|&T #|+~.
e]>, _eq+ >\ bdt n~] djT+> #|q
e\T ++ n<j eTT<+. \ s+ & $u
HsjTDYsjYT >TsY |Tq\ sTy <X+ |mdt |ds=
Vs+> K e+{~ sk&T. VQ b#Ts+ b+~q K
>TsYH <T eT |TsD\T ]> s b+\ L& bdT
jT++>+ V+< jT++>+> e]q yH #|T+~.
>< neqTw esD+& sTy ]q |Tq\T
H |<> Xs+ *+#<T... nVeT<u< qT+&
>MTD b+\ < n#{ b < |qse+
nsTT+~. 1960\ qT+& n< ny s+>T\
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e> H n_bj\T @yH > bdt
n~]> HqT |<q+> sTH~ bdT jT++>
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jT++> eTTKeT+ uT+ { |X+d+#e#TqT,
bdT jT++>+ MT< eq $eTsqT |ks k<H\
\q>q, <X<VQ\sTTq yTH]{\ <Tw#s+>q
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 299
djTsY bdT n~sT\T ={bsjTe#TqT. nsTT

dyT$T+f | eT|TsD sTy < $eTs
$+TH+. yTH]{\ bD\q dT\q
b&be&yT V+<Te\ |+ eV+#s <=MT
#dTq V+<Te\qT bV+#s $+TH+. >TsY
bdT\ MT< n< $eTs $q|&TTq~...
d>T bdT < <w eT \
d++~+q de#s+ d]+#&+ n+f eTTd+ eTy<
d+d\ >T]+ de#s+ d]+#&+ nH. V+<
eTy< d+d\ sb\T L& C |jH\
n+ qwseT y{MT< L& Hd +#\ n
q#C|&+ w+. bdT\ ]sT\ V+< eTy<
d+d\ sb\ d++~+q de#s+ #
=+#+ <=sTT+<H~ d+.
n<$<+>, eT |TsD\ H|<+ eTT+<T C>
#s> #d nsdT\ L& eTTd+ me>
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|TsD\q ys me d+K nsdeT+{sT.
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eTTd+ me> #bT+{sT.
>TsYq n< eT ]+~. m{N n|Ps
|]eD+ ]+~. V+d |P]> @|+> q|{
n< + |qse+ nsTT+~. & @$T+f
yTTyTT<{k]> bdT\ wj|s+, HsdT\
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$#ssyTq $wjT+ @$T+f <=MT\qT n<T|
#jTbe&yT esZ jo\+> &&q
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 300
bdt n~sT\ |Tqq |&<T. n+

|{wyTq bdT eed q <X s< 1984
d\|q }# ]+~. bdT\ dVjT dVs\T
+& nTe+{ }# s>&+ nk<+. |
nH $#sD $TwqT dw+> <w\qT |s=q|{
bdT n~] |&<T. e<H $TwHL lw
$TwHL L& n< > |{+~...
VII
d+|tT|]ysY d+d\T, |\T

bdT\ |b d+ #] ` <Tw #] jT+& `
+< #|e#T. >TsY sw |uT+ bL <
q&T|Tq d+|tT|]ysY HjT\ bL > #] <c+\T
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djT+> bZHsT. sT syq XUeT&T VsH b+&,
s+&y&T s> XUeT&T nX u{.
VsH b+&qT |{ |]#jT+ #keTT. |&eT{
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|e] 28 H&T nqT m*dt _& bdtdwH |]~ y&
ksusTT ($.mdt) Vd dMT|+ nbCsY nH eT+<T\ c|qT
djT+> >\u> #dq k\THsT. nZ |& eq
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 301
s+ @+ |? <& >TseTq eTTd+\T e+<\ d+K sE

+{ s+ bH\T #d dVjT+ n]+#sT. @ ] nusqL
bdT\T d+~+#<T. bD b&<T. ~ s>
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bdt +{ s+ wydqf sw s< >+Bq>sY bdt
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>+\=B LsTH&T.
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<&T\ HjT+ eV+#s u~T\ |s<T\T *jTCksTT.
<]|H >V <VH s|t #ksq n_j>+ L& +~.
nVeT<u< q>s+ V+k+& |<jTTq ]q b+\
u|q>sY {. n~ sw VA+XK eT+ >esH &|j
jesZ+. n n dV nqT#sT\L esD+&
b +&+< k u~T\ n_j>+.
nVeT<u< q>s+ ]q V+k+& usY sY, ej
{ nH <sT m+m@\T djT+> bZqT m|tsY\T qy<sTT
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V+k+& eTTK b<sT\ |q #keTT.
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|{sT. k d$ Vd usr uVH, n uVH nH _C|
s=ssT d esDH + eTTd+\ y<+ #jTT<
&s|q & |{s c \+ +| u~T\T #bsT.
+ }ss s d+|tT|]ysY d+d\ HjT\T djT+>
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qy<jsTT. Ms+<] |eTTKT&T $XV+< |]wY d+jTT
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 302
s<] & CB|t |f. jTq nVeT<u< qs& ]q

esD+& k m+m@ ej { uT bZqT
u~T\ |s<T.
d+|tT|]ysY HjT\ | u>keTyT esD+&qT
bV+#&+q s#>=&+q deT]+#&+q ysT |<q
b sV+#sT. d+|tT |]ysY uT |<q >Tsr
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nVeT<u< bsTT, >TsY |Tq\T <X \e+|\T #jT
|{+q d+> *d+<. jTq |q\| >TsY de#sY
$<+> yU++~ ` |&T eTqyTT MsyTq |#d
HjT\T yT#THysT. |&T d>TZ|& HjT\T e#sT. yC|sTT
+> d>TZ|&& < nq~ ys d+>, >TsY de#sY #dq
yK >TsY esD+& >T]+ =*H{ qT+& $$< d+|tT|]ysY
d+d\ HjT\T #dTq |q\ n<+ |&TT+~.
fyT |t +&j, ~ @wjTH @C, ~ V+< ~q|\
]bsT\ |s+ HjT\T #dq eT]= yK\T #&+&. +<
deTjT+ >TsY ]q V+d, >< esD+& e\ *Zq
dVyTq >VyX\ |*+ n $XV+< |]wY b<&T
#s ]sC csY nH&T. |r #sL < deqyTq |#s
+T+~ n eTTKeT+ qs+< y& nH&T. >TsY ]+~
eT V+d <T, k$T V< |\ yT n $XV+< |]wY
n+srjT |<q s<] |MDY =>&j nH&T. re+> s#>=f
|Tq ]q|{ nsTT<T >Tsr\T # d+jTeTq+ b{+#sT
n qs+< y& nH&T. >< s\T u^ MT< ]q <&, \
nyT] < +<+|q ]q <&+{<. <w\T s+&T
|Tq\q s. | #dq y] q >TDbs+ HsT+.
me] e~*|+. B yq q X\T Te+{ |qT\T eT m|&
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 303
#jT+& T~#b+ n VA+eT+ >esH &|j nH&T.

>TsY ]+~ dVyTq |#s. y\TeqT |&+ @ |uT+
e\ njT~ <T. V+d deTsjT+ bsTTq|{ V+<
de+ yTT+> sj\L nr+> d+~++<
>eT+#* n sYmdtmdt |~ m+.C. y< nH&T. $XV+<
|]wY >TsY sw XK #sH Xes+ os+ Xd <= |q.
BHes |sT nH&T.
u+>TSsT dMT|+ #HqV* sYmdtmdt e]H\ eT&e
ys+ sV+q n\ us |~ du >TsY esD+&qT
|k$d, V+<Te\ d<eqH eTTd+\ u< +~ n,
eTTd+\T V+<Te\qT nqeds+> s#>=&+ eHj* n
rs+#sT. >TsY V+< de+ yTT+> d+~++~.
V+<Te\T ys+ ys |#s |PqTHsT. eT+ nH
bD\T be&+ <Ts<ws+ nHsT. |\T eT+ yT M<T\
e#sT. =# 15, 20 y\ eT+~ e#sT. nsdT #jTeTq+&.
= bdtdwH q 15, 20 y\ eT+~ +~+#eTq+& n
$XV+< |]wY d+jTT s<] & CB|t |f dy\T $ds&T.
$XV+< |]wY, +>< s|\qT |q ++#eTT.
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|&sTT. ne>Vq H|<+H yK\qT ns+ #dT>\T>T+.
ysTT @> V+<Te\T eTTd+\ V+d * neTHsT. k+
n+fH V+d, fs]+, JV<. >< dsr m|dt |q ]q
<& eTTd+ fs]+ u>yT | k |TsD <T. eTV< >
\+ qT+& V+d * neTq V+<Te\T eT nHqT
n~>$T+ yTTyTT<{k]> >TsY |q nsTT #sT. n~
e\+ >< esD+& dV |#s <T, V+<Te\T
dVk_ \+ nqTu$+q s+s V+d L& |#s. n+<T
d+|tT|]ysY y <Xy|+> >TsY esD+& n+ V+>
d+~+#sT. V+<Te\T |<]+q Xs <Xy|+> |#s+
#jT& >TsY Xs j sVkeT $XV+< |]wY yT
H\ 14q |{++~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 304
>< esD+& s>>H V+< y<T\T <D

qf d+~+#sT. |#s s|+#& #jTe\d+<+ #ksT.
k bdT , sT esD+& n|{|&T ]+<
| n+<T |<+>, > < n+T+&>H eTTKeT+
qs+< y& ~ eTT+<T>H |<+ ydTq fs]dT #s nH&
#k+. +< VA+eT+ n< L& ~ eTT+<T>H |<+
ydTq <& nH&T.
sTy s>e\dq < y |<+ yksT. >< <&
V+< d\|q n#s+ L& ]+< e<+ |>T=
|#s+ #ksT. >\&TTq u^ qT+& < b]bTq nsTT<T>TsT
d\qT ]$T b\ s|t #ksT nq e<+ sC |#s+ nsTT+<
>< #+~q &sY wCYe n+{sT. |#s+ eTTd+\|q
<c u> s#>={, d+|tT|]ysY n|{ ydTq |<+
k<sD V+< jTTeqT H{+< & e n+{sT. d+<X ~q|
syTq |#s+ |eTTK b sV++~. eT+&TTq u^ qT+&
=+<sT V+< d\qT eTTd+\T n|V]+#s, y] <] Xy\T
\ +<+ dMT|+ + <=]jT yTT<{sC
(n+f |e] 28H) d+<X sd+~. nesTT\ dH\T dd
HjT, y]|q eTeT&> n#s+ ]|qT Xy\qT #d
\TdTq< sd+~. $ s|+ q nesTT Xe+ L&
<=]+< s $qe+~. yTqT s|t#d eTT\T> d |{ bd
>\u{sT. M] $ eT<V n++<? n d+<X
|++~. bdT\T $wjT+ eTq+> +&&+ n +
bdTq< $eT]++~. bdT\T eTq+> +&& sD+
Xy\ < e{ n<+ e&yT. n + bd+~ d+<X |#T]+q
n<| yU |, $wj >T]+ bdT\T eTq+ b{+#&+
<T.
eTTd+\ MT< <w+ s#>=& e\dq |q\ e&yT
, eT ss\ n|{ XS\T, sT |+ eTTd+\ dT\
C_ jsT #dT= s&> q d+|tT|]ysY d+d\ + f
e\d +&+~. bdT\T n&Tssq VMT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 305
VMT qs+< y& #&q~ >TsY Vs+> sVd+.

yTeTT { &es, VA |q LsTq y, k+& dt
d+ #Tq y yTyTes, m+<Td+ e#y #|+&
||>\T n\s b\&qsTT bdT\T C+ #dT+{s q+
ujT|&<? n nejT+> n&q|&T &&+& eq yT
y& VMT #&. e nqy me> V+<Te. y <
es ue+ nq<T. =+<sT jT<|+> nHsT, =+<sT
n<= >=| $wjTeTsTTqT nHsT. y&H #rdt |T+f f+ ~j
(y& 36 >+\ f+ #&T) nH~ >TsY ds $q|& e.
++ y*?
+>< >TsY 3321 >e\ XK\THjT d+d
#|+T+~. = >eT+q 20 eT+~ jTTe\ dH
jsT #j* nq~ < \\ {. $XV+< |]wY 7000
>e\ XK\THjT d+d #|+T+~. <s = \\
d+K XS\T n |\e& eT&T yTTq\ |&u\T, sT |+
HsT. eTTd+\ ybs C_ jsT #dT= d<+> HsT. ><
esD+& ysT }V+q <+f >=| neX+ +~. |rs
V+d y& 36 >+\ f+ L& #&T.
y& f+ jTbsTTH >TsY bdT\T d+|tT|]ysY
<T+&>T\ |<> n&+ e#ysT sT. m+<T+f bdT
jT++> cjT jT++>+> es |jT >TsY n|{
# <s+ bsTT+~. >TsY sw bdt jT++>+ yTH]{\T
# =~eT+~ Hs, y] d+KqT |+#&+|q | X< |{\
CrjT yTH]{dt $TwH {e\ n+~. |+#& s| @+
#jTus > Z+#& e+ >+ |>T= |jT+
#ksT. d+K Z+#&yT , q =~eT+~ eTTd+, djTH bdt
|ds \|t H bd+>T\T #sT. >TsY &sY #+~q 8 eT+~
eTTd+ |mdt |ds @ s X+ u<\ d++~+q
bd+>\ sT. 65 eT+~ eTTd+ H|sY\ <sT eyT |
bd+>\ HsT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 306
bdT jT++>+ V+<Te\T n+<s L& d+|tT|]ysY

nqTL\+> +&sT { << nqTL\+> qy]
d+|tT|]ysY nC+& nqTL\yTq bd+>\ ydTe&+ >TsY
# \+> sT>TTq~. VA+>sT ksTT, m+| <>Zs
d+|tT|]ysY eTqTw\qT |yX|&TTHsT. VA+>sT\ m+|
ksTT bdt n~sT\ # d# +T+~ { ~ dT\uyTq
|. nVeT<u< q>s+ VA+ >sT\ 7000 eT+~ $XV+<
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yTT+MT< 12,000 eT+~ Hs eTq*+ +u{ y~
n+T+~.
yTTq{ V+k+& deTjT+ @ qsTT mdt|\T
d+|tT|]ysY ss\ |q #s rdT= (eTT+<T C>> nsdT
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V+dqT n<T| #jT&+ $|\yTq bdt n~sT, d+|tT|]ysY
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=> @sT #dq qs< ~ #ksT.
IX
_sq u<
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|~y\T, syy\ >T+|\T *q&q, \, ss\ yVH\

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s jT++>yT <T+&>T\ #T\T *| esDVAeT+ kdT+f
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t 308
(n+f yT H\ eT) 91 _s\T HjT, y{ 86,963

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T+ duT\T +{ T sd |s{ >& < |+{ bjsT.
|+{ ysT V+<Te. M] +{ s T |d
s+ _ _eT+ >&bsT. <T+&>T\T r]> +<y
+{ \{#d <#Tq~ <#T= >\u{ bjsT. \y]
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 317
jT{ eq +<y T+ duT\T sE eTs=#

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nsTTw+> + MTsT y[b+& ` e sTT+{ se<T nHsT. yqT
+>< ss\T u> u~]+#s sTy y] *d+~. bD+
b&Te& eT me] dVjT+ n]+#& w|& +<y
T++ <X+H +&T~ nyT] y[bsTT+~.
+<y\ nyT] be&+ k<eTsTT+~ k<sD
eTTd+\T @+ #j*? <VA& d+C* _s+ eTTc usTT nH
sT e e{&T e{&T nkT> <T'K+ <\sTT #T\
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eTTc usTT HqT bkH m+<T by*?... ~ H
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S \u{qT n \ \u{sT. n+<] k+|T VwsD
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|X yue]ksT?
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b&+ y] n_eqT\H + =+#+ ++ $T* qy]
+~ |{+~. eTTd+ d+d |+&T& d+d+
>\u{q +>< eTqT <+ >TsY sw kw ysY
(_d) &ssY .. e+Cs, ~ q\+< $X$<\j >\u{q
eTVeT< _H #s deq+ nH&T. d+d+ sTTq
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esD+& $|yTq V+dqT #$#dq <VA& \Hy&
yd nsTTq dusTT d+d kVeT+f # |eT. nsT<sTTq
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b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 318
\Hy& ]q <Vq+& dusTT q Xs b&T>*>&T

> b&Tbj&T. <Vq+& d>TZ|&q ..
e+Cs >sT H\ J+ |qsT<sD $T+ dusTT
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eT+<*+#&T.
seTT& w& eTTd+\T nes\T> >T]d yTeTT eTTd+\qT
usrjTT\T> d]keTT n sYmdtmdt yT<e\T n+T+{sT.
m<T{y] $Xk\ MT< +\T |f n~s+ y] me]#sq |X
nT+, seTT& <q w& <\q w+> {MMT< \+#
eTTd+\ dV+ V+< sw+ u< <q& d++, dsY
+{ du \ dMT|+ H\=q
sejTDYèTVusY +|. _s+ q~ s+&T }s eTTd+\T.
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>e\qT V+<Ty<T\T n VQ #jT> u~T\+ sTT
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nd\T s+&T }s |sT se&+ yqT < +~. }sT
bC sd >e\T. b }sT eTTbsTT |qsyd >e\T
{q|&T eT b |s m+<T |Ty* ` @<H = |sT
|T+<+ n >eTdT\T nqTHsT. |qsyd >e\T
]+q eT+ y] <>ZssTTq |uT n~], n~+>
eTTd+\sTTq s+&T }s |\T {M V+< |sD ><\ d]jT
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nesT?
{ u< sE >TsY eTTd+\+<] deTd. HqT
y~, H d+d+ n+f w+, sejTD >< n+f w+,
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 319
HqT eTdTqT n <s+> +&&+ k<+<T. y] u<

*+#&+ sw b\H eed |<q se+. |jT+ #dTq
#jT\T dV+ >TsY |+#e.
s> nsdT\T, Hs |]X<q

esD+& |<q b eV+q d+|tT|]ysY eTTKT\+<]
y+H nsdT #d +f eTTd+\ =+#yTH <s+ +&~.
nTe+{<MT s><T. yT H\ eT+ es ] nsdT
#jT<T. <T+&>T\T d#> s>&yT <T, nH# X+ $T{
duT\T> nes+ m bdT J|\H sT>TTHsT n
_s\ XsDsT\T n+THsT. esD+& ]q|&T bdT\T
#dq s |q #k+. sTy L& <H =qkdTHsT.
nVeT<u< q>s+ qs& b++ ]q <& dsY uH
nH >]D &T| d, _&qT jT >\u{q <+ >T]+
#|H+. <sTD b\&q y&T sr s<& nH |uT
< nH $wjT+ yTT<{qT+& \TdTqT. n <<| 10
ys\ < bdT\T nsdT #jT<T. n< qs& esD+&
HjT+ eV+q & CB|t |f, ej {\ |sT
yTT<{sEqT+& u~T\T dH eH, y] nsdT #jT&
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k\ <q+ +f >{ <syTB < #{\T n+{sTT.
|k\T #|H nVeT<u< bdT\ #\&+ <T.
& CB|t |f $XV+< |]wY d+jTT s<]. n
>TsTe, |<q s<] nsTTq |MDY =>&j q b++ #dq
Ms\ +f me qT q b++ #d |Tq
d+b~+#TH& nVeT<u< Vs+>+>H #|+THsT.
bdT\ e+ n$ |+#&+ <T. M]<]bT uT
+, wH s, Vwt sVs, |.C. sC|{, sE HT nH
d+|tT|]ysY HjT\ |sT L& u~T\T #sT. y] nsdT
#jT<T.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 320
MsT eyT <T, nVeT<u< ]q esD+&

u~T\T |s=q @ $XV+< |]wY, +><, _C|
HjT& yTH\ eT&e ys+ < bdT\T nsdT #jT<T.
sTy |mdt |yTjT+ = nsdT\T ]qT ysdTHsTT
>, pH 1q $&T<\sTTq CrjT eqe V\ $TwH y~
L& eTTKT\+ nsdT #jT<H ddt es nHsT.
\ |]d L& +<T _q+> <T. dsY+{,
|+#YeTV, <VA& \ d+|tT|]ysY d+d\ HjT\
H+ V+ eT\T ds$Vs+ #ksTT. dsY+{
VeTYq>sY m+m@ s+Yd+> #y& esT\T sE #y&, eTTH
#y& <&T\ |eTTUb sV+#sq n_j> |q #keTT.
n<$<+> |+#YeTV m+m@ _| #VH =&T\T
|MDY #VH, { #VH\T L&. s& q>s+ $w|C|, csY
eTs] nH <sT $XV+< |]wY HjT\T |eTTK b
sV+#sT. Mse] |{< bdT\T nsdT #jT<T.
dsY+{ bdT\T |< HjT\qT e~*|{ y]
nqT#sT\T 69 eT+~ esD+& ]q s+&Tqs H\\ nsdT
#jT>, nejT\qT nsdT #ks+ $XV+< |]wY +<
|\T| +~. |+#YeTV L& nsdT\T #jTuTHeT
bdT\T (s+&Tqs H\\ sTy) |{+#>H, @ ] nsdT
#dH n+<seT #{ ~]+ C\T beT $XV+< |]wY
C us <e |\T|+~. (d $<+d+
d+> nT+) 109 eT+~ d+|tT|]ysY eT\T #+bjT
>TsT+#T+f, $XV+< |]wY +<q m+ neqTwyTq< ns+
neT+~. nsTT bdT jT++>+ q HC eTs=k]
|<]d y] m{>sTTH e+#eT CH weT] ]+~. #
$sT<yTq u~]+|\qT sC+>s X\ |<]+ m<Tsy\
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jT++>+ @ $wjT+ d>TZ|&+< $wjT+ >T]+ |s<T
#jT&!
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 321
d\+ <w\qT nsdT #jTbe&+ sC+>+ s+q $~

sVD |TsyTq y|\yT, dTqT L& \Vq|sTdT+~.
V+\T, s|dT\T, $<+d\T ||>\T Vs+>+> sT>TT+&>
bdT\T yqT |Tbe&+, =k] V+ X+
$T{\ |qssq$Te&+, u~T\ eTHds, k\ eTHds
re+> <rdT+~. eTqyT+ #jTeTT, sJ|&<+ nH,
eTq+<T=+~ eTq+> +<+ nH nqTHT #dT+~.
dV> y e\q s+ ~>CsH yqT u~]+ >, eTs=
s+> > +>BdTH neX+ eTT<sTT \_dT+~.
s+&T, nsdT \deTjT =B, s| eTT<sTT k >T]+|
|s& >TsT|{H >T]+|qT sT\T $Xd+#e. eTT<sTT\qT
y+H nsdT#d >&Te |\ #]wT |&+ u~T\T, k\
eTHs+ $wjT+q, k++> L& sT ]> Hs
$#sD \+ #LsTdT+~. >TsY bdT\ q&e& n+<T d]>Z
_q+> +~. sE eTq+ >TsY esD+& >T]+ eqe
D+ qT+& y<q #+<TTH+. n<= mT > ]q <
HsdT\ |&TT+< < nH~ s| eTqeTT ydT | |X.
bdT\T esD+&qT |be&+H <T, ]q <
|&T #jT&+q eT #+ s+q sy @e+
HjT+ #jT&+ <T.
<#Tq dT\ kBq+q s+&T D\ |ksTT.
>TsY <sTD+& eTTd+\ dT\T <<| 3800 sbjT\
yTs qweTjjT #|H+. n+<T n~ u>+ nZb\T >,
\{ #d+~ L& # +~. cs+\T, <TD\ qT+& <
n{q \{ ]+~. e c| qT+& rdTbsTTq edTe\T e
}] |q y& +{ HsTT, H \TdT. qqT rdTb
>TsT|&qT n _s\ u~T\T #eT+~ nHsT.
bdT\T <#Tq edTe\ ]ed+ @ |jTeT |{<
#jT<T. B e\ u~T\ ]s>\ = edTe\T L& s+&
bjT |e<+ +~. \d+ njT=B edTe\qT neTTH
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 322
neX+, <MT< +& >TsT\qT #]|yd neX+, y&Te&+ e\

n$ >TsT|s+& bjT neX+ |sT>TT+~. $ s+&T s\T>q
qws+. {, u~T\ ] <e\d+~ <be&+, s+&T,
sT dT sTEe +& be&+.
nd\T m|tsY\T ]wsY #jT&+H # b\THsTT.
u~T\T |Tq ]q y+H bdtdwH bsTT dT qy<T #d
|]d +&<T. n~ ]<sT e\ MT< ]q <& <T. yTT+>H
eT #+~qy] MT< n~s \+ q V+ eT\T bdT\
| dVs+ #dq <&. n+<Te\ <& eTTjT>H bdtdwH
bsTT +|sTT+{ e# |]d u~T\T sT. bD\
|+#T= dTs b++ #sTH |jT+H y] d]bsTT+~.
# d+<s\ u~T\T ys+ sTy > |s<T #jT<T.
eTq Hs $#sD eed m|tsYqT + \d+> qy<T #jT&+
dTqT # \Vq|sTdT+~. + \d+> m|tsY <K\T
#dTH&+f |s~ n+<T <X|Ps+> nH $wj\T *+
+& neX+ +~ n sT\T u$ksTT. \k dVTyTq
sD+ qsTT < rdTy\q jTeT+ L& b<T
> n~ sT\ $#D H= $TqVsTT+| eyT. e\+
|s<T \d+> qy<sTTq sD+> >TsY # dT\T sTEe
+& be#T.
HjT eed b bdT\T @+ #ks n&>e#T.
u~T\T e#< >+& bdT m|tsY qy<T #dT=
qsTT =+esH dTqT k+ |+ qT+& b&
+&e#T. >TsY esD+& ]q |Tq\ Vs+>+>
]qy. ujT+syTq V+d L&Tqy. |q |Tq ]qT
e < n bdT\T nq& ks+ <T. y u~T\
*dq+ $es+> *jTbe#T. |H # |H _*+>qT
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m|tsY qy<T #dH |Tq (sT <w) $XdjT * +&~.
|q u~T\T uH #|~ k+> < \+ #Ls~. bdT\T
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 323
| #jT+& u~T ys+ |~ sE\ sTy XsDsT\

_s\ qT+& e |s<T #d < q |Tq\ ~H
\Vq|&qf. nTe+{ m|tsY\T 20 X+ < HjT e
n+#H.
bdT eT k+ #=se qy<T #dq m|tsY\T HsTT
y{ eTT<sTT\ |j>|& += s+ |+ |dT+~.
m|tsY\T $<+> k>TsTT. |s~ nsTTq k bdt du
H|sY |q s&T >d sT>TT+&> |< >T+| |++~.
>T+| \T yd eTTd+\ d++~+q c|\T, >&eqT
<#T+ >\u&T ns#+ dwdTHsT. HqT V#]d \T\T
]bqT. nsTTq|{ y $q+& =qk+#sT. |q s&T,
|q > |q <TD\T <+d+ #ksT. e] = >+\
sTy y[bjsT. m|tsY + +T+~. ] |sT >,
y |j+q e\T >, q H<\T >, ydTq \
esq > @MT +&<T.
y |Tq\ >T]+ _s\ q u~T\T |\ yq,
ssD $T{\q #| <H\ k +><, $XV+<
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\ cjT+ s+>T V&u+& THsH n+{sT. +><
+<u<! nHsH, Cls+ nHsH n+{sT. $wj\T #|P
u~T\T nH d+<s\ mdt| _s\ qT+& s\T sksT.
s| dT $#sD uH L& #bsT. k\T>
y+>\ +&ujT $\Te m+? k d+|tT|]ysY HjT\T
+> qsTT k mdt yqT >TsT|&? y |sT m|tsY
m+<T e? y +>H d+|tT|]ysY d+d\ >\ d++<
d+# \T ydT= H, H<\T H $wjT+ |s~
nsTTq k mdt >eT+ +&y&T <. eT] m|tsY ne
m+<T e? d+<V\ u~T\ k sT sd]+# |e<+
+~.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 324
Te+{ dT\ HjT+ s>\+f u~T\T V+\q,

k bdT\q *| eTT<sTT\qT #d |y{ dT ydTe&+ f
esZ+. n~ m+eT+~ k<+ neT+~?
@ m|tsYq s|t dT d++~+q dqT be&+
={qT q|+# eTs= $wjT+. esD+&, <Vq+&\
u>+> d\|q n#s\T |<Tq ]>jTq~ n+<s m]q
yde+. u~T\T _s\ #]q sTy j \ mdt|\
|+|+q |s<T\ s|t ]q |Tq\qT u~Ts* |sT dV
|s=HsT. nsTTq|{ s|t d++~+q dH 376 m|tsY\
|+#<T. n++f |< dqT |&TTq|&T s|t dH m+<T
|<T n bdT\T n+THsT. s|t J$U<T yjTe#TqT {
|]uw L& s|t |< dH. nsTTH |< dqT |{q|&T q$
|qs < m& <T. |<$ sTEe b @+ #ksT? n
Hs\|H $#sD ]|qsTT @~ sTEesTT < |&TT+~.
s|t nH Hs+ | q <s yK] deT]+#T=q& k\T
yTTHsT | ys @MT <T.
+= s+> |usTTwyTq m|tsY\T L& HsTT. $
$&$& |Tq\qT *| dT> qy<T#dq m|tsY\T. syTq
m|tsY L& dT $#sDqT k++> \Vq|sTdT+~.
<VsD> |+#YeTV bdtdwH + H+. 33/2002>
qy<sTTq |s<TqT #&e#T. n< dwH mdt sY.C.b{ +<T
|s~. &s >eT+q &s s dwHq |D+q
|e] 28 b<Tq 11 qT+& kjT++ 4 < ]q n |Tq\
+<T qy<T #jT&sTT. eT&T#{ y\ d+K q eT&T
>T+|\T V+&L <Vq+&L b\&jT |s~ n+{&T.
}] <&#dq >T+|qT V+< eTy<T\ >T+| n+{&T.
}] V+< >T+| n+{&T. }] eTy<T\ >T+|
n+{&T. @ deTjT+ eT&T#{ ]+~ #d neX+ mdt
<H~ dwyT. nTe+|&T eT&T ysT ysT <+\qT *|
qy<T #dq m|tsY $XdjT @$T{?
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 325
Te+{ { m|tsY\ $wjT+ e+ >TsY VsT

C+ #dT+~. nVeT<u< #+~q mVkH djT< nH
n&T qT Te+{ 14 m|tsY\ MT< VsT dT\T yjT>,
VsT m|tsY\qT #\$> |{+, u~T\ |s<T\qT <s+
#dT= $&$&> = Hs = m|tsY qy<T #jTeT
<++~. nsTT ~ 14 m|tsY\ eyT e]dT+~. VsT
mes dy\T #jT$ n{> +&bjsTT.
>TsY VsT |keq e+~ { HjTkq+ nqTd]+q
yK] >T]+ L& s+&T e\T & #|e&+ +> +T+~.
n+ |TsyTq esD+& q m<T ]q|&T me] |{wH
deT >+& VsT q+ H d+~+ +&e\d+~. CrjT
eqe V\ $TwH #dq | >TsY Vs #d +&e\d+~.
|e] 28q VsT & ns+s+> sT $& y[bjs
eJ N|t ddt sy CrjT eqe V\ $TwH sdq y~
#|q d+> #k+.
>TsY VsT | #jTb>, XsDsT\T eT V\ >T]+
ydq dT\ | # ]|+>, + d]>Z #b\+f es ue+
d+~++~. |C |jH\ dT\T, eqe V\ dT\T yd
n\yTq X |f, eTT dH e+{ HjTy<T\T VsT
HjT+ <=sTT+<q qeT+ e +&<T { e <>Zs eq
yqT yTyT sTV|]#+ nHsT. ysT |jT+ #dq { s+&T
dT\ VsT d+~+q yq+ y] d+Xj sTEe #d+~.
d |q |\qT ysTT< yjTeT |uT
<+#e\d+~> sT djTsY HjTy~ X |f VsT
dT yksT. \ |> q+ XsDsT\ _s\ HsT. _s\
q d\T |\\T d\T bjT |]d sT. ]dq _s\
#<TeH yesD+ <T. | +<+ V+< b++ qsTT
eTTd+ |\\T n& bsTT |\T sjTsT. n sD\ e
|\T ysTT< yjT&+ HjT+> +T+< jTq y~+#sT.
b eTTd+ &+{{ ` V+< sj\T
t 326
dT ddt _.d.|f >] u+ eTT+<T e+~. dT MTsT

ydTqT eTT+<T>H |\ ys m{ e+~? n ysT yTT<
nu+s+ *bsT. ~ \ eT+~ |\ deTd { dT yd
|jT+ sT>TTq $wjT+ sVd+ <, mesH |\ ys
n+~ +&e#Tq HjTy~ nHsT. +<T m+eT+~ $<sT\T
deTd m<Ts=+THsq \T >, s $es\T > y n
&>sT s+&e nu+s+ eBksT. d\T |q | L#T+Tq
$<sT\T m+eT+~ _s\ qB qT \T rjT e
ydeyTq, nsTT \ Hu q# >T y<T Vd\T
$<sT\T +{s u$+#&+ du { yTq d+K q+
eq n|#syT+ ]qT < HjTy~ nH&T. nsTTH |&T
u<+ |+ e+~? n+<s d#>H sT>TTHsT < n
&>sT eT&e nu+s+ eBksT. VsT &, ]fsT
VsT & N{ <=&<]q |+#Te\d eq $wjT+ *d+<
<, eTTd+\ u< m&T+~ n X |f nHsT. sTy
e{ e{ |], dT HqT $qqT. ys u+ eTT+<T |+& n
ddt |f n\ |{+#sT. ( s+&e u+ L& |\T ysTT<
yjTeT <+#& s]+#>, e] u~T\T dT|+sT
bsTT ssY #Te\d e+~.)
u~T\ HjT+ #d $wjT+ d #| VsT CrjT
eqe V\ $TwH w n&Te& e+ V+ #|+~.
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Muslim Identity, Hidutva Rajakeeyalu - K. Balagopal

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Muslim Identity, Hidutva Rajakeeyalu - K. Balagopal

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