GREETINGS

English ,
, ( / ) English
. ?

, ?
English (Spoken English) (Simple), (direct)
.

, English
.
. English
English .
.
(Greetings)

: 1) Formal

2) Informal.

, , ,
- Formal.

, ,
- Informal .
.
Informal Greetings:
: Hello

Kumar: Hello Rajesh, What are you doing?

Hello / Hello .
Rajesh: Hello Kumar, I'm (I am) on my way to college.

) 'Hi'
American English , 'Hi' (

Ramesh: Hi Naresh, How are you?

Naresh: Hi Ramesh, I'm fine. Thank you. How are you.

Ramesh: Fine too. Thank you.

! Good Morning,

Good Afternoon,


Good Evening ,
Good Night .
, Bye/ Good bye/ bye bye/ Have a nice day .

Formal greeting:
a)

,
Priya: Hi Madhavi, How are you?

Madhavi: Fine, thank you; How are you?/ and you?/ How about you?/
what about you?

(. Thank you. ?/ / ?) OK/ All right

Priya: Fine too. Thank you. (. Thanks)/ OK too/ Same here,
thank you.

b) .

Karim: How are you? How's everybody at home? ( ?

?) / How are your parents?/ How are the

children? (your children ) How are your brother and sister?

Kiran: Everybody's OK. Thank you. How is it

( . Thank you. ?) - .
Mukesh: Hi Suman, How are you getting on? How's (How is) everybody getting on at home?
( ?/
?)

Suman: Quiet all right/ fine/ Thankyou. What about you?

Mukesh: Fine too/ Ok too/ All right too, Thank you.

Introductions
1)

2) ,
. ( (real life situations)


practise

.

.
practise
I. Self introduction ( ):

a) Formal ( / /
)
'Excuse me, I am Narayana, May I know/ have your name please? (My name is . 'I
am....' - ,
, , , clear
clear
practise )

:
Excuse me. I am Narayana. Am I (by any chance
) speaking to Mr/ Sri Raghav? (
?)

)

(
1) I am Achyuth. What can I do for you? ( )
2) Yes, I am (Am I speaking to Raghav? ). Anything I can do for you? ( ?)

b) Informal: (
) I am Srinivas, Your name please?
:
I am Anand. What's the matter? ( / ? / (What can I do for you?
: Myself Srinivas
I am Srinivas .
. My name is/
II. Introducing two of our friends to each other ( :
You are introducing Jagdish to Satish

a) You (): Hi Satish, This (he ) is my classmate Jagdish and.....

Satish: Hi Jagdish, how do you do?/ Glad to meet you/ Pleased to meet you/ (so) nice to meet you./ Happy to meet you.
(: How do you do How do you do . I am fine . 'How do you do ?' formal.
informal).

You: Jagdish, this is, Satish, my playmate/ neighbour, etc.

Jagdish: Hi Satish, How do you do?/ Equally glad/ pleased/ (so) nice to meet you/ happy to meet you.

, , (Shakehand) .
Glad to/ nice to meet you , Glad/ nice/ pleasure meeting you .

, Hi, Hi
. .

Sekhar: Praksh, meet my friend Bhanu. Bhanu, this is Prakash, my cousin.

Prakash: Hi
Bhanu: Hi
:
Rama: Hi
Sheriff, you haven't met Sasikanth, have you?
( ) ?
Sheriff: Oh, no, I haven't had the pleasure. Hi Sasikanth.

Rama: (Pointing to Sheriff) Sasikath, Sheriff, my friend.

Sasikanth: What a pleasure meeting you! ( !)

Who do I see here?

,
,

.
( - practice is important)
Pradeep: Hi Jagdish, how are you?
( ?)
Jagdish: Fine, Pradeep. Thank you. How are you?/ How about you?

( . Thank you. ?/ ?) .
Anjana: Hi Sujee, how goes life?/ How's life? ( ?)
Students , How are your studies?/ How about your studies?
( ?/ ?)
Sujee: Fine. Thanks. How about you?/ How are your studies?/ How about your studies?
( . Thanks. ?/ ?)
Anjana: Fine too/ Same here/ Thank you.
( / . Thank you.)
.
Subodh: Hi Pranav, how are you?

Pranav: Fine/ OK. ( ) Can'tcomplain ( )/

No regrets ( . )/ Never better(
). Thank you. Whatabout you? ( ?)
Subodh: Same here.
( .) Thanks

Pranav: Hi Subodh, How are you and how isevery body? ( .

?)/
How are you getting on? ( ?)/ How are things going? (
?)/
How's (How is) life? ( ?)
Subodh: Everybody/ everything is fine/ very well.

:
How are/ How about your parents?/ your brother (s) and sister (s)/ your kids (
)/ your parents?/ How is your wife?, etc.
, , , ,
Susmitha: Hi Neeraja, long since We met/ ages () since we met/ long time, no see ( ); Where have you
been all these days? ( ?); is everybody OK? ( ?)
Neeraja: It's a real pleasure meeting you after such a long time/ How nice meeting you after all these days! How goes life?
( ! ?)
, .

Sritej: Hei, Who do I see here? Srikar?

(, ?
?)
What a Surprise!
( ! Hope I am not mistaken (
?)

( )
Srikar: Make no mistake. I am Srikar of course. Enough.
( .
. .)

Where do you come from?

,
.
. clipped
sentences . Practice .

.



.

.
/ .



?
? ? .
.
Shaiz: Hi Arshad, how are you?
( ?)
Arshad: Fine, how about you?
(, ?)
Shaiz: Fine too, thank you. ()
Arshad: How is your hostel life going?

(
?)
Shaiz: Ok, though I can't say everything is all right, for one thing, the food can't be as good as home food, you know.
( . . , ?)

Arshad: I can see that. Where are you from?

(
. ?)
Shaiz: We are from Vissannapeta. We own some property there. Dad is
a professor in a Vijayawada college.
( . .

Where do you come from?

( ?)

Arshad: We belong here/ we are of this place.

(
)
Belong = .
? Where are you from?/ where do you
come from?
( ?/
?)

, May I know whereyou are from?
.

I am from AP/ I come from AP. (

/


.)
Where do you come from?
(
? ?/ )
I am from/ I come from Nellor =
. (,
)
:

Where do you come from? = ?

Where are you coming from? = ()

.
1. Where are you/ do you come from?
( ?/
?)

A. I am from Ongole/ AP/ Nizamabad, ( / AP/

, etc)
2. Where are you coming from? ( ?)
A. (I am coming) from home/ college/ the cinema, etc.
(
/ / .)

May I know what you are?

.
, ? ? ( ?)

Pavithra: Where did you say you're (You are) from? (

?)
Pankaja: I come from Vizag, I told you; but I've (I have) been
here for quite a long time. I can almost say that I am from
Hyderabad.
( Vizag . .

.)
Pavithra: May I Know what you are?
( ?)

Pankaja: I teach in a high school.

I've been a teacher for seven years now. What do you do for a job?

( school teacher .
school teacher . ?)
Pavithra: Just a home maker. I've (I have) a school-going son and an infant daughter. I've (I have) my handsful looking after the two.
(
.)
. School
, .
Pankaja: What's your husband, if I may know.
( ? ).
Pavithra: Oh by all means. He is a Engineer in Govt. service. (?
). ?
a) What are you? = ?

b) May I know what you are? = ?

c) What do you do for a job?/ a living? =
( ) ?
Where are you working? .
Narmada: Where do you live? (?)

Sourabha: (I live) in Jeedimetla. What about you?

(
? ?)
Narmada: Gandhi Nagar.
Sourabha: Your son doing B.Tech. He lives in the hostel, doesn't he?
(B.Tech ,
?)

Narmada: He hasn't yet moved into thehostel. He will

be, soon. Right now he is living in my cousin's. House
( hostel

. .
cousin
.

: Cousin =
,
. ,
/

/
cousins.English brother/
sister,


.

, English 'shift'' , move. He moved (shifted ) tothe new house yesterday.)
1) What are you? = ?/ ?(What are you doing? = ? ?
.) What's
(What is) your father? ? ( ?) , , 'May I know what you are? (

 ?) . ...What do you do for a job? .

2) ?/
? = Where do you live?/ Where's (Where is) your home/ place?
(Where do you stay? . . Stay = (
.

)
Chandana: Where do you live?
(?)

Vandana: Next to the Post Office

inGovernorpet.
(

)
(Am living/ is living/ are living

.)

For the present I am living with my cousin. Soon I am moving to a house near my office.
(

cousin . Office
.)

How kind of you!

It is good manners to express your appreciation of the help you get from others. The usual way of doing it is to thank the person
who has helped you. Look at the following conversation

(

. Thanks

. thanks ()

.

a) Sravanthi: How kind of you, Akshaya!

If you hadn't lent me your books, I couldn't have done so well in
the exams. Thank you.
(! !

. Thank you)

Akshaya: No problem. Don't say that.

(
. )
! Direct Thank you , How kind of you! / that's very kind of you!
(
, 'kind' ''
) - Thank you .
No problem/ Please don't mention.

(
. )
b) Sravan: Could you give me a lift up tomy home, please? (
?)
Varun: Oh! with pleasure. ()
b) Sravan: Thanks a lot.
Varun: That's all right ( )

c) Pradhan: I've (have) been able to finish my work in time. I could't have
done it without your help.
( .
.)
Vooha: Oh, it's my pleasure ( /
)

d) Sneha: Please give me your pen.

Nethra: Here you are (, )
Sneha: Thanks.
Nethra: It's ok.

e) Santosh: This is the road to the museum, isn't it? (

?)
Vinay: Yes, it is. ()
Santosh: Thankyou
Vinay: You're (are) welcome/ It's a pleasure
Thanks)
f) Prasad: Thank you for the delicious dinner (
Sukumar: Not at all. We enjoyed having you too. ( . )
g) Bhoomika: Many happy returns of the day. Here's your birth day gift.
(
. .)
Chandrika: Oh, how lovely! Thank you very much. ( ! thanks)
Bhoomika: Oh, it's my pleasure/ It's OK.

/ )
, ,
:
a) You are welcome.

b) It's all right

and
c) It's my pleasure.
You're welcome welcome .

Pardon/ Beg your pardon

Santan: May I know where you are from?

( ?)
Dushyanth: Oh, sure. I am from Nizamabad.
( )
Santan: Pardon?
(.
)
Dushyanth: I said Nizamabad.
( )

Santan: Where exactly do you live in Nizamabad. I have a few friends there.

( ? )
Dushyanth: Very close to the bus stand.

Prasanthi Apartments, 402.

, 402)
(

Santan: Prasanna Apartments did

?)
you say? (


Dushyanth: No, it is Prasanthi
Apartments.(,
)

?



,
Pardon/ Beg your pardon/ Pardon
please . Pardon = .
()
.

,
,
,
, Pardon/ Beg
your pardon/ Pardon please .
(Polite behaviour). Pardon .
Rahim: (Over Phone) Hello, is it Mr. Johnson
please. (, ?)

Johnson: Yes it is, and who is this please?

(. ?)
Rahim: I am Rahim, Mr. Johnson.
Johnson: Yes, Mr. Rahim, What can I do for you?
( , ?)
Rahim: Could you give me the phone no. of your friend Jagdeesh?
(
?)
Johnson: Oh, sure. Here it is 9440035545.
Rahim: Sorry, I couldn't get you. Could you repeat it please.
Johnson: 9-4-4-0-0-3-5-5-4-5. Is it ok?
(9440035545, ?).
Rahim: Oh, Thank you. Sorry for troubling you/ sorry for the trouble.
.
,
.

a) Sorry, I
couldn't get you.
Could you repeat
it please?
b) Sorry, I'm
afraid I couldn't
hear you. Once
again please.
c) Could you
repeat it/ Could
you repeat
yourself please?

Polite behaviour
(
)

.


. Practice
.

Could you
Sukrita: Could you please lend me your pen?
( ?)
Sunanda: By all means, here you are.
(, )
Sukrita: Thank you.
Sunanda: It's all right.
: 'Could' . Politest form of request.

.
,

,

request
.
.

Ram: Excuse me, could I have a glass of water, please?

(
?)
Laxman: Oh, certainly. would you have it coolor normal?
(,

,
?)
Ram: I'd rather have it cool.
(

)
Laxman: Have it
Ram: Thank you
Laxman: You're welcome.
Could request response () .
By all means = / Oh, certainly/

Oh, sure
.
Look at the following.
Suman: Could you let me use your phone?
( Phone ?)
Sunil: I am afraid, no. ()

Phone ?
,

expression
'I'm afraid, no'.
afraid
,
. 'sorry' .
.

I am terrible sorry...

Srikar: You've done something

that has hurt my feelings. I am
upset. (
.
)
Sritej: What have I done? I am
not aware what I've done to hurt
you

( ? )
Srikar: Oh, you aren't aware, arent you? Your joking at me with Sreyas - that really hurt me
( ? . jokes , )
Sritej: Oh, you mean that? I am really sorry. I just thought I could have some fun. I didn't really mean to hurt you. I'm sorry
( . . . sorry).
Srikar: This wasn't the first time. You had done it on quite a few occasions.
( .
)
Sritej: Oh, I didn't know you took it so much to heart. I really didn't mean to hurt you. I thought you enjoyed the jokes too.. (

.
. jokes ).
, ?
Srikar: If you were me, what would you do?- join others and laugh at yourself ? (
?)
Sritej: If you look it so, I am terribly sorry. I do apologize. Let's forget it and be friends.
( , . , ).
Sritej: That's being decent about it.

(
)
,
-

sorry/ I am sorry .
I apologize/ I sincerely apologize/ my apologies to you/ please

I am terribly/ awfully sorry .

accept my apology .

Apology

.

.
sorry/ I
am sorry/ I am terribly/
awfully sorry ,
.

a) Pranav: I'm sorry I kept you waiting. I couldn't get the bus.( wait ).

Prasanna: Oh, it's all right.

( ).
b) Sugandha: I am sorry I couldn't take you home
yesterday. I clean forgot about it in my hurry. (

sorry.
).
Oh, it doesn't matter, Just forget it..
Supushpa:
( . )

Sugandha: How good of you!/ So good of you. (

!)

sorry , our
response:
Oh, it's all right/ that's all right/ It's OK/ just forget
it/ never mind, it is OK.


,
.
So good/ kind of you, very kind/ good of you.

I'm afraid, no

1) Susmitha:
?)

Can I have your book for a day, please? (

Subodh: Oh, sure. ()

Susmitha: Thanks a lot.
Subodh: That's all right. But be sure toreturn it the day after. (
.
).

Susmitha: Certainly ().

2) Sahil: Can you lend me your bike for an hour.

( bike ?)
Manas: I'm afraid, no. I have a lot of things to do today. Without the bike I can't just manage.
(.
. . Bike .)
Sahil: Oh, I can understand. Thanks just the same.
(
. Thanks)
Manas: That's OK.

) . polite behaviour
'can' . questions form requests (


? Practice .

Request (
) .
''can' question form Informal requests -

, request .
Can you...?/ can I ...? request , requests
expressions.

Oh sure/ certainly/ why not/ By all means/ of course. (/

?) - , /

.
a) I'm afraid, no
b) Sorry/ I'm sorry, no
c) I am afraid I can't, sorry
d) I regret, no ( formal)

3) Prabodh: Can you give me a lift upto my place?

( lift ?)
Prasanth: That'd be a pleasure; come along. (, )

HOW
Sreyas: Excuse me, I am a stranger in the town. Could you tell me how I can go to Premier Institute of
Technology please ?
( . Premier Institute of Technology
?)

Anusha: It's (It is) a bit far off from here. If youwant to go by bus, you
have to change bus, andthen walk a little. Why don't you take an auto?
( .
,
.
?)

Sreyas: I'd rather go by bus. The auto may charge too much. Let me know the buses I've to take please.
( .

. .)
Anusha: OK. Take bus No.13 here. Get off at the Govt. College bus stop and there take bus No.15A. Get down
at Tristar Hotel Stop. Walk 100 meters further. Turn left and then take the right turn again. You will find
the college.
( 13 . Govt. College bus stop
. 15 .
.


. College )
, ,

expressions .

a) How can I/ do I go to place 'X' from here,please? (

/
)
b) How do I get to that place please? (
?)
c) Could you guide me / direct me to that place,please?
( direct, guide ( ) ).

 : , .
= Take/ catch bus number, .... catch 'take' . 'Get into' bus
number ....' .
Bus = Get off/ get down from the bus.
/

Turn right/ left; Take the right/ left turn.

= Get off the bus and walk a

little further/ walk further down.
(
)
/
5 / 6

= The 5th / 6th building on
the left/ the right.

LEAD / LEAD OFF

Kiran: Excuse me, does this road lead to the railway station?
(
?)
Kranthi: Yes, it does. Go straight along. You'll (You will) find the station.

(. / /


.
.)
Kiran: How far is it from here?
( ?)
Kranthi: Not very far. Just a Kilometer. Itshouldn't take more than 10
to 15 minutes.
( .
. 10, 15

.)

Kiran: Oh, Thank you.

Kranthi: You're (you are) welcome.
, 'excuse me'

.
(Excuse me = )
? , expressions
Jagadish: Excuse me, Where does this road go?/ Where does this roadlead to?
(
?)
Ramesh: Oh, straight to the Collector's Office. ( Collector's Office .)

Jagadish: Is the Govt. Guest House also on this road?

(
?)
Ramesh: Oh, no. This road leads off to the right at 'Famous Book Centre'. The
Govt. Guest House is on that road.

(. Famous Book Centre


. Govt. Guest House .)
Jagadish: Is it walking distance?/ Walkable distance? ( ?)
Ramesh: No. I suggest that you take an auto. (. .)
.

go/ lead/ takes someone to. This is Grand Trunk Road on NH.5. It goes/ leads you/ takes
you from Chennai to Kolkata.
.)
( Grand Trunk Road/ N.H.5.

? = How far.

= Far off/ very far.

Syam: How far is this college of yours from the bus stand?
( college, Bus stand ?)
Ram: Quite far off, I should say.
( .)
far off/ very far/ quite

Far off = / / X

Near/

close, very near/ close, nearby/

closeby =
/
/ ()
. Quite near =
Quite close =
.

= Lead off/ take off. About 10 km. along this road, another road leads off/ takes off to the
right/ left, etc =
10 ..
/ .
Vijay: How do I go to the Jolly land Park? (Jolly land

?)
Amruth: Drive along this road for 5 km. A street takes off/ leads
off to the left. Take the street and go straight for a kilometer. You'll

find the place. ( 5 ..
( car ).

. .. .)
Vijay: Thank you.

YOU LOOK

Prakash: You look tired. Aren't you well?

( .
?
(Tired -
= )
Sekhar: I'm afraid so. I think I've (I have) a fever. ( . .)

Prakash: Haven't you checked your temperature?

(Temperature ?)
Sekhar: It started last night. I thought I would be well by the
morning after a good sleep. I didn't sleep well either.

(
.)
.



.

Prakash: Why don't you see a doctor?
(Doctor ?)
Sekhar: I am going to in half an hour. Waiting for my brother to go with me.
( . .)
Prakash: The earlier, the better. ( .)
Sekhar: Of course. (.)
. expressions...
Aren't you well?
(
?/ ?) You look tired/ you look ill/ you look dull/ you look off colour, what's the matter?
( / / . ?
Eswar: You look ill. Anything wrong?
(
. ?)
Gopal: Oh, nothing of the sort. I am OK.
( . .)
, ' '? expressions .

Do I look ill? No. I am all right.

(
? . .)
:
Madam: You look off colour today. Any thing wrong.
( .
?)

Mohan: No such thing. In fact, today, I feel very fit.

( . .)
Be fit/ feel fit = = Be all right/ feel all right.
...

Srinivas: Yea, I haven't been well since last night. Should see my doctor.
(
.)
.

Krishna: You appear quite weak. Not well, I suppose?

( . .)
Mukund: You are right. I am as ill as I appear.
( , .)

Krishna: See a doctor, then.

Mukund: I am on my way. ( .)
I'M AFRAID / I CAN'T

Anirudh: You look tired. (Are) you OK?

( . ?)
Susanth: Not in the best of health, I'm afraid.

( .)
Anirudh: What's wrong? (? )
Susanth: I am running at temperature, that I am sure of. Being new to the place, I don't know any doctor here.
Could you take me to one.

(

.
.
. .

?)

Anirudh: I haven't been much longer here either, but I do know

two or three doctors here. (I)wonder who I should take you to.
( .
,

.)
.

Susanth: Do take one to the best. I'm afraid, I'm getting worse by the hour.
(


.)
.
Anirudh: That's what I am unable to decide. I just wonder who among them is the best. My cousin is a safe best.
Let me call him.
.
( .
.)
Susanth: The earlier the better. ( )
English conversation () afraid ( I'm afraid), I wonder expressions .
conversation
. I'm (I am) afraid expression
. Afraid -
'' ,

.
Puneeth: I need some money urgently. Can you help me?
( . ?)\
Snehith: I am afraid, I can't, though I wish very much to.
( ,
.)

Pranab: Can't you call off your fast?

( ?)
Hazare: I'am afraid I can't.
( .)

I am afraid = I am sorry.

Praveen: Shall I be getting the scholarship?

( ?)

Priyanka: I'm afraid no. ( -

.)
wonder
.
Conversation/Spoken English- 'I wonder' -expression
, .

Govind: Shall we go ahead and buy the car?

(
?)

Krishna: I wonder if the money wehave is enough.

(
? .)
.

?)
Santhosh: Has Harika passed? (

Samyuktha: I wonder ().

conversation
.

It's half past nine

Ganesh: What time is it now?/ What's the time now?
?)
(Time
Kumar: It's 8.15 by my watch, but why do you want to know?
( 8.15; time ?)
Ganesh: You know, my sister and brother-inlaw are coming by Howrah Mail at 9.00. I've to receive them at the
station. (
. Station

.)

Kumar: It's usually late. You had better find out the exact time of
arrival of the train.
( .

.)
Ganesh: It's late by half an hour. That means its due at 9.30. But you
can't be sure of these trains. You know, sometimes they do make up
and arrive on schedule. So I want to be there at 9.

.
( . 9.30 . trains .

station .)
Kumar: Yea. That's better.
Ganesh: I'm (I am) off. Bye. (
. Bye.)
Time , :
a) What's the time now?/ What time is it now?
: What's the time? The time , time : The time = , ,
,
, ,
- the time. Time = .
: Past = . It is past 10 already. I feel sleepy = 10 .
.
Students: When should we be here tomorrow, sir, for starting for the excursion?
( , excursion ?)
Lecturer: (I have) told you. Be here by 7 sharp in the morning.
( ? Correct .)
.
Sharp = Exactly
The meeting began at 6 sharp in the evening.

: AM, PM . Formal
morning, noon,
communication .
afternoon, evening .

.
'What's the time now?
' 'It's half past nine (9.30)/ Quarter past nine
(9.15)/ Quarter to 10 (9.45).

Half fast - . Quarter past - . Quarter to - .

O' clock .

'What time is it now?'

'It's 9 O' clock/ 10 O' clock, etc.
9 10 .
)
It's 9 now. It's 9 to the minute (

Nikil: When did he come yesterday? ( ?)

Kapil: I didn't notice exactly, but it was beyond 10 in the night.
( ,
10 .)

(Beyond 10 = Past 10) By the time we went to bed, it was past midnight.
( ,

.)
, , , , ,
.
9.10, 9.25, 9.40 etc. .
8.55 = 5 to 9; 8.50 = 10 to 9.

The early/ the small/ the wee hours of the morning =

- 2, 3 .
Sandeep: (Are you) preparing to go any where?

(
?)
Prabhat: Don't you see that I am packed?
Didn't I tell you? My brother and I are leaving for Hyderabad in a few hours.
(
? ? ,
.)

Sandeep: Oh, are you? you haven't told me of it at all. By bus or by

train?
(... . Train bus ?)
Prabhat: By train. The train arrives here at 9.10 and the time of
departure is 9.20.
It arrives in Hyderabad tomorrow morning by 5.15.
(Train . 9.10 . 9.20

. 5.15 .)

Sandeep: Those may be scheduled times of arrival and departure I know. This train is always late, but it makes up and
reaches Hyderabad on time.

(, , .
.
.)
Prabhat: Hope so. (
.) Let me
Look at the following expressions:

first catch the train. ( .)

a) The train arrives/ departs

b) Catch a train/ bus
c) Leaves, reaches
d) Scheduled times of arrival/ departure

.
Arrival =
Departure =

Arrive = Reach
'Arrive' trains/ planes/ buses .
Venkat:

When does the train arrive there?

( train .)

Kranthi: At 5.00 in the morning.

Venkat

: (Is) anyone coming to receive you?

(
?)

Kranthi: Yes, my brother is.

(. .)
Venkat

: When is the train due here?

( train ?)

Kranthi: Evening 5.

a) 'When is the train due here?/When is the train due to arrive here? /
What is the scheduled arrival time here?
Train

?
b) The train is due in an hour and you are yet to pack
train . ready .
To be due = ; My luggage is packed =
=

I'm (I am) packed.
Due .

a) They are due in an hour =

.
b) The programme is due to start in five minutes =
5

/ .

Departure = .

formal. leave = , conversational.

we travel by train / by Bus/ by Plain =
''by'' .

Train / Bus / Car = On the Train / on the Bus / on the Car (in .)

How about/What about/Would you mind

Balaram: can you do me a favour?
( ?)
Krishna: Oh, sure. How can I help you?
(, ?)
Balaram: I want some details about your cousin in the states - his address, his phone number and an introduction
to him over phone.
(US cousin . address, phone number, .)
Krishna: Is that all? No problem at all. But I don't have the details on me. Just wait till I get home. I'll call you and
let you know.
(! .
.
. Phone .)
Balaram: Thanks a lot.
Krishna: Oh. not at all.
Formal ( ) Permission () ,
( Request) mind? would
you mind !
informal (
)
) Permissions , request (

.
'Can' with I and we is used for seeking permission informally.
Permission - informal (
/ / )
Surendra: Can I use your bike for a day?
( bike ?)
Nagaraj: Wait. Let me see how busy I am today? um... No, not so busy. Yes, you can
have it.
(. , . ... . .)
Ramesh: How about lending me your bike for an hour or two?
( , bike ?/ ?/ ?)
Tarun: By all means. Have it. Here's the key. But it is short of oil.
(. . . oil .)
Ramesh: I'll take care of it. Thank you.
( . Thank you.)
Tarun: It's all right.

How about...? What about...?

.

, ,



(Informal request) .
'How about something to eat?
Have you any?' ?
practice , English
.

/ / / - - Buy all means.

(/ )
'Will you recommend my case to the Minister?
'Oh, by all means. Don't worry'

(
recommend ?)
(. .)

Will/Would
Ekambar: Mind passing that book here?
( ?)
Dinakar: Oh, not all. Here you are.

(. .)
Ekambar: I have a little difficulty understanding this part of the lesson. Will you explain it, please?
(

. ?)
Dinakar: That'd (That would) be a pleasure. Don't worry. Let me have a look at it first.
(. .)

English manners
. Please, Thank you
!
Polite expressions .
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
1) Mind passing the book to me?
2) Will you explain this, please?

Mind ....?/ Would you mind ....?

,
,

(request ), permission . formal.

a) Would you mind/ Mind explaining it once again? = ?
(Request - very formal and polite)

b) Would you mind/ mind helping me with the luggage?

( ?)
c) Would you mind/ mind dropping me home?

?
(Very polite request.)
requests :
Oh, not at all/ certainly not.
(. )/ That'd be a pleasure ().

 Mind/ would you mind ....? (Question form),

permission .
a) Would you mind/ mind my using your phone?
( ?)
(permission) Response:

Oh, not at all, please go ahead/ suit yourself/ please do.
(Go ahead = ) suit your self =
.

b) Would you mind/ mind if I go with you?

( ? ?) (Permission)
response:
Oh, not at all/ certainly not/ you are welcome.

Would you like/ Would you have

A)
Dharmendra: Would you like/ would you have/ would you like to have/ would you mind some coffee?
( coffee ? = coffee )
Devendra: Oh, that'd be fine. Thank you.

. . (That'd = That would)

Would you like/ would you have/ would you like to have/ would you mind ..... ?
, ,
offer


( expressions). (Indians)
,
guest coffee coffee ? ? coffee

, ''

. (Would you like ...) English etiquette
. . ,
guest That'd be fine () . .

B)
Pran: Would you care for some coffee?
( coffee ?)
Prem: That'd be welcome. Thank you. (That'd = That would)
( Thank you).
: Would you care for some coffee?( care for = like

'Do have some coffee' = coffee .

offer .
formal expressions
. offer .

C)
Dhanush: Shall I get you some coffee? ( coffee ?)
Ramesh: Oh, thank you. I could certainly do with some good coffee. (Thank you,
coffee )
Response could do with ?
positive response.
Offer
response.

Ramana: (Would you like to have) some coffee please?

Sajjan: Oh Yes, I could certainly use some hot coffee.
(. coffee )


expressions .
Western () etiquette ( = )
. .

How good of you!

Surendra: What's keeping you so busy that you couldn't

even answer my calls?
( Phone ?)
Venkat: I am really busy. Would you run to the shop and
get me some tags?
( . shop
?)
tags
Surendra: Sure. Anything else?
(,
?)
Venkat: How good of you! Can you order tea for both of us
at the tea stall?
( . Tea stall

)

Surendra: Hope that's (this is) all.

(
?)
Venkat: That's all, for the present.
(
.)

Formal requests (

)
. :

Would you mind/ Mind my using your phone? = Phone

?
Mind= ; not .
Would you mind?/ Mind? = ?
I don't mind = .

'would' : Would you run...? ...

? -

?
Can you lend me your book for a day? = ? Informal request.
request .

Ram: Can you give me a lift to the college? My bike is out of order = College Bike
?
?
Syam: No problem. Come along.
( ..)

Can/Can't
Brinda: Can you help me solve the problem?
I've (I have) been trying hard for an hour now, but I haven't been able to get the car started.
(
. ?)

Balaram: Let me have a look at it. In the mean time, can you get me a glass of
water? I am rather thirsty.
(. .
.)
Brinda: Here you are. I can not understand the problem at all, let alone solve it.
(. ,
.)

Balaram: I'm afraid you've been trying the wrong method. If you think in a different manner, it can be easy. See,
here lies the fault. It's quite simple.

(
. , . , . .)
Brinda: I see now. There can always be some
aspects of the problem we overlook. The nut, I see, has given way.
( .

.)
, 'can' .

Can you help me ...? = ? ( ?) - request

(
). , can question form informal requests (

,
request ) .
Can you tell me how to go to the Govt. College? =

?
... Can you get me a glass of water? (
? ()
informal request.)
can ''
?

Can you sing? = / ()?

I Can sing? = . He can understand English =


.
Can't you understand this simple thing? (can't = can not) =

Can not (prohibition - ) ,

,'you' .
a) You can not smoke here - . (

, can ) ,

b) You can not build a house without proper permission =

(Prohibition). Cannot,

. You cannot become a collector without passing the Civil

) Collector
Services Exam = (
/ .

Would
Nithin: I think there'll (there will) be a good gathering for the match tomorrow.
( )
Vignan: Not just a good gathering. I am sure that the stands will be full.
( .
)
Nithin: The manager of the team was very sure that the match would draw huge crowds.
(
.)

Vignan: I wish it would. I wish that the crowds would not be disappointed number of people bought their ticket in advance. So that
they would not be disappointed.
( . .
.)
Nithin: Would my brother were here.
( .)

'would' .
1. The manager of the team was sure that the match would draw huge crowds.
would .
a) He promised to me that he would help me.

( , ( past), ( past
future)
would help.)
b) I knew he would score a century.
( century .)

''would''.
2.
- -

I wish you'd (you would) be quite for sometime.

( .)
She wishes that her husband would be the captain of the team.

3. 'would' ,
.

a) They ran so that they would not miss thetrain.

(
.)

b) He stayed there so that he would meetSachin.
( .)

COULD
Anjan: I see only you. What about Naresh?
( . ?)
Gowtham: He said he could not come, as he has an exam tomorrow.
(
.)

Anjan: But he told me that he could study the whole of yesterday

and be here today.
( ,
.)
Gowtham: He couldn't. He had guests.
( .
.)

Anjan: I understand. How about other friends?

(

. ?)
Gowtham: They could be on their way... just a matter of time.
(
. .)
'could' :

I. Could is the past form of 'can'-

'can'

(past)
'could'.
a) He could pass the exam -
b) Could you get the tickets? -
?
c) She could not pass the exam. - -
d) Could the police find the thief? - ?

II. Could
'/ (in the present)

.
a) The minister could be involved in the scam.
(

) (Possibility)
b) He could be buying the car now. ( car
.)

Sunitha: Don't play with fire. You could be burnt.

( . .)
Wilson: Don't I know? I wanted you to cook, but you wouldn't.
(would not). At least you could help me in cooking, couldn't
you?
( ? , .

?)

Sunitha: If I could help you, I could myself cook, couldn't I? Wait. You'll spoil everything. Let me do it.
(
, ! . . .)
Wilson: Thank you.
'could' .

lesson
could
1) denotes a past ability
(
-
.
'could'
.
(present)

A man of your abilities could easily do it =

.

conversation
.

You could help me, couldn't you?

() ? ()

If I could help you, ( - past ability) I could myself cook - ?

could , present actions .
. Practice .
Sanjana: Could you take me to the police officer? You know her well.
( Police officer

? !)
Vineela: Oh, Certainly. What do you want from her?

(. ?)
Sanjana: Not me. My brother wants somehelp from her. Could you wait
for a fewseconds?
I'll just call my brother and ask him when he wants to see
her.
(. . ?
Phone , .)
Vineela: Go ahead. Could you make it fast?The Police officer may get
busy.
)
(. .
Look at the use of could in the conversation above:
a) Could you take me to the Police Officer?
b) Could you wait for a few seconds?
c) Could you make it fast?

:
could you Question form request
(
) . lesson could , 'could
you...? Politest forms of requests(

) .
a) Could you lend me your bike for an hour? = bike ? .
b) Could you show me how to do it? = ?

Can/ will/ would requests

. .
a) Can you... - informal
(
request .)

b) will you... - formal

(
request .)
c) Would you...? (most formal)
(

,
,
,
request .)

Shall
Harish: Shall I meet you tomorrow for the book? ( ?)
Kamal: Oh, by all means. I'll keep the book ready for you? (. .)
Harish: How long can I have the book? When do you want it back?

( ?
)?
Kamal: You can have it, may be, for two or three days. Can you return it say,
by Monday next? ( .
?)

Harish: Shall I meet you tomorrow for the book? ( ?) Oh yes, that suits me fine. And thank you very much
for letting me have the book for so long. (, Thanks.)

Kamal: Oh, not at all. Anyway, I won't be needing the book till then, because I will be out of town for the next few days. (.

.)
Harish: I wouldn't trouble you if the book were available in the market. Even the library hasn't a copy of it.. (


. Library .)

Kamal: Why the library can't acquire the book, I can't see. They can write to the publishers and get some copies of the book. It is such a

useful book and we are not able to get it easily. (
.


.
. .)
Harish: I think I'll suggest it to the librarian tomorrow. ( Librarian .)
Kamal: By then, ( .)
(Conversation) Shall I .... ?

...
I/ we shall, questions ...
1) Permission .
a) Shall I go now? (
?)
b) Shall we come tomorrow ( ?)
c) When shall we see you again? (
?)
2) ? (Advice)

a) Shall I buy that Car? ( ?)

b) Shall I put my daughter in that school?
(
?)
c) Shan't we leave these books here then?
(
?)
d) Shall with I and we shall we
I ...? offers .

a) Shall I make you some coffee? =

? (offer)
b) Shall we buy you tickets for the Matinee?
( Matinee tickets ? - offer.)
:
Shall I/ We ... ?
informal (

,
) permisions/ offers/ advice .
(: Will I/ We ... ?
- I/ We will questions )

Can

'Can' with I and We in questions (can I/ We ...?) can also be

used for informal permissions/ requests) -
/
, can I/ we ... ? .

a) Can I wait here until your brother comes? =
? (Permission)

b) Can we call you again tomorrow morning?

(
phone ?) (Permission)
c) Can we have your Car for a day?
( ?) (Request)
d) Can I have your advice on his matter?
( )
Informal request:
You can ... you can statements , informal permission .
a) You can use my computer.
Go ahead = Computer (Informal permission -
.)
b) You can repay the money next month =
, .
can not .

a) You cannot enter the class now.

( class
.)
b) They cannot stay here any longer.
(
.)

: Can, -
, ()

.
She can sing well = .
.

Look at this sentence: Why the Library can't (cannot) acquire the book, I can't see = Library (can't

acquire) I can't see(

)

Should
Kiran: You should hurry. The train starts at 10, and you are still here.
( .
,

.)
Mithra: I am waiting for the money and I haven't got it yet. I
should have the money to travel, you know.
( , .

?)

Kiran: Then you Should take the next train which is two hours later. Are you sure you'll get the money at least by then?
?)
(, .
Mithra: I Should, if Tarun keeps his word. I am sure he will. He should be on his way now.
(
, .
. )
Kiran: Whatever it is, you should not miss office tomorrow, as there will be an inspection. In fact you should be half an hour earlierthan
usual, to be ready with all the records. (
office
, Inspection
.
, records
.)
Mithra: Thats right. I should be there, of course. (. correct, , )
Look at the use of "Should" in the conversation above
''Should"
.

correct , English Correct
.
Now look at this:
a) You should hurry. . ? duty/ obligation you should
. ..
b) You should not miss the office tomorrow = Office . . (
Prohibition - Should not.)
c) In fact you should be half an hour earlier = . .

: Should, I, We, you, he, she, it and they ( ), (Prohibition -

.)
I Should take the book to Class = class
.
They should pay the money by next week =


().

Now look at these Sentences:

He Should be on his way now = -
(Probability) .
a) The car looks fine. It should be very expensive =

.
.

b) They should be worrying a lot about the result =

.
c) They should be repenting now =
.
should .
( ) should , must/ have to/ has to .
You should be here by 10 = You must be here by 10 = You have to be here by 10 = /
. (He/ she/ it , has to
)

isn't it? / was it? / don't you?/ haven't you?/ 'and' .. is

it?

Salim: This is the book you want, isn't it?

( , ?)
Harish: Yes, It wasn't there this morning, was it?
(
?)
Salim: No. I saw it in the evening. You need it very much, don't you?
(.
. ?)

Harish: I do, of course. You have finished reading it, haven't you?
( , ?)
Salim: I have, It is not available in the shops, is it? The whole trouble is because of it.
(. shop ?
.)
Harish: Now that I have it, let me make use of it.
(

.)
, ... isn't it?, ....was it?, ....don't you? ,'...haven't you? and'... is it?
, !

, .
Questions , Question tags . Question ,

sentence Question tags . sentences Short Questions , Question tags .

, ? . ? ?

Short Questions Question tags . Conversation
.
sentences Question tags . Question tags sentences
, Subject, Verb .
He is clever, ... Question tag form .
1) He is Clever Comma .
2) Sentence Verb .
He is Clever, is
3) Sentence not
Verb not , tag not' n't . Subject he' . He is
clever, isn't he? . Mrs. Indira Gandhi was the P.M. of India Question tag ,

1) Verb was'
, Sentence , comma
, was .
Mrs. Indira Gandhi was the P.M. of India, was.
2) Sentence not'
wasn't .
3) Indira Gandhi she' . Indira Gandhi was the
Prime Minister of India, wasn't she? ?

Sentence not , Q.Tag not .

He is not tall, is he?
Snehitha is not short, is she?

Verb come, comes 1st Doingword, 2nd Doing word

.
They know you - verb know = doknow.
Question tag, do

.
You know him, don't (not) you?
She sings well sentences , Verb sings = does sing.
:
She sings well, doesn't she?

 Past tense , did

. Sang = did sing.
She sang well, didn't she?

I'm afraid so
Sampada: Is there time for us to have a cup of tea?
( ?)
Akshaya: I don't think so. The train may arrive any minute.
.)
( . Train
Sampada: Will there be tea on the train at least?
( ?)

Akshaya: I hope so. The minute the train starts you will have the hawkers moving
about and selling tea and coffee.
( .
,

.) (Hawkers =
shop ,
, = Peddlers)

Sampada: What about the taste? Generally it isn't good, is it?

( ? !)
Akshaya: I am afraid, no.
( .)
Sampada: We should have taken some before starting at home.
(
)

Akshaya: No use regretting now.
(
!)
English conversation I think, I believe/ I hope/ I am afraid etc., :
I think so = .

I believe so = .

I hope so = .
I am afraid so = (
.)
English , sentence
,
.
.
practice .

Bhargav: Can we get the money today atleast?

? ( )
?)
(
Kapil: I don't think so.( .)
Bhargav: (Do) you mean it will be further delayed?
( ?)
Kapil: I'm (I am) afraid so. ( .)

responses .
I'm afraid no( )
I'm afraid so( )
responses afraid
. ''/ (

) .

Rohini: Is the Doctor coming?

(
?)
Suhasini: I'm (I am) afraid no.
( )
Rohini: Are her fees/ is her fee very high? ( fees ?)
Suhasini: I'm afraid so - ( )

Do you go swimming regularly?

Santhanu: I can swim even in deep waters. I like it very much.
(
.)
.

Arjun: So can I. But for liking it, I rather don't like it.
( .
,
.)
Santhanu: Did you go swimming last week? How was it?
(
? ?)

Arjun: I did. And it was really good. I enjoyed it because the day was warm. Do you go swimming regularly?
(
. .
. ?)
Santhanu: I do, atleast once a week. Do you?
( . . ?)
Arjun: I don't. I go only when the mood takes me.
(
.)
.

Santhanu: Did Ranjan go with you last time?
( ?)
Arjun: Yes, he did. Will you go this weekend?
(.
?)
Santhanu: Yes, I will. Would you mind joining me?
(.
?)
Arjun: I'm afraid, no. Can you swim fast?
(. ?)
Santhanu: Yes, I can. but I don't. I enjoy slow swimming.
(, . .)
Arjun: That's what I do too. ( .)
English conversation , (Natural and Simple ) . Short responses
. Helping verbs/ Auxiliary verbs . Auxiliary/ Helping verbs
! All 'be' forms and other forms like shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, need,
ought, dare, do, does, did etc.,

 responses , helping verb .

e.g.: Kiran: Is he your friend? ( ?)
Krishna: Yes, he is (. )/ No. he isn't ()
: responses not n't .
Sukumar: Is she a good singer?
Subodh: Yes. She is/ No, she isn't.
...
English Yes/ No, answer .

, yes, she is; No, she isn't short response .

Question / statement , short response, question/ statement

verb
.
.
a) 'Did you go swimming last week?'
Yes, I did.
b) 'Do you go swimming regularly?'
No, I don't.

c) 'Did Ranjan go with you?'

'Yes, he did'.
, short responses Auxiliary verb, question/ statement Auxiliary verb .

Jaidev: I am tired after all that work at office.

( .)
Anand: So am I, having walked all the distance from the station.
(
.)
Jaidev: My colleagues do help me in the work. That reduces my work.
( .)

Anand: oh, do they? That's very good of them. You certainly are lucky.
(!
.)

.
Jaidev: So are you. Your brother shares your work, doesn't he?
( !)
Anand: No, he doesn't. Not that he doesn't like to, but he hasn't the time. He has his own work to attend to.
(. .)

Jaidev: You know, I don't take others' help if I can avoid it.
( . .)
Anand: Nor do I. I always try to do without it.
( .
.)
Jaidev: OK, then. Shall we go then?
( ?)
Anand: Where to? You haven't told me.
(? .)
Jaidev: Oh, sorry. To some restaurant where we can have some coffee.
( ? . .)
Anand: But I don't want to. I have work at home.
( .
.)
Conversational English short responses (
) ....

, ? English , sentence .
1)
'Also' . conversation Anand response :
Jaidev: I am tired ........
Anand: So am I. (I am also tired , Functional/ Conversational English ) short responses ,
am, is, are, was, were, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, have, has, had .
sentence
. Do, does, did .
Jaidev: My Colleagues help me.
Anand: Oh, do they?
() ( - help = do help.)
, short forms .
Jaidev: Your brother helps you, doesn't he?
Anand: No, he doesn't (he does not). No . No, he doesn't help me .
Jaidev: You are Lucky.
Anand: So are you- (
.) (You are also lucky Standard Conversation .)

Exercise: short responses .

1) Sanjai: Are you an Indian?
Sugun: ------ (,

)
2) Ram: Does he sing well?
Sugun: ------ (, )
3) Venkat: Do you like Telugu movies?
Kumar: ------ (,
)
4) Neelima: Sujana is tall
Nirmala: ------ (
.)

5) Ramesh: I always help others

Naresh: ------ ( , So
.)
Answers: 1) Yes, I am 2) Yes, he does 3) Yes, I do 4) So is her sister 5) So do I.

Why don't you visit me once?

Charan: Will you show me how to do it?
( ?)
Subhash: I shall be glad to
( . () )

Charan: You know very well how to do it, don't you?

( !)
Subhash: Yes, I do. I have done it quite often
(.
.)
Charan: Oh, have you! (!)
Subhash: You haven't tried this so far, have you? (

!)

Charan: No, I haven't. I am new to this. (. .)

Subhash: So was it to me a year ago. Don't worry. You will be able to pick it up in no time.
( . . )
Charan: I hope so, with the help of people like you.
(
. )
Subhash: Usually practice matters a lot in these things.
(
practice )
Charan: Yes, it does, of course (. )
English Conversation , ,
short responses (
) practice
.
.
Look at the following responses from the conversation above:
1) I shall be glad to English impressive .
: ''.
a) Vinod: Why don't you visit me once?

( ?)
Suhrid: I shall be (very) glad to.
: I shall be glad to come/ to visit you sentence .
conversation responses ....
b) Yes, I do,
c) Oh, have you?
d) No, I haven't,
e) I hope so,
f) Yes, it does, of course.
1) response

questions .

sentence verb
.

sentence verb, 1st Regular doing Word, (come, take, go etc.) , response, 'do' ; 2nd Doing
Word , He, she, it , comes, goes, takes verbs , response 'does' Past doing word
(came, went, sang, liked, asked) , response 'did' .

e.g.: a) 'Do you go there often?'/ 'You go there often, don't you?"
response: Yes, I do (go = do + go !)
b) Kumar: She sings well
Karim: Oh, yes, she does.
(sings = does sing)
c) Bhaskar: He scored a century, I was told.
Shankar: Yes, he did (scored = did score)

practice

.
Srinu: You will practice this, won't you?
Venkatesh: Yes, I will.

I Love India
Chandana: I am happy about the way the game has gone.
( .)
Vasanthi: So am I. Sanjana was the best in the team.

( .
.)

Chandana: So she was. In fact, she always is.

(. .)
Vasanthi: I was not impressed by the game ofSampada. She talks more
and plays less.
(
. .)

Chandana: Nor was I. Yea, she does talk more and play less.
( . .)
Vasanthi: I haven't seen her being silent for a minute. She keeps talking all the time.
(
(
) . .)
Chandana: Nor have I.
( .)
Vasanthi: Sanjana, on the other hand, is her exact opposite. She plays very well, but talks little about her game.
. ,
(
.)
Chandana: That is the kind of players we want.
(
.)

Short responses !.
Spoken English Short
responses
...

Chandana: I am happy. ( )

I amalso happy ,
Conversational English . So am I .
I love India' (
)
So do I?'. ()
I also love India .

 Statement verb Response .

I love India , love = do love !
response , So do I? .

So what? / So have I
Prakrithi: Most people find Rishi's yoga lessons quite interesting.
( .)
Pankaja: So do I. Pity you are not attending those classes.
( . .)
Prakrithi: I have plenty of work at home. (
).
Pankaja: So have I, but I still find the time to attend the classes.
Perhaps you don't have the will. ( ,

. )
Prakrithi: Don't say that. I tried my best to find some time, but that
was no use.
( .
.)
Pankaja: Oh, you tried, did you? Then what went wrong?
(?
)
?
Prakrithi: I can't explain. Sunitha attends the classes, doesn't she?
( . ? !)
Pankaja: Yes, she does, and so does Sasya.
(, .)
Prakrithi: They all started from day one, didn't they? So did you too, perhaps.
(
! .)
Pankaja: Yes, I did, I already notice a lot of improvement in my fitness. You can improve your fitness too, if you make it to the classes.
. .)
(.
Prakrithi: So I can, of course, but I don't find the time, I told you.
( . , time
.)
Pankaja: Of course you can. Where there is a will there is always a way.
( .
.)
Looking at the responses from the dialoges, above... So do I; So have I; Yes, she does and so does Sasya; So did you, perhaps.
Short responses

sentence verb . . ...
Prabhat: I can speak English well ( English
.) response
( /
,
!) sentence verb : Can speak. response can
. subject "I"
. (= so) . response: so can I. Look at the following...

most people find yoga lessons interesting; response

? verb- find' (= do find),
response do' . - so do
I.
1) A: He comes here every day (verb, comes = does come)
B: So does his brother.
2) A: He passed the exam (passed = did pass)
B: So did I ( )
3) Pankaja: I have a lot of work to do.
Prakrithi: So have I ()
4) A: He has an imported car.
( foreign car )
B: So what? So have I
( ? )
5) A: Why am I alone punished? (

)
B: Because you have taken bribes(

)
punish them too (
A: So have many others,
,
.)

Either/ Neither
Harini: Aren't you going to the movie? You said you would.
(
? ?)
Hiranya: I thought I would, but I changed my mind. What about you? ( . ?)

Harini: I am not going either. I have work at home. (

.

.)
Hiranya: Almost all Indian movies have fights, dances and songs. I
don't find much to entertain us in them.
( , , .
.)

Harini: I don't either. How right you are! I can't see our movies improving in the near future. The story is the same, the situations,
unrealistic and the movies on the whole very noisy. Nothing to entertain us really.
( . correct .
. , , .
.)

Hiranya: The pity is they are getting worse by the day. OK. Telugu movies are not good. Nor are the Hindi movies. An occasional
good movie, that is all.
( . , . . , ,
.)
Harini: But English movies is different. You find a strong story base in them and a variety in the subjects they treat. Better
technical values too. Will our people ever learn?
( English .
.

. .
?)

Spoken English also (= ) .

China is a large Country' (
) '

' , Spoken English India is also alarge
country . , So is India' .

Now look at the following responses from the conversation between Harini and Hiranya.
1) I am not going either, 2) I don't either,
3) Telugu movies are not good. Nor are Hindi movies.
Important: English not also , for example, ' , ' Ramu is not good, Somu
is not also good' . ... Ramu is not good, Somu isn't (is not) either: also' , not either .

a) Pradhan: I am not short (

.)
Anant: I am not either ( )
(I am not also short )
Not either' neither' nor' . ,
neither... nor' .

b) Sudha: Vijayawada is not a small city ( .)

) Vizag is not also a small city . : a) Neither is vizag
Amritha: Nor is Vizag/ Neither is Vizag (
or b) Nor is Vizag or c) Vizag isn't either.
Neither, nor, n't (not) either , sentence verb .
Khasim: I can not walk the distance

( ).
Khadir: Nor can I/ Neither can I/ I can't either. ! sentence verb, can' !
response can' .

Can't/ Wasn't/ didn't

Likhith: So you attended the programme after all, yesterday. Was it that
interesting?
( Programme
. ?)
Sanketh: It wasn't. But was the class which I had bunked, to attend the
programme. So I had to choose between two equally dull things, and for a
change, I opted for the programme.
( .

Class .
, Programme
.)

Likhith: But I couldn't do it, and I am sorry I didn't. I am sure the programme was better than the class.
( . Class Programme .)
Sanketh: Hemanth didn't go to class either. Neither did he attend the programme. I think what did was the best. He went home and
slept.
( class
.)
. Programme . .

Likhith: But Hemanth is a sincere student. If bunked the class the class it must have been really boring.
(

.)
class
.
Sanketh: So it was. Why doubt it? The teacher talks about all things but the subject. I doubt in the first instance how he was selected for
the post. I get bored in every class of his.
(. ?
.
.
.)
Likhith: So does every body. Let's represent the matter to the principal.

.


.
Look at these short responses from the conversation above.
1) Nor was the class which I bunked, 2) But I couldn't, 3) I am sorry I didn't, 4) Hemanth didn't (go to class) either, 5) So it was, 6) So
does everybody.
Let's recall the principle for making short responses. The most important thing is the verb in the sentence which we respond to.

verb . ...
Pramod: I have seen the movie.
( )

Vinod: So have I.
English .
questions Short responses .
a) Likhith: Was it interesting?
Sanketh: Yes, it was/ No, it wasn't,
b) Hari: I know English
Kumar: But I don't.
Short negative response.
c) A: America is a rich country.
B: But India isn't.
Negative response but
. Responses .
1) Bhaskar: He is tall ( )
Sasidhar: So is his brother.
Positive response -
. ( sentences Positive)
2) Kaladhar: I can't understand Hindi (
)

Prasanth: Nor can I/ Neither can I / I can't either

(
). Sentences Negative
3) Manogna: He doesn't Know English/ English
Rasagna: But his brother does (
.) positive,
Negative - but .

Do / Did /Don't

Achyuth: Jayaram came for you yesterday. Did he see you?

( . ?)
Manas: Yes, he did. Was he with you for a long time?
(. . ?)

Achyuth: No, he wasn't. Do you know he is soon leaving for the America?
(. . ?)
Manas: No, I don't. Has he got all the papers ready?
(.
?)

Achyuth: I think he has. Otherwise he couldn't be leaving so soon.
(.
?)

Manas: I understand. His uncle works in the passport office.

(

. passport office .)
Achyuth: Oh, does he? I didn't know that.
(. .)
Manas: You didn't/ didn't you? That's strange.
(?
.)
Achyuth: What is strange about it? We haven't had an occasion to talk about it.
(
?
.)
responses .
1) Yes, he did, 2) No, he wasn't, 3) No, I don't, 4) I think he has, 5) Oh, does he?, do, does, did, is, was, has
Helping verbs . practise spoken English .
A: Do you speak Telugu?
B: Yes, I do./ No, I don't.
B ..
'Do you speak Telugu?' question -Yes, I speak Telugu , No, I don't (do not) speak Telugu
.

.
Do you speak Telugu? question , Helping verb 'Do' 'Yes' , 'don't', 'no'
Helping Verb (Am, is, are, was, were, do, does,
Spoken English form . :
did, have, has, will, would, etc.,)
. . sentence , sentence helping verb
.
a) Prasad: Who will know I am here? ( ?)
Sankar: Everyone will. If isn't such a big secret.(
.)
.
b) Yamuna: You have the time for it? ( ?)
( do you have the time? ).
, helping verb 'Do'.
Ganga: Yes, I do/ No, I don't. (Yes, I have the time/ No, I don't have the time - conversational )

e.g.: Give short responses to the following, both positive and negative.
1) Can you drive a car?
2) Have you met the Officer?
3) You met him yesterday, didn't you?
4) Must you go now? Yes, I ........../ No, I .......... (must need not)
5) Does he play chess?
6) Will you come tomorrow? No, ..........
7) Do you think he will help me? No, .........
8) Who shut the door? .........

Answers: 1) Yes, I can/ No, I can't

2) Yes, I have/ No, I haven't
3) Yes, I did/ No, I didn't
4) Yes, I must/ No, I needn't
5) Yes, he does/ No, he doesn't.
6) I won't 7) I don't 8) I did.
Himaja: Need I get up soon tomorrow morning? It's already twelve now and I'm yet to go to bed.
( ? 12 , .)

Vanaja: I'm afraid you must. That is, if you don't want to miss the train.
(
. .)
Himaja: Miss the train? Oh, no, We're going on a job and we can't afford to miss
the train. Won't you come with me?
(
? . ,
.
?)

Vanaja: I will, of course. But can you assure me that we can be back by the day after?
( .

.)
Himaja: Yes, I can. By tomorrow evening the function at my uncle's home will be over, and we can start tomorrow night itself.
( .

.)

.
Vanaja: Oh, can we? That suits me fine.
(? .)
Himaja: This picture shows his new house; it's fine, isn't it?

(
photo . ?)
Vanaja: Yes, it is. Any way we're going to see it tomorrow.
(.
?)
Himaja: So we are.()
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above.
1) I'm (I am) afraid you must, 2) I will, of course, 3) Yes, I can, 4) Oh, can we?, 5) So we are.
Spoken English Short Responses ? Short Responses
. 'must'
response :
1) 'Must' ? Commands (
) , Obligations () . opposite need not (Needn't) =
.
You must go now You needn't (need not) go
(
) (
)
Must opposite 'need not (needn't) ? (Needn't= ) Must not (= am/ is/ are not to) - Must not/ am
not/ is not to/ are not to - prohibitions ( ) .

a) You must not smoke here = You are not tosmoke here = .
b) He must not drive/ He is not to drive at that speed = .
Need not ( must) = don't have to/ doesn't have to ( )
Karim: Must he/ has he to/ Does he have to/ Has he got to go now? (

?)

Salim: Yes, he must/ he has to/ he has got to go now (

).

No, he need not/ doesn't have to/ hasn't got to go now.
Spoken English , .

I am/ I don't / Won't

Prabhas: (Do) You mean that she won't help us?

(
?)
Vikas: I'm afraid so.
( )
Prabhas: Will she at least tell us how to do it? (
?)
Vikas: I don't think so.( .)
Prabhas: She won't obstruct us, will she?
(
!)

Vikas: I hope not. At least till now she has'nt indicated any such thing.
( . .)
Prabhas: So far, so good.( .)
Spoken English short expressions practice
:
1) I'm afraid so. 2) I don't think so. 3) I hope not
clipped expressions practice . English
.


, ,
, expressions .

Kumar: Will it rain today? (

?)
Krishna: I'm afraid so. ( - )/ I don't think so
( ).
Afraid
'' , .
Sampath: Will this money last us till the month end? ( ?)

Virat: I'm (I am) afraid not ( )

'afraid'
.
Pranav: Will the police come to know of it, do you think?
( ?)
Vikas: I hope not ( ).
(I hope not) (I hope so)
(I'm afraid not) (I am afraid so) .

I'd like to go there

Wesley: Why don't you wait till he goes?
(
?)
Santhanam: I'd (I would) like to, but I don't have the time.
(
, )
Wesley: Do you have to go now itself?
(
?)
Santhanam: I have to. That's the problem.
(
. )
Wesley: By the way, did you bring my book?
( , ?)

Santhanam: I forgot to. ()

Look at these expressions from the conversation above.
1) I'd like to ...;
2) I have to...;
3) I forgot to ....

expressions
'to' . to go, to come, to sing, to take etc. to
+ 1 Doing Words , Infinitives !
st

infinitives
.

1) ''
He wants to go =
.
/ /
2)
.
a) To go there is difficult -
.
To eat too much is bad for health
( ).

3) Purpose - ' '/' '

.
,
.
I went there to see him.
(
.)
She was here to meet her friend.
( .)
I like to go =
/
.


I don't have the time to do it
( time .)
Wesley: Why don't you go through the book?
( ?/ ?)
Santhanam: I'd like to. (
)
I'd like to = I'd like to go through the book. , Spoken English ,
I'd like to go through the book I'd like to . (To go through infinitive .)
Wesley: Why don't you settle the account?
( / )
Santhanam: I'd like to, but I'm unable to find the time.
(
, time
)

Who were you speaking to ?

Harsha: Hi Siddhu, who were you speaking to over the phone this morning?
(
,

?)
Siddhu: Sanath. He had taken my book yesterday and I was asking him to return it.
(. . )
Harsha: Which book are you talking of? Hope it isn't the one you bought recently.
(
. ?)
Siddhu: Yea, that's the one. Where are you coming from now?
(. . ?)

Harsha: Where else? From home. OK. Tomorrow we've to talk about something in the class. What will you talk about?

( ? . . Class
?
?)

Siddhu: I haven't made up my mind yet. What do you suggest I talk about?
(
.
?)
Harsha: What are you thinking about? What may be your topic?
( ? ?)
Siddhu: I haven't decided yet too. We've time till tomorrow.
(
. time .)

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:

1. Who were you speaking to?
2. Which book are you talking of?
3. Where are you coming from?
4. What will you talk about?
5. What are you thinking about?
6. What do you suggest I talk about?

, of, to, about, from prepositions . questions.

Sentence 'Wh' word

English Prepositions verb questions , questions .
Keshav: I was speaking to kumar (
)
.
, '' . English
.
a) Who were you speaking to?
(With whom/ to whom you were speaking? - Wrong English)

b) Which year were you born in?

(
?)
/
In which year were you born? -
English ?
c) A: 'He was born to her (
)
B: Who was he born to? (?)

d) A: Here, take this money? ( )

B:What's (What is) this money for? ( ?)

Try it!

'Wh' word Prepositions .

Sentence
1) .... was she playing with?
2) What are you worried ...?
3) .... are you listening ....?
4) .... did you give my book ....
5) ..... what is he busy ....?
6) Where are you ....? ?
7) .... are you cutting that paper for?
8) ... knife did you cut it ...?
9) .... are you talking....?
10) .... did you say, the table is made of ?

1) Who was she playing with?

( ?)
2) What are you worried about?
3) What are you listening to?
( ?)
4) Who did you give my book to?
( ?)
5) What is he busy with?
( ?)
6) Where are you from?
7) What are you cutting that paper for?
( ?)
8) What knife did you cut it with?
( ?)
9) Who are you talking to?
(
?)
10) What did you say the table is made of?
( ?)

Something else I want!

Nestha: This is not what I wanted.
.
Snehith: What other thing did you want? Wasn't a cell phone of this make and kind that you asked for?
? , ?
Nestha: Exactly, of course, but excuse me, this isn't the colour.
. . , .

Snehith: You said black and orange combination.What else is this?

, . ?
Nestha: Who did you get it from?

?
Snehith: Who else? Mithra.
.
.

Nestha: Mithra of all? Could you think of no one else?

(
? ?)


Snehith: I could not find any other person who could get it so soon.
.
Nestha: OK, leave it at that. Give it here, I will have it exchanged.
, . . .
else, or else :
Else = , or else = Spoken English .
A: This is not what I wanted.
B: What other thing did you want?
= 'what other thing' ... ( , )
. , English what other thing? . What else? .
a) Yama: I've granted all that you've asked for. What else do you want?
( ! ?)

Savithri: Oh, Lord Yama, Thank you, but there issomething else I want..
(,
. , / .)
What else? (What other thing); Something else (/ )-
conversation .

b) Nithin: Who is the cricketer that has scored a hundred Centuries?

(
?)
Subhash: Who else? Sachin.
( ? / ? )
c) Sobhan: Why did he come here?
( ?)
Mohan: Why else? He wants money.
( ? .)
d) Habib: Where can you get the best mangoes?
(
?)
Irfan: Where else? Vijayawada.
( ?/ . .)
e) David: Is taking this book there the only way to have our doubts cleared?
(
)

Nelson: How else? (?)
What else? Who else? Why else? Where else? - practise conversation , 'Spoken English' .

Who were you writing to ?

Dolly: I gave the book to Wesley.
(
.)
Danny: Who did you give the book to?
? ( ?)
Dolly: To Wesley, I said.
(
?)

Danny: What does he want the book for?

( ?)
Dolly: For some paper he wants to write.
( .)
Danny: Who is the book written by? Who is the author?
( ? ( :
?) ?)

Dolly: Some author who I don't know. But it's a wonderful book. It's for engineering drawing students. I bought it in Chennai, when I
was there last time.
.)
( . ,
. Engineering Drawing Students .

Danny: As soon as he returns it, let me have a look at it.
( .)
Dolly: OK. It could be useful to you too.
(, .)
Short Interrogative responses (
. Practise . Spoken English
)
.

. Effective . :
Dolly: I gave the book to Wesley.
Danny: Who did you give the book to?
(: ?) , , Who to? () .

, To Whom?

. , 'Whom' (/ ) . 'Who'
.
a) Puran: I told him to go (
).

response: Who did you tell to go?

(
?)
(Whom did you tell to go? - )
b) Pranav: This book is for Ramesh.
( )
Srinivas: Who is the book for? (?)
Short form: Who for?
(Who for, did you say? = ?)
c) Kundan: I was writing to Naresh

Ganesh: Who were you writing to?

( ?)
Short form:
Who to? (?)
d) Syamala: She bought a shirt for her brother?
Vimala: Who did she buy it for?
( shirt ?)
- short form: Who for? (?)

CAN, COULD
Amar: What do you think he can do?
( ?)
Anup: Instead, ask me what he can't do. He can simply tell your boss that you are not able to do the job well.
( . boss .)
Amar: Do you think my boss will go by his word? She has her own way of knowing who is competent and who isn't.
( boss ?
,
.)

Anup: Oh, does she? Then how could hemanage to have his
candidate selected by her?
(?

?)
Amar: Don't say his word alone got his candidate the job. The
candidate is adept at the job too.
(

.

.)
Anup: He knows his job all right, but there are others who are as good and perhaps even better.
( . ,
!)
Amar: I am not able to understand why you think so high of him. I'm afraid you are poor at judging people. (

.
.)
Anup: If you think so, why are you asking me?
(, ?)
Amar: Because I thought you knew better.
(
)
Note: In the conversation above, observe the use of expressions, which show 'ability'.
Look at the following expressions:
1) ....... he can do?

2) Ask me what he can't do? (can not do)

3) He can simply tell your boss ........
4) ...knowing who is competent (
)
5) How could he manage to have his candidate .......?
6) The candidate is adept at his job too.
7) There are others who are as good at it.
8) You are poor at judging people.
underline
, Spoken English ...

1) Can = / ; Can not = Can't (Spoken English) -
a) Prabhas: He can sing well
( )
Subhash: Oh, can he? But my brother says he can't (can not)
(?/ ? , )
b) Sumeeth: Can you read and understand Tamil? If you can, please translate this for me.
( ?
? ,
)
Ganesh: I can, but I doubt if I can translate it well.
(,
. .)
Note: can ()
, 'able' .
a) Anand: Will he be able to help us?
( ? = Can he help us?)
Bhaskar: I'm (I am) sure he will be able to. We are very close
( . .)
b) Try as I might, I am not able (Unable) to meet him
(
)
''
(
) 'know' ( ) .
She knows English = English = She can understand English = English
.
''
good at .
a) Kiran: Why do people admire him so much?
(
?)
Admire = /
Kamal: Because he is good at acting any role

(
)

He is good at acting any role = He can act any role well.
b) Damodar: What is he good at?
( ?)
Dhanush: He is very good at imitating any actor.
)
(
Good at = Adept at
c) She is an adept at any thing needing patience
(
/ .)

(Good at) (Poor at) ( )

He is good at speaking English but poor at writing

(

, .)
d) Lavanya: Why do you keep arguing all the time?
( ?)
Suvarna: I am doing what I am an adept at and you are poor at
(Poor at), (Adept at)
.
'Could' is the past form of 'can':

Could = .

a) Manoj: We can't see actors like NT Ramarao (Senior) any more

(.. )
Madan: Yea. He was very competent as an actor. He could act any role
with ease.
)
(
.

b) Nagesh: Why is he so dull?

( ?)
Omkar: Because he couldn't (could not) get a class in the exam, though he tried his best
(
)
class

SHALL/WILL
Madhukar: You were talking of buying a bike. When are you going to buy it?
( . ?)
Pradyumna: I think it will take some time. I will buy it in the coming month.
( . .)
Madhukar:

Why wait till then?

( ?)

Pradyumna: My cousin, who will be taking over as the branch manager here, tells me that the prices are likely to come down
bythen. (
.)

Madhukar: Shall I wait till then as well?
( ?)

Pradyumna: Why? (Do) you intend buying abike too?

(? ?)
Madhukar: Yes, I'm tired of my present bike. I wish to dispose it of.
(.
. .)

Pradyumna: Shall I then tell my cousin to make it two?

( ?)
Madhukar: Please. That will be of help to me.
(. .)
Pradyumna: I'd rather wait for the concession than pay the actual price. What about you?
(

. ?)
Madhukar: Same here. ( )
Look at the following expressions:
1) When are you going to buy it?
2) It will take some time.
3) ...... who will be taking over ......
4) Shall I wait till then too? / shall I tell .....
5) I wish to .....
6) I'd rather wait
You observe that all the words underlined are future indicators.
.

Shall/Will indicates future . .

I/we shall, you/he/she/it/they will indefinite future . modern usage will . 'shall'
questions . Questions Indefinite future, requests, permissions I/We shall .
Vinod: I'm (I am) very hungry. Shall we have something to eat?
?)
( .
Vikram: I feel like eating too. Where shall we go?
( . ?)
Vinod: Shall we go to the restaurant and eat something?
?)
(
I/We shall requests, permissions .
a) Kanchan: Shall I see you tomorrow about the money I need?
(
?) - Permission
b) Midhun: Shall we have your car for a day tomorrow?
( ?) - Request

 Future will, am/ is/are + ... ing to (am going/is going/are going etc), wish/intend to .
.
'Will' often indicates indefinite future.
a) Puran: Will he help me?
( ?)- Indefinite
( Future)
Bhagath: He will (help you), if you ask him.
( , )
b) Chakradhar: Will we have time enough to catch the train?
?)
(
Himakar: We will, of course, if we start immediately.
( )
,

'Will we .....?' (we question 'will ' . future. , We will, if we 'if'

future ).
Future 'will' am/is/are going to + 1st RDW (am/is/are going to do) . .

.
'Will'
future .
am/is/are going to .....
(Decision), intention (
), wish () .

Bhaskar: So, what will you do?

( ?)
Sudheer: I will tidy up the house (
). (Tidy up =
)

Bhaskar: So, what are you going to do?
( ?/ ?)

Sudheer: I am going to tidy up the house

(
)

I will tidy up the house (
) - .

I am going to tidy up the house
(
/
)

Am/is/are ..... ing + 1st RDW- /

future .

Am/is/are + ..... ing + 1st RDW am/is/are + ..... ing .

a) He will open his new office in a few days.
(

)
b) He is going to open his new office in a few days.
( - )

c) He is opening his new office in a few days.

( -
)
Spoken/Functional English
.

...
I intend/wish/want to see the minister -
//. English Future .

HOW LONG/HOW FAR

Deepika: How long are you going to be in Delhi
(
/ ?)
Darsika: For about a month. My work there will take me at least as long as that. I will be happy if it gets over by
then.
)
( . .

Deepika: I think I'll be there for a week too, from the fifteenth of this
month. Shall we meet there?
( 15 .
?)
Darsika: That'd be a real pleasure, wouldn't it? How are we going to
meet, then?
(
, ? ?)

Deepika: Where exactly are you going to be during your stay there?
( ?)
Darsika: In Karol Bagh. That's where my uncle lives. Where are you going to be?
( . . ?)
Deepika: Aurobindo Nagar.. ( )
Darsika: How far is it from the place from where I'm going to stay? Any idea?
(
? ?)
Deepika: Quite far, but I am not sure. Long since I had been there. But we're going there in summer you know. It's
going to be very bad.
. , .
( , .

Look at the following expressions

1) How long are you going to be there?
2) For about a month, for a week
3) How far is it from here?
4) Long since I had been there
? ? ? Conversational English . English
: How much time, how distant, long/ short distance. . (
correct
).
English long . , , - long
. ( , , Hours, Days, Months, Years .)
Distance 'far' .
Look at the following again

Sumanth: For how long will your meeting go on?

( ?)
Surendra: Pretty long, I'm afraid
( ) ( afraid = )
(Pretty
'', ' ' . Conversation
' '
.)

a) Prem: How much did the trip cost you? (

?)
Sriman: Around forty thousand
)
(
Prem: Pretty Expensive, isn't it?
( !)
Sriman: I'm afraid, so.
b) Preethi: Are you going to be there for long?
( ?)
Santhi: Not at all, it's going to be a rather short stay?
( long = short =
.)
Their friendship did not last long =
.
Expression :
The Pandavas had to be in the forests for as long as twelve years.

(
.)

As long as
= If
As long as you waste time, you suffer = If you waste time, You Suffer.
c) Bheem: How long do you want me to wait?
Arjun: For an hour.
Bheem: Sorry. I can't wait that long
(. )
'distance', 'distant' . , Conversational
English far, a long way off .
a) Bhanu: How far is your college from home?
( ?)
Balu: It's a long way off.
The city bus takes at least half an hour? ( . ). not , Very distant .
far , a long way off . , far not (
).
Warangal is not far off from Hyderabad.
Delhi is a long way off from Hyderabad.
Questions far
How far is Delhi from Hyderabad?

(
?)
How far are you going?
(/ / ?)
English .

CAN/COULD
Nirupama: Can you cook? If you can, how well, and what items? What is your speciality?
( ? ? ?
?)

Champaka: I can. I can manage a day's cooking, as I have been able

to, today. My knowledge of cooking is limited to the daily meal. My
mother can cook a wide range of dishes and she does cook them,
when the mood takes her. She hasn't cooked for some time now
because of, her ill health.
( . ,
.
.

 , .
.)
Nirupama: Why couldn't you learn more?
( ?)
Champaka: I haven't felt the need. We have very few guests. Even if there are we eat out. What about you? How
well can you cook?
, . ?
( . .
?)
Nirupama: Not bad. I find real pleasure in cooking. My mother, like your mother could cook very well. I think I
take after her. Even when she was old she was able to cook.
( . . , . .
. .)
Champaka: I wish to learn making Biryani. Can you show me how to do it?
( . ?)
Nirupama: Why not? Could you visit me tomorrow? I'll show you the recipe and the making of Biryani.
( ? ?
, )
Champaka: I will. Time I returned home. My husband will be home in a short while.
( .

.
.)
Nirupama: Thank you for your isit. Hope it wouldn't be your last visit.
( thanks. )
Look at the following sentences:
1) Can you cook?
2) I can, as I have been able to, today.
3) My mother can cook, and she does cook.
4) How well can you cook?
5) Can you show me how to do it?
Functional English 'can' .
= be able to
1) Can = ,
Can you cook = ?
Kabir: Can you speak Hindi?
?)
Saibaba: I can, but not so well. (
, )
Sunanda: Can you sing? ( ?)
Supriya: Me, I can not (I can't) (, )
Can
,
"be able to" / "Have the ability to"
The baby can walk now = The baby is able to walk now =
.
a) Pranav: I can see him coming, can you?
( , ?)
Sankar: Oh, Yes. I am able to
(, )
b) Ramana: Don't worry. I can get the money.
(. )
Prakash: Can you? I doubt. (? )

 .
Can , Be able to , . Can ,
Be able = , .

a) He can sing = .
?.
He is able to sing - .

.
b) They can understand what you say =
.

( ,
? ?

clear )

They are able to understand what you say =

, .

Could, was able:
Could is the past tense of 'can'
Could = able to do something in the past.
She could sing well = .
a) Indira: In my childhood I could run very fast = .
Yamuna: I could too, but never had I need to run = . , .
Indira: I was able to run the distance between school and home in ten minutes. (,
10
)
Can, Could
.
Gokul: How much will be the cost of the flat you're building?
( ?)

Badri: No idea as yet. It will take some time for me before I can give a
rough idea. We're in the initial stages of the building you know.
( .

.
!)
Gokul: Can I see the plan? Can I have your calculator too, please?
(
. ?)

Badri: Oh, certainly. Here you are. In the mean time can I have your card, so I may have your phone number?
(.
, .)
Gokul: By all means. Here's the card. According to my calculations the cost of each flat can be around Rs. 60
Lakh.
(,
.
, .60 .)
Badri: Yea, that's for the present. It can go up depending on the availability and changes in the prices of cement
and sand.

(.
.)

. , ,

Gokul: Depends on the kind of interiors you wish to have too, doesn't it?
(
.)

Badri: It does, of course. Can I have an idea when you can pay the advance for the booking?
(.
?)
Gokul: Not more than a week. Bye then.
( . .)
Look at the following expressions..
1) It will take some time before I can give a rough idea
2) Can I see the plan?
3) Can I have your card?
4) .... the cost of each flat can be around Rs. 60 lakh
5) If can go up
6) Can I have an idea when you can pay the advance
We have seen some uses of 'can' in the last lesson:
1) It expresses a person's ability

.
2) It expresses what is possible
. Lesson can pastform could
. can
:
1) Can I see the plan?
'Can' here is used in the question form.

can (permission) .
a) Subba Rao: Can I use your phone (Please)?
( .)
Kishore: Please do ()
b) Deepika: Can I attend the celebrations too?
If so how can I have a ticket? ( ?/ ? ?) - Permission.

Darsika: I'm afraid you can't (cannot). They are only for a small circle of
friends
(

.)

- No

permission.
! Can permission .

Question form :
3) Can I have your calculator too, please?
( ?)
, can, question Request (
) (permission ) .
Can I have your card?
( visiting card ?)

a) Nataraj: Can you lend me your book for a few days?

(can, question -
? -
-Request.)
Niranjan:Oh, by all means . But can you return it the day after tomorrow?
(.
? - 'can' in question - for a request)
b) Mahima: Can't you help me finish my record? (Record ? - 'can't' (can not) in the
question form for request)
Sahithi: Oh sure, if only you can help me do this sum.
(. .)
Can
- '
) 2) Question form a)
: 1) ability (

Permission b) Request. 'can' - - possibility =
:
The cost of each flat can be Rs.60 lakh.

.60 (Possibility - .)
a) Rahamatulla: Can't we walk the distance? We have to wait along time for the bus and the auto may cost us a
lot.
( ? Bus . Auto .)
Nazeer: It can be very tiring - walking such a distance
(
.)
It can be tiring -
possibility.
b) Kamalakanth: Suppose we discuss the matter with Sreedhar (
.)
Tanmai: Don't breathe a word about it to him. That can bedangerous.
(
.
. (Possibility)

Gopika: I thought I could meet the minister today, but he was too busy.
Inspite of the appointment he had given me I could not make it.
(
,
. , .)

Vasanthi: How come? He had given you the appointment, but did not see you. So, what are you going to do?
(? , . ?)
Gopika: I just don't know. The matter is urgent. Could you suggest any alternative, Vasanthi?

( .
.
, ?)
Vasanthi: You could ask the Secretary to the minister, couldn't you? If you want dad can talk to him. Dad knows
him well.
(
,
!
. .)
Gopika: Could you tell your dad to help me in the matter?
( ?)

Vasanthi: Oh, certainly. But I have to watch his moods. If he is out of the mood, he could refuse. But don't worry.
I'll talk to him to night itself.
(,
. , . .


.)
Gopika: That's very nice of you. By the bye, I haven't seen Raashi for some time now. The last I've heard of her
was that she was ill. Something could be seriously wrong. Or she wouldn't be silent so long.
. . .
( . ,
.)
Vasanthi: Shall we call her?
(
?)
Gopika: We'd better ( )
I thought I could meet the minister today.
Could you suggest an alternative?
You could ask the Secretary to the minister, couldn't you?
Could you tell your dad to help me in the matter?
If he is out of the mood, he could refuse.
Something could be seriously wrong.
Look at the use of 'could' in the expressions above...
1) I thought I could meet the minister
(
.)
Can . : Present Future
.
/ .

'could'
..
Could is the past form of 'can'.
could = - (a past ability).
a) He could walk 10 kms an hour those days.
(
10 .. )

b) Krishna: What games did you play at school?

(
?)
Lakshman: I could play many games, but I liked Football most
( . ,
).
c) Mahesh: Why couldn't (could not) you came earlier?
( ?)
Madhu: Because I couldn't (could not) catch the 8 'O' clock bus.
(8
).

'Could'. "Could not".
: Could = , , .

He could play Football.

( ).
He could sing well =
( )
He was able to sing well = , .

MAY/MIGHT
Ashray: May I borrow your book for a few days? It can be very useful for
me for the coming interview. I will certainly return it promptly.
(
. interview
. .
Amrutha: Why not? I may not be in town for the coming four days, and you can have it during the time. May I have it back on Friday?
(?
?)
. .
Ashray: Oh, certainly and thank you very much. Where may we get the book? I like to have a copy of it for myself.
(. thanks. ? .)
Amrutha: May be it is available in Knowledge Book Centre. But I am not sure. I bought this in a book store in Kurnool, and there too,
I found only this copy. You might find it in Chennai or in Hyderabad..
,
(

. , .
. .
.)
Ashray: I thought I might get a copy of it in Vizag when I went there last week, but I was disappointed.
.)
(
. ,

Amrutha: Wait. I remember now. My cousin is in Chennai. He might help us get it..
. .)
(. . cousin
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) May I borrow your book?
2) I may not be in town for the coming few days
3) May I have it back on friday?
4) Where may We get the book?
5) You might find it in Chennai
6) I thought I might get a copy of it
7) He might help us
Let's study the uses of may and might
'may'
...

I may not be in town =

.
1) 'May' expresses probability
/
. May, (present) ,
(future) :
Dhanush: When may he be here? ( ?)

Kiran: He may be on the way. We may see him here in a few minutes. ( .

)
Sukumar: When may you start?
(
?)

Sowrabh: May be in ten minutes (10

)
'May' .
may not (be) = / .

Priyanka: What are the chances of his success?

( ?)
Anusha: He may not be successful
( )
Charith: Where may we find him at this time of the day?
( )

Harindra: You may find him at office or at some client's place

( Offic Clients
)
first use of 'May'.
Sreya: May I come in, Ma'am?
( ?)

Sowbhagya: Do. What is the matter?

(. ?)
Sreya: The sky is cloudy and it may start raining any moment. The signs are
there may be a down pour. May I leave a little earlier today, Ma'am?
( .
.
.

?)

Sowbhagya: You may, but make sure that you finish the work at least by Monday next. Where is Murthy? Let
him at least stay till the closing time.
. ?
.)
(
. ,
Sreya: He has gone out on office work, Ma'am. He may be back in fifteen minutes.
(
. .)
Sowbhagya: He may be good at work, but once he goes out on any work, he takes his own time to return.
( . ,
.)

Sreya: Ma'am, tomorrow is my wedding anniversary. I am going to be on leave.
(
. .)
Sowbhagya: May you have many happy returns of the day. Wish you all happiness. Bye.
(


. .
.)
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) May I come in, Ma'am?
2) .... it may start raining any moment.
3) You may.
4) He may be good at work, ...
5) May you have many happy returns of the day.
'May'
:
1) May I come in? - ?
'May' - asking for formal permission. Formal

.


.


, Sir/ Madam ,
formal.

, friends informal .
formal permission (Teacher etc.,) , 'May' (Question form ) .
Bhargav: May I have a few minutes of your time, sir?
(
)
Bhagavan: You may, but what's it about?
(
. , ?)
Bhargav: About the irregular workers, sir.
( ).
Bhagavan: Go ahead ().
'May' Question form
formal .
Santhan: I'll make the call immediately after going to my seat, sir.

( seat
phone )
Sanjai: Why, you may make the call from here. Use this phone here. (? phone . phone
.)
'May' Question form formal , Statement .

'Can' Question form .

Statement form . 'May' formal

,
.
,
, 'Can' .

Conversation .
Sreenu: When may I see you again, sir?
(
?)
Prahlad: The day after (tomorrow). You may give a ring before you come
(
. phone ).

Kumar: May I know your name, please? Are you also a candidate for the
interview?
( ? interview
?)
Chandra: Yes, I am. I am Chandra.
(.
.)

Maybe

Wahab: Maybe we are late. We might miss the first ten minutes of
the movie.
( ? 10
.)
Vincent: Doesn't matter. We can follow Indian movies and Indian
serials very well, even if we miss portions of them. Didn't Bharani
tell you that he might be joining us?
( - ,
,

.
?)
Wahab: He did. But I doubt very much. He might be quite busy
with the arrangements for his sister's marriage.
(. .




.)
Vincent: May the marriage go off very well! I remember his
telling me how difficult it was for them to get a suitable
bridegroom.

(
.



.)

Wahab: He wanted us to help him in making arrangements for the wedding. We should, shouldn't we?
(

?)
Vincent: We should, of course. But the day of the weddings, happens to be the day of inspection at the office as well. Boss told us we
should be at office
(, .
, . .)
Wahab: Yea. We may not leave office before 5. But the marriage is late in the evening. So the inspection need not come in the way.
( 5


.)

.

Vincent: That's right. We can make it to the wedding without difficulty.
(.

.)
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above
Maybe we are late
May the marriage go off well
We may not leave office before 5
May . ...
Maybe we are late - Maybe - .
Perhaps = .
/ .)
Maybe India will win at least ten gold medals in the Olympics (

a) Venkat: Rani is not to be seen nowadays at all. How is she so busy.
( . ?)
Sravani: Maybe she is busy looking after the construction of her house.
(
.)

b) Devnath: How much may the car cost?

( ?)
Surendra: Maybe anything above Rs.10 Lakh.
( 10 )
'May' - , . "May the marriage go off well''
.
a) Yaswanth: This is my invitation to you to my house warming function.
(
)
Subhakar: May your life in your new home be very happy. Mayyou build Many more houses
( ,
.)

b) Dayakar: Sir, today is my birth day.
(,
.)

Teacher: Many happy returns of the day and may God bless
you with long life.
(
,
.)
You may not leave office before five.
Formal situations - ,

may not prohibition ()

. .
a) Nelson: May I speak to my friend komal in your
office, please?
(
?)
Nancy: you may not disturb the staff at work, please
sorry.
(...
.)
b) Sampath: Could you leave your footwear out side
please?
( ?)
Madhav: Why? (?)
Sampath: you may not enterthe place with your
slippers on
(
).

MIGHT

Srimukha: Mihir is disappointed. He thought he might get the job, but he didn't.
(
. , .)
Nagaraja: The competition might have beentough. He had hardly the time to prepare.

( .
.)
Srimukha: He might be here any time from now, and we'll know what has exactly happened.
. .)
(
Nagaraja: You know one of the selectors. You might try to find out from her what has exactly happened.
(
, ?)
!
Srimukha: How might finding that out help us? They can't reverse the selection, can they? How about one of us meeting Mihir
and finding out?
(
?
! ?)
Nagaraja: By the time we go there, he might be here.
(
.)
Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above:
He might be here any time from now

He thought he might get the job

You might try to find out from her what has happened

How might finding that out help us? Observe the use of 'might' in the sentences above:

1) He might be here any moment from now

'may' present/ future /
probability . may
!

1) 'Might' Present/ future .

a) He may pass (
. / )
b) He might pass (
-
)
c) It may rain (
)

It might rain ( -
).
This is the first use of 'Might'
2) 'Might' is the past form of 'May' (Present/ future / / 'may' ! (past)
/
'might' )
Devanand: Prakash says he may buy a flat in this area.
(
flat
)
Damodar: But he told me that he might buy one in Hyderabad.
(, flat - Past)
Sashank: She may know what exactly happened that day.
( )
Abhiram: I doubt. Somebody told me that she might not knowanything because she was not there
( .
)
(Past) , might, may past form.

3) 'Might present Polite suggestions(
- Presen )
If you cannot find the book in that shop, you might try in Hyderabad.
( shop ,
.)
Sameer: What are we to do next? ( ?)
Tarun: That beats me, sir. You might consult some expert, sir. (
.
)
(Polite suggestion)
Kesav: How do we know the results, boy?

What were you suggesting? ( ? ?)

Narayan: I was saying you might phone the Deputy Registrar, and ask
him at least aboutthe date, sir) ( Deputy Registrar
phone .) might phone - Polite suggestion.

HAVE TO/HAS TO
Mihir: You have to the work by tomorrow evening. No more delay.
(

. .)
Varun: Is the time enough? I have to take care of certain other things too.
Why don't you ask Charan to do it?

( ? . ?)
Mihir: He has to go to Hyderabad tomorrow. By the time he returns it will be too late.
(
. .)
Varun: Then, I think I have to make do with whatever assistance. I can get from Nikhil. Hope I will be able to finish it on time.
(,

.)
.
Mihir: We have to get the money for it. The earlier we finish is the better.
( . .)
Varun: Nikhil has to arrive here by the evening. Hope he will.
(

. !)
Mihir: He has to bring along the mechanic too. Hope he won't forget.
( . .)
Varun: He doesn't usually.
( .)
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
You have to finish the work by tomorrow evening.

I have to take care of certain other things too.

He has to go to Hyderabad.

Then I think I have to make do with ....

We have to get the money.

Mihir has to arrive by the evening.

He has to bring along the mechanic too.

sentence have to + 1st regular doing word (have to + finish, have to + take care of etc.), has to + 1st regular doing word (has
to go, has to arrive, has to bring) .
Have to + 1st Regular Doing Word (RDW), I, we, you and they . Has to + 1st RDW, He, she, it . English
conversation
. Have to/ has to + 1st RDW (V1)
.
1) Obligation:

, .
e.g.: a) You have to finish the work by tomorrow evening (
)

- Order/ Command
b) She has to be at office by 10. (
/ .)
office - Order/ Command/ Obligation (

Deepika: I cannot wait any longer. Please let me go.

(
.
.)
Rajeev: Your brother has to come to take you home,hasn't he?
(
!)

He has to take you home

- (necessity).

Has to/ have to (Necessity) .

Madan: Why are you so impatient? ( ?)

Srikar: I have to catch a train. If I miss it, I have to waste a

whole day here.
( train . ,
.)

have to/ has to Necessity .

So, we use "have to/ has to" for obligation (

).
), Necessity (

NEED TO/NEED NOT

Rohit: Have I to go all the way now and get the files for you?
(
?)

Mallik: Don't worry. Who said you have to? Youdon't have to get them. Just
turn on the net anddownload them.
(. ? . ,
.)

Rohit: Wait for a while. I need to get my laptop. Once I get it, there will be no stopping me. I'll fire away.
(. .
. .)
Mallik: You need not get it. I have got one with me. You can use it.
( .
. .)
Rohit: Don't we have to get some paper for taking the print-outs?
(
?)
Mallik: Just don't worry. I have my pen drive. We can take all the files and download them when we need them.
( .
. , .)
Rohit: I don't know how to use the pen drive. You should do it yourself.
( . .)
Mallik: I understand. I'll do it. Hurry up. We must leave before 6.30.
(

. . . 6.30
.)

Rohit: OK.
Note: 1) Download -
2) No stopping -

3) Fire away -

lesson Have to/ Has to .

1) Obligation ( )/Order (
).

2) Duty - and
3) Necessity ( ) Have to/ Has to .
Sumanth: When do you want me to be here, sir? ( ?)
Rama Rao: You have to be here by 9. You have to pay the money into the bank by 10.
(
. Order.)
.

He has to be at office from 10 to 6.

( 10 6 - Duty).
She has to go home. Her old mother is alone. (
.
- Necessity).

Now look at the following from the conversation above:

1) You don't have to go (.... do not have to go)
2) I need to get my laptop.
3) You need not get
4) Don't we have to get some paper?
Have to be/ Have to + 1st RDW, (Have to go/ have to work) has to be/ has to + 1st RDW (Has to go, has to work) - -- Don't

have to/ need not/ don't need to / doesn't need to. (

)
Praneeth: He has to pay the amount.
(
.)
Sunanda: Why has he to? No, he has not taken it, so he doesn't have to/ he need not/ he doesn't need to pay it.
(
? . .
.)

(don't = do not; doesn't = does not)

Need not = Doesn't/ don't need to = .
Look at the following
Has he to do it? = Does he have to do it? ( ?) He need not do it/ He doesn't (does not) need to it (
.)

? = Need he do it?/ Does he need to do

it?
Need I tell you again? =
?/ Have
I to tell you again? =
? - .
Need to, need not , Have to/ has to opposite
.

MUST
Sarathi: When are they expected here?
(
?)
Venkat: They must be here by six. That's the order.
(
.)

.
Sarathi: If they are late?
(
?)

Venkat: They must not be late and if they are, they have to miss a good opportunity).

(
.)
.
Sarathi: It's raining heavily. They can't(can not) but be late.
(
. .) can't but = . He can't but
go =
.

Venkat: Let's (let us) see if we can help them. I'll (I will) talk to the officer and see if she can make some allowance for their late coming
because of the rain.
(
. officer


,

.)
Make allowance for = .

Sarathi: Must you do it at once? Wait. There's still an hour to go. If the rain stops, they must be able to make it.
( ? . .
.)
,

Venkat: Shall I call them and remind them of the time?
(
phone ?)
Sarathi: Do it if you must. ( .)
Venkat: OK.
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
1) They must be here by six
(
.)
2) They must not be late (
.)
3) Must you do it at once? ( ?)
4) Well, do it if you must. ( .)

I/ We/ You/ They have to be/have to + 1st RDW (go, do, work, etc), and He/ she/ it has to be/has to + 1st RDW (has to go, has to
do, has to work, etc.) - orders (
)/ obligation ( ), duty (), necessity () .

- the use of
'must'- as in 'must be'/ must + 1st RDW
(mustgo, must do, must work etc)
Have to/ has to .
, must 1) orders/ obligations, 2) Duty
and 3) Necessity .
1) They must be here by six =
)

. (order -
Sadanand: When are the files to be ready?
( files
?)
Vijai: They must be ready by 10 tomorrow.
(
.)
Sadanand: Can I have a little more time ( ?)
Vijai: I'm (I am) afraid no. You must finish them by tomorrow.

(. .)
must ,
order)/ obligation - ) ?
must not be/ must not go/ do/ work etc- (prohibition) .
Gopal: This place is vacant. I think we can park our car here. ( park ).
Eswar: Look at the 'No parking' board there. It means you must not park the car here.
( '
.)
board , car
-
- Prohibition must not .

Sunanda: Can you wait for five moreminutes?

( ?)
Haritha: No, I must be at office in fiveminutes. I am going. (.

office .)

I must be at office - office . 'must' duty () .

She must work from 10 to 5 to earn her pay =

10 5 .

Keerthana: If I file a request to the RTI (Right to Information) Officer, will he give me the information? (

, ?)
Vanitha: He must give it. You can proceed against him, if he doesn't. ( - (duty).

.)

Has to

Must/ Have to/

Prathap: One thing you must know. It's not possible

unless we try hard.
(
.


)
Santosh: Who denies it? You need not say it again
and again.

( ?


)
Prathap: OK. The second thing. You must not breathe a word about this to
anyone.
(, . )
Santosh: That's OK. When have we to start it? Tomorrow itself?
(.
?)
Prathap: We need not hurry. We must wait till we get an assurance about
the money.
( . )
Santosh: That's OK.
Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above:
1) One thing you must know
2) You need not say it again and again
3) You must not breathe a word about it to any one - (breathe a word
about something =
)
4) When have we to start it?
Must/ (I, we, you and they) have to/ (He, she, it) has to used for
i) Obligations
( ) & Orders
ii) Duties iii) necessity
Must/ have to/ has to need not
must , have to/ has to
opposite, need not ( )
You must/ have to go now you need not go now
(
(
)
)
Sunil: must I submit the certificates now? certificates ?)
Ganesh: You need not, now, but you must by next weekend.
( , .)
Ramana: I have told them they have to pay the money now.
(

)
Kumar: No, they need not.(. )
Need not = Don't/ Doesn't need.
forms
.

Gunavanth: Have I to take these medicines?

( ?)
Doctor: You need not/ don't have to, if you give up
smoking.
( )
Srinath: Has he to carry all these things?
(
?)

Jagannath: He need not/ doesn't have to, if we can get a taxi. ( taxi
).

SHOULD
Jayakar: Look here, you should not sit here. You should
wait outside. There's a visitors' room too.
(. . .
.)
Dayanand: I know that. But the visitors' room should
be open by 9. But it isn't.
( ,
.)
Jayakar: Oh, that's true. The attender should have opened it at 8.30 itself.
I see he hasn't. He should be present even at 8. I don't know why he hasn't
come yet.
(, . Attender 8.30 , .
. .)
Dayanand: When should the officer be here? Shouldn't she be here by 10?
( ?
!)
Jayakar: Yes. She is punctual. I expect her any moment.
(. .
.)
Dayanand: I'll wait outside now.
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) You should not sit here.
2) You should wait outside.
3) The visitor's room should be open by 9.
4) He should be present even at 8.
5) When should the officer be here?
6) Shouldn't she be here by 10?

 ! should be, should + 1st Regular

Doing Word (RDW) [should sit, should wait etc.]
'should' .

Should, must, have/

,
has to
,
/
.
must, have to/ has to
.
'You should do it' ( -
/ / ), You must/
have to do it

.
Dinakar: When should I report for duty? ( ?)
- Duty.
Eswar: In a week from today. You should submit all your certificates with
the joining report.
( . Joining report certificates )
-Order.
Farid: Do you expect Mukund to be here at ten tomorrow? (
?)
Indra: Of course, I do. He should. It is his duty. (. .
. / .)
Should
.
Madhu: Am I to go now? (
?)
Nagaraj: Yes. You should leave now, and be back in an
hour. (,
.

- Order)
Prabodh: Sir, what are my duties? ( ?)
Bhavan: You should attend to all correspondence and
supervise the working of others

(
.
- Order)
Sudarsan: Would you mind waiting for half an hour?
( ?)
Nityanand: I'm afraid no. I should rush to office. I can manage it only if I
start now.
( . , office ) -
- Necessity/.

Jeevan: You shouldn't (should not) drive so fast. What's the

hurry?
( . ?)
Kishore: But you should see the police officer
immediately you know. He may leave before we reach his
office.
( !

!)
Jeevan: But we should be safe too. safety first, shouldn't we observe it?
( .

!)
,
Kishore: We should be there before ten O' clock or else, he will get busy
and we should wait for hours on end to meet him.
( 10 . .
.)
Jeevan: Even if you drive at ordinary pace, we should be able to reach
there before ten. At this pace, we should be reaching there too early.
(
.
.)
Kishore: OK. I'll try to reduce the speed. Will 35 kmph do?
(

. 35 .. ?)
Jeevan: That should ().
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
You should not drive so fast
But you should see the police officer immediately
But we should be safe too
... we should wait for hours on end
We should be able to reach before 10
must, have to/ has to
a) Orders/ obligations (
, )
b) Duty (), and
c) Necessity (
) 'should'
.

have to/ has to,
Must,

'should'
.

Let's now see some more uses of 'should'.

You should not drive so fast = .
.
'should'

Bhanu: What should I do now to get back my money? (

? = What is the right thing
to do? = ?)

Charan: You should immediately take the matter to

the police. (
)
Dhanunjay: How can I get the job? I need a job
now, you know that. ( .
!)
Damodar: You should start preparing for the
test. You should not depend on anybody to
help you. You should be on your own.
(

.
. )

, , -
; 'should' .
'Should'
.
Varun: Why are you in such a hurry? ( ?)
Tharun: I should hurry up or I will have to pay a fine. Moreover I have a
train to catch.
(
.
.
)
Farid: What are you warning me against?(
?)
Farhan: I am just trying to tell you, you should be careful with strangers.
You should understand them well before you get close to them
(
.
,

.)

, . (What
'should'
is the right thing to do/ what is necessary)

SHOULD
Ranjan: It should be a nice day tomorrow.Number 1, it's a holiday and number
2, we all plan to go to the nearby picnic spot - Kondapalli.
(

. , .

!)
Sravan: Phone Pavan. He should be home by now. He said he'd join us.
(Pavan . . ).
Ranjan: You should know; he is nearer your home, and he meets you more often than me.
( .
, , .)
Sravan: We should plan for a longer holiday next time - a more distant place, where we could all be together for at least two days
or more.
( .
, .)
Ranjan: I suggest that we should have an outing around the New year day.
(
).
Sravan: That should be fine.
( , ).
"Should" Order (
), Obligation ( ), Duty (), Necessity ( )
.
.
Look at the following sentences from the dialogue above:
1) It should be a nice day tomorrow
2) He should be home by now
3) You should know
4) We should plan for a longer holiday next time.
5) I suggest that we should have an outing.
Order, duty and necessity , expectations (/ ) 'should' .
1) He should be home by now = We expect him to be home by now =
. ( - )
Unnath: The sky is overcast. If it rains, we should get drenched - no shelter anywhere around.
( .


().
.)
Varun: It should be raining somewhere around. (

- Expectation).

Tulasi: Look at her dress. It should costanywhere around Rs.6000/- / (

dress . - Expectation).
Taruni: She should be quite rich. ( Expectation).

"You should know" sentence English Expectation , /

.
Venkat: What do you think of Robert Vadra's case?

(


?)
Raghav: Only Priyanka and Sonia Gandhi should know
(
, ).
'should' ! .
2)
We should plan for a longer holiday = plan .
Yamuna: We should get ourselves good winter clothing before we start for our Kashmir trip.
(
).
,
Saraswathi: We'd (we had) better. That's important.
(. . )

CAN
Subhankar: How good are you at English?
( English ?)
Priya: Why, I can speak and write well.
(? ? English
; .)
Subhankar: Can you follow the dialogues in English movies made in the US? I mean, American pronunciation.
( English
? American English.)

Priya: To a great extent, yes. I cannot if they speak very fast.
(
.
.)


Subhankar: I regret I can't (cannot), try as I might. The movies can be boring if you can't follow the dialogues.
(
.
,
.)

Priya: Yea. They can, certainly. For example, I can't (cannot) follow Hindi movies. I see them only for the songs. They can
entertain you.
(, .
. . .)
Subhankar: You can be of some help for me.
( .)

Look at the following expressions from the conversations above.

1) I can write and speak well.
2) Can you follow the dialogues?
3) I cannot, if they speak very fast.
4) The movie can be very boring if you cannot follow the dialogues.
5) They can entertain you.

can .
1) I can write and speak English well = English ,
.

, Can, ability / .
Can ,
.
(ability)
. Can be = ; Can do/ sing/ walk = /
/ .
Prasanth: How fast can you walk? ( ?)
Suresh: I can walk 7 to 8 Kms an hour.
( 7 - 8 .. .)
Ganesh: Can you be here at 8 tomorrow morning?
( , ?)
Keshav: I am afraid. I can't (cannot) be. It's a bit too early.
( , !)
Ganesh: Then, when is the earliest you can be here?
( ?)
Keshav: I can certainly be here at 9.00
( ).

Suseela: Other than Telugu, what languagescan you speak?

(
?)
Jyothi: I can speak English and Hindi too.
( English,
.)
Suseela: How about Tamil? ( ?)

Jyothi: I cannot (
.)

(ability) .
, 'Can'
Can = Be able
'Can' , 'able' . , can, . 'able' , .
She can sing = .
She is able to sing = , .
(,
can .)

Munaf: You doubted her ability to speak Tamil

(
)
Manoj: So what now?
( ?)
Munaf: Look. Listen well and tell me how well she can speak.
( ,
.)

Sudham: Can I take this book home? I'll (I will) return it in two days.
(
? .)
Pradhan: You can, of course. But please make sure you return it on time.
(
. .)

Sudham: I have ordered the book, but there can be some delay in my getting it. That's why I am taking the book.
( order
. .)
Pradhan: No problem. I am going to the market. Can I have your bike for an hour?
( .
. bike ?)
Sudham: Oh. Certainly. You can have it even longer. I am not going out until 4 O' Clock.
( .
.)
Pradhan: Thank you.
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above.
1) Can I take the book home?
2) You can, of course.
3) ... but there can be some delay in my getting the book.
4) Can I have your bike for an hour?
5) You can have it even longer
Can ''
.
1) He can sing = .
2) This Train can haul 21 bogies = 21
.
3) Can you sing? = ?

.
1) Can I take this book home? =
?
permission () ? can question form (

) permission .

Rama Rao: Can I come in the evening? (

?) - Permission .
Sunil: You can, of course ( ) Giving permission .

Sudhansu: Can I speak to you for a few minutes?

(

?)
permission ?
Kiran: You can, but not now. Come in theevening (
,
.
. Permission ).

Abhijith: A very attractive thing - this new bike from the makers of famous bikes. Customers can queue for it.
(

.
).



Bhavan: I expect it to be certainly more than Rs. 60000/ .)
(
Abhijith: It can even be more than Rs. 70000/ ).
(
Bhavan: Shall I ask for a test ride? Not that I want to buy, but we can have fun
(Test ride = ). Test ride ? , .
Abhijith: Don't do that. They can mistake you for a possible buyer. They can no end pester you to buy it.
(.
.
).
Bhavan: That's a point too. Let's not give them a false impression.

, 'Can' ?
Can
. Present (
), Future ( ).
She can sing very well = - Present ability.
They can complete it tomorrow =
- Future ability.
Can () , able (, ) , , ?
'can'
.
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above between Abhijith and Bhavan:
1. Customers can queue for it.
2. It can be even more than Rs. 70000.
3. They can mistake you for a possible buyer.
4. They can no end pester you (Pester = )

In all the sentences above, 'can' expresses a possibility (
'can' - Possibility =
).
So 'can' expresses a Present / Future Possibility ( ) - .
Sudheer: Shall I take Sumanth also into the team? (
?)
Gajanan: He can certainly strengthen the team. Take him. (
. ). Can strengthen -
, - Future Possibility - .

Chakori: How long have we to wait here for Vineetha?

( ).
Jayanthi: She promised to be here ontime. She can be very close. Her car
can bring her here in another few minutes.
( .
.

i) can be very close -

.
ii) can bring her... a few minutes().
'can' possibility in the present or future .

I could swim very well

Pragna: Those were the days when I could buy a pure Kanchi Silk Sari for just two thousand rupees.
(
)
Naipunya: But how much could your dad earn then?
( ?)
Pragna: Of course, he was getting Rs.3000/Which only a few could earn those days

P.M. (Per mensem = per month).

(. .

.)
Naipunya: Not many could afford a car those days. Even a bike or a scooter which one could get for Rs.5000/- was considered
aluxury.
(



. 5000
.)

Pragna: By the way, could you get anyinformation about the house
site? ( ,
?)
Naipunya: Sorry. I could not, because my husband was away till last
night.
(Sorry.

. .)
Pragna: Couldn't you call him? ( phone ?)

Naipunya: All I heard over the phone was, 'out of coverage area'.
( , coverage area .)
Now look at the following expressions from the conversation above.
1) Those were the days when I could buy a silk sari for just Rs.2000/2) How much could your dad earn?
3) Only a few could earn those days.
4) Not many could afford a car.
5) Could you get any information?

'could' ? 'could', English .
'Could' is the past form of 'can' -
/ ( - / ) , 'can' .
'could', 'can' past form -
.
I can do it = - /
I could do it = ().
Anup: By the time I was eight, I could swim very well, I thanks to my dad's training .
(

.
.)
Swaroop: I could too, though my father could not. My friend taught me swimming.
( , . .)
Balaram: How could you score so many runs in that match?
( match ?)
Sahadev: Most often, it's a matter of luck, you know. I could score so high because I was dropped twice.
(,
.


.)
Could not - Couldn't () = .
Suphala: Couldn't you meet the officer?
(Officer ?)
Seethal: I couldn't (could not). He was too busy. ( . ).
'could' .
Prasanth: Hi Sumanth, could you take the trouble of bringing me your computer?
( computer ?)
Sumanth: No problem. When do you want it and for how long?
( . , ?)

Prasanth: Could I have it for a couple of days?

Mine takes two or three days to be set right.
(
? .)
Sumanth: Who knows? It could take even longer. But don't worry. I am out of town the coming two days. It could be even three days. So
have it.
.
( ? . .
.)


.
Prasanth: Could you leave it at home? I'll come and pick it up.
(
? .)

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
1) Could you take the trouble of bringing me your computer?
2) Could I have it for a couple of days?
3) It could take even longer.

I thought he could win the match = .

'could'

(Very polite
(Present )
request) .

Mohan: Could you lend me your bike for an hour?

( / bike / ?) - English
request.
Subhash: Have it by all means, but check the fuel.
(,
.)
Madhu: Well, what a pleasure seeing you after such a long time.
( .)
Vishnu: So is it with me. There's something you can do for me. Could you put in a word for my son with your neighbour? He
happens to be the MD of my son's company.
( . . ? Company
MD.)
Could question form .
Could you lend me a hundred rupees, please? = ?)
Could I have some information from you about my job application please? (
?
- Very polite request.
Pravallika: Note it down in a book. We could forget.

( . ).
Vennela: I will, of course.
Pravallika: Who is that there? Chandrika, isn't it? What could be wrong? She is bandaged.
(?
?
?
?)

Vennela: Could be an accident. She drivesrashly. The bandages

could indicate a fracture.
(
. .


.).
Pravallika: Shall we ask her?
(?)
Vennela: She could get angry. She isn'tthe one to take friendly
advice.

( .
).
'Could'
1) Past form of can, to express a past ability (
,
).
2) 'Could' in the question form for requests. (could question form

.)
) .
Could possibility (
Look at the following expressions:
1) We could forget. ( / ).
2) What could be wrong? (
?)
3) (It) could be an accident (
- ).

4) She could get angry = .
Vineeth: Deal with them carefully. They could be dangerous.
(
.
).


Suseel: Inspite of it, they could offer me something in return for what I give them.
(,
- .)
,

Inspite of her lack of preparation, she could still pass, you know. She is good at the subject.
(
pass .
.)

Prasad: Hi Prasanth, I may be late today to office. Could you tell the boss about it?
( . boss ?)
Prasanth: That may make the boss unpleasant. She may not very much like it.
( boss .
.)

Prasad: I may be late, I said. I may not be as well.

Incase, I am late, ask her tomake some
other arrangement.
( .
. ).
Prasanth: She may understand. Let's hope so, at
least. Why may you be late, if I may know?
(
. ,
?)

Prasad: My Sister, who I haven't seen for long, may arrive just at our office time. That's the reason.
(
. ).
,
Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above.
1) I may be late to office.
2) This may make the boss unpleasant.
3) She may not very much like it.
4) She may understand.
5) My sister ... may arrive just at office time.

sentences may . May - May be - 'be' form; May +1st DW (May + V1)
= May go, May come, May pay, etc.
Important: Verbs 'may' expresses probability ( - .
) in the present or in the future
(/ ).
Sumant: Where is Vinod? He hasn't yet come.
( ? ).
Surendra: He may be on the way. ( .) (Probability in the present)
Keerthi: Where may we get some nice Gagra ware?
(
() ?
Sravya: You may find a very good collection of these at Suvasthra. The prices may also be reasonable (

.)

,'may' .) Future probability
'May' expresses probability in the present (
'may'.
Krishna: He may be here tomorrow. That makes me happy.
( ).
Subhani: Who else may come?
( ?)
Krishna: Not many may (Come). ( .)

 'May'
/ . - May be, - - May + Action Word (May + 1st DW) May go etc -

.

You may not, unless you are....

Ujwal: May I borrow some books from the library?

(
?)
Kanchan: You may not, unless you become a member.
).
(
.
Ujwal: If I become a member, may I borrow even the reference books?
Reference books
(
?)
Reference books = Dictionaries, directories,
, /
Kanchan: You may, for only overnight study.
(,
.)
Ujwal: How many books may I borrow at a time? ( ?)
Kanchan: You may not borrow more than three books at a time, for a period of fifteen days.
( . 15
.)
Ujwal: What is the membership fee?
( ?)
Kanchan: A refundable deposit of Rs.500/- plus an annual membership fee of Rs.300/( , ).
Ujwal: Thank you.
Look at the following expressions from the dialogues above:
1) You may not, unless you are a member.
2) You may borrow, but for only overnight study.
3) You may not borrow more than three books at a time.
'May'
, question form

? (e.g.: May I leave now? -
?). , probability 'may'
.
- sentences )
, may (
.
1) May, with you, he, she, and they has the force of 'shall' indicatingprohibition in a polite manner.
: sentences
.

.
1) You may not, unless you are a member =
Sunanda: Sir, may I leave office half an hour early today?

(
?)
Officer: You may not, as there is an inspection today. (
,
)
Important: You, he, she, it and they may not

(polite prohibition ) .

Candidates may not leave the exam hall without the permission of the supervisor

(
,

/ prohibition).
Visitor: Why are you stopping me? ( ?)

Security Person: Excuse me, sir, you may not enter, without being scanned. (.

- Prohibition.)
Clerk: You have submitted all your certificates but not your fee receipt. ( certificates , fee receipt
).
Student: Is that necessary? (?)
Clerk: You may not attend classes without submitting it.( ,

- ).

May not politely expressed prohibition ( - very formal).

, must , should, , have to, has to.

May , not
, . Observe the following.
He may not come today ( - probability).
You may not leave before five. (

- ).

May you have a prosperous career!

Chetan: I hear it's your birthday today? Wish you a happy birthday and may you celebrate many more birthdays.
(
?
.)
Sampath: Thank you. May you live long enough to wish me happy happy birthdays.
(.
, .)
Chetan: Yesterday I happened to meet Satish. He is such a big bore. Talking to him is the most unpleasant thing.
May I never meet him again.

( . , .
.


!)
Sampath: I have the same feeling too. But his cousin Likhit is a nice type. He has a business and it is doing well.
May it continue long so.
( . cousin . .
.)
Chetan: Why did you meet him? ( ?)
Sampath: I meet him often so that I may learn some business tips. I may start my own business soon.
( , .
.)
Chetan: May you prosper in business. (
.)
'May' :
May 1) for probability (
) . It may rain (It's likely to rain)
2) In the question form for asking for formal permission
(
/
May I / we, etc...? ), and,
3) 'May' is also used for prohibitions
(
/ ) )
'May'
:
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:

1) May you celebrate many more birthdays.

(
)
2) May you live long enough to wish me many more birthdays.

(
)
3) May I never meet him again (
)
4) May it continue long so.
5) I meet him often so that I may learn some business tricks (
)
Sentences (1) to (4) above express wishes, don't they?
1 4 / ?

'May'
,


formal ,

, .
a) Lilith: I've (I have) got the appointment orders. I've been posted MRO and am to join duty in 15 days.
( orders . MRO , 15

)
Bhanu: Oh Congrats! May you have a prosperous career! (. ( ))

b) Sunanda: The results of the admission test are out. I've (I have) got the seat.

.

)
Chandrika: Congrats! May you study well and come out in flying colours
(.
)
: May blessings (), sentence, 'May'
.
e.g.: May you live long (
)
May purpose (
) .
Prabhas: Why are you here?
(?)

Pradeep: I came here so that I may buy some books

( )
b) Chandan: We bought the books for the library so that students may
benefit from them
(

)
Madan: Display them so that the students may see them (

,
).

Might I use your phone...

Ayush: I have talked to him. He might agree to our proposal
(
.)
.
Santosh: We might as well tell him that we might consider any other proposal he has, if he thinks it might be better than ours.

(
!)


Ayush: That might be troublesome for us. In the circumstances he might not have a better proposal than ours.

( .
)




Santosh: OK. Might I tell him to see you tomorrow? I am not going to be in town.
(, ,
)
Ayush: He might mistake us for being in a hurry. Let's wait for some time.
( . )
Santosh: OK.
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) He might agree to our proposal
2) He might as well tell him that he might consider any other...

3) Might I tell him to see you tomorrow?

'Might' :
Might is the past form of 'may' - Past probability ( ''
)
'Might'
.
'May' Present / future probability () -
.
Present / future Might .

a) Prasad: (Do) You think it will rain? I feel it may, because

the sky is a bit cloudy.
(
? ,

.)
Sarath: It might, I don't see the chance of it getting
colder
(.
.)
It may rain = (
) - .
It might rain = - .
b) Krupakar: You said he would come, but he hasn't
( , )

Jagdish: He might cancel his trip if his brother-in-law comes

(
)
lesson : May, question form ,

(permission)
, .

Might Question form permission .

, might ,
may formal permission ( ) permission .
May I come in?- ? - .

Might I come in? - ? May I come in .

a) Visitor: Might I come in, hon'ble Chief Minister Sir? (
, ?)
CM: Oh, Do come in, but kindly be brief (, .)
b) Vineeth: Excuse me. I've lost my cell somewhere. Might I use your phone to make a brief call?
(.
. Short call phone ?)
Stranger: (): By all means ().

Mother has to catch a train...

Saketh: I have to go now. The boss will be angry even if I am late by a few minutes.

(

boss ).
.
Balaram: I must go too. My mother has to catch a train
for Nellore. I should drop her at the station.
(
.

.
station ).
Saketh: When is the train? (Train )
Balaram: It's at 10.30. God! It's already 10. Mom must
be worrying a lot, looking for me. I ought to have left
earlier.
.
( 10.30 . ,
, .
).
Saketh: Yea. You should have. Get going then. (.

).
.
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above.
1) I have to go now.
2) I must go too.
3) Mother has to catch a train.
4) Mom must be worrying a lot now.
functional English , have to/ has to, should, and must .

Have to + 1st RDW (Have to go, have to do, have to meet, etc);/ has to + 1stRDW (Has to
go, has to do, has to meet, etc), must and should - Command (order), duty
( ), necessity (
) .
have to / has to, should, must commands / duties / necessities .
.

( : , /
Have / has ,
have to / has to ).
: I / We / You / They / have to; He / She / It has to.
a) Laxman: How much time do I have to pay this amount?
(
?/ ?)

Mohan: You have to pay it by the end of this week (

) Obligation (/ )
?)
Giridhar: What are the orders from above? (

Narahari: We have to report for duty at 9.30 sharp in the morning and the work has to start at 10 exactly.
(
9.30 ,
).
have to / has to
. .
must, should .

You must not be late

Pradhan: You must post the application immediately. The last date is just a few days off.
( application post .
.)
Sudhama: We should draw money from the ATM. I am short of cash. We need the money for the application fee.
( .
. Application fee .)
Pradhan: Hurry up. I have to catch a bus.
( . bus .)
Sudhama: I am in a hurry too. My boss said, 'must be back in an hour.' If the boss says something, it is an order.
( . boss . boss
.)
Pradhan: I remember his saying too, 'You must not be late'.
( ).
Sudhama: We shouldn't waste any more time. Let's draw the money from the ATM and get back to the bank.
( . ATM bank
.)
lesson Have to/ has to use :
Like must and should, have to / has to expresses duty/ obligation, command, and necessity .
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:

1) You must post the applicationimmediately.

2) We should draw money from the ATM.
3) You must be back in an hour.
4) You must not be late.
5) We shouldn't waste any more time.
a) You must post the applicationimmediately - necessity -
. post .
b) We should draw money from the ATM -necessity.
c) You must be back in an hour - order.

d) You must not be late - order.

e) We shouldn't waste any more time - necessity.
Have to/ has to, should, must- obligation ( )/ necessity ( )/ order (
) ,

, must, have to/ has to, should .

I. , should, have to/ has to , must
- Must 'for command, duty and necessity is a stronger form than 'should/
have to/ has to'.
You must do it (
) - most powerful order).

You have to do it (must
- less powerful than must do.)
You should do it (least powerful of all -
).

 . manners
, official language , should
- Have to/ has to, must

.

You need not come here...

Sankar: You must not be seen here any more. That'll cause only suspicion.
( - ( - ) ).
Prakash: But I should not delay my reports either. I have to come here for atleast the information for the reports.
( reports .
).
Sankar: You need not come here for the information.
You will get it tomorrow itself if you must. I'll mail it to you. ( . .
mail ).
Prakash: It's OK then. You should not delay it. You must send it tomorrow itself. ( ,
. .)
Sankar: You don't have to worry. Get along then. I have to do work now. (
. . )
Uses of 'must', 'have to', 'has to', 'should' ? obligations (duties - ), commands
(
) and necessity (
) .
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above.
1) You must not be seen here any more
2) I should not delay the reports either.
3) You need not come here anymore

? sentences must/ should/ have to/ has to are followed by 'not'.

Let us study now the meaning and use of must not/ should not/ don't have to (do not have to). Have not to, has not to
):

'Must not', and 'should not' as the opposites of 'must' and 'should' commandyou not to
do something (
/ .)

You must not/ should not use the office

car = office car (order).
a) Geetha: Mustn't (must not) you be
here at 10? See, it is already 10.30.
( ? ,
10.30 ).
Mohan: I know I should not be late
but I missed the bus.
( , ,
bus ).

Have to / has to do = . Don't / Doesn't have to do

'Not' , Must/ should/ have to/ has to
.
Must not/ should not don't have to/ doesn't have to (have to/ has to + not)
.

Pradeep: I must see a doctor. I am putting on weight. ( doctor . / ).

Aditya: You don't have to see a doctor. Only, you must not eat so much, and immediately start doing exercise.

( doctor . , ,
).
b) Venkat: Has she to come now? ( ?)

,

Dr. Ramana: She doesn't have to. Let her send somebody and I will give her some medicine ( .
.)
Dont / doesn't have to = need not Don't /Doesn't have to
Need not .

You ought to respect elders

Praveen: You didn't attend the meeting yesterday, why? ( meeting ?)
Ravi: I had to attend to some important work at home (
).

Praveen: These meetings are important you see. You ought not to miss them ( . ).

Ravi: I know. I had to take mom to hospital. That

was more important for me than this meeting, Wasn't
it? (

.
?)
Praveen: You are right, ofcourse. Such things ought to
be given priority, no doubt. Any way, how is mother?
.
(
. ,
?)
Ravi: Much better today. The whole of last week she
had neither rest nor good sleep.
That was the reason I think.

( .
,

. ).
Praveen: You ought not to allow her to do any work at her age
( ).
Ravi: You are right. But it couldn't be avoided.
I had to go out of town for a few days to attend to our property matters. My wife had to be out on office work. So mom was alone and
had to take care of the children too.
(. .

.
.
,

).
,
Praveen: I'm happy she is better now. (
. ).
Look at the following expressions from the dialogue above.
1) I had to attend to some important work.
2) You ought not to miss them.
3) I had to take mom to hospital.
4) Such things ought to be given priority.
5) You ought not allow her to do any work at home.
should/ have to/ has to/ must ? We use these helping verbs to convey, in the present/ future:
1) Obligations ( )
2) Commands (Orders -
)
3) Necessity ()

.
(present) / (future) /

 (Obligations)/ (Duties)/ Orders (

) ,"had"
.
, should/ have to/ has to/ must, past form - had to.

a) Raghu: You were not seen at the party yesterday (

).
Naveen: I had to stay at office till seven. ( Office 7

- Duty in the past)

b) Gopal: You were in a great hurry yesterday ( ?)

Harsha: I had to draw money from the bank before 4 = Bank , 4 - Necessity in the past (

).
c) The officer passed orders that Chandu had to make files ready in an hour ( files
Officer
) - Duty
in the past.
:
should/ must/ have to/ has to- past form had to.

'ought to'
. Ought to .
ought to (Moral obligations) .
a) You ought to respect elders (
). Order/ duty/ necessity ? .

b) Suman: Though I did not have to spend that money, I did (

,
).
Janaki: You ought to be careful about money (
- Moral obligation).
c) Prabodh: I think I hurt Suseela ( ).
Subodh: You did, of course. You ought not have talked to her so. (.
).

You ought to respect elders (

. (, . )

'ought to' .

All that you need to do is...

Tulasi: Do you need any money? If you do, please let me know.
( ? .)

Sanjana: I don't need any, right now. What I need most now is a
steady job. (

.

.)
Tulasi: Is there anything I can do? (
?)
Sanjana: Yea.
All that you need to do is just introduce me to your cousin in
Softech Company. Don't worry. You need not recommend
me. (. Softech company cousin
. . .)

Tulasi: What need I to recommend you? I know you deserve any job they can offer. ( ?

.)
Sanjana: Thank you for the high opinion of me. Do that and I don't ask for anything more. (
thanks. .
.)

'need'
.
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) Do you need any money?
2) I don't need any, right now.
3) All that you need to do is, just introduce me to your cousin.
We study here the uses of need as a verb ('need' verb ).
Need = . (Need - , main verb , , helping verb ) Now look at the following:
a) Lalith: Why do you need anybody's help?

You can do it yourself. ( ? ?)

Lakshman: If I can do it on my own, why do I need others' help? Only because I need it, I am looking for it.
( ?
.)
'Need'
.

b) Mahitha: We should not have allowed him to go. We can't find him again.(
.)
.

Snehitha: Regretting the past is not what is needed now. What is needed now is a clear idea of what we should do.
( .
,
.)
: Example (b) need passive form 'be' form + past participle form .
'Need'
, need main verb , Helping verb (Auxiliary verb/ modal) . Modal verb need
.
.

I know him fairly well...

Jaideep: (Would you) mind joining us for breakfast? ( break fast ?)

Pramod: Where are you going? (?)

Jaideep: A place where you get the best of breakfasts.

Every thing to your choice and taste (

. , ).
Pramod: I'd certainly go with you. Where is it? (
. ?)
Jaideep: Fairly near, just a kilometre off.
Walking that distance will do us good, especially in the
morning. (
,
.)

Pramod: I'd (I would) rather not then. I am in no position to walk any more. I've (I have) walked enough for the day this morning onmy
morning walk. ( .
. ,
)
Jaideep: Yea. You do look rather tired but fairly hungry too. But join us for breakfast you must. Go to the place on bike and wait for us
there. (.
, . breakfast . bike
, ).
Pramod: How long might you take? (
?)
Jaideep: Pretty soon. We are quite fast walkers you know. (.
?)

Note: 1) to somebody's choice and taste =

, / .

e.g.: You didn't like that movie, I know. But this is to your taste = .
, / .
2) Place =
- .
:
/ (One's place), Hotel/ restaurant .

3) How long = ? 4) How far = ? 5) How good? = ?/ ? (useful)

Now look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) Fairly near
2) I'd (I would) rather not then
3) You do look rather tired but fairly hungry too
4) We are quite fast walkers

5) Pretty soon
conversation () fairly, quite and rather . .
: fairly and rather.
, .
, 'fairly' , 'rather'
.

e.g.: He is fairly tall He is rather short ( , ) (

)
a) Prajval: How did he do in the exam yesterday? ( ?)
Udai: Fairly well. ( . ).
b) Ahmed: You know him, don't you? ( ?)

Devanand: I know him fairly well but I can't say we are close. (.
, ).
fairly .

His chances of winning are fairly good = .

fairly - some , very .

Rather - - fairly
, rather
,
.
'fairly' refers to a positive or pleasant idea; 'rather' for a negative or unpleasant idea.
a) Peter: I hope the exam will be fairly easy ( ).

Bhaskar: No, I am sure it's going to be rather tough (.

).
b) Vinod: How is your father now? ( ?)
Rafi: Still rather ill. ( ).
c) Irfan: What are you complaining about? ( ?)
Zaheer: The food in the restaurant you took me to was ratherbadly cooked. My stomach is upset. (

. .)

Need I do it now itself?

Uma: Nagaraj needed some money and I gave it to him (

, ).
Jagadish: Why did he need the money? Just the other day he drew some money from the bank. (
?
bank ?)
Uma: You need not worry. He will repay it promptly. ( . / ).
Jagadish: I am not worried. My point is, need he borrow at all? His dad sends him plenty of money. ( .
,
.
?)

Uma: He is prompt, I told you.

You don't need to remind him at all (

. ).
Jagadish: Uma, you need tounderstand the point that
themore the money he has, the more will he waste it.
You need not have lent him the money if only not to let
him waste it (

.
).

Uma: OK. I will make a note of it (. ).

'Need' has two uses- 1) as a main verb, and 2) as a helping verb.

We have seen the uses of need as a main verb in one of our last lessons. Some examples are:
a) I need your help ( )
b) He needed some books, and I told him where he could get them ( .
) Why did he need your help? (
?)
In all the sentences above, need is a 'main verb'.
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) You need not worry.
2) Need he borrow at all?
3) You don't need to remind him
4) You need to understand the point...
5) You need not have lent him the money
Now study the difference between the following sentences.
a) I need your help ( )
b) I need not take any body's help ( )
In sentence (a), the verb is need.
'need' main verb.
In (b), the verb is, 'need take' and 'need' here is a helping verb/ Auxiliary verb / modal verb.
It is important for us to know the uses of 'need' as a main verb, and also as a helping verb. We have already seen the uses of 'need' as a
main verb. Let's now know the uses of 'need' as a helping/ auxiliary verb/ modal.
a) Sankar: Please stay for some more time here. We need your help ( . ).

Sekhar: I need to go home immediately.

People are waiting for me. (
. ).
We need your help - 'need' verb. finite verb.
I need to go home- 'need'
verb . need to go verb - need, have to/ has to/ had to/ ought to verb

need to, helping verb

.
.
.
need to 'must'
a) Sagar: You must do it. ( )
Krishna: Need I do it now itself? ( ?/ ?)
need helping verb must
.
b) Prakash: Need I (= must I) do it now itself? ( ?/ ?)
Ganesh: You need not, now itself. ( ).
.
Must need not.
I must go (
) - opposite () I need not/ do not need to go (
)

Should I see the secretary?

Divakar: I didn't go there yesterday because I thought I didn't need to. (

.)
.
Bhaskar: Yea. You did the right thing. Ramesh needed to go there, and he did. (.

,
.)
Divakar: But I need to find out when I must be there. Otherwise the boss may get angry.
( . boss .)
Bhaskar: Do you have to go there now itself to find that out? (
?)
Divakar: Of course I need not. But go there I must, sooner or later. Better sooner than later. ( .
.



?

?)
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) I didn't go there yesterday because I didn't need to.
2) Ramesh needed to go there, and he did.
3) I need to find out when I must be there.
4) Of course I needed not, but go there I must.
We are now going to know some more uses of 'need'.

We have so far seen that 'need' is both a main verb, and a

helping verb.
eg: He needs money ('need' here is a main verb).
she needs to earn money ('need' here is a helping
verb, because it forms a part of the verb, 'need to earn').

Hasith: When must/ should/ have I

to go there? (
?)

Giri: You need not go there at all. (

.)

- must/ should/ have

to/ has to - duty (
)/ command (
)/ necessity
(
)
.
opposite, need not/ not have to = .

must = should = have to/ has to must not = should not -

.
- negative
command =
.
Yaswanth: Should I see the secretary? ( secretary ?)
Jaisankar: No, you should not = . .
:
a) You must do it/ should do it/ have to do it = . (Duty/ command) X you must not/ should not do it ( - negative
command.)
b) Prasanth: You have to send it now (= You must/ should send it now)

Sudhakar: I think I don't have to/ I need not = ).

Don't/ Doesn't have to = need not/ do not (don't) need to/ don't have to/ doesn't have
to ( ).
'Not' need = must = should = have to/ has to.

You must go = You should go = You have to go = You need to go.

Need I finish it before tomorrow? = Must I finish it before tomorrow =

? ?
'need' .

Why don't we make a trip..?

Ekambar: You've (you have) been complaining of a headache since morning. Why don't you see a doctor? (

?
?)
Ganesh: I don't want to for a simple headache they prescribe umpteen drugs. That's worse than the headache. (

. , . .)
?)
Ekambar: Then how about trying some home remedy? (

Ganesh: I think I'd (I had) better go out and have some fresh air. That might be of help. (



.)
Ekambar: You ought to have a rest instead I feel. (
?)
Ganesh: Haven't (Have not) I had enough rest? Let me go out. How about going out with me? (
?

.
?)
Ekambar: No problem. Let's go. ( . .)
Now look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
1) Why don't you see a doctor?
2) How about trying some home remedy?
3) You ought to have a rest instead, I feel.
underline expressions (suggestions) , English conversation practise
.

a) Hrithik: It's getting hotter by the minute. I'm (I am)

afraid I can't walk any more. ( /
. afraid =

, .)
Divya: Yes. I feel so too. How abouthaving some
chilled drink? ( .

?)
b) Indraneel: I find it difficult to talk to him.
He simply wouldn't let me say anything. (

. .)
Jagannadh: How about taking the help of/ what about
taking the help of Sumanth?

He can do the job for you. ( ?/ ?/ ?)

Suggestions expression, Why don't we?/ Why don't you? etc.

a) Kantharao: A sunday at last followed by a holiday on Monday. We have two full days. I feel like going somewhere. (

. .
.)
Krishna Rao: Why don't we make a trip to Araku? That'd be reallyenjoyable. ( ? .)
b) Lakshman: Why don't you go to Ooty this summer? You haven't been there at all. (
?

).
Lavanya: Why don't you accompany me? ( ?)
practice
.

We went to school together

Kishore: How do you know Yashwin? ( ?)

Wesley: What do you mean? We went to school together. We have been very close since then. (?

. .)
Kishore: Did you go to the same college too? ( college ?)
Wesley: No, dad got transferred and we had to move from Vijayawada; ofcourse, that was after I took the X class exams. (.
, . X Class .)
Kishore: What about your younger brother?
What's he now? ( ? ?)
Wesley: He is doing Intermediate now.
Coming April he is taking his exams. ( .
.)
Kishore: Which college will you put him in next? Which course will he do? ( ? course?)
Wesley: I'd prefer a college where the classes get over by 4.30 or 5.00 in the evening. I don't want these jail-like residential
junior colleges. (
. Residential Junior Colleges
4.30 / 5.00

.)
Kishore: I am there with you. ( .)
Functional English informal ( , grammar

) .
, Functional English expressions
.
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
1) We went to school together.
2) Did you go to the same college?
3) We had to move from Vijayawada to Hyderabad.
4) He is doing Intermediate now.
5) Which college will you put him in next?
6) Which course will he do?
?


study, learning, pursuing

! spoken English .

Vali: Hi, what a surprise! You visiting us after such a

long time? ( !
!)
Tarun: I've been busy. How is every body? How about
thekids? ( . ?

?)
Vali: They are at school. They will be back home only
at 5.
(School . .)
School, the school :
He goes to school =
.
He goes to the school =
.

My children are at school - school 'the' :

:
school

, school
.
1) Prasad: How long have you known her? ( ?)
Jyothi: Oh, since our school days. We went to school together / We went to the same school. ( .
school .)
we were classmates / schoolmates . We attended the same school .
We were classmates .
2) 'Doing' instead of studying / pursuing.
a) Rahim: Which class are you in? ( class?)
Sunil: I am doing second year Inter. ( .)
In which class are you studying? I am studying.....,
studying :
a) I am in Inter second year / I am doing Inter second year - , conversational .

What is your father?

Siva: Where are you from, Ganesh? ( ?)
Ganesh: I came from Nellore. That's where my parents belong too. Dad looks after our fields. Mom is a homemaker. And what
are you? (
. . . ?)
.

Siva: I have a business ( )
Ganesh: What's the line? ( ?)
Siva: We deal in stationery (
)
Ganesh: How long have you been in the business? ( business ?)

Siva: Since Dad's time ( )

Ganesh: Good. Do you like the business? (
?)
Siva: I wouldn't be doing it, if I didn't like it. ( ?)

Look at the following:

1) Where are you from?
2) I came from Nellore.
3) That's where my parents belong too.
4) What's (what is) the line?
5) We deal in stationery
spoken English ,
. practice
.
? , What is your native place? . , 'native place' English .
am/ is/ are/ was/ were a native/ natives of . , am/ is/ are/ was/ were
from, come/ comes from .

am/ is/ are coming from

,
/ .
a) Keerthi: Where is your wife from?/ Where does your
wife come from? ( ?)
Surendra: She is / comes from Kakinada ( ).
b) Suguna: Where is your mom from? ( ?)
Bahuguna: She belongs to Kurnool. ( belong, conversational English . formal.) am/
is/ are belonging .

( TV Reality shows participants, ' -

)
Landlord / agriculturist/ cultivator , look after/ mind fields/ lands simple .
' ? , 'What are you?/ he?/ they? simple question. , 'May I know what you are?'
( ?) .
What are you doing
. What do you do? .

'What is your father?'/ What does your father do? . Simplest: 'What is your father?'
practice conversation

.

Do you know English ?

Sagar: Does your sister sing? (
?)
Peter: Yes, she does, mostly for movies. (. .)
Sagar: What about your cousin ? ( cousin ?)
Peter: She does too, but not for movies. She does concerts.(
. . .)
Sagar: Do they act too? (
?)
Peter: Neither does. They are averse to performing on the stage. (

.
.)


Averse = Unwilling
Sagar: But they have the talent. (
?)

Peter: So have you, but you don't act, either (
,
)
Sagar: But I am doing a job that assures me security, and a good
salary. (
)


Peter: So is my cousin. She has a plum job too ( cousin .
.)
Sagar: But your younger sister isn't. Perhaps she has no interest in film
acting. (
. !)

* * *

/ / short

responses (
. conversational ease .
) practice
Look at the following exchanges from
the conversation above.
1) Sagar: Does your sister sing?
Peter: Yes, she does.
2) Sagar: What about your cousin?
Peter: She does too, but for concerts.
3) Sagar: Do they act too?
Peter: Neither does.
4) Sagar: They have the talent.
Peter: So have you.
Spoken English questions .
S: Does your sister sing?
P: Yes, she does.
'Does your sister sing?' (
?) ,
'Does your sister sing?' . , spoken form she does
. , question answer, 'no' , No, she doesn't/ No, I/ we/
you/ they don't .
a) Prathap: Do you know English?
Surendra: Yes, I do./ No, I don't.
? Surendra response. Yes, I do .

, Yes, I speak English/ No, I don't speak English .

b) Naresh: Will you see me tomorrow?
Neeraj: Yes, I will/ No, I won't helping verbs (do, does, did,
shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, have to, has to,
and had to, need and ought) .
short responses
.

1) Are you happy? (Both Yes/ No)

2) Hope you won't do it again
3) Do you like Telugu movies (Yes/ No)
4) Should he come again? (Yes)
5) You like milk, don't you? (Yes/ No)
6) Will you be there tomorrow? (Yes/ No)
7) Were you at the meeting yesterday? (Yes/ No)
8) Need we attend the meeting? (Yes/ No)
9) Do you know the answer? (Yes/ No)
10) Doesn't he help you? (Yes/ No)
A correction: In the functional English part of lesson No. 732
(28.04.2013), in the first column, read 'I come from Nellore', instead of,
'Icome from Nellore', both in the conversation part and explanation part.
I come from Nellore = I am a native of/I belong to Nellore. (
)
I came from Nellore = I arrived from Nellore (
).
Answers:
1) Yes, I am/ No, I am not
2) No, I won't
3) Yes, I do/ No, I don't
4) Yes, he should
5) Yes, I do/ No, I don't
6) Yes, I will/ No, I won't
7) Yes, I was/ No, I wasn't
8) Yes, we need to/ No, we needn't

9) Yes, I do/ No I don't

10) Yes, he does/ No, he doesn't

They don't want any more

Remember the following contractions. English
, not
, Do, does helping verbs (contracted form)
. practice spoken English,
spoken English . bookish (
) English . Now
look at the following contractions and practise them:
1) Do not = Don't
2) Does not = Doesn't
3) Did not = Didn't
4) Cannot = Can't
5) Could not = Couldn't
6) Will not = Won't
7) Shall not = Shan't
8) Would not = Wouldn't
9) Should not = Shouldn't
10) May not = Mayn't
11) Might not = Mightn't
12) Must not = Mustn't
13) Need not = Needn't
14) Have not = Haven't
15) Has not = Hasn't
16) Had not = Hadn't
high frequency expressions( ): Don't, Doesn't, Didn't
(), Can't (
), Couldn't, Won't, Wouldn't, Shouldn't, Haven't,
Hasn't, Hadn't.
: amn't (am not), isn't (is not), aren't (are not), wasn't
(was not), weren't (were not) mee - Question Tags
.
, , short responses (

) .
, spoken English
.
Look at the following conversation:

Ajay: Have you any novels you can lend me? I want to read some during
this vacation. (

?

.)
Sunil: I am sorry. I haven't/ don't have any. In fact I was about to ask you
for some. (Sorry..
. .)
Ajay: We are sailing in the same boat then. (Do you) know any of our
friends who can help us in the matter? (

.
?)
Sunil: There aren't any, I am afraid. ( .)
Ajay: I tried at the library. There had been some, but they have all been
taken away. There weren't any left. (

. ,

.
.)
Sunil: That's bad. Let me see if I can get any from my cousin. She might
.
have some. (


. cousin
.)
Ajay: If you get any from her pass them on to me too. (
,
.)
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
1) Have you/ Do you have any novels? I want to read some.
2) I don't have any. I was about to ask you for some.
3) There aren't any.
4) There had been some, but there weren't any.
Spoken English , some, any .

. Spoken English no not any
(contracted form - n't any) form . .

a) Suseela: Please give me some moresamosas

( ?)
Mother: Sorry, child. There aren't any left.
(,
.)
, There are no samosas left
. 'There aren't any more left'
.
b) Janaki: Ask Mayuri for some nail
polish. I haven't any more with me.
(

.
).
Sarala: I am sure she will give us some.
( .)
sentences 'no' 'not.... any' . (

'No' .) .
Eg: 1) I have no money to lend you (
.)
Ans: I haven't any money to lend you.
Exercise:
1) The teacher likes no boy to be irregular.
2) She has no more patience with people like you. (patience = /
).
3) There is no money left in his bank account.
4) He brought home no money.
5) I will see no more movies of that actor.
6) There was no more food left.
7) She has no new dress for the function.
8) We have seen no new movies this month.
9) I want no more; thank you.
10) I have no more work to do.

Answers:
1) The teacher doesn't like any boy to be irregular.
2) She hasn't anymore patience with people like you.
3) There isn't any more money left in his bank account.
4) He didn't bring home any money.
5) I won't (will not) see any more movies of that actor.
6) There wasn't any more food left.
7) She hasn't any new dress for the function.
8) We haven't seen any new movies this month.
9) I don't want any more; Thank you.
10) I haven't/ don't have any more work to do.

..... either side of the road

Sekhar: See if either of these books is yours (,

?)
Ravikanth: Neither (
).
Sekhar: It isn't anywhere here. Perhaps it is in your desk. Check. (
. desk )
Ravikanth: It isn't there either. I've checked. ( . .)
Sekhar: Did anyone borrow it from you? Try to remember. (

? ).
Ravikanth: None, I am sure. ( . ).
Sekhar: Does it bear your name on it? ? (English
:
( ) ?)

Ravikanth: No, it doesn't. ()

Sekhar: Any other marks on the book that can help you to know it is
, )
yours? (
Ravikanth: None, I'm afraid. Wait. There's an oil mark on the face of the
book. I remember now. ( . .
.
)
Sekhar: Yes, so do I. I haven't lost a single book so far, you know?
(. .
, ?)
Ravikanth: Neither had I, till I lost the book. I haven't given up yet. I think
I'll find it when I search for some other thing. (
,
. .
.)

* * *
a number of contractions ( ) ,
not , n't . contractions, spoken/ Functional
English
. contractions, is, are,
have, has, had ( . contractions
not , n't )
1. 's = is/ has -
.
It's here = It is here.
He's done it = He has done it.
2. 're = are.
We're sure he will be there = We are sure he will be there.
3. 'll = will.
I'll go tomorrow = I will go tomorrow.
4. 'd = would.
I'd do it if I were you = I would do it if I were you.
5. 've = have. I've seen it = I have seen it.
contractions formal written English . Spoken
English , English
,
,

 : contractions . It's n't (It is not)

.
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
1) See if either of these books is yours/ Neither.
2) It isn't there either
3) None, I am sure
4) Yes, so do I
5) Neither had I.
Study the above. Understand the use of 'either' / Neither / either of /
Neither of / any of / none of.
expressions English , Spoken English

.
/

Either/ either of = One of only two =


,
(Any / Any of = /

/
)

a) Prasen: Which do you want? The one with the button down collars or
the one with full sleeves?
(
button
, full shirt -
- collar

?)
)
Dilip = Either/ either (of them) is OK for me. (

b) Subba Rao: You can keep one of the two
books. Which one do you want? (
. ?)
Ramana: Either (of them) is OK. (

).

Either
-


/
/
)
a) There are trees on either side of the road


=

.
b) Arjun: Which way could the thief have
escaped ( ?)
Bharath: Can't say. There is a door on either side of the building (.
).
building
Any = One of more than two = /

/

.

a) Charumathi: Did any movie that you saw last year interest you? (

?)
Saritha: Any of the movie that we saw last year was OK.
Either/ either of/ any/ any of - singular . verb
singular.
b) Sravani: Which of these saris (more than two) do you want? (

) ?
)
Vatsala: Any three of them (

c) Charumathi: These are all the candidates who have made the grade.
Who do you want among them.
)
Saritha: Any five of them (

Either/ either of/ any/ any of - verb singular.

Neither of us will be...

Narayana: Which of the two ... Mallik and Prasanth .. is here? (

,

?)
Roy: Neither is. ((
) .)
Narayana: Then when are you going to tell them of this? Will you meet
them or call them? (
?

, ?)
Roy: Neither. I'll send my brother with the message. If they respond, it's

OK. If they don't respond it's OK too. (

,
, .)
Narayana: That's being irresponsible. That they get the message is
important. You may not be in trouble, but I will be. (

.
.
,
.)
Roy: Neither of us will be, don't worry. My brother will ensure that they
get the message. ( (
) , .


.)

Narayana: The trouble with you is, you don't make things clear. Nor do
you act in time. Why don't you yourself go to them or call them? Is it that
you don't like them? Which of the two don't you like? (
.
. .

.


?

?


?)
Roy: I like neither of them. In fact none of our friends like them except
you. And neither do you always. (

.



. .
).

Narayana: But I do, of course. You don't understand people properly, nor
do you try to. (.
.


.
).
Note: Ensure = make sure = ( ).
Look at the following sentences from the conversation above:
1) Neither is.
2) Neither. I'll send my brother with the message.
3) Neither of us will be.
4) I like neither.
5) Nor do you act in time.
6) And neither do you always.
7) ... nor do you.

In the last lesson, we've seen the importance of 'either' which means one
of only two. Now we are going to see how to use 'neither' which means 'not
one of only two'.
lesson 'either'
, ? 'either'
/
,
.

,
Neither / Neither of =
/
/

. English , Either, Either of, Neither, Neither of

. .
/

'None'/
'None
of
.

Neither is here = /
.
None is here =
)
( )/ /
(
.
None of the books is interesting = ( )
.
None of our students failed =
(
) .
1. a) Prasanna: Where do you come from, Vijayawada or Hyderabad? (
, / ?)
Rajeswari: From neither. I come from Nellore. (
.
.)
b) Abhijith: Which of your two uncles is an MP? (


MP?)
Venkat: Neither is. (
.)
2. a) Prabhakar: Which one of the two shirts
do you want?
Sudheer: Neither suits me, I am afraid. (
)
b) Srikanth: Which team has a better
chance of winning, yours or theirs? (

, ,

?)
Chandra: I don't have an idea. (

.)

Srikanth: Nor do I ( .)
Important: 'Neither/ Neither of/ nor' always takes a singular verb.
a) Neither (of them) is here.
b) Neither (of them) knows the answer.
c) Neither (of them) has been selected.
sentences Neither (of) ..
.
/
None (of): Not even one of more than two (

/ /

/ .)
a) Sana: Did any policemen come to the scene of the accident?

(
?)

, Any = One of more than two.
Ranganath: None (
- .)
Compare: a) Neither is here (
, /
.)
None is here =

/
, /
.
None of them = Same as above -
( ) /

(
) .)
a) Either (of) = one of only two
Any (of) = One of more than two.
b) Neither (of) = Not even one of only two.
None (of) = Not even one of more than two.

Janaki can sing well ....

Vinay: I always find Pavan interfering in others' affairs. (

).
Sankar: So do I. He doesn't just mind his business but he must butt in matters that don't concern him. ( .

.)
Vinay: That can be a big nuisance. I don't like such people. ( .
.)

Sankar: Nor do I. We are one in this respect. I'm not so nosy nor are you. (
-
.

. .)
Vinay: He is a nuisance, all right, but his brother isn't so. He is much better behaved. I find him quite likable. (
.
.)
.
Sankar: So do I. In fact he is the nicest guy among our friends. OK, talking to other things, I didn't buy that book we need for the exam.
( .
. , , .)
Vinay: I didn't either. How about buying in this evening? I think we can find copies of it in the second hand market. ( .

?
.)
Sankar: We can, of course. (.)

English ,
English , short responses (
)
. short responses so, neither, nor, either, but .
short responses
:
1) So do I 2) Nor do I 3) I didn't either 4) We can, of course.
Important: Spoken English 'also' .
, too, as well, so .
Karim: I play cricket ( cricket ).
Salim: So do I ( ).
: , cricket , I also play cricket , 'so do I' . Spoken English 'also'
. responses Helping (Auxiliary) verbs . :
I Doing Words - go, come, sing, walk etc. = do go, do come, dosing, do walk etc. ( forms 'not' , questions ). ,
He, she, it II Doing Words - (V1) goes, comes, sings, walks etc. = does go, does come, does sing, doeswalk, etc. (
'not' , questions ). Past Doing Word (V2) .
Went, came, sang, walked = did go, did come, did sing, didwalk ( 'not' question .) Short form responses (

) . , shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, might, must, need Short responses
.

Look at the following.........

a) Pramod: I like the mango.

Vinod: So do I (
). ( I also
like the mango .
, spoken form
). Like
= do like . so do I response
. '
' ,
'
' , '
'?
:
Vinod: So does everybody. Who does not? (
.
?) Everybody = He/ she. , 'does'.


Look at the following short responses when you agree with somebody ( short responses.)
.)
a) Madhu: Chandan is quite clever unlike his brothers ( brothers
).
Santhi: Yes, he is./ So is his cousin Meena. (/ cousin
b) Ramana: Our college insists on uniform ( .)
Krishna: So does our college, though we protested ( , college .) insists = does insist (our college also ).
c) Kalyan: Kiran played well yesterday ( ) (played = did play).
Madhav: So did Prakash. (
.) Prakash also , spoken form .

'also' (= ) .
d) Charan: Janaki can sing well ( ).

David: So can Chitra (

- Chitra can also, )
e) Wesley: I will buy a house soon (
).

Sasikanth: So will I, if you can help me with some money. ( , ).

So 'also' . Spoken English . English speech will soundnatural.
Some more spoken forms in the next lesson.

He did, of course...

Sharif: I joined this college hoping this would be a good college, but I don't find it so. ( ,
.)
Jayanth: Nor do I. I am not very happy the way things are going on in this college. ( .

.)
Sharif: I am not either. Isn't it too late now to think of another college? ( .

?)
Jayanth: So it is certainly. We have to make do with it. Even if it were possible dad wouldn't agree to it. ( .

.
, .)
Sharif: My dad wouldn't either, and he has good reason too. In almost all colleges once we pay the fees, they won't be refunded. (

 , .

fees refund .)
Jayanth: So is it with this college too. Dad won't be prepared to forgo such a huge amount I have paid. ( .

.)
Sharif: Neither would my dad be. Who would be, for that matter? ( . , ?)
Jayanth: Did you speak to your father about it? (
?)
Sharif: Yes, I did. What did your father say about it? (
. ?)
Jayanth: He would have none of it. Either I study here or don't study at all. ( .
.)
Sharif: Your dad said that? ( ?!)
Jayanth: He did, of course. ( .)
Notes: 1. Make do - (
expression) =
.

When we can't get the best, we have to make do with what we have =
,
.
2. refund = return (money paid)

3. forgo = be prepared to lose =

.
4. for that matter =
5. Would have none of it = refuse to hear/ accept = .
Look at the following from the conversation:
1) Sharif: .... I don't find it so.
Jayanth: Nor do I.
2) My dad wouldn't either. 3) So it is
4) Neither would my dad be
5) He did, of course.
In the past few lessons we have discussed short responses to questions. :
Positive responses: do, does, did, all be forms lesson .
e.g.: a) A: I am at home (
)
B: So am I, and so is dad. (
, ).
b) Pramod: Sudha knows the subject thoroughly. (Sudha .)

Subodh: So does everyone in the class. The teacher has taught the subject so well. (
class

. teacher .)
practice . do, does, did, shall, should, etc .

Sarada: If you do that, his parents may get a bad opinion on you. (

.)


Eswar: So may any one who hears about it. (
.)
positive responses. negative statement response
:
Gopal: I do not like such things. (
.)

, '
' , I do not also like it . Not also , wrong
English. .
Kesav: Nor do I,/ Neither do I/ I don't either . Spoken English , correct Spoken English . not
English .
also
lesson
:

a) Sharif: ....... but I don't find it so./ .... but I do not find it so. ( .)

Jayanth: Nor do I ( .)

: I do not (don't) also find it so, . ? Not also

. , 'nor' 'Neither' .
b) Jayanth: Dad won't be prepared to forgo such a huge amount. (

.)
Sharif: Neither will my dad be. (
) (My dad will also not be - Wrong) Nor/ neither , not either ,
.
c) Jayanth: ...... my dad wouldn't agree to it ( .)

Sharif: My dad wouldn't (would not) either. ( / ).

short responses
,

a) Anand: party
. (I may not attend the party)
Bhargav:
.(Neither may I/ Nor may I/ I mayn't (I may not) either).
: Anand sentence Helping verb, 'may'
, response 'may' .

b) Farid: (Sneha can not sing well)

helping verb, 'can' ?
, response , 'can' .
Govind:
. (
).(Nor
can Preethi/ Neither can Preethi/ Preethi can't either).

c) Lavanya: Dilip hasn't seen the movie, but comments on it. ( , .)

Sameera: We haven't seen it either, but we don't comment. ( ,

.) (Dilip, 'he'
, hasn't . We haven't ?)
d) Rajasri: Suseela is not interested. ( ) (Suseela she
, verb, is)
Vinaya: Nor are we/ Neither are we/ we aren't either. ( .)
Response ,'we' plural
, 'are' .

I don't think so ....

Sampath: Is there time for one more game? ( ?)

Prem: I'm afraid not. ( .)
Sampath: Your game is better than mine. Will my practising with you improve my game? (
. practise
?)
Prem: I believe so. Well, you can give it a try. ( .
.)

Sampath: Will it be possible for you to play atleast two sets with me every evening? (
sets ?)
Prem: I don't think so ().
Sampath: Then what do you suggest (that) we do?
Prem: We can play longer during the weekends, when I have plenty of leisure. It must suit you, if I am not wrong. (

. , .)
,
Sampath: I hope so. ( .)
Prem: Can't you get your friend Sekhar to join us? He is a good player too and some practice with him will be of help to me, won't it? (
? . practise ?)
Sampath: I hope not. He isn't a steady player. ( . .)
Prem: OK, then. I believe we are going to have a steady practise from the weekend. ( , practise

.)
Sampath: I believe so too.
Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
1) I'm (I am) afraid not
2) I believe so

3) I don't think so

4) I hope so

5) I hope not

6) I believe so too.

: think, believe, hope, afraid, wonder and suppose.
responses spoken English , .
Look at the following:
1. a) Bharadvaj: Is there enough time for us to finish this work? ( ?)
Sulekha: I think so. ( .)
b) Charan: Will he help us in the matter? ( ?)
Ekambar: I don't think so ( .)
c) Gangadhar: Is there time for another cup of tea? ( ?)
Sudheer: I think so ( .) , (I don't think so. We must rush ..)

2. a) Sunayana: We are going to have holidays from 5th June, aren't we? ( June 5
?)
Praveena: I believe so ( .)

b) Prakash: He is the same guy who cheated us last time, isn't he? ( ?).
Praveena: I believe so. ( .)
3. a) Naresh: Perhaps Jagdish will help us in the matter. ( ).
Ramesh: I hope so ( .)
b) Divakar: We will be able to meet him, shan't we? ( ?)
Suman: I hope not. ( .)
4. a) Damodar: Perhaps he will be behind the bars soon. ( .)
Vinay: I am afraid so ( .)
Afraid -
- , I'm afraid :
/ / ,

.
b) Anand: Is your father coming?

Bhaskar: I'm afraid not (.)

c) Chandra: Do you think it will rain? (

?)
Surya: I'm afraid so ( ) ( /
).

d) Leela: Is there enough money for the bike? (
?)

Manohar: I hope not ( ).

: Positive responses 'so' .
I think / believe / suppose / hope / afraid so.
Negative response: Hope, afraid 'so' .
I don't think / believe / suppose so.
Hope, afraid
negative response , : I'm afraid not / I hope not.

Do you konw..? I do

Jaideep: Can you speak English? ( English

?)
Sudhakar: I can, of course. (
. of course = ?/
? ).
Jaideep: Who taught you English? ( English ?)
Sudhakar: My grandfather did. I grew up at my grandfather's, as my parents were abroad when I went to school. ( .

. ,
.)
Jaideep: We are starting tomorrow morning. Can you get up early? (
.
?)
Sudhakar: Have I to get up very early? ( ?)
Jaideep: I'm afraid you have to. ( ?)
Sudhakar: I am alone, you know. Who will put me up so early? ( , . ?).
Jaideep: I will, don't worry. I'll call you as soon as I get up. ( . . phone .)
Short form responses (
) 1) auxiliary verb forms .
Look at the following:
Puneet: Who wrote the Bharatam? ( ?)
Sankar: Vyasa did ( ).
question, 'who wrote ....?' ! Wrote = did + write. auxiliary, 'did'.
,'who wrote ....?' Vyasa
did. , who discovered America? response:

Columbus did.

a) Teacher: Who can answer my question?

Anand: I can, sir.
Teacher: Do you know who wrote this book? (
?)
Anand: I do sir, it's Sri Chalapathi Rao. ( .
).

: 1st question auxiliary / helping verb 'can'. Response can.

,2nd question helping verb 'do'. , response 'do'.
b) Aravind: How many of you need these book? ( ?)

) question question words 1) How

Bosu: Atleast four of us do. (
many (number), need? ().
response need (1stDoing word)
auxiliary / helping verb - do (remember: need = do need)
, response 'do' .
:
Mahit: Do you go there every day? ( ?)

Sanjai: I do, most of the days. (, - ).

c) Sarala: Bindu wants to go to a movie.
Sarada: But I don't want to. They are so boring.

I don't think she meant to

Subhash: Why can't you come to the movie with me? ( ?)

Mangesh: I would like to, but I'm (I am) not allowed to. (I) have to report at the hostel by 6. (
, ;


report .)
Subhash: You didn't get the book I had wanted you to. Will you give it to me tomorrow, at least? ( .
, ?)
Mangesh: I meant to, but I forgot. Sorry. ( , . Sorry.)
Subhash: You are going home this week-end, aren't you? ( ?)
Mangesh: I plan to, but don't know. Depends on the warden. (
.)
, . Warden
Subhash: You have to get his permission, don't you? ( ?)
Mangesh: I have to, of course.
Subhash: Bye then.

Observe Mangesh's responses to Subhash's questions in the conversation.

Some of them are:
1) I'd (I would) like to, but I am not allowed to.
2) I meant to
3) I plan to
4) I have to, of course.

st
Infinitive : + 1 Doing Word. e.g.:to go, to come, to

/
,
infinitive 'to'
, 1st doing word
. .
see, to do, etc.

a) Vijay: Why didn't you go to Golconda when you were in

Hyderabad?

,
(
?)
Sunayana: I didn't have the time to (
.)
:I didn't have the time to go there , 'I didn't have the time to'
.
b) Gangadhar: Why didn't you go with him? (
?)
Narasimham: He didn't ask me to. ( .Short form for: He didn't ask me to go with him).
c) Neeraja: Your friend Sujana was very rude to me (
.)

Sarada: I don't think she meant to. (+ be rude) (
.)

Anything else / more?

Aditya: Have you anything else to say?

(
?)
Sarath: Nothing else ( ).
Aditya: Who else did you say this to? ( ?)
Sarath: To Kiran and Kapil. (, )

Aditya: Does anyone else know this? Did you tell them? (
?
?)
Sarath: No, I didn't ( ).
Aditya: How else did they come to know of it? (
?)
Sarath: They must have got it from someone else. (
.)


Aditya: OK. I'll find it (, ).
Dear Readers, You must have observed the use of 'else' in the conversation above.
'else' .
. ,
.
else = -
.
'else' independent . '?' '?' ' ?' '?'
.
.
Anything else =
Have you anything else? =
? = Have you any thing more? = Have you any other thing?
correct. - Anything else.
Sukhram: Have you anything more to say? (
?)
Narayana: Nothing more.
'more' 'else' .
Sukhram: Have you anything else to say?
Narayana: Nothing else.
Observe the use of 'else' in the following sentences:

a) Madan: Have you anything more to say?

Kishan: I have little more to say
Compare:
Madan: Have you anything else to say?
Kishan: I have little else to say.

b) You can take the help of some other person =

= You can take the help of
someone else/ somebody else.

Which address to?

Sudheer: I was speaking to him just a few minutes ago. (

)

Amith: Who to? (?)

Sudheer: Jairam. We had a discussion that lasted ten minutes. (. .)
Amith: Oh, you are annoying. What about? (, . ?)
Sudheer: About our trip north. (
)
Amith: When? Why didn't you be clearer? (?
?)
Sudheer: He said he would be bringing his cousin Parasuram. (

)
Amith: Who did he say he would bring along with him? ( ?)
Sudheer: His cousin Parasuram, I said. ( , cousin ).
.
, English
(in spoken English) ,
Interrogative responses (
.)

Look at the following too:
Bhanu: My brother is as strong as Bhima. ( .)
, '
' , ', ' .
Seenu: As strong as who? (, ? - '
'
)
: 'As strong as who?' is not a question sentence, but a question (Interrogative) response. It makes our
conversation natural.
Look at some more examples:

Ashish: Listen! ()
Akash: Who to? / What to? ( / - ?)
Ashish: Listen to me. Send it at once. ( .
.)
Akash: Send what and who to? (? ? )
Ashish: The book, to my brother ( , )

Akash: Which address to? (

?)
Ashish: Here it is. ()
responses - Interrogative / question responses- practice
.

I'm afraid so..

In this lesson we are going to study the peculiar use of two expressions which are quite frequent in spoken

English and which makes our English sound natural. ( English

.
spoken English .)

Pavan: I wonder where Aswin now is and what he is doing? ( , ?)

Diwakar: I am sure he is still in Chennai, searching for a job. I'm afraid he hasn't been able to land a job. (
. / ?)

Pavan: The last time he called me he told me that he had had an offer of a Rs.30000 a month job, but I'm (I am)
afraid he wasn't happy about it. ( . 30,000 .
.)
Diwakar: But do you think he can get more than that? ( ?)
Pavan: I wonder if he can, considering the fact he has no experience. ( .)
Diwakar: I'm afraid he isn't being realistic. I wonder when he will take a proper view of the situation. (

.
.)
Afraid = ; Wonder = .
English conversation
1) I'm afraid
, , , . (To convey something
disappointing, annoying, upsetting or that you are sorry about something.)
a) Vinod: What is that you are prepared to offer for the bike? ( bike
.)

Vikram: Say Rs.30,000/(. 30,000 ).
Vinod: I'm afraid it is too low. , ( ).

b) Janaki: Hi Vasantha, I'm surprised to see you

here. What are you doing here? (!
? ?)

Vasantha: This is where I live. See. That's my home there. What bring you here? ( .
.
?)
Janaki: I've come for Priyanka. (
.)
Vasantha: I'm afraid you have come to the wrong address. (
.
.)
c) Nishanth: I haven't seen Mukund for quite some time. Is he in town at all? ( .

?)
Nischal: I'm afraid not. He must have left for Delhi for some interview. ( .
interview
.)

d) Pramod: Do you think the boss will give me a rise in the salary? ( ?)
Srikanth: I'm afraid not. ( .)
e) Vinay: Will the police come now? ( ?)
Charan: I'm afraid so. ( .)
.

I wonder what he is..

'Afraid' / . 'afraid' / /
. . Afraid, wonder
.

Lakshmi: Where are our guests - I mean your uncle and aunt? They left in the morning and haven't returned so
far. I wonder where they are. ( , ,

?
, .

?)
Kishore: I wonder too mom. It is raining heavily. They must have got caught in the rain and are perhaps waiting
for it to stop. ( .
.
.
).
Lakshmi: I'm (I am) afraid she may catch a cold. She is of delicate health you know. (
.
.)
Kishore: I wonder when this rain will stop, and if it will stop at all. ( ,
.)
Lakshmi: Do they know their way back home at all. I wonder if you could reach them on the mobile. (



.
phone ?)
Kishore: I wonder whether he hasn't changed his number. I remember vaguely his telling me so. ( phone
number ?
.)
Lakshmi: Ah! Here they are, soaked to the bone. They have come at last. What a relief? (,
,
.
.
.)

Look at the following sentences from the conversation:
1) I wonder where they are.
2) I wonder too.
3) I'm afraid she may catch cold.
4) I wonder when this rain will stop.
5) I wonder if you could reach them on the mobile.

6) I wonder whether he hasn't changed his number.

a) Bhanu: Hope he hasn't failed the exam. ( .)
Vidur: I'm afraid he has. (Fail - .)
b) Suneeta: Has she married that good for nothing fellow, after all? (
?)
Sasi: I'm afraid so ( .)
'afraid' .
'wonder'
(/ / ) conversational English

.

lesson 'wonder' ,
, /
.

1. a) Ashok: Will he be at home now? (

?)
Maneesh: I wonder ().
b) Bahadur: Hello, is it Mukund? (,

.)
Mukund: Yes, it is. (.)

Bahadur: Thank God. I was just wondering if I could get you over the phone. I am happy. (. phone
. . .)

2.

'Wonder'

.
, (think seriously)

a) Prasad: You appear absent minded. Why? ( . ?)

Sravan: I have been searching for my bike key since morning. I was wondering where I could have put it. (

bike key .
.)
b) Jayaram: So you are going to meet Sai today, are you? ( , ?)
Mahesh: So I am, but I wonder if I can recognize him after all these years. (.

.)

3. Wonder guess () .
a) Bharat: The tax people are after Nataraj for non payment of tax. I've been warning him again and again. He is in
real trouble. (

. .

.)
Chakri: I wonder what he is going to do now? ( .)
b) Nischal: Do you think he will pay you back the money before this month end? (

?)
Chari: I wonder where he can get the money from. ( .)

4. 'Wonder' (Request) .

a) Anand: What brings you here Raju? Long time no see. ( ?

.)
Raju: I wonder if I might borrow some money from you. (

/

.)- Polite request.
b) Pratap: I wonder if I could borrow your book for a few days. ( ?)
Venkat: I'm afraid I can't just now. ( .)
One more example:
Ram: I was wondering if I could borrow your car for a day? ( ).
Rahim: Have it by all means. ( .)

It has started raining..

'There' - .
'It' - / .
There / it
, sentence


.

.

Satish: There is a nice restaurant near the temple. The meals and snacks are really delicious. (
'
' .
, ).
Pramod: It is funny to hear you talk of a restaurant. Since when have you started eating out? (

.
?)
Satish: Funny or not, I find the food good there. Oh, It's (it has) started raining. Let's find some cover. ( ,
.

.)
. ,
Pramod: There is a tea stall next to the tree. Let's stand there for some time. (,
tea stall .
).
Satish: There are already a number of people there. I'm (I am) afraid it is difficult to find room there. ( .
).
Pramod: The rain is getting heavy. Let's hurry. There is no time to waste. (
. , ).
Now look at the following expressions:
1) There is a nice restaurant near the temple.
2) It is funny to hear you talk about a restaurant.
3) It has started raining.
4) There is a tea stall next to the tree there.
5) There are already a number of people there.
6) It is difficult to find room there.
7) There is no time to waste.

 sentences , 'There' / 'It '

? There, it English .
''There'
- .
'It'
- / .
sentences There/ it
, sentence

. .
... ' table ' , English : Two books are on the table. , grammatical
, English . , .
There are two books on the table. . sentence 'There'
. .
There are thirty students there. 'there'
. 'there'


. This is an
important aspect of English usage.
30 Engineering Colleges .Thirty Engineering Colleges are in Hyderabad - Very rare.
The usual and correct form: There are Thirty Engineering colleges in Hyderabad. (there
' ,
sentence
:
' 30 '
. 'there' sentence
.
'There' , 'Introductory there' .
,

.
Look at the following too:
a) Prasad: Are there good schools in the town?
( schools ?)
Subba Rao: Plenty ( ).
Question 'there' . sentence
.
interesting

- .

b) Suman: Are there any good theatres here? ( theatres ?)

Lasya: Very few ( ).
'There', 'here' (, ) .
Correct: There aren't any good theatres here.( theatres ).
sentence 'there', 'here' sentence ?
restaurant
'eatery'
Note: 1) Restaurant =

, .

tasting very good

Restaurant Hotel
. Hotel , Lodge (
)

.
Restaurant:

, lodge .

2. Delicious =

=
.
3. Funny =
; fun
= .
4. Cover = ,

;

Exercise
sentences 'there' .
1.

23
.
2. ?

3.
.
4.

15
.
5.
?

sentence 'there'
.
Answers to the Exercises
1. There are twenty three districts in Andhra Pradesh.
2. Why are there so many police persons here?
3. There are twenty students here.
4. There are fifteen questions in the question paper.
5. Are there interesting books in the library?

It is believed
that he knows a lot
Ramakrishna: It is generally believed that he is responsible for all the trouble in the company. (
- .. )
Gopal: It is hoped that he will soon leave the company and all will be well. (
, ,
).
Ramakrishna: It is supposed that once he leaves the company, Virat will take control. (


).
Gopal: The company will be back on rails. (
).
Look at the following expressions:
1) It is generally believed that he is responsible for all the trouble.
2) It is hoped that he will soon leave the company.
3) It is supposed that once he leaves, Virat will take control.
You see that the sentences above begin with it' - the introductory it'. The verbs are all in the passive voice.
(be' + Past Participle).
It is believed (is + Past Participle of believe'); It is hoped (is + pp) and It is supposed (is + pp) - Passive voice
.
It is believed = ( it'
, Introductory it).
it' is believed that he knows a lot -
, ,
.
it is hoped' = = .
It is supposed : = .

 expressions English . , , It + passive voice

verb's
.
It is said that he is the greatest cricketer = People say that he is the greatest cricketer. (Is said - Passive - =
/ ).
a) Sagar: It is expected that all staff should be at office by 10. ( 10 ). (
10 ).
b) Kumar: We have been told we can be an hour late once a week. (
= , ).
It was believed that she was the greatest dancer of her time ( = / )
= People believed that she was a great dancer.
Exercise
, It + Passive voice .
1.
.
2.

. ( = consider).
3. .
4.
, batsman .
5. .
6. Columbus, India , , West Indies (The American Continent).
Answers to the Exercises
1. It used to be said/ It was said that she was a great singer.
2. It is considered that Sri Rama is the greatest king of all time.
3. It has so far been thought that she has invented it.
4. It is said that no other batsman of the past three generations is as great as Sachin.
5. It was found that he had committed the murder.
6. It was believed that Columbus had discovered India, but what he discovered is the West Indies.

It isn't far off

We have seen earlier that 'much' (= a large amount of) and many (a large number of) are used, only with not, in questions and in
comparatives. : much, many , not / questions / Comparative degree , affirmative
sentences . ''
..
Basheer: How far are you going? ( ?- How far
- ?)
Chakri: Not very far. But why are you asking? (. ? -Why are you asking?
, ?)
, lift .
Basheer: If it is somewhere a long way off, I can give you a lift. I am going the same way. (
.)

Chakri: So good of you. It isn't far off. Just walking distance. I prefer to walk. (Thanks. . .)
Basheer: What happened to your bike? ( bike ?)
Chakri: On my way back from a camp, it broke down on the way. It is at the mechanic's.
It's a major trouble. (Camp .
.
).

Basheer: When was this? (?)

Chakri: Not so long ago - the day before yesterday. ( . .)
Basheer: It's an old bike, time you changed it, isn't it? ( bike. .)
Chakri: It isn't as old as you seem to think. Still I think I had better change it. The day isn't far off when you will see me on a new one
( . . bike .)
Basheer: The sooner you do it the better. You can save on the repairs. ( .
.)

Look at the following expressions from the conversation above:
1. Not very far.
2. If it somewhere a long way off....
3. It isn't far off (It is not far off)
4. Not so long ago
5. The day isn't far off.

Spoken English far (

= distant) 'not'
(
) question

. (far comparative-farther, superlative farthest). 'distant' (
)
a long way/ a long way off/ a long way
away .

a) Hemanth: How far is the railway station? Have I to go a long way?

Krishna: Not far off. It's just a kilometer from here, a little farther off from the Post Office there. ( .
.

.)
.)
b) Kolkata is a long way off from Hyderabad (
c) Dinesh: Excuse me. Which bus should I take to Ameerpet crossroads? ( ?)
Ganesh: No need to take a bus. It isn't far off. You can walk the distance. Go straight for half a kilometer and you are there. (
. . . , .)
Important points: far/ far off/ far from -
,
. not (
)/ questions
.
'a long way off' distant . Distant .

Whoever told you so?

Spoken English ,
,
, sentence ,
. , Intonation .

 Kumar sells books ( ). Suppose you want to giveimportance to Kumar. Then you say 'Kumar' with greater force
than you saythe other words.
Kumar sells books ( - - ).
Kumar sells books ( )
Kumar sells books ( - ) Questions .
Who will do this? ( - , ? - The stress is on 'who').
Who will do this? ( ?) ( , ( ?) , , ).

English . .
Compare: a) Who told you so? ( ?)

b) Whoever told you so? ? - , , who , Whoever .

:

.)
a) He does anything badly. (
b) Whatever he does, he does badly , - / .
Spoken English

. Spoken English .