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Nhm

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H NI 2011

PHN I
L THUYT

BI THC HNH S 9:
THC HNH THI CNG LP T MNG NI B
Ni dung th nghim:
Sinh vin tm hiu v thc hnh v qu trnh lp t mng ni b.
1. Nguyn tc bm dy mng LAN
Dy mng CAT-5 (UTP) c 8 si c xon thnh 4 cp: Trng Cam - Cam, Trng
Dng - Dng, Trng L - L, Trng Nu - Nu v vic bm dy mng c bm
theo 2 chun A v B.

Chun A
Chn 1 - Trng L

Chun B
Chn 1 - Trng Cam

Chn 2 - L

Chn 2 - Cam

Chn 3 - Trng Cam

Chn 3 - Trng L

Chn 4 - Dng

Chn 4 - Dng

Chn 5 - Trng Dng

Chn 5 - Trng Dng

Chn 6 - Cam

Chn 6 - L

Chn 7 - Trng Nu

Chn 7 - Trng Nu

Chn 8 - Nu

Chn 8 - Nu

Nu bm c 2 u cng 1 chun (A - A hoc B - B ) th gi l bm thng, dng

ni t my n Hub/Switch. Cn nu bn dng 1 u chun A v 1 u chun B th
gi l bm cho, dng ni 2 my tnh li vi nhau m khng dng Hub/Switch.
Cc ng dng s dng cp thng (Straight through):
-

Ni switch n router

Ni switch n PC hoc Server

Ni hub n PC hoc server

Cc ng dng s dng cp cho (Crossover):

-

Ni switch n switch

Ni switch n hub

Ni hub n hub

Ni router n rounter

Ni PC n PC

Ni router n PC

Vy khi no bm cp cho v khi no bm cp thng? C 2 nguyn tc sau cn ghi

nh:
Hai thit b ng ng th bm cp cho (switch-switch, hub-hub...)

Hai thit b khc ng th bm cp thng (switch-PC,Hub-PC,..)

Cc ch khi thi cng bm cp:
Hai dy khc mu phi nm cnh nhau (tc l trng - mu -trng -mu ...) khng
2 dy cng mu nm cnh nhau. Mt s loi dy c 4 si ng v 4 si l kim loi
khc: dy ng trng l/l v trng cam/cam; dy st l 4 si cn li. Khi bm dy nn
sp xp 4 dy ng vo cc v tr 1,2,3,6 tn hiu truyn cho tt.
Trn v dy c nh s m cho tng on cp v c s dng c lng di
on cp trnh bm thiu dy hoc tha qu nhiu.
2. a ch IP
a ch IP l mt s nguyn 32 bit, thng c biu din di dng mt dy 4 s
nguyn cch nhau bi du chm (dotted format). Mt s nguyn trong a ch IP l
mt byte, thng c gi l mt octet (8 bits).
V d v mt a ch IP in hnh l 123.255.0.15. Cc thnh phn 123, 255, 0 v
15 l cc octet.
Mt a ch IP gm c 3 phn. Phn u tin l a ch mng (network address),
phn th cui cng l a ch my (host address) v phn cn li (nu c) l a ch
mng con (subnet address).
a ch mng ca mt a ch IP c tm ra khi thc hin php ton logic AND
gia a ch IP y v mt gi tr gi l mt n mng (network mask, ti s khng

dng t mt n mng trong tt c cc bi v sau m ch dng network mask cng

nh s khng dch t mask thnh mt n na). Network mask cho bit bao nhiu
bit trong a ch IP l a ch mng.
3. Phn lp a ch IP:
a ch IP c phn ra lm 5 lp mng (lp A, B, C, D, v E). Trong bn lp
u c s dng, lp E c dnh ring cho nghin cu. Lp D c dng cho vic
pht cc thng tin broadcast/multicastt (broadcast/multicast IPs). Lp A, B v C c
dng trong cuc sng hng ngy.
4. Cch phn bit IP lp A, B, C, v D:
Mt a ch IP vi bit u tin l 0 thuc v lp A, bit u tin l 1 v bit th 2 l 0
thuc lp B, bit u l 1, bit 2 l 1, bit 3 l 0 thuc lp C, bit u l 1, bit 2 l 1, bit 3
l 1, bit 4 l 0 thuc lp D. Lp E l cc a ch cn li. Bng sau tm tt tng ny:
Lp IP
A
B
C
D

Dng a ch IP (x l bit bt Network mask mc nh (default network

k)
mask)
0xxxx.......xxx
255.0.0.0
10xxx.......xxx
255.255.0.0
110xx.......xxx
255.255.255.0
1110x.......xxx
(khng dng)
V d a ch 10.243.100.56 l mt a ch IP lp A v octet u c biu din

di dng nh phn thnh 00001010. Bit u tin l 0 nn a ch thuc v lp A.

Mi lp c 2 a ch dnh ring l a ch thp nht (phn a ch my ton bit 0), v
a ch cao nht ca lp (phn a ch my ton bit 1). Nh vy, a ch mng c
th c trong mt lp s ph thuc vo s bit trong network mask (bit mang gi tr 1).
Nu gi s bit 1 trong network mask l x th s a ch mng ti a c th c trong
mt lp l 2x
Tuy nhin, v mi lp b ph thuc vo vi bit u tin quy nh nn s a ch
mng ti a tht s trong mi lp s l 2x 2(s bit c nh ca lp tng ng).
Nh vy lp A c 126 a ch, lp B c ti a 16382 a ch, lp C c 2097150 a
ch.
Phn cn li ngoi a ch mng s l a ch my. Tng t cng c 2 a ch my
dnh ring (a ch thp nht v a ch cao nht) trong mi a ch mng. Nh vy, s
a ch my c th c trong mi mng s l 2 (32-x) - 2. Cng thc tnh n gin ging

cng thc tnh s a ch mng. Ch khc mt iu l ta dng s bit 0 (32-x) thay v

dng s bit 1 (x).
Nh vy, mt a ch mng lp C s c 254 a ch my, tng t cho a ch mng
lp B, v A.
Tng s a ch ca mt lp mng l tch ca s a ch mng v s a ch my
trong mt mng thuc lp .
5. Subnet:
Tuy nhin, cc nh qun tr mng thng phn chia mng ca h ra thnh nhiu
mng nh hn gi l mng con subnet. Tng t vi a ch mng, a ch mng con
cng c quy nh bi mt mask, gi l subnet mask. Subnet mask ca mt a ch
mng c s bit 1 nhiu hn hoc bng (trng hp bng c ngha l khng c chia
mng ra thnh subnet) s bit 1 trong network mask ca a ch . V d subnet mask
ca mt mng thuc lp B s c dng 255.255.xxx.xxx vi xxx l s bt k t 0 n
255.
Cch tnh s a ch mng con ca mt a ch mng s ph thuc vo bao nhiu
bit ca network mask c dng lm subnet mask (tm gi l y). Hai cng thc
bn trn u c s dng vi vic thay bin x thnh y. c bit cch tnh s a ch
IP trong mi subnet s dng c x v y theo cng thc sau:
2(32-x-y) - 2
V d subnet mask ca mt mng lp A (network mask mc nh 255.0.0.0) l
255.192.0.0 th y s l 2 (v 192 biu din dng nh phn l 11000000, c ngha l
c 2 bit c s dng lm subnet mask). Subnet mask phi l mt dy lin tc
cc bit 1 ngay sau network mask. iu ny ni ln rng subnet mask dnh mt s bit 0
trong network mask (phn dnh cho a ch my). Cng c 2 a ch my dnh ring
trong mi subnet. Hai a ch l subnet address (a ch thp nht trong subnet) v
broadcast address (a ch cao nht trong subnet). a ch thp nht trong subnet
khng nht thit c tt c cc bit l 0 nh i vi a ch thp nht trong mt mng,
cng nh a ch cao nht khng nht thit phi l ton bit 1. Lu l trong mt vi
ti liu c ni rng cng c 2 subnet dnh ring trong mi mng nhng by gi iu
khng cn dng na. Hai subnet vn c dng, gi l zero subnet (subnet thp
nht) v broadcast subnet (subnet cao nht).

Ngoi ra, mi lp mng cn c 1 a ch mng dnh ring (private network

address). Lp A c a ch 10.0.0.0. Lp B c a ch 172.16.0.0. Lp C c a ch
192.168.0.0. a ch broadcast ca lp A cn c gi l a ch universal broadcast
(ton bit 1 hay 255.255.255.255).
6. Broadcast v multicast:
Cc phn trn cp n broadcast v multicast nhng cha gii thch. a ch
broadcast l mt a ch m khi thng tin gi ti a ch s c gi n ton b
cc my trong mng. Multicast cng nh broadcast nhng ch c tc dng trong mt
subnet.
Trn y l cc kin thc c bn v vic nh a ch IP. Vi v d di s gip
lm sng t cc kin thc trn.
V d 1: a ch 192.168.0.1 thuc lp no?
C 2 cch tr li cu hi ny: Mt l da vo vic phn tch octet u ra dng nh
phn, cn c vo cc bit u m c th tr li. Cch th hai l v a ch ny thuc
mng ring ca lp C nn c th tr li ngay.
V d 2: Ch r a ch mng ca a ch 192.168.0.5 vi network mask mc nh.
Cu hi ny buc ta phi bit a ch 192.168.0.5 thuc lp no v bit network
mask ca lp .
192.168.0.5 thuc lp C.
Lp C c network mask l 255.255.255.0.
Thc hin php AND s ra 192.168.0.0.
Cu tr li l 192.168.0.0. Cu hi ny cng c th tr li nu ta bit l a ch
192.168.0.5 l mt trong 3 a ch ring.
V d 3: Ch r phn a ch mng (b phn a ch my) ca a ch 192.168.0.10
vi network mask mc nh.
Nh cu trn ta bit network mask ca a ch 192.168.0.10 l 255.255.255.0.
Cu hi yu cu ch r PHN a ch mng, nn ta ch ly cc bit cn nm trong
network mask:
a ch u

11000000.10101000.00000000.00001010

Network mask

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Ly phn trong network mask

11000000.10101000.00000000

Cu tr li s l 192.168.0.
V d 4: a ch IP 129.56.7.8 c subnet mask l 255.255.128.0. Hi c bao nhiu
subnet, bao nhiu a ch IP trong mi subnet, bao nhiu a ch IP trong mng ?
Vic tr li i hi cht tnh ton. Sau khi nhn bit a ch IP ny l thuc lp B,
network mask mc nh l 255.255.0.0 (x l 16), ta bit qun tr mng ly 1 bit
chia subnet. Nh vy, y l 1. S subnet l 2 1 l 2. S a ch IP trong mi subnet l 2(32y-x)

- 2 l 32766. Suy ra s a ch IP trong mng l 2 * 32766 l 65532.

7. Cu hi dnh cho ngi c t tr li:

Mt qun tr vin c mt network address thuc lp C. Anh ta mun chia a ch
ny ra thnh nhiu subnet nh hn. Anh ta mun mi subnet c ti thiu 10 my v ti
a 30 my, vy anh ta nn dng nhng subnet mask no?

PHN II
CC BI THC HNH

BI THC HNH S 9:
THC HNH THI CNG LP T MNG NI B
Ni dung th nghim:
Sinh vin tm hiu v xy dng h thng mng cc b gm cc thnh phn switch,
router, chuyn i quang. Sinh vin khai bo cu hnh mng hot ng theo cc lp
a ch IP.
1. Mc ch
- Gip cho sinh vin c cc kin thc v k nng vi h thng mng my tnh cc
b. Bit cch khai bo cu hnh cho cc thit b mng in hnh.
- Sinh vin c lm quen vi cc thit b mng nh switch, router, wifi hotspot.
- C kh nng thc hin c vic xy dng cc mng my tnh m hnh nh.
2. Yu cu
- Bm dy mng theo cc chun khc nhau m bo tnh chnh xc v thm m
- Nm bt c cc thao tc khai bo ci t cho cc thit b mng.
- Vit bo co.
3. Trnh t thc hin
- Sinh vin c ti liu hng dn trc khi thc hin bi thc hnh.
- Kim tra dng c thc hnh v ln phng n thc hin.
- Thc hin u cp v kt ni gia cc thit b mng, khai bo cu hnh cho cc
thit b mng thc hin vic xy dng mt mng ni b.
- Khai bo cu hnh cho moderm thc hin chc nng khc nhau.
- Khai bo cu hnh cho router.
4. Lu :
- c k ti liu l thuyt trc khi thc hnh.
- Thc hnh theo ng l thuyt trnh lng ph vt t phng th nghim.
- Ghi chp li nhng nh gi v kt qu.