Microwave Transmission

Microwave Range

Microwave range starts from .3Ghz to 300Ghz

MOST PRACTICAL RANGE

FROM 1 GHz TO 100 GHz

ALCATEL MW RANGE

7-8-13-15-18-23-25-28-38 GHz

ADVANTAGES OF MW
1.

1- COST EFFECTIVE.

2.

2- SINGLE POINT MAINTENANCE.

3.

3- QUICK DEPLOYMENT ACROSS RIVERS AND MOUNTAINS.

TYPES OF LINKS

TYPES OF THE LINKS ACCORDING TO CAPACITY

PDH

PHYLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIRARCHY

4E1,16E1,64E1
Alcatel PDH(CM-PAK PROJECT).
4E1,8E1,16E1,32E1.

SDH

SYHCRONOUS DIGITAL HIRARCHY

STM-1,STM-4,STM16,STM-64.
PRACTICALLY (Pakistan) USED STM-1 & XPIC(2STM-1)

PDH

AUDIO FREQUENCY =3.4 Khz

INTELIGIBILITY NOT DISTURBED

SAMPLING RATE = 8Khz sample/sec

TO AVOID ALISING

BITS PER SAMPLE = 8 bits/sample

DATA RATE = (8bits/sample )(8khz samples/sec)= 64kbps

E0 = 64kbps

E1 = (32 )(64Kbps) = 2.048 Mbps

ENOUGH QUANTIZATION LEVEL TO DESCRIBE THE SIGNAL

(32 CHANNELS, FIRST USED FOR SYNCHRONISATION & 16TH

SIGNALING)

E2 = (4)*E1 = 4 (2.048) = 8.448 Mbps

E3 = (4)*E2 = 4(8.448) = 34.36 Mbps

E4 = (4)*E3 = 4( 34.36) = 139.264 Mbps.

SDH

DATA RATE

STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64

155.52 Mbps
4*155.52 = 622.08 Mbps

EQUILENT PDH
63E1
252E1

4*622.08 = 2.488 Gbps

1008E1

4*2.488

4032E1

= 9.953 Gbps

TYPES OF LINKS
1.2 TYPES OF THE LINKS ACCORDING TO CONFIGURATION

1+0
1+1

1+1 HST

(EQUIPMENT PROTECTION)

1+1 SD

(EQUIPMENT + PATH PROTECTION +BEST METHOD TO MINIMIZE MULTIPATH

INTERFERENCE.)

1+1 FD

TWIN PATH (NODAL SOLUTION)

(CHANNEL PROTECTION)

LINK BUDGET

RF filter loss

IF filter loss

MW DISH GAINS

DISH GAIN DEPENDS UPON FREQUENCY AND SIZE AND DISH TYPE

RADIO MODEL

OUT PUT POWER

THE KEY IS SYSTEM GAIN

EMISSION DESIGNATAR

EMISSION DESIGNATAR
Emission designator

FREQUENCY CHANNELS

SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS 4E1
FREQUENCY

SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS 16E1

FREQUENCY

CAPACITY, MODULATION &

BAND WIDTH

AS THE CAPACITY INCREASES WE HAVE TO INCREASE BANDWIDTH

OR MODULATION SCHEME,

ITS DEPENDS UPON OUR CHOICE HOW TO SELECT BEST CHOICE.

MODULATION &
BANDWIDTH
MODULATOR
128QAM
64QAM
16QAM
8PSK
4PSK
2PSK

100MB/s
supposed that
100Mb/s data is carried by different level
of the modulator

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

F0

+10

+20

+30

+40

+50

FREQUENCY (MHz)

LINK BUDGET
EIRP ( EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC RADIATED POWER)

EIRP IS ACTUAL RF POWER MEASURED AS MEASURED IN THE MAIN LOOB.

EIRP = 24 dbm 1.7 dbm + 46.4 dbm = 68.70 dbm

RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (RX THRESHOLD)

IS THE WEAKEST RF SIGNAL THAT A RADIO NEEDS RECEIVE TO DEMODULATE & DECODE A PACKET
OF DATA WITHOUT ERRORS.
IT DEPENDS UPON BER THRESHOLD , FREQUENCY BAND , MODULATION SCHEME &. CAPACITY. IN
THIS LINK BUDGET IT IS -85dBm.

THERMAL FADE MARGIN

(SYSTEM OPERATING MARGIN OR FADE MARGIN)
FADE MARGIN= RX SIGNAL RECEIVER SENSITIVITY
= -28.35 dbm-(-85dbm) = 56.65 dbm.

LINK BUDGET
FREE SPACE LOSS
The Free Space Loss is predictable and given by the formula.

FSL = 92.4 + 20Log D + 20Log F

FSL = Free Space Loss (dB)
F

= Frequency of transmission (GHz)

= Distance between antennas (km).

FSL =

23.52 +24.30+ 92.4 = 140.29

RX SIGNAL (dBm)

RX Signal = EIRP - FSL + RX Antenna Gain Coax Cable Loss

RX Signal = 68.70dBm -140.29 + 46.4 dBi 1.7dBm = -26.86dbm
BY INCLUDING REGIONAL EFFECTS (PATH DEPENDENT LOSSES)
RSL = -26.86 -1.46 = 28.32 dBm.

LINK BUDGET

What Is the Minimum SOM(FADE MARGIN) Needed?

Regarding the minimum SOM needed, there is no absolute answer to this question, but the
higher it is, the better.

Most agree that 20 dB or more is quite adequate. Some think as low as 14 dB is still
good.

POLARIZATION
ORIENTATION OF ELECTRIC COMPANENT OF EM WAVE WITH RESPECT TO GROUND
TYPES USED IN MW LINKS

HORIZONTAL

VERTICAL

CHOICE CRITERIA : VERTICAL POLARIZATION IS PREFFERED BECAUSE IT IS LESS PRONE TO

NOISE & FADING, BUT TO AVOID INTERFERENCE WE ALSO USE HORIZONTAL POLARIZATION.

IDU LEDs & FUNCTIONS

.

LEDs FUNCTIONS
ON

GREEN WHEN POWERED ON

ODUW (

OUT DOOR UNIT WORKING

GREEN WHEN CARRYING TRAFFIC

RDI (REMOTE DEFECT INDICATION)

LDI

RED WHEN THERE IS ANY MINOR OR MAJOR ALARM ON FAR END

(LOCAL DEFECT INDICATION)

RED WHEN THERE IS ANY MINOR OR MAJOR ALARM ON NEAR END

MIN (MINOR) RED

MAJ (MAJOR) RED

MINOR ALARMS
MAJOR ALARMS

LEDs FUNCTIONS
EOW (ENGINEERING ORDER WIRE)
EOW IS COMMUNICATION PATH FOR VOICE OR DATA
THIS IS TRI STSTE LED
1- GREEN

ENGINEERING ORDER WIRE FREE.

2- YELLOW

ENGINEERING ORDER WIRE BUSY.

ATTD (ATTENDED)
3- YELLOW BLINKING

RECEVING A CALL

YELLOW IT IS ON WHEN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BUTTON HAS BEEN

PUSHED

IDU
MAIN IDU

IDU
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

(PUSH BUTTON)

THIS PUSH BUTTON IS USED FOR CALL .IT TURNS OFF LEDs MAJ/MIN

LAMP TEST

AND TURN ON YELLOW LED.

(PUSH BUTTON)

IT IS USED TO VERIFY THAT LEDS ARE WORKING PROPERLY OR NOT.

RESET

(PUSH BUTTON)

IT IS USED FOR THE RESET .

IDU
TPH (

TELEPHONE PORT RJ-11)

EOW TELEPHONE RJ11 PORT.

OS (OPERATING SYSTEM)10/100 base-T

RJ-45 PORT

ETHERNET CRAFT TERMIAL ACCESS.

TWO LEDs ON IT
1- GREEN ETHERNET LINK IS UP

2- ORANGE BLINKING

IND (DEBUG) FOR FACTORY USE ONLY

TX OR RX ACTIVITY

OS & IND BOTH ARE 10/100 base-T INTERFACE(100MBPS OR 10MBPS OVER

TWISTED PAIR CABLE

ECT (EQUIPMENT CRAFT TEMINAL)

RS-232 INTERFACE

9 PIN D TYPE FEMALE CONNECTOR

IDU
8E1/DS1 (

37 PIN D-SUB FEMALE CONNECTOR)

1-8E1/DS1 TRIBUTRIES ACCESS.

ESC (ENGINEERING SERVICE CHANNEL) 15 PIN FEMALE CONNECTOR

ALM (ALARM HOUSEKEEPING)

NMS-G703

USED TO ACCESS NE WITH ADJACENT NE.

NMS-V11
USED TO ACCESS NE WITH ADJACENT NE.

SCSI (SMALL COMPUTER SERIAL INTERFACE)

1+1 INTERCONNECTION

IDU
POWER OPTIONS

(3 PIN CONNECTOR)

THERE ARE THREE OPTIONS

1-

48 TO

2-

24 VDC

3-

48 TO

60 VDC

20% (9.6)
20% (4.8)

60 VDC

20% (9.6)

WHY WE USE NEGATIVE VOLTAGE ( e.g. -48VDC) ?

TO MINIMIZE THE INTERNAL NOISE
IN VOLTAGE THE ELECTRON FLOW IS EQUIPMENT TO GROUND SO NOISE POSSIBILITY IS LESS
IN + VOLTAGE THE ELECTRON FLOW IS FROM GROUND TO EQUIPMENT SO NOISE POSSIBILITY
IS HIGH

COMMISSIONING
STARTING THE CRAFT TERMINAL
SUPERVISION --------->

START

COMMISSIONING

SHOW EQUIPMENT

COMMISSIONING
USER NAME = initial
Password
= initialing

commissioning

commissioning

POWER CONTROL
METHODS

RTPC (RTPC STANDS FOR RADIO TRANSMITTING POWER CONTROL

ATPC

(AUTOMATIC TRANSMITTING POWER CONTROL)

IN THIS CONFIGURATION WE SELECT THRESHOLD FOR THE POWER CONTROL

ATPC MIN POWER

4 dbm

ATPC MAX POWER

24dbm

RX THRESHOLD LEVEL

MTPC

- 50 to- 100 dbm

ATPC MAX VALUE DEPENDS UPON ACHIEVED RSL AND RX THRESHOLD LEVEL
(MANUAL TRANSMITTING POWER CONTROL)

IN THIS POWER CONTROL METHOD THE TRANSMITTING POWER IS SET BY DEFAULT TO

MAXIMUM VALUE,IF WE WANT TO REDUCE TX POWER WE HAVE TO INTRODUCE
ATTENEUATION IN IT.

ATPC SETTINGS

COMMISSIONING

SHIFTER & CF
SHIFTER & CENTRAL FREQUENCY(CF)

FOR EASY IDENTIFICATION 1&2 ARE CONSIDRED TO BE LOW AND 1P & 2P ARE HIGH
SHIFTER = HIGH FREQ LOW FREQ
Unis of the above entries mhz

commissioning

STATUS CHECKING

RSL CHECKING

RSL CHECK

IF FREQUENCY
IF FREQUENCY (INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCE)
BAND SPECIFIC ( AM,FM, VESTEGIAL ,MW etc) &
EQUIPMENT SPECFIC (Alcatel, NEC, HARRIS etc)

TWO MAJOR CLASSES

IF TX FREQUENCY

= 340 Mhz

IF RX FREQUENCY

= 140 Mhz

&
IF TX FREQUENCY

= 850 Mhz

IF RX FREQUENCY

= 450 Mhz

IF CABLE
CHARACTERISTICS

IF TX FREQUENCY

= 340 Mhz

IF RX FREQUENCY

= 140 Mhz

CABLE IMPEDENCE = 50 Ohm

MAXIMUM LENGTH

TNC CONNCETORS ARE USED AT EACH END.

= 300m

MW DISH PARTS
REFLECTOR
CONVERGE THE INCOMMING WAVES TO FEED HORN & DIVERGE THE OUTGOING
WAVES TO REFLECTOR .

FEEDHORN

THIS IS FEED MECHANISM.

SHROUDER

ALLIGN THE MISS ALIGN WAVES TO MINIMISE DIFFEREACTION & REFLECTION TO

MINIMIZE THE INTEFERENCE.

RADOME

TO PROTECT THE REFLECTOR & FEED HORN AGAINST DUST, WATER etc.

ASSEMBLY

TO ATTACHE THE DISH WITH POLE.

HOW TO UPGRAD FLASH

CARD

Check the flash card version.

if the flash card is of version 2.0.2 or 2.0.3 then up gradation is required.

CD of the required version.

Insert the CD & make the path.

After up gradation activate the upgraded version.

HOW TO UPGRAD FLASH

CARD

Abnormal Condition List

This option enables you to check if there is any loopback or TX Mute activation.

Abnormal Condition List

This option enables you to check if there is any loopback or TX Mute activation.

TX MUTE
This option helps you to avoid interference during Alignment of new link in the congested environment.
Also used during alignment of SD links and XPIC links.

EVENT LOG
Event log is very useful for the links which flactuates during night hours,at that time you are not
on the site and you want to know the reason of fluctuations .

EVENT LOG

EVENT LOG

Loop Back

RF LOOP BACK

BY RF LOOP BACK YOU CAN CHECK YOUR HARDWARE (IDU,ODU,IF

CABLE,CONNECTORS),THAT THEY ARE WORKING PROPERLY

TRIBUTRY LOOP BACK

BY TRIBUTRY LOOP BACK WE CAN PERFORM BIT ERROR RATE TEST .

SAVE CURRENT
CONFIGURATION

MIB MANAGEMENT MIB INCLUDES ALL THE SYSTEM INFORMATION EXCEPT ROUTING CONFIGURATION
DATA,BECAUSE IT IS CONSIDERED TO BE UNIQUE FOR EACH LINK.

BACK UP 17

BY using this option we can save NE configuration on CT( craft terminal)

Write the suitable filename then click on confirm Backup to make the Back up on CT.

RESTORE & ACTIVATE

SELECT ONE OF THE BACK UP

PRESS Confirm Restore

By pressing the Reset previous configuration will be cancelled & new is applied.

To activate new configuration click MIB

Click activate

RESET BY SOFTWARE
YOU CAN RESET NE FROM THIS OPTION.

BIT ERROR RATE

THRESHOLD
BER = ERRORS/TOTAL NUMBER OF BITS

EB (Error Block) A block in which one or more bits are in error.

ES (Error Second) A second during which an error block (EB) occurs.

SES (Severely Error Second)

Any second which contains more than 30%

error Blocks.

BBE (Background block error) An error block which is not part of SES.

UAS (Unavailable seconds) Unavailable time begins after 10 consecutive SES.

PERFORMANCE

SES EXPLANATION

EQUIPMENT ALARM

Alarm Replaceable Unit Problem

Problem on a replaceable Unit

Replace the Unit

Alarm Replaceable Unit Type Mismatch

Mismatch between the installed unit and its software configuration
change the software according to unit specs or change the unit.

Alarm Internal communication problem

connection b/w odu & idu is lost

Alarm Version Mismatch

Mismatch between the CT software version and the equipment software version
Download the new software version.

 Cable LOS

RADIO ALARM

Problem on the IDU/ODU link cable or on the ODU itself.

Check the cable (disconnected, loose connection, cut, short circuited, defective connector etc)
If the alarm remains, change the ODU.

Incompatible Frequency
Frequency configuration setting incompatible with the ODU specs
Adjust the frequency setting with the ODU frequency range or change the ODU.

Incompatible PTx

(ODU) Output power out of range

Tx fail

(ODU) Transmitter failure

Replace the ODU

RADIO ALARM
Mod fail
(ODU) modulator failure

Replace the ODU

Loss of frame & Rx fail

(ODU) Loss of incoming frame at the antenna level.

Check the received level. Check the remote station Tx path first. Check the local station Rx
path. Check the antennas alignment & connection to ODU.
Replace defective hardware part if any.

High / Low BER

High / Low Bit Error Rate at Rx side.

Check the received level. Check the remote transmit path and the local receive path (Soft configuration and
hardware.Investigate any frequency interference. Replace defective hardware part if any.