Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM)

SOLID MECHANICS II
BMCS 3333
ENERGY METHOD
Nadlene Razali

Contents
Week #8:
Work and Energy Under a Single Load
Deflection Under a Single Load
Work and Energy Under Several Loads
Castiglianos Theorem
Deflections by Castiglianos Theorem

Week #7:
Introduction
Strain Energy
Strain Energy Density
Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses
Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stress

Introduction

Previous lessons : relation between force and

deformation using concept of,
Stress
Strain
Concept of Strain energy : increase in energy
associated with the deformation of the member.

Introduction
Apply energy methods to solve
problems involving deflection
and deformations of the
structures.
Use principle of conservation of
energy to determine stress and
deflection of a member
subjected to impact.
Develop the method of virtual work and Castiglianos
theorem to determine displacement and slope at points
on structural members and mechanical elements.

External Load
A uniform rod is subjected to a slowly increasing
load
The elementary work done by the load P as the rod
elongates by a small dx is
dU P dx elementary work

which is equal to the area of width dx under the loaddeformation diagram.

The total work done by the load for a deformation x1,
x1

U P dx total work
0

In the case of a linear elastic deformation,

x1

U kx dx 12 kx12 12 P1x1
0

Strain Energy
Work of a force:
When a force P is applied to the bar,
followed by the force P, total work done by
both forces is represented by the area of
the entire triangle in graph shown.
Strain energy:
When loads are applied to a body and causes deformation, the
external work done by the loads will be converted into internal
work called strain energy. This is provided no energy is
converted into other forms.

TOTAL WORK = STRAIN ENERGY

Strain Energy Density

To eliminate the effects of size, evaluate the strainenergy per unit volume,
U

x1

P dx
A L
0

u x d strain energy density

0

The total strain energy density resulting from the

deformation is equal to the area under the curve to
As the material is unloaded, the stress returns to zero
but there is a permanent deformation. Only the strain
energy represented by the triangular area is recovered.
Remainder of the energy spent in deforming the material
is dissipated as heat.

Strain Energy Density

The strain energy density resulting from
setting R is the modulus of toughness.
The energy per unit volume required to cause
the material to rupture is related to its
ductility as well as its ultimate strength.
If the stress remains within the proportional
limit,
1

E12 12
u E1 d x

2
2E
0

The strain energy density resulting from

setting Y is the modulus of resilience.
Y2
uY
modulus of resilience
2E

Strain Energy Density

Example:

The stress strain diagram shown has been drawn from data obtained
during a tensile test of an aluminum alloy. Using E=72 GPa,
determine:
(a) The modulus of resilience
(b) The modulus of tougnness

Strain Energy Density

Solution:

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal

Stresses
In an element with a nonuniform stress distribution,
U dU

dV
V 0 V

u lim

U u dV total strain energy

For values of u < uY , i.e., below the proportional

limit,
x2
U
dV elastic strain energy
2E

Under axial loading, x P A

L

P2
U
dx
2 AE
0

For a rod of uniform cross-section,

P2L
U
2 AE

dV A dx

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal

Stresses
Example:

Using E = 200 GPa, determine:

(a) Strain energy of steel rod ABC when P = 25 kN
(b) The corresponding strain energy density in portion AB and BC

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal

Stresses
Solution:

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal

Stresses
Solution:

Elastic Strain Energy in Bending

For a beam subjected to a bending
load,
x2
M 2 y2
U dV
dV
2
2E
2 EI
My
x
I

Setting dV = dAdx

M 2
2
U
dA dx
y dA dx
2
2

2 EI
2 EI A

0 A
0
L

M 2 y2

M2
dx
2 EI

For an end-loaded cantilever beam,

M Px
L

P2 x2
P 2 L3
U
dx
2 EI
6 EI
11 - 15

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing

Stresses
For a material subjected to plane shearing
stresses,
xy

xy d xy
0

For values of xy within the proportional limit,

2
xy

2
u 12 G xy
12 xy xy
2G

The total strain energy is found from,

U u dV

2
xy

2G

dV

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing

Stresses
For a shaft subjected to a torsional load,
U

2
xy

2G

dV

T 2 2
2GJ

dV

Setting dV = dA dx,

T 2
2
U
dA dx
dA dx
2
2

2
GJ
2
GJ
A

0A
0
L

xy

T
J

T 2 2

T2

dx
2GJ
0

In the case of a uniform shaft,

T 2L
U
2GJ

Elastic Strain Energy for General

Stresses
Previously found strain energy due to uniaxial stress and plane
shearing stress. For a general state of stress,

u 12 x x y y z z xy xy yz yz zx zx

With respect to the principal axes for an elastic, isotropic body,

u

1 2
a b2 c2 2 a b b c c a
2E

uv ud
uv

1 2v
a b c 2 due to volume change
6E

ud

1
a b 2 b c 2 c a 2 due to distortion
12G

Basis for the maximum distortion energy failure criteria,

Y2
ud u d Y
for a tensile test specimen
6G

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing

Stresses
Example:

A torque, TA = 300 N.m exerted on the disk. Using G = 73

GPa, determine the total strain energy required by the
assembly.

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal

Stresses
Solution:

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Kamarul Ariffin, FKM, UTeM

BMCS 2333- 2008