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L7 Projection Theory
L7 Projection Theory
L7 Projection Theory
Engineering Drawing
Lecture 5
PROJECTION THEORY
Lecturer:
Eng. Eman Al.Swaity
Eng.Heba hamad
PART 1
PROJECTION
METHOD
TOPICS
Projection methods
Orthographic projection
PROJECTION METHOD
Perspective
Parallel
Oblique
Axonometric
Orthographic
Multiview
PROJECTION THEORY
The projection theory is used to graphically represent
3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).
Line of sight
Parallel projection
Perspective projection
Line of sight
Line of sight
Perspective projection
Plane of projection
Plane of projection
Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
Perspective projection is not
used by engineer for manufacturing of parts, because
1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size.
Width is distorted
Orthographic
Projection
MEANING
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane
Object views from top
1
5
3
4
Projection plane
3 4
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object
to the line of sight.
Rotate
Two dimensions of an
object is shown.
More than one view is needed
to represent the object.
Multiview drawing
Three dimensions of an object is shown.
Axonometric drawing
Tilt
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
NOTES
Orthographic projection technique can produce either
1. Multiview drawing
that each view show an object in two dimensions.
2. Axonometric drawing
that show all three dimensions of an object in one view.
Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for
communication.
Easy to understand
Disadvantage
Example
Circular hole
becomes ellipse.
Multiview Drawing
Advantage
PART 2
Orthographic
Projection
TOPICS
Object representation
Multiview projection
Glass box concept
Orthographic projection of point,
line, plane, surface and object.
Line convention
Isometric Sketching
OBJECT REPRESENTATION
Axonometric projection
Multiview projection
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
can be presented only
two in each view.
Height
Height
Width
Depth
Depth
Width
Depth
Adjacent view(s)
is needed to
fulfill the size
description.
TO OBTAIN MULTIVIEW
REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT
1. Revolve the object with respect
to observer.
2. The observer move around the
object.
Front view
(Elevation)
Top view
(Elevation)
Front view
Rear view
Bottom view
Depth
History
Width
Height
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
Orthographic
Projection
of Object Features
OBJECT FEATURES
Edges
Corners
Corner
Edge
No corner
No edge
No corner
OBJECT FEATURES
Surfaces
Limiting
element
Surface
Surface
Limit
Surface
Limit
PROJECTION OF POINT(S)
BT
BT
AT
AT
Equal
distance
B
A
AF BF
BR
AR
AF BF
AR
BR
PROJECTION OF LINE
True length
BT
AT
BT
Equal
length
AT
B
A
AF BF
Point
BR
AR
AF BF
AR
BR
True length
NORMAL LINE
PROJECTION OF LINE
True length
BT
AT
BT
Equal
length
AT
B
A
A
AF
BF
BR
AR
AF
BF
AR
BR
Foreshortened
Foreshortened
INCLINED LINE
PROJECTION OF LINE
Foreshortened
BT
AT
BT
B
BR
BF
AT
B
A
AF
Equal
length
BF
BR
A
AR
Foreshortened
AF
AR
Foreshortened
OBLIQUED LINE
PROJECTION OF PLANE
True size
CT
BT
CT
AT
BT
CR
A
AF,CF
Edge
AT
B
BF
Equal
length
BF
AR,B R
AF,CF
AR,B R
CR
Edge
NORMAL PLANE
PROJECTION OF PLANE
Foreshortened
CT
BT
CT
AT
C
CR
CF
Equal
length
BT
AT
CF
CR
BF
AF
Foreshortened
AR,B R
Edge
BF
AF
AR,B R
INCLINED PLANE
PROJECTION OF PLANE
Foreshortened
CT
BT
CT
AT
Equal
length
B
BF
CR
CF
BT
AT
CF
BR
BF
A
AF
Foreshortened
BR
CR
AR
Foreshortened
AF
AR
OBLIQUED PLANE
PROJECTION OF OBJECT
The views are obtained by projecting all object
features to the picture plane.
(Elevation)
You have to project the remaining surfaces which are invisible too !
PROJECTION OF OBJECT
s
s
(Elevation)
PROJECTION OF OBJECT
(Elevation)
Line Convention
LINE CONVENTION
Precedence of coincide lines.
Hidden line drawing.
Center line drawing.
PRECEDENCE OF LINE
Order of
importance
Visible
line
Hidden
line
Center
line
Correct
Join
No !
Leave
space
Correct
No !
Correct
No !
Leave space
Leave space
Leave
space
Leave
space
Isometric
Sketching