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3 Radio Planning With Atoll
3 Radio Planning With Atoll
3 Radio Planning With Atoll
The purpose of this paper is to provide the plan and design a UMTS mobile
communications network to give coverage to the town of Seville.
We used the software tool Atoll radio planning and simulation, developed by the
company Forsk. With the help of this tool will determine the design parameters of
the network and relevant simulations will be performed to verify that the
objectives have been achieved quality.
Art GIS, geographical data ATOLL supports multi-format and multiresolution and integration with GIS tools. Allows loading complex
databases and display geographic information interactively with multiple
layers, including engineering studies and prediction.Includes raster and
vector editor.
ATOLL is composed of a core module that can add modules such as UMTS
module (allowing projects CDMA / CDMA 2000) specifically for the analysis and
network planning W-CDMA/UMTS, the Measures module allows you to import
and manage specific measures CW or test data mobile routes, Module Automatic
Frequency Planning for the optimization of frequency plans GSM / TDMA and
Microwave Planning module. This module allows users to plan and analyze
microwave links.
The advantages for our purposes is obtained from this application are based
mainly on three aspects:
As shown in the legend, in the case of Sevilla have 12 types of zones: the open
(OPEN), water (INLAND_WATER), residential (RESIDENTIAL), urban average
(MEAN_URBAN) urban sprawl (DENSE_URBAN), buildings (BUILDINGS), village
(VILLAGE), industrial (INDUSTRIAL), opened in town (OPEN_IN_URBAN), forest
(FOREST), parks (PARKS) and dispersed urban (SCATTERED_URBAN).
Ortho map is simply an aerial photo of the city. Is shown in Figure 12:
Finally, the map identifies Vectors roads, rivers, railway lines, etc. Vectors map
we will use is shown in Figure 13.
The layers of different maps overlap each other. Order can be changed by
moving the mouse for almost all visible simultaneously. We will arrange to
appreciate all the time clutter maps, orthophoto and vectors. The result of this
overlap map shown in Figure 14:
To model the traffic generated by the city are going to define user profiles, and
each one will assign a number of UMTS services with certain parameters that
indicate the user traffic generated by each service.We are only going to include
in the model of services: voice, MMS, Internet access and video conferencing. It
was not deemed necessary to modify the default values for these services Atoll,
as are typical for UMTS planning in cities.
The service features are included in Table 1.
Service Name
R99 Bearer
Service Type
Soft handoff allowed
Priority
Factor activity in the UL
Factor activity in the DL
Average date rate in the UL
Average date rate on the DL
Lost by the body
Voice
MMS
Internet
LCD12
Circuit mode
UDD64
Packet mode
Yes
2
0,4
0,4
12.2 kbps
12.2 kbps
3 dB
No
0
0,75
0,75
64 kbps
64 kbps
0 dB
UDD384
Packet
mode
No
0
0,75
0,75
64 kbps
384 kbps
0 dB
Video
conference
LCD64
Circuit
Mode
Yes
1
1
1
64 kbps
64 kbps
0 dB
-50
25.
Service
Voice
Telephone
Mobile
Telephone
Mobile
Access
Telephone
The Internet Mobile
Video
Telephone
Conference Mobile
MMS
0,25
250
150
150
200
6.000
0,005
125
Service
Voice
MMS
Internet
Access
Video
Conference
Mobile
Phone
Mobile
Phone
300
7.000
0,005
150
Service
Voice
Mobile
Phone
MMS
Mobile
Phone
Internet
Mobile
Access
Phone
Video
Mobile
Conference Phone
0,2
0,005
100%
100%
200
6.000
0,025
100%
Service
Terminal
Type
Mobile
Phone
Mobile
Phone
`
MMS
Internet
Access
Video
Conference
Mobile
Phone
Mobile
Phone
Calls per
hour
0
0,001
100%
100%
0,0025
200
6.000
0,00125
60
Service
Voice
Mobile
Phone
MMS
Mobile
Phone
Internet
Mobile
Access
Phone
Video
Mobile
Conference Phone
0,05
60
0,0005
100%
100%
0,00125
100%
3.000
0,00005
30
Service
Business Person.
Terminal Calls per
Type
hour
Voice
Mobile
Phone
MMS
Mobile
Phone
Internet
Mobile
Access
Phone
Video
Mobile
Conference Phone
Voice
PDA
MMS
PDA
Internet
PDA
Access
Video
PDA
Conference
0,5
200
200
0,25
500
10.000
200
0,5
0
0,25
350
-
200
500
200
10.000
200
The next step for modeling the traffic generated by the city is to define a series
of "environments" type, each of which will assign a population density of users
associated with their mobility.
Later on the map available generate an environment map, which is only noted on
the map to that type of environment is for each pixel of the map.
The types of mobility (Table 9) are those set by default Atoll, as they are
considered typical values of UMTS in cities.
Average speed
mobility rate
(Km / h)
Eo / Io
(dB)
Threshold
HG-SCCH Ec / Nt (dB)
Pedestrian
50 Km / h
90 Km / h
3
50
90
-14
-14
-14
-9
-9
-9
100
4000
6000
1000
2000
8000
Is to size the network assuming that pays a 20% of the inhabitants of the city.
Percentage is quite optimistic, which may take a long time even achieved or not
achieved, but ensures that the network does not saturate easily.
Then we estimated the density associated with each environment for each user
group, again taking as reference demographic studies of the National Institute of
Statistics [11].The results are shown in Table 11.
Type
Teenage
environment
Open
8
Urban
Urban dense
Residential
Manufacturing
Buildings
Young
Medium
older
other
Business
21
39
21
eight
hundred.
1200
1.200
700
75
1800
eight
hundred.
1200
900
100%
200
275
200
150
25.
75
400
1000
400
75
50
1.050
1.600
2.400
1.600
1.200
150
425
eight
hundred.
150
Table 11: Densities and types of users associated with Sevilla environments.
Finally, we must define what percentage of each user densities associated with
the environment presented by each type of mobility.
For this open environment
User type Mobility
Teen
Young
Median age
older
other
Business
90 km/h
3
7
13
7
3
1
Table 12: Types of users and mobility associated with the open environment
Pedestrian
780
1170
1760
1170
880
95
50Km/h
10
15
20
15
10
3
90km/h
10
15
20
15
10
2
Table 14: Types of users and mobility associated with dense urban environment.
For the residential environment are also considered low densities for cases 50 km
/ h and 90 km / h, as they are considered low-traffic areas.The associated
densities are given in Table 15:
user type /Mobility
Pedestrian
50 Km / h 90
km / h
Teen
140
5
5
Young
180
10
10
Middle
250
13
12
Older
180
10
10
Other
140
5
5
Business
20
3
2
Table 15: Types of people associated with residential mobility.
All these parameters can be completed in the UMTS parameters folder in the
data tab of the browser window.You can delete and add entries for folders:
Environments, User Profiles, Terminals, Mobility Types, Services and within each
entry you can change various settings for each input.
The next step is to create a traffic map. To do this, on a digital map of Seville we
will define a number of areas and each of them we assign one type of
environment (environment map or raster).
The map of environments we will generate a similarity of map of land uses which
have the city of Seville.The land use map or clutter classes each zone shows a
different color.
To create a traffic map Atoll Geo select the tab of the browser window, create a
new road map, scenario-based or raster, and we mark on the map kind of
environment that belongs to each zone. The result is shown in Figure 15
Open
Residential
Urban
Dense urban
High buildings
Industrial estates
Parks
Cost-Hata formula
Rural (open area)
Rural (open area)
medium-sized city and suburban
Metropolitan Center
Metropolitan Center
Metropolitan Center
medium-sized city and suburban
Metropolitan Center
The terms set out in the Atoll database for this method are:
Metropolitan Center:
Lu = 49.3 + 33.9 log f - 13.82 log Hb + (44.9 to 6.55 log Hb) gives log (M r) =
(1.1 log f - 0.7) H r - (1.56 log f - 0.8)
Total = Lu - a (H r)
Lu logf = 46.3 + 33.9 - 13.82 logHb + (44.9 to 6.55 logHb) logd to (H r) = (1.1
logf - 0.7) H r - (1.56 logf - 0.8)
Total = Lu - a (H r)
Lu logf = 46.3 + 33.9 - 13.82 logHb + (44.9 to 6.55 logHb) logd to (H r) = (1.1
logf - 0.7) H r - (1.56 logf - 0.8)
Total = Lu - a (H r) - 4.78 log 2 logf f + 18.33 - 35.94
Lu logf = 46.3 + 33.9 - 13.82 logHb + (44.9 to 6.55 logHb) logd to (H r) = (1.1
logf - 0.7) H r - (1.56 logf - 0.8)
Total = Lu - a (H r) - 4.78 log 2 logf f + 18.33 - 40.94
Finally, define Predictions folder as the default method of propagation Cost-Hata
with a resolution according to the resolution of the maps (25 m) and a terminal
height of 1.5 m. This value for the height of the terminal is a typical value used
for such studies and that implies that all active users are at ground level, ie in the
worst case (further away from the base station) .
3.4.1 Antennas.
The description of the antennas are going to use is found in paragraph
4.1.4.1 of Chapter 4.
Atoll contains a database with some antennas defined by default. We will create
a new antenna from scratch, which is as close as possible to our actual antenna.
To do this we create a new folder antenna Antennas Data tab of the browser
window.The characteristics of the antenna set are shown in Table 17. The
patterns of horizontal and vertical filing of the antenna are shown in Figures 16
and 17 respectively.
Name
Manufacturer
Gain
Power Tilt
Beamwidth
maximum frequency
Minimum frequency
UD01P_D18BB
Kathrein
18 dBi
4
63
2,170 MHz
1920 MHz
3
UD01P_D18B
,170 MHz
30 m
5 dB
33 dBm
21 dBm
30 dBm
5 dB
43 dBm
75%
50%
1,000 Kbps
1,000 Kbps
256
256
We have already said that UMTS capacity depends on the total received
interference. Atoll simulates the power control mechanism using an iterative
algorithm in each iteration, all the population of mobile users generated try to be
connected, one by one, to the network. If certain users penalize others too
mobile, they are rejected, with the decision of rejection correlated with service
priority.In Atoll distinguished the following reasons for rejection:
a) The signal quality is poor:
Active
on the DL
Active
in the UL
Active
DL+ UL
Inactive
Total
3.684,8(68.6)
Voice
1.483,8
846
461.4
893.6
2.480,6(57.85) 595.3
593.6
398.1
893.6
MMS
136.8(8.28)
69.2
Internet access
183.2
1.5
Video Conference
61.8(9.04)
61.8
67.6
1867.9 (50.7%)
1.2
134.9
1086
635.6 DL
Refusal of admission
10.2
online
online
online
online
on the DL
in the DL
DL+UL
Services
Total
1816(49.3%)(44.4)
459.2
448.4
300.6
Voice
1689.5(68.1%)(50.55)
398.1
413.9
268.8
MMS
17.1(12.5%)(4.93)
7.5
9.6
Internet access
78.7(7.8%)(8.94)
53.6
24.9
0.2
Video Conference
31.6(51.1%)(6.76)
31.6
We can also study these models in a more graphic. Figure 19 shows the position
of all the terminals at the time of the simulation are trying to access a service
and the state found. In this case we see those red and black line that are being
rejected or delayed.
Connection
Rejection
Looking at Table 18, we see that the second cause of rejection is the saturation
on the DL. That is, we do not have sufficient traffic channels to meet demand. In
principle, the easiest way to increase the number of traffic channels is adding
new carriers.
And adding more transmitters also helps that there is more power to distribute
among the traffic channels and may help to improve the quality of the signal,
which would also be attacking the main cause of rejection (the carrier
interference pilot channel (DL) is below the threshold (E c / I o <E c / I or min)).
We add two carriers to each cell of the network to check if this cell size can meet
the quality objectives. If amply fulfilled, we can reduce the number of carriers in
the cells, to allow for future network expansions. Are met by a small margin, it
would be advisable to reduce the cell size, not to have too tight design.
The results of repeating the previous simulations, but with 3 carriers per cell are
shown in Tables 23-25.
Traffic requested:
Users
Inactive
Total
Voice
MMS
Access
Internet
Video
Conference
3.700,1
(43,56)
2.467,3
(54,02)
131
(12,03)
1.041,3
(14.86)
60.5
(7.76)
Active
Active
Active
In the DL
1.493,2
in the DL
864.2
DL+ UL
454.1
888.6
592.6
593.4
392.7
888.6
65.4
65.6
835.2
205.2
0.9
60.5
756.7 users
1.4
106.2
161.1
487.9
0.1
online
online
In the DL
online
in the DL
online
DL+ UL
Services
Total
Voice
MMS
Internet Access
Video Conference
2943.4(79.5%)(53.1)
2393.3(97%)(58.71)
75.3(57.5%)(9.49)
416.1 (40%)(9.61)
58.7(97%)(7.79)
905.7
574.7
36.4
294.6
0
735.7
575.5
38.9
121.3
0
440.6
381.7
0
0.2
58.7
Connection
Rejection
Figure 20: State of the terminal cells of 550 m radius and 3 carriers.
In this case shown on the map in Figure 20 the result of several simulations
simultaneously. We see that the connection terminals are clearly more numerous,
but the rejection rate remains high.
The results are greatly improved but still inadequate, we must rule out possible
to cover UMTS to Seville with the cell size.
Let's try using the following template available for deployment of UMTS Atoll in
areas with high population density. The template dense urban target area divided
into cells of 350 m radius, the result of covering the urban area of Seville with
cells of this size would be the one shown in Figure 21:
3.669,9
Assets
Assets
Assets in
in DL
in UL
DL + UL
1.471,2
847
462,3
Inactive
889,4
(38,96)
Voice
2.476,2
603,2
584,1
399,5
889,4
67,5
67,3
800,5
195,6
1,1
61,7
(41,11)
MMS
134,8
(10,04)
Access
997,2
61,7
Conference (5,06)
Table 26: Demand for a given traffic.
263.3 (7.2%)
0
30
3.1
230.2
0
online
online
On the DL
online
in the DL
online
DL+UL
Services
Total
Voice
MMS
Internet Access
Video Conference
3406.6(92.8%)(46.39)
2474.9(99.9%)(41.05)
120.2(89.2%)(10.14)
750.1(75.2%)(15.31)
61.4(99.5%)(5.12)
1.239,5
603
59.4
577.1
0
816.5
583.6
60.8
172.1
0
461.7
399.4
0
0.9
61.4
In this case we can represent the map of Seville on the results of these
simulations (Table 23):
Connection
Rejection
Figure 22: State of the terminal cells of 350 m radius and 3 carriers.
The results are still not achieving the quality objectives, so let's try to reduce a
little the size of the cell.
Predefined templates Atoll UMTS cell sizes do not allow minors. This is explained
we've made a pretty optimistic traffic modeling (from the point of view of the
operator) to cover our backs and make sure that the network later on staying
small.
We will define a template image of the dense urban, but with a cell size of 200 m
3 carriers. After making the deployment on the map the result is shown in Figure
22:
Total
Users
Claims on
the DL
Active in
the UL
3.684
1.488,33
830,33
470,67
894,67
602,33
583,67
415
889,4
62,33
63
823,67
183,67
54,67
(57,35)
Voice
2.495,67
(16,65)
MMS
125,33
(13,72)
Access
1.008,33
54,67
Conference
(4,78)
97 (2.6%)
0
13.33
0
83.67
0
online
online
In the DL
online
in the DL
online
DL+ UL
Services
Total
Voice
MMS
Internet access
Video Conference
3587(97.4%)(43.18)
2495.67(100%)(16.65)
122.33(97.6%)(13.72)
914.33(90.7%)(15.37)
54.67(100%)(4.78)
1.398,67
602.33
61
735.33
0
823
583.67
61.33
178
0
470.67
415
0
1
54.67
In this case we can represent the map of Seville on the results of these
simulations. The state of the network shown in Figure 24:
Connection
Rejection
2.463,25
577,75
601
386,5
898
(34,37)
MMS
122,5
64,75
57,75
818,25
183
2,75
57,5
(12,09)
Access
1,004
The Internet
12.1
Video
57,5
Conference
(8,08)
98 (2.7%)
0
13.25
0
84.75
0
online
online
In the DL
online
in the DL
online
DL+UL
Services
Total
Voice
MMS
Internet access
Video Conference
3587(97.4%)(43.18)
2463.25(100%)(34.37)
120.25(98.2%)(11.37)
908.25(90.5%)(4.66)
57.5(100%)(8.08)
1.398,67
577.75
63
729
0
823
601
57.25
177
0
470.67
386.5
0
2.25
57.5
Connection
Rejection
Figure 26: Location of the connections rejected.
-Overlap between the coverage areas of the reference cell and a cell
candidate neighbor.The concept of coverage here refers to the level of the
pilot channel, or its signal to interference (Ec / Io).
Number of cells
6
9
10
26
13
54
137
1032
205
91
17
Minimum
0
Maximum
4
Step
1
Group 2
32
36
Group 3+
64
68
Group 4
96
100%
We follow the same criteria to choose the number of codes. If forced to use
different code to the neighbors of neighbors to 20 codes was too weak. It does
not seem advisable to abuse of the codes that way in such a large network.
Activate only as constraints
Neighbours and Additional Existing Ec / Io conditions.
On the other hand, we have seen that there is distance between neighboring
sites if up to 1,200 m. Since it is very critical that we have in our network signals
with power levels of the same order of magnitude using the same code in the
same cell, we will be very restrictive in this regard and set a manifestly greater
reuse distance: 2,000 m.
The first execution of the algorithm given error, it was impossible to enforce
these restrictions by using only 20 codes.So groups of 5 were added to the
domain code of codes until the algorithm converged to reach a total of 55 codes.
The codes used are those in Table 37.
Groups
Minimum
Maximum
Step
Group 1
Group 2
32
36
Group 3+
64
68
Group 4
96
100%
Group 5
128
132
Group 6
160
164
Group 7
192
196
Group 8
224
228
Group 9
256
260
Group 10
288
292
Group 11
320
324
28.96 cells per code. We see that the code assignment revolves around the
aforementioned value, indeed of the 11 sets of codes we see that there are 6 in
all codes exceeded that average and 5 in which none does.
Let us now use the cluster:
Study overlap.
Handover study.
Figure 33: Study of the noise level of the Voice of the terminal telephone service.
We see that the total interference level generated is significantly higher than the
signal level of the site survey in Figure 30.Anyway it should not worry, because
as explained in Chapter 2, UMTS systems are resistant to interference and due to
the CDMA technology is easy to discriminate between the receptor interference
and the desired signal. As discussed in the study of signal-interference in the
pilot channel, to overcome a certain threshold of Ec / Io (UMTS typical value is 14 dB) is sufficient to discriminate signal and interference, and as will be seen in
Figures 35 and 36 this occurs for almost the entire target area.
The same goes for the Internet access service, but in this case the noise levels
are even higher. This is because Internet access service requires a higher
bandwidth and therefore needs more power transmission in the downlink. The
results of the study for this service are shown in Figure 34.
Figure 35: Ec / Io in the pilot channel for voice service telephone terminal
Table 9 is set threshold E C / I O for all mobilities in -14 dB. We see that virtually
the entire target area will have values above -15 dB, so in principle confirms the
results of the simulations and we should not just rejection by poor signal quality
for this service.
We can see the results of the study to the Internet access service in Figure 36:
Figure 36: Ec / Io in the pilot channel for Internet access service telephone
terminal.
The results are very similar to the voice service, which is logical since the
transmission power in the pilot channel is the same and the interference is the
same for all services.The findings are equivalent to the previous case, we have
an Ec / Io above -15 dB throughout the target area, so it is likely that there just
rejections due to poor signal quality, confirming the results of simulations.
Study of the service area on the DL.
This study evaluates whether the test terminal can obtain service in the
downlink, taking into account the limited traffic capacity based or active bases.
This study is very interesting because it is the mobile that checks are rejected
because of network congestion.We know that the power intended for traffic
channels depends on the amount of traffic that has to be handed-over, and if at
some point we have to transmit more power than the maximum, then there is
traffic that has to be rejected, for which a running Atoll power control algorithm
that determines how much power goes to each connection and power
connections are not (are rejected).
This study places a test terminal at each location of the target area and see if
you can get service or according to the results of simulations.
The results for the telephone and voice terminal are shown in Figure 37.
Figure 37: Study of the service area on the DL for the terminal voice phone
service.
We see that we can get service at all locations of the target area. This is
consistent with the results of simulations and for the voice service had no
rejections.
We must remember that this does not mean never going to have rejections for
this service. This means that in 10 (which are the times you have repeated the
simulation) we have made snapshots of the network with traffic demand within
the normal range, there were no rejections.
Figure 38: Study of the service area on the DL for the Internet access service
telephone terminal.
We see that most of the target area can get service, but especially in dense
urban areas, there are some locations where our connection attempts would be
rejected.This confirms the results of the simulations, they gave us half a rejection
rate of 9.5% for this service.Of course, the majority of these rejections would
occur in the area of greatest density.
Study of the service area in the UL.
It is analogous to the above but for the uplink, taking into account the limited
power of the mobile terminal.
The results of the study for the terminal telephone and voice are as shown in
Figure 39.
Figure 39: Study of the service area in the UL for voice service telephone
terminal
In other mobile communications systems such as GSM or TETRA uplink is usually
more limiting than the downward, as the need to take small, manageable
terminals forces us to take power in the upstream transmission very low and not
get compensated designing high sensitivity receivers in base stations.
However, our UMTS network behaves the opposite. As seen in Figures 39 and 40
get service in the increase in all locations of the target area, which agrees with
the results of the simulations, which gave us 0 rejections excess load on the
ascendant. This is logical because the Internet access service has a very
asymmetric traffic with a high demand in the downstream and far less on the up,
it makes sense that the network has to reject many more connections than the
other.
Figure 40: Study area in the UL service for Internet access service telephone
terminal
Study of effective service area.
This study provides the area intersection of the two.
As we have seen, the downlink is much more restrictive than the upwardly, so
the results of this study are virtually identical to the study of the service area in
the downlink.
The results for the telephone and voice terminal are shown in Figures 41 and 42:
Figure 41: Study of effective service area to service your voice terminal
Figure 42: Study of effective service area to service Internet access to your
terminal
Handover study.
This prediction studies the active set of a test mobile located at each point on the
map, and renders it according to selected criteria.Let us briefly explain the
concept of the active set in UMTS.
In the UMTS system uses a handover mechanism for transferring called
continuity, SHO (Soft / Softer Handover).Thanks to universal frequency reuse is
possible to connect the call to the candidate to the handover station before
disconnecting it from the source station, keeping both links simultaneously for
some time. A call can be supported by the three sectors of a base station and /
or
by two or more stations. Each of the bases involved keeps in touch with the
phone until the attenuation to one of them is excessive, when you leave the link
on that basis. In the uplink, during the handover period continuously, the signal
transmitted by the mobile is detected by the base stations involved, make a
selection or combination of demodulated signals. In general, for base stations
located at different sites, it is easier to select the signal of higher quality (soft
hand-off).For base stations located on the same site, as in sectorized cells, the
physical proximity to combine the signals (soft hand-off) before demodulation.
The set of bases with a mobile is known as the Joint Contact Active (Active
Set).The maximum number of stations that can be part of the active set of a
mobile (Active Set Size) depends on the type of terminal.
The criteria used for a station is part of the active set of a terminal is based on
the concept of threshold for handover (AS THRESHOLD), defined for each cell in
the table Transmitters | Cells | Open Table.The transmitters that constitute the
active set of a tower should meet the following conditions:
"The quality of the pilot (Ec / Io) of the best season to exceed a
threshold defined for terminal mobility (in this case -14 dB).
"The pilots of the other bases in the active set must have a Ec / Io
that does not fall below the threshold of handover on the best season.
Figure 43: Study of the asset to the Voice of the terminal telephone service
Just as occurred in studies of Ec / Io, these studies are identical for both services
and the level of the pilot channel signal and interference are the same for both.
As before, studies have been done to the population generated by the average of
10 simulations of the final configuration.
Figure 45: Study of interference in the pilot channel for the service of Voice of
the telephone terminal.
We hardly have seasons interfering in most locations. This affects very low levels
of denial of connections to the network (as we have seen in the simulations,
where we have not had any rejection for voice service).
Figure 46: Study of interference in the pilot channel for Internet access service
telephone terminal.
In this case the number of interfering base stations is much higher, which results
in a rejection rate higher than for voice service (which we have seen in the
simulations).
This is because Internet access service is not configured to support soft
handover, and therefore any base station exceeds the threshold Ec / Io instead
of being part of the active set, it becomes an interfering base station.
Voice
MMS
Internet Access
Video Conference
Table 38: Connections accepted by the network (10% of users and 1 carrier).
We found that indeed, there is no need to start the deployment with the racks at
full capacity. This allows us to significantly reduce the initial investment for
setting up the network and guarantees a better initial performance of the
network (at work with only one carrier per sector). Avoid oversizing and also get
the network itself to finance its expansion of capacity, since the network is
operational and therefore billing from day one. Besides the capacity expansion of
the network are zero-risk investment, because traffic is rejected and the money
we lose the ability to increase income means increasing systematically.
2 years after deployment (1 carrier / cell, 20% of subscribers):
Services
Online
Total
Voice
MMS
Internet Access
Video Conference
Table 39: Connections accepted by the network (20% of users and 1 carrier).
Quality objectives continue to be met comfortably 2 years after completion of the
deployment. In addition to reducing the investment required for implementation
of the network, another advantage of not displaying all the carriers from the
initial moment is that you avoid the wear suffered all these carriers to be
operational, thus prolonging the life of the network and
Minimizing the number of failures in the network (unless carriers, lower failure
rate). This also saves on maintenance and improvement in the quality of network
service.
3 years after deployment (1 carrier / cell, 30% of subscribers):
Services
Online
Total
Voice
MMS
Internet Access
Video Conference
Table 40: Connections accepted by the network (30% of users and 1 carrier).
We see that in this case the quality objectives are met by a small margin. It is
clear that during the 3 rd year of operation of the network will have to start to be
the first expansion of capacity, adding a carrier in the most loaded (which will
probably make time to be risen from 10% to reject the service Internet access,
as these data provide for the entire network and would ideally be met for all
cells).
We will simplify and as we have done until now we demand that quality
objectives are met in all cells, but only at the entire network (most operators do
not or globally).We will not make the expansion of capacity in a progressive
manner, which would be optimal. Let's go on pretending until the quality
objectives are no longer met, at which will double the network capacity by
adding a carrier to all sectors.
4 years after deployment (1 carrier / cell, 40% of subscribers):
Services
Total
Online
1408.9 (95.8%) (42.97)
Voice
MMS
Internet Access
Video Conferencing
Table 41: Connections accepted by the network (40% of users and 1 carrier).
As expected, after 4 years of operation of the network of low priority services
have fallen below the quality objectives.It is therefore the time of the first
expansion of network capacity. Adding one carrier per sector the results of the
simulations are:
4 years after deployment (2 carriers / cell, 40% of subscribers):
Services
Total
Online
1426.1 (98.8%) (20.44)
Voice
MMS
Internet Access
Video Conference
Table 42: Connections accepted by the network (40% of users and 2 carriers).
The capacity expansion has had the expected and the network could grow a few
more years before needing a new extension.
5 years after deployment (2 carriers / cell, 50% of subscribers):
Services
Online
Total
Voice
MMS
Internet Access
Video Conference
Table 43: Connections accepted by the network (50% of users and 2 carriers).
Quality objectives continue to be met satisfactorily. However, it is normal at 5
years is thought to migrate to new technology (in this case would be HSDPA).
It is accepted that between the deployment of each generation of mobile spend
about 10 years and that 5 is normal to migrate to an intermediate technology. In
fact, we know that the first UMTS network in Seville began operation on June 1,
2002 and five years later, in 2007 and we cover HSDPA (3.5G) [10].
With this new technology, it is possible that the capacity expansion planning
when otherwise it would be appropriate to consider that if the capacity expansion
that migration brings is enough to meet increased traffic demand or need to
continue to deploy carriers. Anyway, HSDPA escapes the objectives of this
project, so it is going to plan the expansion of capacity without regard to
migration.
6 years after deployment (2 carriers / cell, 60% of users):
Services
Online
Total
Voice
MMS
Internet Access
Video Conference
Table 44: Connections accepted by the network (60% of users and 2 carriers).
Already beginning to be seen again as the increase in the number of subscribers
is gradually degrading the quality of service.However, following the same
approach as before, not to simulate 3 carriers to fall below the quality objectives.
7 years after deployment (2 carriers / cell, 70% of users):
Services
Online
Total
Voice
MMS
86 (96.6%) (7.27)
Internet Access
Video Conference
Table 45: Connections accepted by the network (70% of users and 2 carriers).
We see that for some, but have fallen back below the quality objectives. It is
therefore the time of the last upgrade of the capacity of our network.
7 years after deployment (3 carriers / cell, 70% of capacity):
Services
Online
Total
Voice
MMS
Internet Access
Video Conference
Table 46: Connections accepted by the network (70% of users and 3 carriers).
As we expected, with 70% of the number of subscribers and the network to its
maximum capacity exceeded the targets.
Little else is there to comment, Tables 39, 40 and 41 show the simulation results
for 80%, 90% and 100% of the number of subscribers expected.
8 years after deployment (3 carriers / cell, 80% of users):
Services
Online
Total
Voice
MMS
Internet Access
Video Conference
Table 47: Connections accepted by the network (80% of users and 3 carriers).
9 years after deployment (3 carriers / cell, 90% of users)
Services
Online
Total
Voice
MMS
Internet Access
Video Conference
Table 48: Connections accepted by the network (90% of users and 3 carriers).
10 years after deployment (3 carriers / cell, 100% of users):
Services
Total
Online
3587 (97.4%) (43.18)
Voice
MMS
Internet Access
Video Conference
Table 49: Connections accepted by the network (100% of users and 3 carriers).
This raises the question of what to do after 10 years when the number of
subscribers continues to grow and the quality of network service getting worse,
"increase the number of sites?
The answer is clearly no. Even the most visionary could guess back in 2000 when
these networks were planned just as GPRS (2.5 G) served as a bridge between
GSM (2G) and UMTS (3G) technologies appear to provide increased capacity of
UMTS, HSDPA and HSPA already in operation, 5 years after the launch of UMTS
in Seville and there is talk that it is possible the emergence of the first 4G
network in the United States later this year [10].
The evolution of technology is virtually unpredictable and as I said before is not
thought advisable to design networks that will be in operation for many years
may become obsolete before starting to recover its investment. 4 G may begin to
appear at any time between 2008 and 2012. This means that a UMTS network in
Seville may have a lifespan of well over 10 years, and if it turns out, are always
bridges to support technologies that increase in traffic demand.