8 STABILITY OF PLANAR STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 841 Introduction The analysis of elastic structural systems whose individual members are subjes to axial forces combined with bending moments necessitates an investigation the effect of the axial forces upon the rotation and translation of the ends of individual members. This chapter presents a method for considering the effect axial forces upon the flexure of a planar frame and for determining the crit values of applied axial forces based upon the elastic stability of the frame, method employs the use of certain stability and load junctions which are in porated into the equilibrium conditions as terms in the expressions relating joint rotations, translations, and loads. The ensuing analysis may then be ci out in a conventional manner. In light of the emphusts placed upon the stifaess method of structural anal is text, the derivatidns and applications of the stability and load functic to be presented will follovb along the lines of the development of the stiffness meth presented in earlier chapters. The sign convention stated in See. 5-2 will be adhe to in the development of the material of this chapter. 8-2 F Euler Load The value of the critical load for a compressed structural member can be obtained. by considering the behavior of an ideal column, which is assumed to be int perfectly straight and compressed by a centrally applied load. Consider the case of a uniform slender, ideal column pinned and laterally restrained at both ends and subjected to an axial force P [Fig. 8-1(a)]. The member is assumed to be sazSee. 8-2 Euler Load 343 i |r ere Jr . te (0) (b) c} (a) ( Fig. 8-1 Euler load for pinned end meraber: (a) axially loaded slender column; (b) free body diagram x distance from y-axis; (© m=1; @) n= 2, braced laterally at midspan; (e) n= 3, braced laterally a thitd points, weightless, perfectly elastic, and stressed within the proportional limit. If the force ‘is less than the critical value, the member will remain straight and undergo only ‘axial compression. The member is therefore in a condition of stable equilibrium fuch that if a lateral force is applied, say, at midheight, aad a small lateral deflec- tion produced, the deflection will disappear and the member will return to its ‘riginal straight form wheu the lateral force is removed. if P is gradually increased, \ condition is attained wherein the straight form of equilib tind the application of a smell lateral force to the member will produce a deffection Which docs aot disappear when the lateral force is removed. The critical load is thus defined as the axial force which is necessary to maintain the member in this Nightly deflected position, A theoretical analysis of this critical load was carried out by Leonhard Euler, the Swiss mathematician, in 1757, His analysis was based on the differential equation of an elastic curve, . dy _M : aS od ea) where M is the bending moment, £ is the modulus of elasticity, and J is the ‘moment of inertia about the axis of bending. The moment-curvature-sign relation ship of Eq. (8-1) is established in Fig. 8-2. Applying Eq. (8-1) to the member shown in Fig, 8-1(a), by considering equilibrium of the free body shown in Fig. H-1(b), yields344 Stability of Planar Structural Systems one y Negative Mf | Positive M Negative Fig.8-2. Moment-curvature-sign relationship. on ‘The general solution of Eq. (8-2) can ‘be expressed in the form y= Asia (2) + B00 (3) o were ‘The parameters A and B are constants which can be evaluated from known Iuendary conditions. Substituting the boundary condition y= 0 at x= 0 into Eq, (8-3) yields B = 0. Therefore, Eq. (8-3) reduces to y= Asin ($x) « Substituting the additional boundary condition x = Oat x = Linto Eq. (8-5) vets Asinw=0 ny ‘Equation (8-6) satisfied if A = 0, which is the trivial solution—i.e., there is no Jateral deflection of the member—or if | ua i en where n= 0, 1,2,3-.0- ‘Substituting Eq, (8-7) into Eq. (8-4) and rearranging yields _ wel fee 7) ‘The value n = 0 is meaningless, since P would be zero. For the other values of n, the column bends into the modes shown in Figs. 8-1(¢) through 8-1(€). Of these, {he most important is the one shown in Fig. 8-1(2); the others oocur with larger foads and are possible only if the member is laterally braced at the nodal points or points of zero deflection. The evitical or Ewler load for a pinned end uniform member is therefore given by pat ° »See. 8-2 Stability Functions 83 Stability Functions 8.3.1 Rotation Functions Consider the uniform or prismatic beam element i shown in Fig. 8-3(8), yhich is, when unloaded, perfectly straight and of length Z,. A unit rotation at j-end induces restraining moments X’,, at end j and Ki, at end k. The resulting ind shear forces expressed in terms of the restraining moments, considering uilibrium of the element, are Ki, = —Ki, = Kiet Ke (10) Applying the differential equation of an elastic curve, Eq. (8-1), to the free ly shown, (oy Fig. 8-3 Unit rotation of end J, beam element f: (a)-free body diagram, beam element (; (6) free body diagram, x distance from j- end,346 Stability of Planar Structural Systems che = (PLY + Kip — Kigx) et) where Pi,is an axial force applied to the element. Substituting Eq. (8-10) into Eg. (8-11) yields ere Pty — Kop + (Kee + Ke L ‘The axial force Pican be expressed as a scalar multiple of Pf, the. Euler load for the beam clement i for bucklin: rotation; ie. the plane of the applied unit = OP ry) r= an(#) Brats: asp since, from Eq. (8-9), ow ing Eq, (8-14) into Eq. (8-12) and rearranging gives (Kip + Ki, x1) — Kop ale) — Kee ew ‘The general solution of Eq, (8-16) can be expressed as y= Asin (tex) + Boos (fix) + hal he + em where u aV®, Substituting the boundary conditions y= 0 at x= 0 and y= Oat x yields values for the constants A and Bz ; ' Am — thy Kop cot us + Key seu) (e128) and B= Fe Ki (e198) Substituting these values of A and into Eq. (8-17) yields WEL, (Ky, cot, + Kip ose) sin (Fix) + Ky cos 4x) + Kin + Kid — Kir 20) ing Eq. (8-20) with respect to 2 i the slope of the elastic curve and rearranging, ‘order to obtain an expression forSee. 8-3 Stability Functions 347 a(S) 4, (Ze) = oot 00s (Fe )| 1 — ose cos (44x)] om) Substituting the boundary condition dy/dx relationship between the restraining moments at the clement can be expressed as Z, into Eq. (8-21), the and kends of the beam 4, — sin y Sin w,— u, cos, Substituting the additional boundary condition dy/dx = 1 at x= 0 along with Eq. (8-22) into Eq. (8-21), the value of the restraining moment at the j-end is given : 4 = wAsin uy — u,605 4) (ED ; wpm glean (21) = y letting, Ky Ks, (6-22) su(sin u,“u, 608 u) A = cosa) —u,siny, isn id wasinu, Sau, = w, 008%, — Set of rotation functions for the beam element i is defined. For the special case of zero axial load, for which the variable u, becomes , by applying I’Hospital’s rule, which states the attempting to obtain the iit of the quotient Lou 5 atu) re both f(u,) and g(u,) approach zero as u, approaches zero, one may instead sider the quotient Lu) Fu) J" and g are first derivations of f and g with respect to uj, Eqs. (8-24a) (8-240) reduce to (eno = 4 (2-260) Cone = 4 (@-260) tively. Thus, it is seen that for the case of zero axial load, Eqs. (8-24) to the conventional stiffness and carry-over factors, respectively, for a pris- tic member, The end shear forces defined by Eq, (8-10) can now be redefined in terms of348 Stability of Planar Structural Systems che the rotation functions r, and c,. This is accomplished by substituting the expressions for the restraining moments in terms of r, and ¢,, Ky, = (2) (e260 and “A a EI Ki = Roy = er( FE) (20) into Eq, (8-10). The resulting expressions are given by Ki, = Ki, = rl + F) (280) A unit rotation at the k-end induces restraining moments Kj, at end k and X;, at end j. The following expressions for the restraining moments and the end shear forces for this condition in terms of the rotation functions r, and c,, = on( 2) (ex Kua (Z) (2) and Kig= —Kig= 1 + (FE) (6-276) can be obtained through the same procedure that was applied for the case of 4 unit rotation at end j. It is left as an exercise for the reader to verify Eqs. (8-27). For negative values of ®,, corresponding to tensiie axial forces, a variable +, can be defined as a/®, = in VE] = iu, (e-28) where iis the imaginary gnit. Since o, is a complex vs metric functions are defied: ble, the following trigono- einen pian 3-29) (@-30a)See, 8.3 Stabilay Functions 349 (2-208) Equations (8-30) reduce to pe eee a ne HEE HFS) Pn 1-5 *) ofS“) he Mt 2 (8-31b). co) and cosh 4, = es (8-326) into Eqs. (8-31) and rearranging, the following expressions are obtained: r= 7 tdu-cosh u, — sinh w)) v : oo eS = cosh u) > u, sinh w, ee) 4, — sioh u, “= Sahu, = u, cosh a, on Thus, the values of the rotation functions for the case of tensile axial loads are obtained from Eq. (8-33) by considering the ubsclute value of ®. Figure 8-6 shows the functional relationship between r, and c, and valu of ©, Tabulated values of r, and c, are also listed in Appendix B. 8-2.2 Translation Function i The functions r, and ¢, are associated with a joint rotation. Another operation o’consider is a joint translation, Fig. 8-4(a). The ends j and k of the prismatic beam clement # are restrained against rotation, but end / is translated through 4 unit distance relative to end k, The translation operation may be alternatively Tegarded as the rotation of the ends j and k through angles of I/Z, (Fig. 84(b)] followed by a:clockwise rotation of the member through an angle of 1/, during Which the restraining moments XK‘, and K!, remain unchanged. The axial load in Fig, 8-4(b) differs somewhat from the axial load in Fig, 8-4(a), but for a small angle of translation the difference may be neglected.350 Swbilty of Planar Suuctural Systems che Ym i (>) 8-4 Unit translation of end j, beam element i: (a) free body 1, beam element f; (6) rigid body rotation of beam element i. Taking moments about end k in Fig. 8-4(a), it is found that Ki, = (Kirt Ky) — Pull) ase It is also obvious from equilibrium considerations of the free body in Fig. 8-4(a) that Ki, = PD. = (Ke + Ki) eau Due to the rotations indicated ‘in Fig. 8-4(b), w= ABE) +E) om and wo EE)See. 8.3 Stabity Functions 361 Therefore, from Eqs. (8-35), Ky = Ki = rl + Tt) (0-36) ‘Substituting Eq. (8-36) into Eqs. (8-34) yields Kim Kip = Bell + oF) — a ex For the case of zero axial load, Eq, (8-37) reduces to Ki, = — Ki, = 21 + ot) (e-38) The expressions for the end shear forces Kt, and Ki, forthe éase of zero axial load, Eq. (8-38), can be modified to apply to the case of applied axial load. Consider the equation Kym ~Ki, = 1[antl + 00(2)] a9) where ¢, is defined as a translation function. In order to obtain an expression for ¢,, the expressions for K!, from Eqs. (8-37) and (8-39) are ‘equated, fara + en( 2 ))J= 20+ oF (0-40) Substituting Eq. (8-14) into Eq. (8-40) and solving for ty 2, : <1- 5%, oa A unit translation of the k-end induces restraining actions Ki, and Ki, at end k and X;, and X;, at end j. The following expressions for the restraining moments and the end shear forces for this condition in terms of the rotation and translation functions, Ki = Bum mn + EE (e428) Kim Ki, = 294 + ($4) (42) can be obtained through the same procedure that was applied for the case of 4 unit translation of end j. The relationship between ¢, and values of © is illustrated in Fig. 8-6 and tabulated values of t, are listed in Appendix B, 3. Member Stiffness Matrix ‘The member stiffness matrix as defined by Eq. (4-3c) can now be constructed for a prismatic beam element / subjected to an applied axial load P by utilizing Eqs. (8-26), (8-27), (8-36), (8:39), and (8.42):352 Stability of Planar Structural Systems che p q r s z ba nee) ~ he P en f te) _sl-tep re Nites a bento ae : ‘i Piece neers _ ag «) —a ) dekh ed dell ol, (6-43) ‘Axial deformation of the beam element has been neglected in the derivations leading up to the development of Eq. (8-43). Expansion of Eq, (8-43) to include the effect of axial deformation follows along the lines of the development of the member stiffness matrix presented in Chapter 5. (See Prob. 8-7.) 84 Lateral Load Functions ‘The fixed end actions of a restrained member due to applied lateral loads on the member depend upon the value of the axial load on the member as well as upon the distribution and intensity of the lateral load. Two lateral loading conditions will be considered: (1) @ uniform load distributed over a portion of the length of the member, and (2) a concentrated load applied anywhere along the span. 8-41 Uniform Lond Consider the prisunatic beam clement i shown in Fig. 8-5(a) loaded laterally with 2 partially distributed load — w per unit length and axially with the compressive force P!. The ends j and A are fixed against rotation and translation with moments FM, and FM! and sheat forces FP; and FP, being induced. ‘Applying the differential equation of an elastic curve, Eq. (8-1), to the free body shown in Fig. 8-5(b), Bid’y = = [FM — Px) — FRI) + SP) ‘The general solution of Eq. (8-44) can be expressed in the form Differentiating Eq. (8-45) with respect to x yields B= H Acos(H)— te in (Fx) + sey (Ps + m3) ea)See, 8-4 Lateral Load Functions 383 Yo = ra wal; — FP © 8-5 Uniform lateral load partially distributed, beam element 4 (a) free body diagram, beam element i; (b) free body diagram, x distance from j-end al. bstituting the boundary conditions y = 0 and dy/dx = 0 at x = yields A= — Abe (e-a7a) B= (Fay + Mit) (e470)354 Stability of Planar Structural Systems one Inserting these values of A and B into Eqs. (8-45) and (8-46) and rearranging yields Slr (rm sf ne) 4+ MPEP x)— rm, o aly. Veen ‘The general solution of Eq. (8-75) can be expressed in the form y= Asin (#2) + Boos (tt = fle, + Wal, — (FP: + W)s) (678) Differentiating Eq. (8-76) with respect to x yieldsSee. 8-4 Lavrl Lood Functions 36% 4 4 cos(Mex) — eB sin(#%x) 4 2 cops Hem L.A 008(Thx) — He sia (tex) + 2h cer + wy am Equating the expressions for y from Eqs. (8-73) and (8-76) and the expressions for dy/dx from Eqs. (8-74) and (8-77) for the two segment lengths al, and (I — a)L, at x aL, yields ay FPL + Weos au) (0-702) and eae pe B= ae ( FMS + A sin au,) (6-788) Inserting these values of and B into Eqs, (8-76) and (8-77) and rearranging yields ly = (FM + Ee sin au, cos (#*) — BFP + W008 au) sin (fx) + (FPL W)x— FM, —~Wal, aly S12. 62 222.69 22531k 200k i 200k 2a HUTT et ® ek 7 att at St ett 2 j,_2¢fr |r 250in*fott members) = 30,000 ksi @ twTES2 mek seaiter 2H e9rritt-k 23e8k BS 3 i a ® 89.7itt-k a7 Sz" sB.2itt 22.69k oaak (j*— ssor 850k (b) Fig. 8-11 Example 8-1: Indeterminate rigid frame: (a) frame geometry and loading condition; (b) free body diagram showing final end actions.Sec. 8-5 ‘Analysis of Planar Frames 365 Fig. 8-12 Example 8-1: Identi- Bg _ fication of possible joint displace ments and j- and k-ends, tes Member 1 P}=22260k 8-11(6)] Ph = EQIMOS 455 o= 228 ).173 “T285 m, = 1.3069 (Eq. (8-18)] 1 = 3.7671 | (Eq. (8-24a) or Appendix B] 1 = 0.5469 [Eq. (8-24b) or Appendix B) t, = 0.8535 Eq. (8-41) or Appendix B) Mente 2 P2=8.50k — (Fig. 8-11(b)] ry = ENO «39 0. 42 — oom - w= 03062 no sans on aseat pares Mente 3 P2=2531k [Fig 8-11(6)] (30,000) a Ph BROMO - 1455 225.31 0, = 2 = 0.75 uy = 1.3132 ry = 3.7683 5 = 0.5475 1 = 0.8517366 Stability of Planar Stuctural Sysiems che MEMBER STIFFNESS MATRICES Substituting into Expression (8-43), which defines the member stiffness matrix for ‘a member with a constant moment of inertia neglecting axial deformation, the member stiffness matrix for each member of the frame can be established. The rows and columns are labeled corresponding to the labeling of the joint displacements of the system (Fis. 8:12) to aid in the identification of the elements of the various matrices. Member 1 1 6 3 7 na an nite) _ndte) 7 , i th raehrer target gn n nite) _nilte) maa a qh dice Tt . = n@te) nlte) 2nn@+e) _2yn(i +e) TE EaLgcie va ct = nto) nite) _2nn(@te) 24 +e) ar ree get sce ees orc fee (e850) 1 6 3 1 SP agasss toon 14568 1.4568) 1 tua, cer ror 103011 18835514568 —14568] 6 = 1.4568 1.4568 0.1243. —0.1243 | 3 14568 —1.4568 —0.1243 0.1243), 7 Member 2 1 2 4 5 n on nite) _nGie) rey a5 Drea tetera ] 4 gars! " ndte) _nd-+e) oe q folks eteaec| a oe nl + nl +62) 2ars(l +e) _ tral + 2) ys it yey a £ n@ta) nite) _anlte) Ahynll +e; ae secede Ban ta) s (8-86a) 1 2 4 5 166145 83472 1.0401 —1.04017] 1 tape ere io] 8472 166146 10401-10401] 2 — Paes 1.0401 1.0401 0.0860 —0.0860| 4 1.0401 1.0401 =0.0860 0.0860), 5Sec. 8-5 Analysis of Planar Frames 367 Member 3 2 8 3 9 fy Oy ra(l + 3) ra(l + ¢5) b ky SH op | 2 or a nile) nd +e) IK}; = £1] ia es a e , ° ndte) nlte) 24n(1 +e) Ranft as 3 nee) na) "ton +e) unl +) | 9 (@-87) 2 8 3 9 188215 103068 1.4563 1.45637 2 103048 188215 1.4563 8 |= Bt x 10-4 0-075 i oe 1.4563 1.4563 0.1240 —0.1240] 3 . y 1456 1.4563 —0.1240 0.1240], 9 FTRUCTURE STIFFNESS MATRIX ‘Supetimposing the various member stiffness matrices, the complete structure stiffness ix (S.] is developed in Eq. (8-88) on page 368, Partitioning this matrix with respect the restrained and unrestrained joint displacements yields 1 2 3 [is 83472 1 4set] 1 (Su) = EL x 10-4) 8.3472 35.4361 1.45631 2 (6-830) 1.4368 1.4563 0.2483! 3 ing this matrix yields 1 2 3 0.0372, 0.0003 —0.2197] 1 Sal! = py x of 0.0003 0.0372 -eam| 2 (6-896) 02197 0.2197 66048 | 3 LOAD MATRIX ‘The fixed end actions for each element of the frame due to the loading condition in Fig. 8-11(@) are computed: 1 FM| = 35.76 ft-k FMA = +2400 MA C81) oF Fis. 8:10)‘orer'o£956'T— eoshI— size'st (eo-8) 1 x = FS)Sec. 8-5 Analysis of Planar Frames 369 Fj = =U2102) = 35.6 +2400 aap ry 102) — 24.00 4 35.16 gory Member 2 mm, = 1.0015 [Eq (8-63) or Appendix B] FM} = —FMy = — COE BON os sey FP} = FPY =24.00k Member 3 FM} = +8.04 fk FM} = 18.00 ftk 19} = GO +804 ~ 18.00 _ 50 (Eq. (8-81) or Fig. 8-10] 14)(6) + 18.00 — 8.04 4y6) + 4 FP} = 40k ansforming these fixed end actions into equivalent joint loads, the total joint loads ting on the restrained structure are as shown in Fig. 8-13. Labeling these joint loads conform to the labeling of the corresponding possible joint displacement, the com. lete joint load matrix is written as IL — 60.38 Ty 88.10) | LJ Wy 649 Jy | | =22400 GLI =| ats |=] -22400 | (8-90) =24.00 421 | | SEA | 18.00 | L -«m! L | ich is partitioned as indicated with respect to the restrained and unrestrained displace- tions into Eq. (4-37), which defines the unknown joint [A] = [Sa)(JL) 37) 0. 0.0372 0.0003 —0.2197) 7-00.38 a|-t0 0.0003. 0.0372 eas me] @-s10) 0.2197 0.2197 6.6048} 6.49.370 Stability of Planar Structural Systems one 224.00k 224.00 k 43 Example 8-1: Total joint loads. 224.00 224.00 Therefore, f) [36456] 7.0000 > 10-2 ad (dd =| 02 |= zy x 10>] 1.8334 3.5201 x 10 rad la L 36.7751, 0.8473 in, FINAL END ACTIONS ‘Writing Eqs. (4-42) for each member, IMI, = (KO) -+ (FM a2) “The final end aciions developed at the ends of each member are obtained as shown in Egs. (8-92). “The free body diagram for each member showing these final end actions is given in Fig, 8-14 and the deflected frame is shown in Fig. 8-15. A comparison of finel moment diggrams with and without inclusion of axial ioad effects is shown in Fig. 8-16. ‘The moment diasrams shown in Fig. 8-16 considering axial load effects can be ‘obtained only after determining the deflection curve for the individual members. The lateral deflection of the vertical members is obtained from Eqs. (8-73) and (8-79) by substituting the proper values of end moment and end shear at the base. The ordinates of the moment curves are then computed from Eqs. (8-69) and (8-75). It is not necessary to compute the deflection of the horizontal member in order to obtain the moment diagram since there is no applied axial load. Tt can be noted by comparing the resulting axial forces shown in Fig. 8-14 with those shown in Fig. 8-11(b) that there is no need to reanalyze the frame by considering the effect of the final set of resulting axial forces. It is obvious that the slight change in the resulting axial forces would not modify the final end actions. In fact, as previously stated, in most cases a frame can be analyzed considering only the effect of applied axial forces upon the flexure.See. 8-5 Analysis Planar Frames 374 1153, 5086ft-k ai * oon s-88 seater eeseex (0.32 oes Mee 96. thx zack (1, CR, a53k Effect of oxo! oad upon flexure included ak oO ok 347k 4 aaa 6ShA 420.24 40.021-H 0019, eran Fig, Deflected structure,fo xest—7 Tory ‘Torero ober'0~ e9sh'I— e9sbT— ver Ess ort TSLL9€ Iq|OrerO- ObcrO e9ShT SSH a 0 or x |.-01 x17 = (75) Lacusrss [7 | oar a Tl essv1— essv't stewat svocor {' w AY 196 708 ie t £9Sv'I-- 89Sr'l SPOLOT SITB'ST WW. £ aquopy T Ase'sz ‘To980'0 © 0980'0—- 10r0'T— acs ACT Iz | 0980°0— 0980°0 TOrO'T a : - I x jor x r= (ee) feu tr 96— wert FL ot tee uvee [OX | 35 98°05, osiore— oro'l— Yov0"L SrI99T 1. z soquoyy 'T 4ere— ive EPTO— 89SH'I— 89ShI— aese— |_| ece— wae ee0 BRST 895H'T (eze-8) ss [:-O1 x T= < AY 20'0F + | 00% s9sy'l = SERRE TTOE'OT avssos-J Lovse-] Lostore— ssh THOFOT sses'er TeaqueyyCritical Buckling Loads 373 i; /'S0.8611-k 897i tk la S8.2ifi-k 96k @ \ \ Sua tt-k ——Without oxio! toad effect ea7ifick ——With axiol toad effect 96.11 f1-K oO S214 O2ft-k 84.45 fI-k Fig. 8-16 Example 8-1: Final moment diagrams. ritical Buckling Loads In practice a reasonable estimate of the buckling load of a rigid-jointed structural yystem can usually be obtained from an elastic stability analysis of the system if t can be assumed that the deformation of the structure from the initial condition which all the members are straight is suficiently small for linear theory to apply. The stability functions previously derived are applicable in determining the tical elastic buckling value of loads applied to structural systems provided loads act at joints of the system and can be transmitted through the structure by axial forces only. Any structural system which (I) supports transverse loads applied within the length of a member ‘or (2) carries joint loads that cannot be transmitted through the structure solely by axial forces must develop bending374 Stability of Planar Structural Systems ne moments. The method of calculating the critical buckling load to be developed in this section cannot be directly applied to systems sustaining these types of loading conditions since, as the @, values change, the relative stiffnesses of the members are altered, thus modifying the bending moment pattern and hence altering the axial load pattern, This interdependence between bending moments and axial load necessitates the use of an iterative method of solution of critical applied loads such as the one found in Reference 8-3. For a structural system whose members are subjected only to the application of axial loads, neglecting axial deformations, the joint loads relative to the un- restrained joint displacements are zero at all unrestrained joints; i.e, (JL,] = [0] (8-93) Since (EJ = (8.14) (8-94) the condition specified by Eq. (8-93) can be satisfied if [A] = [0] (6-95) But this is the trivial solution since it corresponds to zero displacement of the unrestrained joints. ‘The nontrivial solution is obtained by considering the fact that although in the buckled condition the unrestrained joints have undergone displacements, a rotation and/or a translation, the corresponding joint loads are zero—c.g., note the typical structural system shown in Fig. 8-17. In order to satisfy this condi- tion, the determinant of the coefficients of the unknown unrestrained joint displace- ments—ice., the determinant of the [S,,] matrix—is set equal to zero, [Sal =o (@96) () () Fig. 8-17 Critical buckling modes for a typical planar structural system: (a) postive joint rotation and negative joint translation; (b) negative joint rotation and positive joint translSee. 8-6 Cuiticat Buckling Loads 375 ‘This determinant is called the characteristic determinant. The expansion and simplification of Eq. (8-96) expressed in terms of the stability functions of the component members yields the characteristic equation or buckling condition for the structural system. ‘When the magnitude of the applied axial loads is less than the critical buckling value, neglecting axial deformations, the displacements of the unrestrained joints will be zero and the determinant of the [S,,] matrix will be positive, which corre- sponds to a stable condition. When the applied axial loads exceed the critical value, the determinant of the [S,,] matrix becomes negative, which corresponds to an unstable structure. When more than one member of the given structural system is subjected to an applied axial load, itis necessary to establish the relationship between the ©, values for the loaded members based upon the relationship between the applied Jonds and the pinned end Buler loads for each member. When a load is applied at a joint and distributed axially to three or more members, it is necessary to carry out a preliminary analysis of the system in order to determine the value of axial load applied to éach member. Having established the critical condition and, if necessary, the relationship between two or more ®, values, sufficient equations have been developed to enable the value of the critical ©, to be obtained. From this critical value of ©, the critical buckling load P,, can then be determined from the relationship Pt, = @), ED es The two following examples illustrate this method of determining the critical value of axially applied loads. Example 8-2. It is required to determine the critical buckling load for the structural system shown in Fig. 8-18 by the method of stability functions, JOINT DISPLACEMENT MATRIX Th Fig. 841 j- and k-ends and the possible joint displacements are identificd and labeled in 9. Referring to Fig 8-19, the complete joint displacement matrix [A.J is written as Pe | Constant Er378 Stability of Planar Structural Systems Che Fig. 8.19 Example 82: Tdenti- fication of possible joint displace- By ‘ments and j- and -ends. IA, (ad (6-98) (Aa [MEMBER STIFFNESS MATRIX ‘Substituting into Expression (8-43), the member stiffness matrix for the single member is developed. 1 3 r Pa Lo [ L L a | ' |; £€.4 % | KI = EI] 59) righ mate) ied _twire | 2 “rE — 2 t9|2 rte te ao 2rd +9) |-st2 pe ee Note that subscripts are omitted since only one member exists, STRUCTURE STIFFNESS MATRIX ‘The structure stiffness matrix is obtained, in this case, by rearranging the rows and columns of the member stiffness matrix. Note that the fifth and sixth rows and columns of the matrix in Expression (8-100) contain only zero elements since axial deformation is neglected.Soc. 8-6 Critical Buckling Loads 377 1 2 3 as @ r rl +e) fe rl +e) Tt a ee eaten a rte drt +e) rd mite +e) _ 2 +e) dan] a 3 (0100) =) _ 2 Geo; 4 ° 0 i © cols 0 of | 0 ols Partitioning this matrix with respect to the placements yields and unrestrained joint dis 1 Z + tte Daceeart [Sa] = Er] (8-101) rl +e) 2w(t +)| 2 ed Il +e) INT LOAD MATRIX Referring to Fis. 8-18, the joint load matrix can be developed a o ] UL) (Ly =| --- | =| -.. auran a JLy oO ULI Sh, of ue ie to (7]= [8] fmm) zm For the nontrivial solution, the determinant of the Sua] matrix, Expression @-101), Set equal to zero, wpe file a oe sion of Expresion (8-103) gives378 Stability of Planar Structural Systems Ch spa] —anpereiay ‘Simplifying Eq. (8-104) yields oe ©, = 0.25 ‘Then, referring to Eq. (8-97), (2-104) (8-108) I buckling load for a fixed-free member. The critical condition is also satisfied at © = 2.25 (Appendix B), which corresponds to the second buckling mode of the member. Example 8-3. It is required to determine the critical value of the load applied to the structural system shown in Fig. 8-20 by applying the method of stability functions. | ot .* Fig, 8-20 Example 8-3: Indeterminate rigid frame. JOINT DISPLACEMENT MATRIX ‘The j- and k-ends and the possible joint displacements are identified and labeled in Fig. 821. Referring to Fig. 8-21, the complete joint displacement matrix [A,] is [ha (e107)Griticel Buckling Loads 379 See. 8-6 Fig, 8-21 Example 8-3: Identification of possible joint displace- ments and j- and k-ends, MEMBER STIFFNESS MATRICES Substituting into Expression (8-43), the member stiffness matrices for each member are developed. Member 1 nd + nl te) _ 24nd +e) n+) L- ao nied — 2a eed aan ra (1085) Member 2 2 3 4 6 Ih Cary rl + 3) (1 + ¢3) ee a ae ae) 2 Gar; nh ral + ¢3) rl + e oe z ape te | 3 ik), = 21 ndped nba) unite) Byrd + ey ante) nlite) _ unit +e) Yantl te) | (6-108)380 Stability of Planar Structural Systems Che STRUCTURE STIFFNESS MATRIX Superimposing the two member stiffness matrices, the complete stiffness. matrix [S.] is developed as shown in Eq. (8-109). Partitioning this matrix with respect to the restrained and unrestrained joint displacements yields 12 m 1 (S..] = El (8-110) Sul Intn 2 “ a z JonsT LOAD MATRDE Reterring to Fig, 8-20 the joint load matrix can be developed IL; ° JLy oO UL) weg =| °-2 |= = I, ° al | err gana) Us ° 3 JL 0 JL, +Pl ST, where Jy wa= [ir] sovuTioN For the nontrivial solifion, the determinant of the [S.4] matrix is set equal to zero. Expansion of Expression (8-112) gives, 2 ner) — ten an) 9 13) ‘Simplifying Eq. (8-113) yields 2n(l — ef) +12 =O (e-114) Which is the characteristic equation in terms of the appropriate stability functions. The axial force applied to each of the members of the system is, referring to the Joint load matrix, Eq. (B-111a), P/a/Z, or382 Stability of Planar Structural Systems che : Pop Pn Pe TS (ons) ‘The ®; values are, referring to Ea. (8-14), Plo 1169) 1 = ENE? enne and — Pig 7 o, = fin e110) The relationship between the ®, values is therefore 20, = oy) The values of @, and @; for which Eqs. (8-114) and (8-117) are satisfied are found. from Appendix B by a trial-and-error procedure to be @du and = 101 (#-1188) @rdep = 2.02 e118) Ik then follows from Eqs. (8-97) and (8-115) that PGE) ggg VERE yg Fl Pa = 101° ERED pq V FEL ggfEL 87 Summary ‘A means of incorporating the effect of axial loads into the stifiness method of structural analysis by the introduction of certain stability and lateral load functions has been presented in this chapter. The only limitations upon the use of these functions are those inherent in the stiffness method of analysis as presented in earlier chapters. The method of application is demonstrated and typical results are presented through an illustrative example. The applicability of stability functions in determining the critical buckling condition in the plane of the frame for a planar structural system is also shown. The procedure outlined is straightforward in application, as illustrated, and can be utilized in obtaining computer solutions for the critical buckling loads for larger and more complex systems.Sec. 8-8 Problems 383 8-8 Problems 8-1 to 8-5. Analyze the structural system shown for the indicated loading using the stiffness method of analysis and stability and load functions. 10k 300k I= 3000 int E = 3000 ksi le ok 500k ft 7 eT ar] er lr Iz (|e I= 300 in toon| a E = 30,000 ksi 30ft 40 ft 30 ft ob. 8-3384 Stability of Planar Structural Systoms che 300% 300k 2k st r I en c : 2 aT + | 8000 in® ler ar jen = 3000 ksi an 7 i 20f ob. 8-4 300k 300k 2k a 300k ar | en 3k 204 i ar raft +m, - 00 in® 204 Z £ = 30,000 ksi Prob. 8-5 8-6, Develop expressions for the fixed end moments for the beam element # loaded as shown. ProtSec. 8-8 Problems 385 8-7. Develop the member stiffness matrix for a typical beam element i considering axial deformation along with axial load effect. 8-8. Rework Prob. 8-1 considering axial deformations. Effective cross-sectional areas = 143 in* (horizontal members) and 180 in? (vertical member), 8-9 to 8-13. Compute the critical buckling load for the structural system shown using the method of stability functions. 2P P Constant EZ au e Constant Er386 Stability of Planar Structural Systems che Constant E1 i a a 2a a er al |. , z Prob. 2.12 . So I L 4 Constont EF 3 Prob. 3 SELECTED REFERENCES 8-1 Timoshenko, S.P., and J. M. Gere, Theory of Elastic Stability. New York: McGraw- Hill Book Company, 1961. ‘ Livesley, R. K., and D. B. Chandler, Stability Functions for Structural Frameworks. ‘Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 1956, Horne, M.R., and W. Merchant, The Stability of Frames. London: Pergamon Press, 1965. E 8-4 Ketter, R.L., and S.P. Prawel, Jt Ant Introduction’to Modern Methods of Engi- neering Computation. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968,