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Chng III - Dng in xoay chiu

1. Dng in xoay chiu :
Dng in xoay chiu l dng in c chiu v gi tr bin i
theo thi gian, nhng thay i ny thng tun hon theo mt chu k
nht nh.

trn l cc dng in xoay chiu hnh sin, xung vung v xung

nhn.
Chu k v tn s ca dng in xoay chiu.
Chu k ca dng in xoay chiu k hiu l T l khong thi gian
m in xoay chiu lp li v tr c , chu k c tnh bng giy (s)
Tn s in xoay chiu : l s ln lp li trang thi c ca dng in
xoay chiu trong mt giy k hiu l F n v l Hz
F=1/T
Pha ca dng in xoay chiu :
Ni n pha ca dng xoay chiu ta thng ni ti s so snh gia 2
dng in xoay chiu c cng tn s .
* Hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha l hai dng in c cc thi
im in p cng tng v cng gim nh nhau:

Hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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* Hai dng in xoay chiu lch pha : l hai dng in c cc thi

im in p tng gim lch nhau .

Hai dng in xoay chiu lch pha

* Hai dng in xoay chiu ngc pha : l hai dng in lch pha
180 , khi dng in ny tng th dng in kia gim v ngc li.

Hai dng in xoay chiu ngc pha

Bin ca dng in xoay chiu
Bin ca dng xoay chiu l gi tr in p nh ca dng
in.xoay chiu, bin ny thng cao hn in p m ta o c
t cc ng h
Gi tr hiu dng ca dng in xoay chiu
Thng l gi tr o c t cc ng h v cng l gi tr in p
c ghi trn zc cm ngun ca cc thit b in t., V d ngun
220V AC m ta ang s dng chnh l ch gi tr hiu dng, thc t
bin nh ca in p 220V AC khong 220V x 1,4 ln = khong
300V
Cng xut ca dng in xoay chiu .
Cng xut dng in xoay chiu ph thuc vo cng , in p v
lch pha gia hai i lng trn , cng xut c tnh bi cng
thc :
P = U.I.cos
z

Trong U : l in p

I l dng in

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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l gc lch pha gia U v I

=> Nu dng xoay chiu i qua in tr th lch pha ga U v I

= 0 khi cos = 1 v P = U.I

=> Nu dng xoay chiu i qua cun dy hoc t in th lch

pha gia U v I l +90 hoc -90, khi cos = 0 v P = 0
( cng xut ca dng in xoay chiu khi i qua t in hoc cun
dy l = 0 )

2. Dng in xoay chiu i qua in tr

Dng in xoay chiu i qua in tr th dng in v in p cng
pha vi nhau , ngha l khi in p tng cc i th dng in qua tr
cng tng cc i. nh vy dng xoay chiu c tnh cht nh dng
mt chiu khi i qua tr thun.do c th p dng cc cng thc
ca dng mt chiu cho dng xoay chiu i qua in tr
I = U / R hay R = U/I Cng thc nh lut ohm
P = U.I Cng thc tnh cng xut
3 . Dng in xoay chiu i qua t in .
Dng in xoay chiu i qua t in th dng in s sm pha hn
in p 90

Dng xoay chiu c dng in sm

pha hn in p 90 khi i qua t
* Dng xoay chiu i qua t s b t cn li vi mt tr khng gi
l Zc, v Zc c tnh bi cng thc
Zc = 1/ ( 2 x 3,14 x F x C )
z

Trong Zc l dung khng ( n v l Ohm )

F l tn s dng in xoay chiu ( n v l Hz)

C l in dung ca t in ( n v l Fara)

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Cng thc trn cho thy dung khng ca t in t l nghch vi

tn s dng xoay chiu (ngha l tn s cng cao cng i qua t d
dng) v t l nghc vi in dung ca t ( ngha l t c in dung
cng ln th dng xoay chiu i qua cng d dng)
=> Dng mt chiu l dng c tn s F = 0 do Zc = v vy
dng mt chiu khng i qua c t.
4. Dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy.
Khi dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy s to ra t trng bin
thin v t trng bin thin ny li cm ng ln chnh cun dy
mt in p cm ng c chiu ngc li , do cun dy c xu
hng chng li dng in xoay chiu khi i qua n, s chng li ny
chnh l cm khng ca cun dy k hiu l ZL
ZL = 2 x 3,14 x F x L
z

Trong ZL l cm khng ( n v l Ohm)

L l h s t cm ca cun dy ( n v l Henry) L ph thuc
vo s vng dy qun v cht liu li .
F l tn s dng in xoay chiu ( n v l Hz)

T cng thc trn ta thy, cm khng ca cun dy t l thun vi

tn s v h s t cm ca cun dy, tn s cng cao th i qua cun
dy cng kh khn => tnh cht ny ca cun dy ngc vi t in.
=> Vi dng mt chiu th ZL ca cun dy = 0 ohm, d dng
mt chiu i qua cun dy ch chu tc dng ca in tr thun R m
thi ( tr thun ca cun dy l in tr o c bng ng h vn
nng ), nu tr thun ca cun dy kh nh th dng mt chiu qua
cun dy s b on mch.
* Dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy th dng in b chm pha
so vi in p 90 ngha l in p tng nhanh hn dng in khi
qua cun dy .

Dng xoay chiu c dng in chm

pha hn in p 90 khi i qua cun dy
=>> Do tnh cht lch pha gia dng in v in p khi i qua t

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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in v cun dy, nn ta khng p dng c nh lut Ohm vo

mch in xoay chiu khi c s tham gia ca L v C c.
=>> V cng xut th dng xoay chiu khng sinh cng khi chng
i qua L v C mc d c U > 0 v I >0.
5. Tng hp hai dng in xoay chiu trn cng mt mch in
* Trn cng mt mch in , nu xut hin hai dng in xoay
chiu cng pha th bin in p s bng tng hai in p thnh
phn.

Hai dng in cng pha bin s tng.

* Nu trn cng mt mch in , nu xut hin hai dng in xoay
chiu ngc pha th bin in p s bng hiu hai in p thnh
phn.

Hai dng in ngc pha, bin gim

Chng IV - Gii thiu ng h vn nng

1. Gii thiu v ng h vn nng ( VOM)

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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ng h vn nng ( VOM ) l thit b o khng th thiu c vi

bt k mt k thut vin in t no, ng h vn nng c 4 chc
nng chnh l o in tr, o in p DC, o in p AC v o dng
in.
u im ca ng h l o nhanh, kim tra c nhiu loi linh
kin, thy c s phng np ca t in , tuy nhin ng h ny c
hn ch v chnh xc v c tr khng thp khong 20K/Vol do vy
khi o vo cc mch cho dng thp chng b st p.
2. Hng dn o in p xoay chiu.

S dng ng h vn nng o p AC
Khi o in p xoay chiu ta chuyn thang o v cc thang AC,
thang AC cao hn in p cn o mt nc, V d nu o in p
AC220V ta thang AC 250V, nu ta thang thp hn in p cn
o th ng h bo kch kim, nu thanh qu cao th kim bo thiu
chnh xc.
* Ch - ch :
Tuyt i khng thang o in tr hay thang o dng in khi
o vo in p xoay chiu => Nu nhm ng h s b hng ngay lp
tc !

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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nhm thang o dng in, o vo

ngun AC => s hng ng h

nhm thang o in tr, o vo ngun AC

=> s hng cc in tr trong ng h
* Nu thang o p DC m o vo ngun AC th kim ng h

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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khng bo , nhng ng h khng nh hng .

thang DC o p AC ng h khng ln kim

tuy nhin ng h khng hng

3. Hng dn o in p mt chiu DC bng ng h vn nng.

Khi o in p mt chiu DC, ta nh chuyn thang o v thang
DC, khi o ta t que vo cc dng (+) ngun, que en vo cc
m (-) ngun, thang o cao hn in p cn o mt nc. V d nu
o p DC 110V ta thang DC 250V, trng hp thang o thp
hn in p cn o => kim bo kch kim, trng hp thang qu
cao => kim bo thiu chnh xc.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Dng ng h vn nng o in p mt chiu DC

* Trng hp sai thang o :
Nu ta sai thang o, o p mt chiu nhng ta ng h thang
xoay chiu th ng h s bo sai, thng thng gi tr bo sai cao
gp 2 ln gi tr thc ca in p DC, tuy nhin ng h cng khng
b hng .

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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sai thang o khi o in p mt chiu => bo sai gi tr.

* Trng hp nhm thang o
Ch - ch : Tuyt i khng nhm ng h vo thang o
dng in hoc thang o in tr khi ta o in p mt chiu (DC) ,
nu nhm ng h s b hng ngay !!

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Trng hp nhm thang o dng in

khi o in p DC => ng h s b hng !

Trng hp nhm thang o in tr khi o in

p DC => ng h s b hng cc in tr bn trong!

4. Hng dn o in tr v tr khng.
Vi thang o in tr ca ng h vn nng ta c th o c rt
nhiu th.
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z

o kim tra gi tr ca in tr
o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on dy dn
o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on mch in
o kim tra cc cun dy bin p c thng mch khng
o kim tra s phng np ca t in
o kim tra xem t c b d, b chp khng.
o kim tra tr khng ca mt mch in
o kim tra i t v bng bn dn.

* s dng c cc thang o ny ng h phi c lp 2 Pn

tiu 1,5V bn trong, x dng cc thang o 1Kohm hoc 10Kohm
ta phi lp Pin 9V.
o in tr :

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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o kim tra in tr bng ng h vn nng

o tri s in tr ta thc hin theo cc bc sau :
z

Bc 1 : thang ng h v cc thang o tr, nu in tr

nh th thang x1 ohm hoc x10 ohm, nu in tr ln th
thang x1Kohm hoc 10Kohm. => sau chp hai que o v
chnh trit o kim ng h bo v tr 0 ohm.
Bc 2 : Chun b o .
Bc 3 : t que o vo hai u in tr, c tr s trn thang
o , Gi tr o c = ch s thang o X thang o
V d : nu thang x 100 ohm v ch s bo l 27 th gi tr l
= 100 x 27 = 2700 ohm = 2,7 K ohm
Bc 4 : Nu ta thang o qu cao th kim ch ln mt cht ,
nh vy c tr s s khng chnh xc.
Bc 5 : Nu ta thang o qu thp , kim ln qu nhiu, v
c tr s cng khng chnh xc.
Khi o in tr ta chn thang o sao cho kim bo gn v tr
gia vch ch s s cho chnh xc cao nht.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Dng thang in tr o kim tra t in

Ta c th dng thang in tr kim tra phng np v h
hng ca t in , khi o t in , nu l t gm ta dng thang o x1K
ohm hoc 10K ohm, nu l t ho ta dng thang x 1 ohm hoc x 10
ohm.

Dng thang x 1K ohm kim tra t gm

Php o t gm trn cho ta bit :
z

T C1 cn tt => kim phng np khi ta o

T C2 b d => ln kim nhng khng tr v v tr c

T C3 b chp => kim ng h ln = 0 ohm v khng tr v.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Dng thang x 10 ohm kim tra t ho

trn l php o kim tra cc t ho, t ho rt t khi b d hoc
chp m ch yu l b kh ( gim in dung) khi o t ho bit
chnh xc mc hng ca t ta cn o so snh vi mt t mi c
cng in dung.
z

trn l php o so snh hai t ho cng in dung, trong

t C1 l t mi cn C2 l t c, ta thy t C2 c phng np
yu hn t C1 => chng t t C2 b kh ( gim in dung )
Ch khi o t phng np, ta phi o chiu que o vi ln
xem phng np.

5. Hng dn o dng in bng ng h vn nng.

Cch 1 : Dng thang o dng
o dng in bng ng h vn nng, ta o ng h ni tip
vi ti tiu th v ch l ch o c dng in nh hn gi tr ca
thang o cho php, ta thc hin theo cc bc sau
z
z

z
z

Bc 1 : t ng h vo thang o dng cao nht .

Bc 2: t que ng h ni tip vi ti, que v chiu
dng, que en v chiu m .
Nu kim ln thp qu th gim thang o
Nu kim ln kch kim th tng thang o, nu thang o
thang cao nht th ng h khng o c dng in ny.
Ch s kim bo s cho ta bit gi tr dng in .

Cch 2 : Dng thang o p DC

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Ta c th o dng in qua ti bng cch o st p trn in tr

hn dng mc ni vi ti, in p o c chia cho gi tr tr hn
dng s cho bit gi tr dng in, phng php ny c th o c
cc dng in ln hn kh nng cho php ca ng h v ng h
cmg an ton hn.
Cch c tr s dng in v in p khi o nh th no ?

* c gi tr in p AC v DC
Khi o in p DC th ta c gi tr trn vch ch s DCV.A
z

Nu ta thang o 250V th ta c trn vch c gi tr cao nht

l 250, tng t thang 10V th c trn vch c gi tr cao
nht l 10. trng hp thang 1000V nhng khng c vch
no ghi cho gi tr 1000 th c trn vch gi tr Max = 10, gi
tr o c nhn vi 100 ln
Khi o in p AC th c gi tr cng tng t. c trn vch
AC.10V, nu o thang c gi tr khc th ta tnh theo t l. V
d nu thang 250V th mi ch s ca vch 10 s tng
ng vi 25V.
Khi o dng in th c gi tr tng t c gi tr khi o in
p .

6. Gii thiu v ng h s DIGITAL

ng h s Digital c mt s u im so vi ng h c kh, l
chnh xc cao hn, tr khng ca ng h cao hn do khng
gy st p khi o vo dng in yu, o c tn s in xoay chiu,
tuy nhin ng h ny c mt s nhc im l chy bng mch in
t ln hay hng, kh nhn kt qu trong trng hp cn o nhanh,
khng o c phng np ca t.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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ng h vn nng s Digital
Hng dn s dng :
* o in p mt chiu ( hoc xoay chiu )

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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t ng h vo thang o in p DC hoc AC
z

que ng h vo l cm " V mA" que en vo l cm

"COM"
Bm nt DC/AC chn thang o l DC nu o p mt chiu
hoc AC nu o p xoay chiu.
Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "V" hy thang o cao nht nu
cha bit r in p, nu gi tr bo dng thp phn th ta gim
thang o sau.
t thang o vo in p cn o v c gi tr trn mn hnh
LCD ca ng h.
Nu t ngc que o(vi in mt chiu) ng h s bo gi
tr m (-)

* o dng in DC (AC)
z

Chuyn que ng h v thang mA nu o dng nh, hoc

20A nu o dng ln.
Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "A"
Bm nt DC/AC chn o dng mt chiu DC hay xoay
chiu AC

t que o ni tip vi mch cn o

c gi tr hin th trn mn hnh.

* o in tr

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959

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Tr li v tr dy cm nh khi o in p .
Xoay chuyn mch v v tr o " ", nu cha bit gi tr in
tr th chn thang o cao nht , nu kt qu l s thp phn th
ta gim xung.

t que o vo hai u in tr.

c gi tr trn mn hnh.

Chc nng o in tr cn c th o s thng mch, gi s o

mt on dy dn bng thang o tr, nu thng mch th ng
h pht ra tin ku

* o tn s
z

Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "FREQ" hoc " Hz"

thang o nh khi o in p .

t que o vo cc im cn o

c tr s trn mn hnh.

* o Logic
z

o Logic l o vo cc mch s ( Digital) hoc o cc chn ln

ca vi x l, o Logic thc cht l o trng thi c in - K
hiu "1" hay khng c in "0", cch o nh sau:

Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "LOGIC"

t que vo v tr cn o que en vo mass

Mn hnh ch "" l bo mc logic mc cao, ch "" l

bo logic mc thp

* o cc chc nng khc

z

ng h vn nng s Digital cn mt s chc nng o khc

nh o i t, o t in, o Transistor nhng nu ta o cc
linh kin trn, ta ln dng ng h c kh s cho kt qu tt hn
v o nhanh hn.

Xuan Vinh : 0912421959