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15 Cau Tu Luan Triet 2
15 Cau Tu Luan Triet 2
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Cu 5. Sn xut hng ha l g? N ra i v pht trin nh th no?N c u vit g so vi kinh
t t nhin?..............................................................................................................................................2
Cu 6. Hng ha l g? Phn tch cc thuc tnh ca hng ha v lng gi tr ca hng ha?.....2
Cu 7. Tin t xut hin nh th no trong lch s pht trin ca sn..............................................3
xut v trao i hng ha? Bn cht v chc nng ca tin t?........................................................3
Cu 8. C s khch quan v nhng tc dng ca quy lut gi tr trong...........................................5
nn sn xut hng ha............................................................................................................................5
Cu 9. Th trng l g? Vai tr ca n trong nn sn xut hng ha...............................................6
Quy lut cung - cu v tc ng ca n trn th trng nh th no?..............................................6
Cu 10. S chuyn ha tin t thnh t bn.........................................................................................8
Cu 11. Th no l t bn bt bin v t bn kh bin? Vic phn chia.........................................10
t bn thnh hai b phn nh vy c ngha g? Th no l t sut..............................................10
gi tr thng d?....................................................................................................................................10
Cu 12. Th no l gi tr thng d? Gi tr thng d tuyt i, gi tr..........................................11
thng d tng i v gi tr thng d siu ngch? V sao ni sn..................................................11
xut gi tr thng d l quy lut kinh t c bn ca ch ngha t...................................................11
bn?........................................................................................................................................................12
Cu 13. Tch ly t bn l g? Nhng nhn t no nh hng n quy..........................................14
m tch ly t bn? Th no l tch t, tp trung v cu to hu c...............................................14
ca t bn?............................................................................................................................................14
Cu 14. Th no l tun hon v chu chuyn ca t bn? Nhng nhn.........................................16
t no lm tng tc chu chuyn t bn? ngha thc tin ca vic...........................................16
nghin cu vn ny?........................................................................................................................16
Cu 15. Th no l li nhun v t sut li nhun? Chng c quan h..........................................17
g vi gi tr thng d v t sut gi tr thng d?............................................................................17
Cu 16. T bn thng nghip v t bn cho vay c hnh thnh nh........................................18
th no? Bn cht ca li nhun thng nghip v li tc l g?....................................................18
Cu 17. Cc hnh thc a t ch yu v bn cht ca a t t bn ch.......................................19
ngha (R) l g? ngha ca vic nghin cu a t i vi vic gii...............................................20
quyt cc vn rung t?................................................................................................................20
Cu 18. Th no l cng ty c phn v th trng chng khon? Vai tr.......................................21
ca chng trong nn kinh t hng ha?..............................................................................................21
Cu 19. V sao c s chuyn bin t ch ngha t bn t do cnh tranh........................................22
sang ch ngha t bn c quyn? Cc hnh thc ch yu v bn..................................................22
cht kinh t ca ch ngha t bn c quyn l g?...........................................................................22
Cu 20. Nguyn nhn ca s chuyn bin ch ngha t bn thnh ch..........................................24
ngha t bn c quyn nh nc? c trng, nhng hnh thc biu............................................24
hin v c ch iu tit nn kinh t ca ch ngha t bn c quyn..............................................24
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Tr li:
Cu 5. Sn xut hng ha l g? N ra i v pht trin nh th no?N c u vit
g so vi kinh t t nhin?
Trong lch s pht trin ca nn sn xut x hi, c hai hnh thc sn xut r rt l: sn
xut t cp t tc v sn xut hng ha.
Sn xut t cp, t tc l sn xut sn phm tha mn nhu cu ca ngi sn xut
trong ni b n v kinh t. Cn sn xut hng ha l sn xut ra sn phm bn, cc
quan h kinh t gia nhng ngi sn xut biu hin qua vic mua bn sn phm ca
nhau trn th trng.
Sn xut hng ha ra i trong hai iu kin lch s:
+ C s phn cng lao ng x hi:
Phn cng lao ng x hi l kt qu ca s pht trin lc lng sn xut, biu hin s
chuyn mn ha sn xut. Do phn cng lao ng x hi, mi ngi hoc mi nhm
ngi ch sn xut mt hoc mt s sn phm nht nh. Mi ngi (hoc mi nhm
ngi) u tha sn phm do mnh sn xut ra nhng li thiu cc loi sn phm khc.
Do , vic trao i sn phm tr thnh tt yu v c li i vi mi ngi sn xut.
+ C ch t hu. iu lm cho nhng ngi sn xut c lp vi nhau; h sn
xut da trn c s t liu sn xut ca h v sn phm lao ng thuc quyn chi phi
ca h.
Ch t hu lm cho nhng ngi sn xut c lp vi nhau, cn phn cng lao ng
x hi li lm cho h ph thuc vo nhau.
Sn xut hng ha ra i chnh l gii quyt mu thun ny.so vi sn xut t cp t
tc, sn xut hng ha c nhiu u vit c bit:
- Thc y s pht trin mnh m ca lc lng sn xut, ng dng tin b k thut,
hp l ha sn xut, tit kim, tng nng sut lao ng.
- Lm cho sn xut gn lin vi tiu dng, sn phm thng xuyn c ci tin cht
lng, hnh thc ph hp vi nhu cu, th hiu ngi tiu dng.
- Thc y nhanh chng qu trnh x hi ha sn xut, tch t v tp trung sn xut, m
rng s giao lu th trng trong nc v quc t.
- L c s thc y qu trnh dn ch ha, bnh ng, tin b x hi, ph v tnh bo th,
tr tr, phng hi ca kinh t t nhin, t cp t tc v.v..
Tuy nhin, sn xut hng ha c mt tri ca n nh vic lm phn ha ngi sn xut
thnh giu ngho v nhiu hin tng tiu cc nh lm hng gi, la lc
Cu 6. Hng ha l g? Phn tch cc thuc tnh ca hng ha v lng gi tr ca
hng ha?
1. Hng ha l mt vt phm ca lao ng c th tha mn nhu cu no ca con
ngi v i vo tiu dng thng qua trao i (mua - bn).
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tr vng v bc.
d) Phng tin thanh ton
Kinh t hng ha pht trin n mt trnh no s sinh ra
vic mua bn chu. Khi , tin c chc nng lm phng tin
thanh ton: tr tin mua chu, tr n...
Chc nng ny cng pht trin, cng lm tng thm s ph
thuc ln nhau gia nhng ngi sn xut v trao i hng ha.
e) Tin t th gii
Khi trao i hng ha vt khi bin gii mt quc gia, quan h
bun bn gia cc nc hnh thnh, th tin t lm chc nng tin
t th gii.
Tin t l sn phm khch quan ca lch s pht trin sn xut
v trao i hng ha. N l loi hng ha c bit, ng vai tr vt
ngang gi chung, lm c nhiu chc nng phc v cho sn xut
v trao i hng ha. Trong x hi c giai cp, giai cp thng tr
thng s dng tin t lm cng c phc v cho li ch ca giai cp
mnh.
Cu 8. C s khch quan v nhng tc dng ca quy lut gi tr
trong
nn sn xut hng ha.
1. C s khch quan v yu cu ca quy lut gi tr.
Quy lut gi tr l quy lut kinh t ca nn sn xut hng ha.
u c sn xut hng ha th c quy lut gi tr hot ng
mt cch khch quan.
Quy lut gi tr i hi vic sn xut v trao i hng ha, phi
da trn c s hao ph lao ng x hi cn thit, c ngha l:
- Trong sn xut, n i hi ngi sn xut lun lun c thc
tm cch h thp hao ph lao ng c bit xung nh hn, hoc
bng hao ph lao ng x hi cn thit.
- Trong lu thng, n i hi vic trao i hng ha phi da
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Gia cng thc (1) v cng thc (2) c nhng im khc nhau:
- V im xut pht v kt thc qu trnh vn ng trong cng
thc 1 l H (Hng); trong cng thc 2 l T (Tin).
- V trnh t ca qu trnh vn ng: Trong cng thc 1 bn
trc, mua sau; trong cng thc 2 mua trc, bn sau.
- V mc ch ca qu trnh vn ng:
Trong cng thc 1 l gi tr s dng; trong cng thc 2 l gi tr.
y, tin thu v (T) phi ln hn tin ng trc (T) mt lng l
t. Do T = T + (T. S tin tri ln so vi tin ng ra ban u l
gi tr thng d, k hiu l (m).Nh vy, s tin ng ra ban u (T)
vi mc ch em li gi tr
thng d cho ngi ch c tin c gi l t bn. Qua , i n
kt lun: Tin t ch tr thnh t bn khi c dng mang li
gi tr thng d cho nh t bn.
b) Mu thun ca cng thc chung ca t bn
L lun gi tr chng minh rng:
Gi tr ca hng ha do lao ng ca nhng ngi sn xut
hng ha to ra trong sn xut. Nhng nhn vo cng thc T-H-T
ngi ta d lm tng rng tin t cng to ra gi tr khi vn
ng trong lu thng.
Thc cht th bn thn tin, d ngoi hay trong lu thng,
cng khng t ln ln c. Tin khng th sinh ra tin l iu
hin nhin.
Cn lu thng thun ty, d din ra bt c hnh thc no, k c
vic mua r bn t, cng khng lm tng thm gi tr, khng to ra
gi tr thng d; y ch c s phn phi li lng gi tr c sn
trong x hi m thi bi nu mua r th ny th s li phi mua t
th kia; bn t th ny th li phi bn r th khc, v tng khi
lng hng v tin trong ton x hi mt thi gian nht nh l
mt s lng khng i.
Tuy vy, khng c lu thng cng khng to ra c gi tr thng
d. Do , mu thun ca cng thc chung ca t bn l gi tr
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4. Cu to hu c ca t bn.
- Trong qu trnh tch ly t bn, c cu t bn dn dn thay
i. Cc b phn ca t bn c s thay i khng ging nhau. Cu
to ca t bn gm c hai mt: mt vt cht v mt gi tr.
+ Cu to ca t bn v mt vt cht gm c t liu sn xut v
sc lao ng. T l gia s lng t liu sn xut v s lng sc
lao ng s dng t liu sn xut gi l cu to k thut ca t
bn.
+ Cu to ca t bn v mt gi tr gm c t bn bt bin v t
bn kh bin. T l gia t bn bt bin v t bn kh bin gi l
cu to gi tr ca t bn.
+ Cu to k thut v cu to gi tr c quan h cht ch vi
nhau. ch mi quan h cht ch , C.Mc dng khi nim cu
to hu c ca t bn. Vy cu to hu c ca t bn l cu to
gi tr ca t bn do cu to k thut quy nh v phn nh
nhng thay i ca cu to k thut.
Cu to hu c ca t bn thay i ty theo mc pht trin
ca lc lng sn xut.
giai on cng nghip ha t bn ch ngha, pht trin cng
nghip c kh, cu to hu c ca t bn tng ln rt nhanh.
Nhng hin nay c nhiu ngnh cng nghip sn xut ra cc my
mc, thit b k thut mi r hn so vi cc my mc, thit b k
thut c m chnh n thay th, hoc ang pht trin ngnh c cu
to hu c thp nh lnh vc dch v. V vy, hin nay xu hng
tng ln ca cu to hu c ca t bn khng r rt mt s
ngnh. Vn ny cn c nghin cu k hn.
Cu 14. Th no l tun hon v chu chuyn ca t bn? Nhng
nhn
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gian sn xut phi tng nng sut lao ng, gim thi gian gin
on bng cch ng dng khoa hc k thut v.v..
- Nghin cu chu chuyn ca t bn, cn hiu c vic chu
chuyn hai b phn gi tr ca t bn sn xut l t bn c nh
v t bn lu ng.
+ T bn c nh l b phn ca t bn sn xut (nh xng,
thit b, my mc) tham gia ton b vo qu trnh sn xut, nhng
gi tr ca n c chuyn dn dn vo sn phm. T bn c nh
s dng lu di v b hao mn dn. C hai loi hao mn: hao mn
hu hnh v hao mn v hnh. Hao mn hu hnh l hao mn v
gi tr s dng, do qu trnh s dng v do tc ng ca t nhin
m b hao mn. Cn hao mn v hnh l hao mn v gi tr do qu
trnh hin i ha ca khoa hc k thut, nhiu my mc mi c
sn xut ra tt hn vi gi r hn, lm cho my mc c ang c
s dng b gim gi tr ban u.
+ T bn lu ng l b phn ca t bn sn xut (nguyn liu,
nhin liu, vt liu ph...) c tiu dng hon ton trong mt chu
k sn xut v gi tr ca n c chuyn ton b vo sn phm.
- Nghin cu chu chuyn ca t bn l vn c ngha thc
tin trong vic s dng tin vn trong sn xut v kinh doanh hp
l, nhm t hiu qu kinh t cao. Cn tng tc chu chuyn t
bn c nh, tn dng ti a cng sut my mc, thit b. Phi y
nhanh tc xy dng a cng trnh vo sn xut cng sm
cng tt.
Cu 15. Th no l li nhun v t sut li nhun? Chng c
quan h
g vi gi tr thng d v t sut gi tr thng d?
1. Li nhun v quan h gia li nhun vi gi tr thng d.
- Li nhun:
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v v tr thun li hn.
+ Rcl II: l a t thu c gn lin vi u t thm t bn cho
vic thm canh tng nng sut thu li nhun siu ngch. Trong
thi gian hp ng thu t, Rcl II thuc nh t bn.
- a t tuyt i l li nhun siu ngch ngoi li nhun bnh
qun () hnh thnh do cu to hu c () ca t bn trong nng
nghip thp hn trong cng nghip Psn = (c+v+m) - (c+v+)... a
t tuyt i gn lin vi s hu rung t nht thit phi np cho
a ch, d rung t thuc loi xu nht.
- a t c quyn thu c trn nhng khu t trng c cc
cy qu him, hoc c v tr c bit v cng nghip, thng mi,
dch v.
Nghin cu a t t bn ch ngha, ngoi mc ch vch r quan
h sn xut t bn ch ngha trong nng nghip, chng ta cn rt ra
c s l lun ra cc ng li, chnh sch i vi nng nghip
nhm kch thch nng nghip pht trin, kt hp hi ha cc li ch
trong nng nghip cng nh gia nng nghip vi cc ngnh khc.
Th d, xy dng chnh sch thu nng nghip ng n hp l
nhm khai thc c mi tim nng nng thn; trnh c quyn
trong phn phi rung t, to iu kin cho cnh tranh trong nng
nghip v gia nng nghip vi cc ngnh sn xut khc; vn dng
l lun v a t chnh lch khuyn khch mi rung t c
khai thc bo m cng bng x hi (Rcl I); ra chnh sch giao
quyn s dng rung t lu di khuyn khch ngi nng dn
u t thm canh, ci to t ai (Rcl II)...
Cu 18. Th no l cng ty c phn v th trng chng khon?
Vai tr
ca chng trong nn kinh t hng ha?
Cng ty c phn ra i do lc lng sn xut pht trin mnh
m, l hnh thc tp trung vn m rng sn xut, ginh li
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