..................................................................................................

2
......................................................................................2
....................................................................................................2
....................................................................................3
..........................................................................................3
.............................................................................4
......................................................................................6
........................................................................6
........................................................6
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............................................................................................7
................................................................................7
........................................................................7
................................................................................8
..................................................................................................8
RANDOMIZATION.....................................................................8
CONTROL VARIABLE................................................................9
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.............................9
PRETEST-POSTTEST CONTROL GROUP DESIGN.9
POST-ONLY CONTROL DESIGN...................................10
THE SOLOMON FOUR-GROUP DESIGN.......................11
.........................................................................................................12
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL VALIDITY......12
EXTERNAL VALIDITY............................................................12
INTERNAL VALIDITY.............................................................14
...................................................................15
........................................................................................17
STRENGTHS...................................................................................18
WEAKNESSES................................................................................18

.....................................................................................................................20

experimentation

Bruno,
1990
classical experimentation

rule of the single variable

modern experimentationrandomization

F. Stuart Chapin
natural
experiment

Phillips, 1974

Riecken Boruch
Riecken & Boruch, 1974

1.

Hypothesis Testing

2.

Developing Elements of a Social

Program
social
intervention program

3.

Comprehensive Program Development

4.

Choosing among Program Design

5.

Evaluating a Concept or Claim

1.
2.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Riecken & Boruch, 1974

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

Riecken Boruch

1.

1987

2.
3.
4.

Karl Popper, 1968

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

TIME 1

TIME 2

TIME 3

randomization
1. random sampling

2. random assignment

control variable
MAX-MIN-CON

1. maximize experimental variance

2. minimize error variance

3. control extraneous variance

True experimental design

pretest-posttest control group design

pretest-posttest
equivalent-group design

1.

2.

post-only control design

posttest-only, equivalentgroup design

1.

2.
3.
4.

The Solomon four-group design

R.L. Solomon

10

22

84

External and Internal Validity

11

validity

generalizability
causal relationships between independent variables and dependent
variables

External Validity

2000:276

natural life situations 1929

Hawthorne Effect

Williamson1982:223

Threats to External Validity

WilliamsonKarpDalphinGray1982:223-224

1. Modelling Effect

Expectancy of Modelling Effect

12

2. Sampling and Generalizability

representativeness

Williamson1982:225

Internal Validity

2000:275-276 Mill
123

Blum & Foos1986:113

Threats to internal validity

Blum Foos 1986113116 Williamson et al. 1982:220-221 Singleton et al. 1988:202204 Kidder Judd1986:75-78
1. History

2. Maturation

13

3. Testing

4. Regression

5. Instrumentation or Instrumental Change

6. Attrition or Experimental Mortality

random assignment
neutralized

14

Special Problems about Experimental Design

Singleton et al.1988:185

Blum Foos 1986:126128 Singleton et al. 1988:186-190 Blalock 1970 Hardyck

Petrinovich1975
1. Demand Characteristics

Demand Characteristics
cues

Orne Evans1965

demand

Singleton et
al.1988:186-187

2. Evaluation Apprehension

Evaluation Apprehension

15

3. Other Motives of Experimental Subjects

Argyris1968

Singleton et al.1988:188
4. Experimenter Effects

Robert
Rosenthal1966
Singleton etc.1988:189

expectations

5.

6.

16

feedback

1968

Strengths
1
causal
relationships
2 descriptive studies

Weaknesses
1

nonlinear model

nonexperimental design
17

5
maternal carepersonality

18

2000
1968
1999
Blalock, H. M.19701983 An
introduction to social research
Blum, Milton L, Foos, Paul W.1986 Data gathering: Experimental methods
plus. New York: Harper Row.
Borg, Walter R. Gall, Meredith D.1989Educational research5th ed.. New
York: Longman.
Brown, Steven R. Melamed, Lawrence E. 1990 Experimental design and
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Hardyck, Cutris, Petrinovich, Lewis F. 1975 Understanding research in the
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Kidder, Louise H., Judd, Charles M. 1986 Research methods in social
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Phillips, Bernard S.1976 Social research3rd ed.. New York: Macmillan.
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Shipman, Marten 1997The limitation of social research 4th ed. . New York:
Addison Wesley Longman Limited.
Sanders, William B., Pinhey, Thomas K.1983The conduct of social research.
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19

Singleton, Royce Jr., Stratis, Bruce C., Straits, Margaret M., McAllister, Ronald J.
1988Approaches to social research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Williamson, John B., Karp, David A., Dalphin, John R., Gray, Paul S.1982The
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20