Dedication

A great man. Very few of those I know have his humanity, reasonableness, generosity,
sagacity and acuity. He was my teacher, became my counsellor later and is now my
friend. He is EtienneVermeersch: a professor, a pro vice-rector of Ghent University and a
bon vivant. There are people, rare and exceptional, of whom it can be said that they are
an asset to a people in any culture, any time, any place. They are the jewels of human
kind. To one such jewel, my teacher Etienne, I dedicate this book with deep gratitude but
in a language he cannot read. Who knows? Perhaps this will force him to seek rebirth in
Karnataka, at least to read this book. Then we shall also have an Etienne.

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wg zAz Ev. AzU jd Dz AzA
J PtU Cg DPz v CAUvz CAU
PArzg. , w zw v EAv Evg Cz,
CwP, DZguU Cg E PAqPArzjAz iv
F
Uv E zz, Cg Uv DV gjv: EAv
Pvz DZguU jdU Csdz CAUU JAz
Cg jd Ai CjU Pv. AzA Jz
Aiiz v Cw
Az jdzjAz, EAv Cxz
DZguU P DPPU, zU Czg CUvPtU Jz
Cg APAiiVv.
CjU F jwAi CAzz, v av
z PUz
J CA jAiiV Cx irPP, KPAzg,
jd Vgvz J AUwAi U CxU. Ez
vA gz jsAi v. nP jd
CAiiUU(dqA, QAiin, v EA) Uq iv
worship Vz. Cg v Uq U ivqU,
Jgq AUwU V wgP.
zAiz: F Uq, CA, LP, v ePg
Uq. Cg zs
UA x()z P g, Uq F
A Z
z
( A
i MqArPAi P z

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LP v eP v Cg UAi)DVz, AiU

104

J. J. UAUzsg

C Qz , v gvz
P Cg

A
Zz
q
Z ir,
evU Cg
gQ
sg


A
i Pq rz
. Dzg QA
ig
P AiU
gQ
F (biblical) Uq D
A
i
i dAUz salvation DV zv: E Uq CA,
LP, v eP Uq DVAi Azgzg Pq, KPP,
Czsgt, v tgv Uq DVz. C F sgAi,
P g
w
Av, gh gv Ai Fqjv. F Ai
Uq sgAi vvg zvVz (Q JAzg
CPz Cx GzgP). dgv Ai Q,
JAz AiU jUt, Dzg K CAiiU iv
C RArvVAi Q
JAz wz g . F Cxz, P g

v AiU q rz MAz Ai dgv
Ai iz PjvVz. C Q C? P g
Av Q
FUU (s
U) Az
, Cx AiU
gZjAv C ggU PAiP?
JgqAi CAAzg, Uq worship (biblical) iq
iUAz dg Pv ziUP JAi Pg
Cgv
V iq v Cx q JA A
iwwg v.
dg JAz P g Azsz i dAU
w
vz. q dz Uq JAz qsV AAv
ir ziUP JAi Pg v Cx
q iqv (C g gU Az v
C APg Pq CgVzg). RArvVAi C
dz Uq (biblical) C: C Uq. F MAz Pgz
U
inU q APgz ij
Az Ai q
zg.
F U J UAi DZguU CAzV zg, v
CAiiU ZggV ir Aazg, Uq (biblical)
dz Az giazg, Ev, Ev. F jwAi
UqU q v CAz Aifvgzg i
dg worship iqAv jzAzg . UV MAz dz

105

Uq (biblical God, CA, LP v eP) v CASv

zgU Az. Jgq UAi jdU
qzPArz: dz Uq worship iqz dz
jd v UqU worship iqz jd.
KPAzg Uq worship iqz jd DVz,
n P g (v AZ D z EA DqvUgg
), AzU jd P jd JAz jszg.
zzvU zgU. Eg qAz
Ai fv g z g , Dz g g A i g z g g JAz
CxPAqg. m
Alg (v PxP jU Pq)
CAx jd
Devil iAi v Dv Uz tg
vjAiAzz g jwAiiV CxP CxgVzg.
CAxzAz jd Zg g q rvP Q
gV gPP PzAz Cz, Cz vB CwPz
A
Uw Pq DVv. juV Cg sgvz

Aiiz AUwAi
q, Aia, Cz wAiiVgz Cx
DVgz, Cz jd U AiPvP v
AzA CwPvU MqAi vP Pwzg.
ASvg

Aa Cqz
jUA i Ugg (Cg jd
U
) Ezg iv jd Cvz
g vz. v, tg
JA AzA U MAz zg Cg RavV
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U v CPg
qz
PAq
swzg? F MAz MUnU Gvg

Cg P A
PAqPAqg. K DU F t U P A
PAqrz, F CwP Ai idz MvAi
PV jzg. UV F MAz P A Jz
AzA JA jf MAz Csd CAUV Vz.
Cg F J zsU ZPl v vAi Aiiz
jwAi wAizsjz vSAiiVgz, Cg yAiifAi

106

J. J. UAUzsg

APUAz n JAz ElPP. Cg

zs irz J Pq F MAz ZPnAi
erv. GvU v z(v e) Az
AiU
zsAi F ZPnU a MzVv. UVAi Cg
sgvz
jd U v v
A
i Pz
P
RV
P jd, A v AzA F g AvU
PgtAz wiP Azg . P jd Uq Az

(the biblical)
GP Arv : t g v (
JAxz)jAzV A s
V CwAi xzqU Vv:
FUU s
zAv AAz AzA s
V,
z iUzqU
Vv. m

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z
AVAv
A Pr
itz s
zzVz, F MAz PgtAz
z, t gvg gz gl qz. Aii
AzA CvPV s
z U v PzPAqAv
jd DVzAi, Cz zgzv CiAiPgz
sgwAig DAV PArzg.
DzzjAz, sgwAi i dz v AwAi J SU


AzAAz UgwUvz
. UVAi, EU
jdU

s d v Csd CAUA
z ng zg , F z

P j z z zU Cz vV inv.
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vjv. Ez sgvz jdU U, Czg V
AzA U Eg PxAiiVz.
Jgq RU avt

sgwAi fU F PxAi gUmV Azg.

(AiiP JAz E Cw
Rz
, Cz F Rz

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g
gzz w
QAiUU zjirv:
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zg.

107

Cg z Gv U


g
zz jdU AgUAizg .
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yg Ezg. Cz Egq vU q zsAvg
U gUnz.
zsguU AzA zz g Pl
A
ivzzg. Cg zz v U eU
Lqn (U
gzs JAz Ezg jAiiz Cz)
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DZjwg EAx DZgu
U

U Gv U


ivr, DzjAz
t gvg sgwAig z jd CzUzg
JAzV w
zg . ng z MP
Aq F fU
m

Am QA iinAi izjAi AzA zz g

v U PAqAv Pl Q A
iAi vqVzg . DU g eU
Ut Pjv wgz Azg. Az
sgwAig xA (Ez KPz vgzs
JAzV
vV sAvjUwz) Azg JAz PAqrzg.
AQV zzg sgwAi zs zsguUAq
QAiinAi MAAz gUAv UgvV KPg
zsj zs? EAx Ugv AzA Pl Q A
iAi
id, DAi id v x id Avz
vqVz . Cz m

Am P j
U Aiiz CWv
q.
F jwAi AzA UA
xU UgwPAq CU
APU

AU AP A
iv q
v v CzP
Pq
zg
v zAvz PAz

V sv. G Tz
zsguU wP-z v i AzsU Ai
Z
gPV w
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P
A
vz
g
Ce sgwAijU Gw
e

r Cg

qs
A
PU
DZgu

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CZA
iz g . Dzg

F zsguU sgwAi Aw v Dzg zst

108

J. J. UAUzsg

DZguU U CvAi Azg v sgvz zsvU

Cg vz PqUAi jzg. DAi idz Ezg
gVzg, U AUz g Eg AzUVzg.
Cg q vU
g

i U
Az sgvP agj
avz
iUzAi Ez v F zsgu U F A
Az
AiU GzPAq Az jwAi GzPPVv.
vP sgwAijU v v UAxU Pjv K
U w A z n g U g wz g . Ez P w Q A i Ai i V
zsguU v Az
P UA
xUU g Aiwzg.
AiiU ng P DZguU nQvqVzg, DU
zsguU D DZgu
U


z v U

A
iv irzg. AiiU ng sgwAig CwPgAz
szg zsguU v Az
P UA
xU Eg
P wP CAU vjzg P AzA wPV
zqsVzAiAz vjwzg. zsguU njAz
AzA U Az rPU v nPU MPAq
CUU g zjU w
Q A
iv irzg.
Dzg njU GAiUU MAz P iq vg;
CzAzg DAUg
AwAi CxirP
z v Cg jd
Dzsjv nPUU Gvg qz. Cg ng AzA
U iq nPU xAiAz sPv zg.
ng v Pz AzA U irg nPU
yP F s
U
Aq AzA Ag v gz
jd GzgPV PAiwzAiAz U
zg. Er z Pq
CjU jAiiV CxUzg AigAig rz sgvz
avt U Czg jd Dzsjv nPU MPAq
qzg
.
U EAzP F PxA
i
Rz? EzP Jgq PgtU:
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Aiz gz U

109

v
i U
Az rz e

sgwAig aP
Arzg.
Cz EAz g
R UA
xU
V gAz. QA
i qQ
v
sPzg
rz avt
Cx DU.
Dzg AiiAzg, QAiinAi U K wAizjU
jdU w
zU

CxUwg Av Ptvz
. sgwAi v
v fU sgvz
AwAi UV
z gu
U



Azg. zg Ax vP dg sgvz ew

z, C tg zvgA
z PgA
iq dg
gg
UAz wzg, Az
AiUz t gvg
gz A AqAiv, Ev PxU Avg. CzP
DzsgV F wAi Pz v AU zvgAz
PgA
iq g
jv
Ai Avz Gzgu
U



Pnz PxAi vz Vg APAi vjv.
EzP EAz
R Pgt Pq Ez. zsguU
n nPU
U w
Qz jwAiAi EAz vP
zg

sgwAig v dg vU q
U v UU
w
Qwzg. EA w
QAiU Aii jwAi A
zsguU w
QAiU v?
Jgq iUU
iV
z AwU AAzAv PAv

U U. uU PAP KP Eqwg?
UiA AiiP w? AU e iqz
v ? ew z wAi U CPAi Cx AiZA
i?
FU sgvz zsAig qvgAi? zgUUP
6-8 PU Egv
? jd a Aiiz? D aAi
zz

l
worship iqwg? God Awg?
jd dg ? Ev. F jwAi
U
JzjzU Aiigzg

U w
Qvg?

110

J. J. UAUzsg

iV zzg, F jwU 2 zsz

w
Qz.
zAiz,C) F
U V v D) MU D
U
CxUv. F HU ElPAq
UU Gvg
q A
iwz. EAi vP Gvjzg v Gvj
A
iwgg Ez iU Cjzg v sgwAi
zsgPg

Ez iU Cjzg. Ez iU
Cjzg GAmU ju U
z RVz.
KP A z g A Pz zs g P g s g w Ai A z s z
ivqwz g , Dzg Az v AwAi Az
s z Av
ivqwz .
F
UU izsPgz Gvg qz Dz
U

AiijU i zsPg

Vg P?,
Pv
Vz. UAzg F Gvg
F GvgU izsUP?, zg sgvz
zAi v
i g
; Cx, Pz Jgq
A
i v
i j
sgwAig, Cx
zg? FU UiA
AiiP w JA
U g Gvg
U


U : sgwAig
u iqAv vAi Jz U i:
DzjAz P sgwAig v vAiAz svg.
DzjAz, sgwAig U v iq v Czg iA
w. (Cx z Pg U sgwAi gvg GU PgtVz;
DzjAz PPg Uv Ai iqz E v Cz wz
E; Cx Ez jwAi guU). F Gvg
zjU
izsPgVg, sgvz JgqAi vij PU
i zsPg

Vg JAz v Mw PV. sgvz


U qAiz v P JAiz Pq qz,
Ez U vj Gzvz Ug C; sgvz
Aiig v vAi iAz s CzP PUZ
Pq. Cz F jwAi GvgU Zg GvgUv.
Dzg Az dg Aiz J Ai zz
iA

wgzQAv a RvAi Az. Uzg sgvz

111

djU zz iA wAv zjAz sgvz

v Pg
PrU zs Uz? F jwAi
UU
Gvg
q Cgg Gvg
U


l g
z Gvg


vAiij
PUvz. Ezg, Aiigzg F jwAi Gvg q
AiU v g iU CjPUvz: Aii
jwAi Ag A iA w, AiU
Pg Dg
iv wvg
Cz jw jd PgtAzV
Pq zz iA w. sgvz Ewz U
jAiiV wg U vP F jwAi GvgU A
idP
gv
. sgvz
Aii zs
UA
xz
A
i zz
iA
wz
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F QA
i zU Aq
GvgU At aUvz.
Vzg
MAz
Vg zs Gvg
U

ZlP
Qv. PAv
UUP M Az MAzAz
Az AwP, ifP jg

Gvg
U


qv? E z
Uv Gvg q Mvq z. uAi
AiiP PAP Eqwg JAAv P
U F jwAi Uv
Gvg zsUz. Dzg AUP fwg
JAAv
UU
it Uiq zsU.
zsvAi Ag sgwAi Az
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zs GvgU Uvz jwAi izjPjPzg CU
KPg
vA i g PUvz
. F Gvg
U

P AiU

iqz, F Az
AiUU gjU F AiU F
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AP
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U


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F jwAiiV APU AiiUV jw P
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U


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z jgz

q A
iv

112

J. J. UAUzsg

i DZguU AiPAiV iqvz JAzAv .

i DZguU i v jgP irPAq QAii
AztPAiiV. CzP zV C jgz C dqz
DZguUUzjAz CUU xAi q CUv
PAqgvz
. CAv xU

Aiiz AU
Cx U
QPl P o APU
Az qA
iPUvz
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jdU AzA CvP gvz.
AwP, ifP jgz U Jzg EAx
AzA E Z zUvz
JAz Jw PV.

v
sgvz

g
zsv
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Az
AiU CjPz
F AzAU gzV. DjPzg AzU F
AzAU gzV Ezg. CjPz AzU Po
Az
AiUV zuU
MUUvg. AzA nP
jdAv PtAv iq Mvq vgwg Cz CjP
zAi CAx P nQvz.
F Q A
iU AAzAv CP Ai QzA
iizg
,
Ez A v g Az g v . F A z s P A v J g
U Pzz Azg: v jU F jwAiiV w
Qzg sgvz

A zsgPg
rz zjAi U Mvq
AmUvz. Dzg
A i d zsgPg
A
v sgvz
ifP jgz

vz

AwAi zPw. CAzg, z jgz zAi
Az A s g v z zs g P g F Az z A v
AzAVAv PAiiVg zsvz. F AzA
APU izjPj A
iwzjAz CA AzA
vz JAz d. Dzg EA AzA PAz
DZ g u U U P g q v Az P l CAi g z j Az
AzQAv Cz PAiiVz. gg jgz
F Az
AiU GzPAq g Pgtz v
PlAv DUvz.

113

zg F jwAi CPj tUU C

sgwAi Az
AiU
U Azg
PAq Uz?
F U Gvj PPAq Ai Jv P
gAwz. sgvz Vg U Cx g
Az U U P EAx Ai i U K ?
AizAzg, P zz iA w? P
uU PAP Eqwg? P AU fwg? F
jwAi
U P sgvz PPAq wgUq!
U F J
UU Gvg Uwz J PgtAzAv
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U
PzU Gvg
q Ai DU PVg. EA
z
gz Dzg Rz MAz CAz: Az
AiU
U U F jwAi
U PAv
Ai g.
U F jwAi
U GzA
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AwAijVAv Pr DQ Azg
CAvU Cx CjVAv
zq
g
A
zU C. Dzg F jwAi
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Aiz
Az
s z CAv
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fz Aii AvzAi, PzU, Gz
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GvgU DZguAi EzUV.
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U
z Gvg
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q PA MvAi gw v
Gvg Ez jwAiiVgPA ZPl Pw; 2)
sgwAijU F
U CxUz zs, Dzg vg
Cz vA sV CxirPg. CAzg, sgvz
Az
AiU U F jwAi
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PzU U C CxUv

114

J. J. UAUzsg

JA s
Ai ElP

gz ; C U CxU. v
AwAi gAzVAi CAx
U nPv.
iV
z AiA
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q
g g

v AwAi CxirPArz JAzPv., U

z AiAiiV f xgzjAz F jw
sPv. U EAV v Evg Lg sU
ivq v CxirP wgzjAz F
U
sV CxUvAz sz sP. P g F
sA
i v . v AwAi Aii jwAiAi
CxirPAr.
PAi MAz Rz EAVvAzg, vg
sgwAi AwAi U U
U
PU Cg
AwAi
U v PAqAv Egvz
.
j
U AwAi
U v P g z Gv g q Pz g G v U ,
vAdAiU NzPV; EzP `10 PiAqAm
UU Cx yAiifAi PqUU wgUPVAi E.
v AwAi CxirP P. Ez g

V
Eqzzg: sgwAi AwU AAz
UU Gvj
Pzg,
v AwAi CxirP
P. Ez i d
zsgPg
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vg P
U Cg AwAi Ez. DzjAz
v AwAi P Dv AiAz zP Pzg,
v AwAi U CjU zs iqP. vg AiiP
F jwAi
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CjU C P
V Cxir PVgzAzg AzU God
AvgA
i?, AzU jd a Aiiz?, AiiP AzU
AU v AUU fvg? JAAv
U vg
KP Pvg U EAx
U K av JAz.

115

Mn zzg, z fwgU U
AzA MAz Pptz AiUAz Prz jdV
iqAv Mvq
gvz
. Dzg v v zsv
A
i Ag
sgwAi Az
AiU Azsz F jwAi AzAU
zAiizg, F AzA P Ag
U
jz E, v UU jg Pq Pq.
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Pq Av vg AwAi CxirP

Cx Cg P UU U APAz Pq
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Pv
Azg PU v AwAi U wz U
Cz U CjU Az
AiU
Uz. Egq
g


U AiAiiUv JAz Ag
.

116

J. J. UAUzsg

sgwAijU K P? ZjvAi, UvP?

Cz: geg Uq

EAz Jq
A
iAi sgvz
dz ZjvA i gAiPA
A nP
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l
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qwzg. F Pz vz? MAzxz z
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jv . F Rz
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gu

z. Rz PAi Zjv( j
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i Zjv Ai UvP P gzV Eqwz .
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v

Vz: CAzg gd
s Ai
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Aiiz LwP v
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z. U wwg PxAi Cgz.
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i dnVz: Cz P P Jgq jwAi
gAsV, Jgq zsAvU zn MAz i Az
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CP SU
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JAAv

117

Czg AiiAiz UU av. sgwAi NzUjU

Ez P

: sgvz

MAz Px
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U PxU

,
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gAi Dz. Dzg E PgvU.
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gA x PU PU

qz C, C SU
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g, P v fAi, Cx e U Cgm
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118

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s

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194

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195

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196

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197

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198

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Andrew Mason (1990: 434)

gg
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199

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J. J. UAUzsg

200

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201

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204

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205

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206

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the Select Committee of The House of Lords on Religious Offences in England and
Wales First Report. (http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld200203/
ldselect/ldrelof/95/ 2112706.htm; EmP jz consulted August 8, 2004).
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EzP AAz MAz z

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Christianity and Liberal Religious Toleration'

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UV DQzAiP vtP r.

DAz P .
11 Zm, gm.

[1808] 1984. Social, Political, Historical and

Present Time.

z: i AU .

12 Zlf, x.

1998. Secularism and Tolerance.

l AS.

34579

13 Dg.sU(A.)z, Secularism and Its Critics. z

:DPq
s Ain

UAxIt:
1 Ds- iU, sqjP. 1999. Secularism, unicity and diversity: the
case of Haracandis Grove. l AS 75-93.
2. . z. U v . MgAii(A.), Tradition,Pluralism and Identity:
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2000. The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion,

Violence, and Reconciliation.

4. UAUzsg, J, J.

AiiP:g v l.

[1994] 2005. 'The Heathen in His Blindness ...

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2Ai zt. z:

g.
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14 ZmzsAi, dz.
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the

6. g, Dg, Z., A. v Cz.

1973. Prefect and Emperor: The

Relationes of Symmachus,A.D. 384.DPsq:PAqg

7 Aig, sP.

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15 P, .

8 sU, gf. 1998. jZAi. l AS. 128 in R. Bhargava (A.),

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v f. qV (A),Historia Religionum: Handbook for the History
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x Zlf, 'Secularism and Tolerance,' in Secularism and Its Critics, A sU,
345-379. F AiP AAzAv n An RU r,
situation: BPP, 1839, Vol. 39, 39; 1841, Vol. 17, 1-4; 1844, Vol. 36, 1-2; 1845, Vol.
34, 1-43. r, qq N. D India:Ancient and Modern (, 1856), 331338.
67
BPP, 1839, Vol. 39, 39
68
Cz.70. 1857 zAUAi Pt v guAi, Ai Pg

AzQ tU P vg JA UiU AAzVz. gdv

PAv gAi i , 'Race, Religion and Realm: The Political Theory of The Reigning

Crusade, 1857,' in Indias Colonial Encounter: Essays in Memory of Eric Stokes, eds.
g v gAit U (z, 2004), 205-254.
69
'The Petition of the orthodox Hindu community of Calcutta' in Raja Rammohun
Roy andProgressive Movements in India, 156-163. 72 Am ag, Indian
Unrest (Aq, 1910), 43-45. AjAz qAiwz UvAi Pjv PfAi,

g, g v AeU zz Rz wg/ v.
Ez AzU MUq
juPjAiiz PAiiV inv . Cz Aiz,
gz Az gAiU g AiP go gd f JA
jAi Gzwz z Ptz. ag Cg wP gz Dgv,
wPg CAzsi v AAi Z

zPg
Vzg JAz Dz ir Avg
Cg AiiAiP zg . EzP AAzAv r, Selected Documents
of Lokamanya BalGangadhar Tilak (1880-1920), 3 Vols., ed. g Az P i g (
z, 1992). On the cowprotection movement, r, zs v PAz,
The British Origin of Cow-Slaughter in India: With Some British Documents on the
Anti-Kine-Killing Movement 1880-1894 ( i j, 2002).

260

J. J. UAUzsg

70

.r.Pg, Historic Statements (Prophetic Warnings): Statements, Telegrams &

Letters, 1941 to 1965 (A , 1992), 30.
71
Cz., 2, 7.
72
Cz .,18.
73
Cz., 20.
74
dv gAii, 'The Hindu-Muslim Problem,' in Writings and Speeches, Vol.
2: 1920-1928, ed. dAi ZAz e (z, 1966), 170-222, 180-181; EmP
jgz.
75
UAUzsg, The Heathen In His Blindness, CzsAi 3 v 4; gs Ug
v qg, 'Mantras of Anti-Brahmanism: Colonial Experience of Indian Intellectuals,'
Economic and Political Weekly 38, no. 43(2003): 4611-4617. 29-39. t, Contentious
Traditions, 29-39.
76

Gzgu q, A Discoverie of the Sect of the Banians (Aq, 1630), 4395; e. gh. , Interesting Historical Events Relative to the Provinces of
Bengal and the Empire of Indostan sU I and II, A. P (1765-67, gzt.
A Aq, 2000), 16-17; CzsAi, 'The History of British India,' 3-5; Z
U A m, 'Observations on the State of Society among the Asiatic Subjects of Great
Britain, in British Parliamentary PapersColonies East India, Vol.5, 1831-1832
( , 1970), 34-35; e i , The History of British India, Vol. 1 (1817,
gzt. A. z, 1990), 48; e. mAii g, College History of
India: Asiatic and European (Aq, 1888), 13, 21; Aig Aig-Aii,
Brahmanism and Hinduism (Aq, 1891), 352; ag, Indian Unrest, 33; Z,
India: Its Administration & Progress, 318-319.
77
g, College History of India, 21; mq, Indian Problems in Religion,
Education,Politics (Aq , 1924), 38-39.
78
Aq, Construction of Communalism, 23-65; Strachey, India, 336-341.
79
g, College History of India, 107-108, 148. n DPAi `P, vAv
v AU t'Ai vAz g v. r, mq,

Indian Problems, 3.
80
ag, Indian Unrest 32, 37, 5.
81
g Dq . Ai, 'Introduction,' in Chirol, Indian Unrest, xv.
82
r Jqq z, Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient (Aq,
1978); g EAq, Imagining India (DPsq, 1990); Pg, K Pq
v lg qg g, A., Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament:
Perspectives on South Asia (qAi, 1993).
83
Ai, 'Introduction,' in Chirol, Indian Unrest, ix, xvi, xiii.
84
The Worlds Work, Vol 35: Ag, 1917, to K 1918: A History of Our
Time (Uqn, AiiP, 1918), 35.

261

J. J. UAUzsg

262

85

'Letter to the Nawab of Bhopal' z, 9 d 1948, in Selected Works of

Jawaharlal Nehru, Second Series, Vol. 7, A. J. U ( z, 1988), 8.
86
India Will not be a Hindu State, Address to mill workers and labourers in Delhi, 30
September 1947, in Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, Second Series, Vol. 4, A .
J. U ( z, 1986) 107-109.
87
'Toleration or Ruin,' Speech at New Delhi, 27 A g 1947, in Selected Works,
Second Series, Vol. 4, 101-2.
88
The quotes are from 'A Uniform Refugee Policy,' Note to Cabinet Ministers, 12
September 1947, in Selected Works, Second Series, Vol. 4, 62-66; EmP jVz.
89
J, Decolonizing the Hindu Mind.
90
UAUzsg v eP z gg, 'The Secular State and Religious Conflict,' 8890; D A 'The Politics of Secularism and the Recovery of Religious Tolerance,'
in Secularism and Its Critics, A. gf sU ( z, 1998), 321-344.

jsU
CeAivz (agnosticism): 14Ai viz PU Az
. jd v zjU AAz vU U w U
wAi zs JA w
z. F z
Azg
CAw
vz Pjv Aii wiP zgUzg.
automata: PAlg ez U jj
Cvz AiAvU

.

CvUv /Cv P Azs

U

(necessary conditions): vP
Ai
js. Ez P Azs
(sufficient conditions) JA jsAi
evU equAiiVz. MAz PAi vUPzg Eg
AzsU. zPP Ggl Cv U v J
PAi v U Pzg Ggqwz g zQz JA
PAi v U
P. F Azs
A
i CvUv
Azs
JAzV
PgAiUvz. Dzg UqU Pz UV AZ Az JA
PAi AZ Az JA PAi v UqU
Pz JA P P. CAx Azs
U


P Azs
U

A
z
UgwUvz.
HzAv: MAz ziP guAi H Av.
Avg F HAi CiVlPAq jQ zl
irPAqU F HAi zAvV zUvz
. F Ci
jPAi Jzj vg Cz AzV vPz.
Aiiz zAv


i qzz zs vU

gzjAz ez

263

J zAvU MAzxz HzAvz Avz Egv

JAzV eP vvdg wAivg.
JyP: wAi Pjv fe q U w AiU
AzswvV P vvz MAz S. Ezg
n
JyP Jz PqAi (oughtto be ) JA Cxz w AiU
Dzsg vz. EzP moral philosophy JAzVAi
PgAiUvz. F jPAi jdUU Vz
zU

PAqg.
VP sAi F P e, e JAxz.
DzsPvg aAvPgz sP F MAz Cxz
zg. eAz Aiiz jUtvAi Cz
e

qA i v Cz S P
UAz gvV.
CAzg Ji JAz MAz e CeAz vQ,
Cx e eV CPvU AUwAiiVz.
Episteme:

JAjP Dzsg: eP Azs

U
AAz MAz js.
Pu, Cs
Cx A
iUUAz qz iwU. eP
zAvU

PlU
i tU DzsgU. EAx DzsgU
zAwP ZPlUU Vz zAvU
itPjP
PP
i tUUv
JAzV 19Ai v
i z n
aAvPg szg. Dzg x P JAg F

zg.
JAiA: PAz UAUU Azs wvV PAz
UtU Dgz. F UtU zsjvVz, D
UAU Vz Cz vjPAi vAzV CUU
v

qgz. Ez Dzs P aAvA i MAz zA zV
DzsPvg aAvAi jUtvz.
LrAiif: Dz
UU U jPU

U iUz

q ZjP gZU. EAx gZU MAz n ZPl
(iqPz U iqgz JA w P ) U
APU
Aizsj
gv.

J. J. UAUzsg

264

Lqn: U
gzs
JAzV sAvjUvz
A
iizg

Ez jdUU z jPAiiVz. nP z
KP Vz DPgg
vVz. wdP dAUU
C

DPwU fvgA PAz Cz v JAzV
jdU w
z. Cz vAz C Cz CwP U
VgzjAz
Lqn iqg
CwP Zjv
g

JA PAi v.
ontology: EgPAi Cx
wAi Pjv feU
AAz
v vvz js.

NjAiAlA (Orientalism): UA
xz g
U MAz js.
F
vz JAzVAi sAvjUvz
. CAzg
Cz z i dU
q MAz v zP
Vz.
v PAz z Pjv PnP
l avt
U



Cz MUvz.
Pv v Q Agency : ifP
gU

vA
v
V QAiU

q
U DAiAi iq QA
i a MAz v
js. qsz U ZgAvz iv
F
QAi Az.
PxP QAiin: QA
iinAi a U zs P
g. vB Px
P wP JA Cx Az.
g Ezg PAz ZZ Ez. Ez ZZ PAvVz vz
DZguU U AP tPgt Az.
g Za AzV PgAiUvz U
C ZZ U tPgt
z s CPg
Zwgv.
g ZZ nP Ug gdAzV jUtVv.
creed:

jd U

pUvz. APAi zrPj
PU. e v CPgz AAzs: DzsPvg aAv
Az
Ai lQzg

Mz P s
P F P
A
i
w
z. CPg U eU g g Av Vz .

265

CPg v GzP UtV e

gvz
U e

CPgP DzsgsvVgvz. F z PAq v
Pz z Pjv Aiiz ezq v svz
GzU
Pi qw JAzsV Jqq zg U Evg
vvg U Cxvg.
ezAi AiU (Age of enlightenment): 18Ai viz
Aig ZjPvAi w
z MAz Z . ifP
v gdQAi DZguU v iU i Zg U
vP
zsj
gU
P w
z. Az
P AU

,
wU U z wU F Pz aAv P g P l
Vqirzg .
qQ: jd zsU. ZZ JwrAi qUU
Av.
qU: jd CPgtU. Czg gz Ai
P
r
zU, Cz CU
A
izU D jd zs .
JyQ MAz P g. PAz AiiU
Dzsj wPvAi
itPj zs. Ez Pv, zsv
Cx AiU JyP JAzVAi P g A i v g . C A z g ,
wPvA
i CAiU AiU P g qz
P
VzAi JAz

itUvzAi B D QAiAi ju JAz.

deontology:

q, q : Uq j U zQ . C
vA
z
PgAiVz. C vB M KAd DVz Uq gz
zAUAiz s
Uv U dz jdAz g
zjv s
gV ir vz zs gU fAv
iqv U Cg gPP Aiv. Dv Alg
qUAzV PgAiVz.
yAiif: CPgB Cxz zg Pjv e. Ez P
ZZU PAq AzAv Uq, C GzU U

266

J. J. UAUzsg

PwU, jd g, jd z
, DZgu U zz
Cs EvU Pjv Ai feAi q eS.
n: g v-jU z wP

i tU . CU
PqAiV iq P JAxz. EAV
ought to be JA A
iU EAx PU Pt. F jPAi
jdUU Vz. sgwAi sU

EAx PA
iU,
A
iU
U Ptg . normative ethics JAzg EAx wP

i tU
w
JyP.
n sd
: Aiiz MAz iv j, Cz PqAiV
iqP, UV, vAz v, U Cz PqAiV
iqPqz JA DU
n AUqu.

s z z: MAz
s zP g U

U vA
z
s zz
PtU Dgz. CAzg vQPV Czszz
sP vU
PU. GzguU `g Zg U g
Az z.' JA
z P. F PAi CAzvAi

sz zAz lvz.
gf (renaissance): Ai g 14 jAz 17
v
i z
g
U
qz
MAz AwP Z . RV avP
A
i
Ez PtPAqg

s s , gdQAi, v, vv ,e, jd
Ev iP U tUAi EAz gAs v.
Ez DzsP Aig gf JAzV Ewz
UgwUvz. CAzg zsAiUz a UjPvU e
V Lg AwAi i DgUz Cz
Av vv, F Pz a VP v g UjPv
U aAvU A Czg Q Dzs P UjPvA
i
gv JAzV Aig Ew wvz
.
U: vB n sAi U JAzg Ui gg .
QAiinAi g ltU jdV Cvjz Avg
A Pz Az
AiU
DZjPAq zvU


fwz

267

U gg QA
ig U Pgz
g
. Ez AiU eAm
JA zP ix Az. Avg zs Pz nP
jdU Cjz, zvU f dg
MmgA
iiV U PgA
iVz. P yAiifAi Cg DZgu
U



U A JAzV P g z Cz Az jd AzV
w
v. Ezg evU z JA Z

vz
Av.
U gAzg qAz zjvz
g
, UV CwP DZgu
U



CrPAqg JA guAi yAiifAi P

v.
v q: jd DZguAi qPq
CPg. PxP Axz EzAz q JA
AAiiV z jd DZguU v K P
v. m
Alg J P g UAzV w
F
AAi KP wgjzg U PxP U
q zvgAzV jzg. Eg LqnAi Z
gz
vAz P CAiiU Aawzg U jd
s
U

zg JAzV zgv. sgvz

tg Px
P
qU Pj Cz gv JAzV U
F
m
Am zP Pirz.
m

AnA: QA
iinAi MAz Ax. g Px
P
ZaU w
sl
AiiV nPAq J ZZU V
Ezg jUvz. 16 viz in xg Az F
Z gAsv U Avg AxUV Mqv.
PxP Za DZgu
U


, PfUA
zs wU
, Eg
Lqn JAzV wgjzg. Az GzgP CAw
iU U P CAw gv Aii Gz
A U DZguU Pq R, U tPgt
Eg wgj JjU U
P
iq Qz JAzV
w
zg. MmgAiiV AP Az QUv U Eg
jd vAzg .

268

J. J. UAUzsg

metaphysics: EgP v
AZz sv gz Pjv
gu q v vvz MAz S.

xA: QA iin, dqA v EAU

KPz
P
.
morality: MAz QAi z tU
zs
j qv
U

U
w AiU.

jd: z Pgt(cause) U v(reason) Ug

q


MnU
vg t. dqA, QA
iin, U EA JA nP
jdU F tAi AaPv. CU P g z
Az, EAz U AzU

Uq Cx
CAx M v z
GzPUtV AifvV U D Ul vz
v
U P lr P v jd Dv vU
rz JAzV C w
v. D P luAi v v
UA
xz Ez, UV Cz z Pjv vVz JAzV w
jdU
w
v.
jd jv
: (conversion)MAz jd l vA
z
Pjz. Ez A APU l APU
PjzVz. APU jd P j z
DAvjP jvAi vAzU iv F QAi jtUvz.
F Cxz sgwAi Az
Aiz F P
Pt . vAvg,
zsiAvg Avz U P sAvgU.
giAng
: Aig 18Ai v
i z PAi sUz

qz ZAz
svgzg. F ZAi P, v
U P P vP AAz. Ez JlAm aAvPg
ZjPv
U PUjP PAwAz nz Ugfz AiiAwPv
U
, PvPv
U

w Ai i V n P Arv . U s , A z ,
UzAV vzv, Aw, jd, DzswPv, z Uv
Ev CAUU MvPnv. EzjAz
svgzg z
AwU Pz AiAzV s Lgg
PzPAq DzswPvAi CU qAizAz szg.

269

gA: DzsP Pz z UjPvAi PAq

vAv v ivAi g aAv. 18Ai viz
AgAAiz s
s v PU
wAiiV Lg
gdQAi aAvAi Ez w
v. Ezg juV
U d
P U
, ifP MAz, Ev zAvU
z


U QAi AivvAi gQ sv PU Ev
iU Dzsjz e

sv PAi v.
g yAiif: 1950g zP z

n CjPz Px
P
ZZU nPAq MAz Z. EAz P gU Eg
ifP glUggg F ZAiU UgwUvz.
Q zs
U

ifP, gdQAi U ifP CAiUAz
qUqU Gz A U QAiinAi
zvg Gzg UjAiiV AzAiAz F ZAi
w
z. Eg ifP Ai U PxP Axz
Pg .
v
vg

z: v zP
z wU
Ugw CzjAz
ggP z. v Pz zU AwU
Pjv PnP
qz avt
U
Ur
CzP AiiAiz
avt
U

MAz Czs Ai. Jqq zg NjAiAlA
PwAi Ezg ggU DPgvz. Czg P g v
Czs AiU
e v CPgz CAvBAAzs
AzV nP
Ar.
zU Pjv SU v
sv UnU
Q A iAi MAz sUV, F PgtAz z AwU
z
i CPguU U AzzUAAv sv
JAzV vvg z wivz. Mn
CP vUAz Prz AwAiAAv rzP
v
svz vQUU AAzszAiAz vvAi.
(worship): jdU Pv GzU AP,
U sg


A il v
V jd tAi Cs

QAi. Ez e JAzV sAvjVz KPAzg vg

J. J. UAUzsg

270

jd JqAi Ez JAzV sPAq sgwAi

AwAi QzU E eAi CjU v vz worship
DV PArv.
virtue ethics:

JyP MAz P g. m v Cjl Cg

Ez w
zg. wPvAi M Zjv zsj
zsgUvzAi gv wAiUAzU, juU
ZAzU C JA w
z.
Pg: jdU gz, jdAz gU EgAxz
JAz Z

vz
Eg Cx. Dzg P g Ai jdAz
zsjvV, Czgz vAz RV

vv qAivz
JAzV UAUzsgg vg.
Pq
: QA
iinAi MAz js. zPvA
i evU, jd
DZguAi evU QU
U U
AAzs AzU

U C .
nP jdU : Iv KAiz EA E z
z

Vz a UUAqAv E CP dAUU
Dqwz s nP s A i i Vz jAz C g nP
AwUA
zV PgA
iVz. a dAUAz GUz
dg MqArPAi PvU. QAiin, dqA
v EA jdU vB Az
AiP gzjAz
U C P s v P t U , g g
AaPArgzjAz nP jdU JA
s z Z

vz

Az. E CA JA
v dAUz v z

l
UgzjAz EU CP jd U A AzVAi
PgA
iUvz.
(salvation): v AzV Uq Az
v
Ql. Ez jZ JAzV tVz. Ez
Cg
vgV irv. Uq v PAi vj P
F Az ZU Cg v CggV iq

271

QAiAz g v F CAz Gzjq

vg. QA iinAi
Ez salvation JUvz
. spiritual: spirit Az Az. jm JAzg
zzVg t Cx Cv Zv soul MAz sU.
sU U CU GU U Cz

t
U
A
ii Azwg vz
. Cz Uq MAz gVz (UqU
vAz. U, U jm JA g gUAiAzV
AVz) U UqU AP
izs Vz. F jmU
AAz jZ.
soul

(QAi Cxz): zAz v

Pz MAz DAvjP
Cv. QU Avg F soulU PAi wizgU
PAiv U DU Uq CU ZguUr CU
UP, gPP Pv. UP z soulU Uq evU
CAvPzg
U
Egv. soul GU , g
U CAwUwAi
Pjv QA
iinAi CP UAi guU

. MAz guA
i
P g Uq vAi Usz w
QAi soul gav.
v zeU
(10 commandments) : vz
U Uq P
s
Pz
Pw rz v DeU
. C E
qPn

j
U Uq rz wP Azs
U

. C nP jd
wP vAiUAz jUtUvz.
z g: nP jdU
l g jd Cj
dAUU
U jzg
.dz jdAz s
g
V v vV Cz
DZjwgg. dz jdU jwvgUz dg.

J. J. UAUzsg

272

sAvg a

Cx - meaning
Cxgu, Cxz - interpretation
DzsgP - premise
EZ -will
HzAv -hypothesis
MqArP - testament
Pv - agent
Pvv - agency
QAiiv - dynamism
ZZA - issue
avt - description
dAU CzsAi, dAU -ethnography
dAUz- racism
e - knowledge
eP
-episteme
eiA - epistemology
ezAi AiU- The age of enlightenment
vP -reason
vv - philosophy
vvP -comparative
zt -revelation
AP - belief
d - fact
w -moral
o - text
jP, jPvP - concept, conceptual
jv - conversion, proselytisation
Plu -revelation
QAi - process


P
w
z - claim
Ai - thesis
gf - renaissance
Uv - presupposition
v - oriental
sgwAi - Indology
i
z - humanism
i - anthropology
gZ, AgZ - structure
ga - constitute
QP - secular
de - intuition
v - tolerance
wP - universal
ifP e, id e- social science
zAv - theory
wPgt - formulation
AzAi - tradition
Aw - culture
AwP v - cultural difference
A - transmission, communication
t - account
v - colonialism
v e - colonial consciousness
vvg - post-colonial
z - argument
zAi - theme
S - discourse
Zg - reason
zi - phenomenon
zs, zs - method, methodology
DZgu - ritual
gu - explanation
S - definition
u - analysis

P-world view
ZjPv - rationality
P - claim

273

274

J. J. UAUzsg