STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

It is also called Structured English Query

Language (SEQUEL).
It is a relational query language.
It is a standard command set used to
communicate with the relational database
management system (RDBMS).
It is a non-procedural language.

SQL is both data definition language and

data manipulation language of a number of
relational database systems.
SQL is essentially a free-format language,
which means that parts of the statement do
not have to be typed at particular locations
on the screen.
SQL is the main interface for communicating
between the users and RDBMS.

SQL has the following main components.

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)

Data structure
Data type
SQL operators
Data definition language (DDL)
Data Query Language(DQL)
Data Manipulation language(DML)
Data Control Language(DCL)
Data Administration Statements (DAS)
Transaction Control Statements(TCS)s

ADVANTAGES OF SQL:1)
2)
3)
4)

SQL is the standard query language

It is a free format syntax
It is a high level language
It is supported by every product in the
market
5) It gives the users an ability to specify key
database operation.
6) It can express arithmetic operations.
7) Applications written in SQL can be easily
ported across systems.

DISADVANTAGES OF SQL:1) SQL is very far from being the perfect

relational language.
2) It suffers from signs of both omission and
commission.
3) It is not a general purpose programming
language.

BASIC SQL DATA STRUCTURE:In SQL, the data appears to be stored as

simple linear files or relations.
These files or relations are called tables.
SQL always produces results in tabular
format.
The tables are accessed either sequentially
or through indexes.

Physical view is called a base table.

Logical view is called simply view.
A view may consist of a subset of the
columns of a single table or of two or
more joined tables.

SQL DATA TYPES:The following the different data types in SQL.

1) BIT(n)
Fixed length bit
numbered 1-n.

string

of

bits,

2) BIT VARYING(n)
Variable
length
bit
string
maximum length of n bits.

with

3) CHAR (n) or CHARACTER (n)

Fixed length string of length exactly n
characters.
4) VARCHAR (n) or CHAR VARYING (n)