CHNG V

B TNG
5.1. Khi nim chung
B tng l loi vt liu nhn to nhn c bng cch khun v lm
rn chc mt hn hp hp l bao gm cht kt dnh, nc, ct liu (ct, si hay
dm) v ph gia. Thnh phn hn hp b tng phi m bo sao cho sau mt
thi gian rn chc phi t c nhng tnh cht cho trc nh cng ,
chng thm v.v...
Hn hp nguyn liu mi nho trn gi l hn hp b tng hay b tng
ti.
Hn hp b tng sau khi cng rn, chuyn sang trng thi c gi l b
tng
Trong b tng, ct liu ng vai tr l b khung chu lc. H cht kt dnh
bao bc xung quanh ht ct liu, chng l cht bi trn, ng thi lp y
khong trng v lin kt gia cc ht ct liu. Sau khi cng rn, h cht kt
dnh gn kt cc ht ct liu thnh mt khi tng i ng nht v c gi l
b tng. B tng c ct thp gi l b tng ct thp.
B tng l loi vt liu gin, cng chu nn ln, cng chu ko
1
1
cng chu nn). khc phc nhc im ny,
thp (ch bng
15 10
ngi ta thng t ct thp vo tng cng kh nng chu ko ca b tng
trong cc kt cu chu un, chu ko. Loi b tng ny gi l b tng ct thp. V
b tng v ct thp c lc bm dnh tt, c h s dn n nhit xp x nhau, nn
chng c th lm vic ng thi. Nu ct thp c bo v chng g tt th s
cng vi b tng to nn loi vt liu c tui th cao. Ct thp t trong b tng
c th trng thi thng, hoc trng thi ng sut trc (d ng lc).
Cht kt dnh c th l xi mng cc loi, thch cao, vi v cng c th l
cht kt dnh hu c (polime).
Trong b tng xi mng ct liu thng chim 80 - 85%, cn xi mng chim
10 - 20% khi lng.
B tng v b tng ct thp c s dng rng ri trong xy dng v chng
c nhng u im sau: Cng chu lc cao, c th ch to c nhng loi
b tng c cng , hnh dng v tnh cht khc nhau. Gi thnh r, kh bn
vng v n nh i vi ma nng, nhit , m.
Tuy vy chng cn tn ti nhng nhc im:
Nng (v=2200-2400kg/m3), cch m, cch nhit km (=1,051,5kCal/m.0C.h), kh nng chng n mn yu.
phn loi b tng thng da vo nhng c im sau:
Theo dng cht kt dnh phn ra: B tng xi mng, b tng silicat (cht kt
dnh l vi), b tng thch cao, b tng cht kt dnh hn hp, btng polime, b
tng dng cht kt dnh c bit.
Theo dng ct liu phn ra: B tng ct liu c, b tng ct liu rng, b
tng ct liu c bit (chng phng x, chu nhit, chu axit).
82

Theo khi lng th tch phn ra:

B tng c bit nng (v > 2500kg/m3), ch to t ct liu c bit, dng
cho nhng kt cu c bit.
B tng nng ( v = 2200 - 2500 kg/m3), ch to t ct, , si thng thng
dng cho kt cu chu lc.
B tng tng i nng (v = 1800 - 2200 kg/m3), dng ch yu cho kt
cu chu lc.
B tng nh ( v = 500 - 1800 kg/m3), trong gm c b tng nh ct liu
rng (nhn to hay thin nhin), b tng t ong (b tng kh v b tng bt), ch
to t hn hp cht kt dnh, nc, cu t silic nghin mn v cht to rng, v
b tng hc ln (khng c ct liu nh).
Btng c bit nh cng l loi b tng t ong v b tng ct liu rng
nhng c v < 500 kg/m3.
Do khi lng th tch ca b tng bin i trong phm vi rng nn rng
ca chng cng thay i ng k, nh b tng t ong dng cch nhit c r =
70 - 85%, b tng thy cng r = 8 - 10%.
Theo cng dng phn ra :
B tng thng dng trong cc kt cu b tng ct thp (mng, ct, dm,
sn).
B tng thy cng, dng xy p, u thuyn, ph lp mi knh, cc cng
trnh dn nc...
B tng dng cho mt ng, sn bay, lt va h.
B tng dng cho kt cu bao che (thng l b tng nh).
B tng c cng dng c bit nh b tng chu nhit, chu axit, b tng
chng phng x.
Trong phm vi chng trnh ta ch ch yu nghin cu v b tng nng
dng cht kt dnh xi mng.
5.2. Vt liu ch to b tng nng
5.2.1. Xi mng
Xi mng l thnh phn cht kt dnh lin kt cc ht ct liu vi nhau to
ra cng cho b tng. Cht lng v hm lng xi mng l yu t quan trng
quyt nh cng chu lc ca b tng.
ch to b tng ta c th dng xi mng pooclng, xi mng pooclng bn
sunfat, xi mng pooclng x ht l cao, xi mng pooclng puzolan, xi mng
pooclng hn hp, xi mng t ta nhit v cc loi xi mng khc tha mn cc
yu cu quy phm.
Khi s dng xi mng ch to b tng, vic la chn mc xi mng l c
bit quan trng v n va phi m bo cho b tng t mc thit k, va phi
m bo yu cu kinh t.
Nu dng xi mng mc thp ch to b tng mc cao th lng xi mng
s dng cho 1m3 b tng s nhiu nn khng m bo kinh t.
Nu dng xi mng mc cao ch to b tng mc thp th lng xi mng
tnh ton ra s dng cho 1m3 b tng s rt t khng lin kt ton b cc
83

ht ct liu vi nhau, mt khc hin tng phn tng ca hn hp b tng d xy

ra, gy nhiu tc hi xu cho b tng.
V vy cn phi trnh dng xi mng mc thp ch to b tng mc cao
v ngc li cng khng dng xi mng mc cao ch to b tng mc thp.
Theo kinh nghim nn chon mc xi mng theo mc b tng nh sau l thch
hp (bng 5-1)
Bng 5-1
Mc b tng 100 150 200 250 300
350
400 500 /600
Mc xi mng 200 300 300-400 400 400-500 400-500 500-600 600 600
Trong trng hp dng xi mng mc cao ch to b tng mc thp th
cn khng ch lng xi mng ti thiu cho 1m3 b tng (kg) phi ph hp vi
quy nh (bng 5-2).
Bng 5 - 2
10
20
40
70
Kch thc ln nht ca ct liu, Dmax, mm
220
200
180
160
st ca hn hp b tng 110 cm
240
220
210
180
st ca hn hp b tng 1116 cm
5.2.2. Nc
Nc l thnh phn gip cho xi mng phn ng to ra cc sn phm thy
ha lm cho cng ca b tng tng ln. Nc cn to ra lu ng cn
thit qu trnh thi cng c d dng.
Nc ch to b tng phi m bo cht lng tt, khng gy nh hng
xu n thi gian ng kt v rn chc ca xi mng v khng gy n mn cho
ct thp.
Nc dng c l loi nc dng cho sinh hot nh nc my, nc
ging.
Cc loi nc khng c dng l nc m, ao, h, nc cng rnh, nc
cha du m, ng, nc c pH < 4, nc c cha sunfat ln hn 0,27%
2(tnh theo hm lng ion SO 4 ), lng hp cht hu c vt qu 15mg/l, pH
nh hn 4 v ln hn 12,5.
Tu theo mc ch s dng hm lng cc tp cht khc phi tho mn
TCVN 4506 :1987.
Nc bin c th dng ch to b tng cho nhng kt cu lm vic trong
nc bin, nu tng cc loi mui khng vt qu 35g trong 1 lt nc bin.
Tu theo mc ch s dng hm lng cc tp cht khc phi tho mn
TCVN 4506 : 1987.
Cht lng ca nc c nh gi bng phn tch ha hc, ngoi ra v
mt nh tnh cng c th nh gi s b bng cch so snh cng ca b
tng ch to bng nc sch v nc cn kim tra.
5.2.3. Ct
84

Ct l ct liu nh cng vi xi mng, nc to ra va xi mng lp y l

rng gia cc ht ct liu ln (, si) v bao bc xung quanh cc ht ct liu
ln to ra khi b tng c chc. Ct cng l thnh phn cng vi ct liu ln
to ra b khung chu lc cho b tng.
Ct dng ch to b tng c th l ct thin nhin hay ct nhn to c c
ht t 0,14 n 5 mm.
Cht lng ca ct ch to b tng nng ph thuc ch yu vo thnh
phn ht, ln v hm lng tp cht, cng l nhng yu cu k thut i
vi ct.
Thnh phn ht: Ct c thnh phn ht hp l th rng ca n nh,
lng xi mng s t, cng b tng s cao.
Thnh phn ht ca ct c xc nh bng cch ly 1000g ct ( sy kh)
lt di sng c kch thc mt sng 5 mm sng qua b li sng c kch
thc mt sng ln lt l 2,5; 1,25; 0,63; 0,315; 0,14 mm.
Sau khi sng ct trn tng li sng c kch thc mt sng t ln n nh
ta xc nh lng st ring bit v lng st tch ly trn mi sng.
Lng st ring bit: ai (%) l t s gia lng st trn mi sng so vi
m
ton b lng ct em th nghim: a i = i 100(%) .
m
Trong : mi - lng ct cn st li trn sng i, g.
m - lng ct em sng, g.
Tnh lng st tch ly : ai (%) trn mi sng, l tng lng st ring bit
k t sng ln nht a2,5 n sng cn xc nh ai.
Ai = a2,5 + a1,25 + ... + ai , %
Thnh phn ht ca ct cn phi tha mn theo TCVN 1770 - 1986 (bng 53).
Bng 5 - 3
Kch thc mt sng, mm
2,5
1,25
0,63
0,315
0,14
Lng st tch ly trn sng, %
0-20
15-45 35-70 70-90 90-100
T yu cu v thnh phn
ht theo TCVN 1770 - 1986
ngi ta xy dng biu
chun (hnh 5-1).
Sau khi sng phn tch v
tnh kt qu lng st tch ly ta
v ng biu din cp phi ht.
Nu ng biu din cp phi
ht nm trong phm vi cho php
Hnh 5-1: Biu xc nh thnh phn ht ca ct
th loi ct c tiu chun v
thnh phn ht.
ln:
ln ca ct c nh hng n lng dng xi mng v c biu th
bng mun ln.
85

M un ln (Ml) c xc nh bng cng thc:

A 25 + A 1, 25 + A 0, 63 + A 0,315 + A 0,14
Ml =
100
Trong : A2,5; A1,25; A0,63; A0,315; A0,14: Lng st tch ly trn cc sng c
kch thc mt sng tng ng l 2,5; 1,25; 0,63; 0,315; 0,14 mm.
Theo mun ln, khi lng th tch xp, lng ht nh hn 0,14 mm
v ng biu din thnh phn ht, ct dng cho b tng nng c chia ra lm
4 nhm: to, va, nh v rt nh (bng 5-4).
Bng 5 - 4
Mc theo nhm ct
Tn cc ch tiu
To
Va
Nh
Rt nh
Ln hn 2,5 2 n
1 n nh
0,7 n
1 - M un ln
n 3,3
2,5
hn 2
nh hn 1
2 - Khi lng th tch xp,
1400
1300
1200
1150
kg/m3, khng nh hn
3 - Lng ht nh hn 0,14
mm tnh bng % khi lng
10
10
20
35
ct, khng ln hn
Ty theo nhm ct m ng biu din thnh phn ht nm trong vng
gch ca biu sau (bng 5-5 v hnh 5-2).
Bng 5 -5
Nhm ct
To
Va
Nh
Rt nh
Vng 1
Vng 1
Vng 2
Vng 3

Hnh 5-2: Biu xc nh nhm ct

Ct m bo ch tiu bng 5 - 4, thuc nhm to v va cho php s dng

cho b tng tt c cc mc, ct nhm nh c php s dng cho b tng mc
ti 300, cn ct nhm rt nh c php s dng cho b tng mc ti 100.
Lng tp cht: Ct cng sch th cht lng ca b tng cng tt.

86

Theo TCVN 1770-1986 ct dng cho b tng nng phi m bo sch

theo ng quy nh bng 5 - 6.
Bng 5 - 6
Mc theo mc b tng
Tn ch tiu
Nh hn 100 150 - 200 Ln hn 200
1 - St, st, cc tp cht khc
Khng
Khng
Khng
dng cc
2 - Lng ht trn 5mm, tnh
bng % khi lng ct, khng
10
10
10
nh hn
3 - Hm lng mui gc sunfat,
sunfit tnh ra SO3, tnh bng %
1
1
1
khi lng ct, khng ln hn
4 - Hm lng mi ca, tnh bng
1,5
1
1
% khi lng ct, khng ln hn
5 - Hm lng bn, bi, st tnh
5
3
3
bng % khi lng ct, khng
ln hn
i vi b tng mc 400 tr ln hm lng bn, bi st khng c ln
hn 1% khi lng ct.
Khi ct m th tch ca n b bin i, m 5 - 7% th tch ca ct c
th tng ln 20 30%. V vy nu nh lng ct theo th tch th cn phi hiu
chnh li th tch ca n theo m thc t.
5.2.4. (si)
, si l ct liu ln c c ht t 5 - 70mm, chng to ra b khung chu
lc cho b tng. Si c c im l do ht trn nhn, rng v din tch mt
ngoi nh nn cn t nc, tn t xi mng m vn d m, d , nhng lc dnh
kt vi va xi mng nh nn cng ca b tng thp hn b tng dng
dm.
Ngoi dm v si khi ch to b tng cn c th dng si dm (dm p
t si).
Cht lng hay yu cu k thut ca ct liu ln c c trng bi cc ch
tiu cng , thnh phn ht, ln v hm lng tp cht.
Cng ca dm v si dng cho b tng c xc nh thng qua th
nghim nn mt lng (hoc si) trong xi lanh bng thp v c gi l
nn p.
Ty theo nn p trong xi lanh, mc ca dm t thin nhin c
chia thnh 8 mc v xc nh theo TCVN 1771-1987 (bng 5-7). Mc ca
dm thin nhin xc nh theo nn p trong xi lanh (105 N/m2) phi cao hn
mc b tng, khng di 1,5 ln i vi b tng mc di 300, khng di 2 ln
i vi b tng mc 300 v trn 300.
87

Mc ca si v si dm theo nn p trong xi lanh dng cho b tng mc

khc nhau cn ph hp TCVN 1771 - 1987 (bng 5 - 8).
Bng 5 - 7
nn p trng thi bo ha nc, %
Mc ca
mc ma xm
mc ma phun
dm
trm tch
nhp v bin cht
tro
1400
n 12
n 9
1200
n 11
Ln hn 12 n 16
Ln hn 09 n 11
1.000
Ln hn 11 n 13
Ln hn 16 n 20
Ln hn 11 n 13
800
Ln hn 13 n 15
Ln hn 20 n 25
Ln hn 13 n 15
600
Ln hn 15 n 20
Ln hn 25 n 34
Ln hn 15 n 20
400
Ln hn 20 n 28
300
Ln hn 28 n 38
200
Ln hn 38 n 54
-

Mc b tng
400 v cao hn
300
200 v thp hn

Bng 5 - 8
nn p trng thi bo ha nc, khng ln hn, %
Si
Si dm
8
10
12
14
16
18

Thnh phn ht ca ct liu ln c xc nh thng qua th nghim sng 3

kg (si) kh trn b sng tiu chun c kch thc l sng ln lt l
70; 40; 20; 10; 5 mm.
Sau khi sng ngi ta xc nh lng st ring bit (ai ) v lng st tch
ly (Ai), ng thi cng xc nh ng knh ln nht Dmax v ng knh nh
nht Dmin ca ct liu.
Dmax l ng knh ln nht ca ct liu tng ng vi c sng c lng
st tch ly nh hn v gn 10% nht.
Dmin l ng knh nh nht ca ct liu tng ng vi c sng c lng
st tch ly ln hn v gn 90 nht.
Thnh phn ht ca (si) phi tha mn theo TCVN 177 -1987 nh bng
5 - 9.
Bng 5 - 9
1
(D min + D max ) Dmax 1,25Dmax
Kch thc l sng
Dmin
2
Lng st tch ly trn sng % 90 - 100
40 - 70
0 - 10
0
T yu cu v thnh phn ht theo tiu chun trn ngi ta xy dng biu
chun (hnh 5-3).

88

Sau khi sng phn tch v tnh kt qu lng st tch ly, ta v ng biu
din cp phi ht nu ng biu din cp phi ht nm trong phm vi cho php
th loi (si) c tiu chun v thnh phn ht ch to b tng.
ng knh c ht ln nht ca
(si, si dm) c chn s dng phi
m bo ng thi cc yu cu sau y:
Khng vt qu 1/5 kch thc nh
nht gia cc mt trong ca vn khun.
Khng vt qu 3/4 kch thc
thng thu gia hai thanh ct thp k
nhau.
Hnh 5-3: Biu thnh phn ht ca ct liu ln
Khng vt qu 1/3 chiu dy tm, bn.
Khng vt qu 1/3 ng knh trong ca ng bm b tng (vi b tng s
dng cng ngh bm).
Trong thc t dm, si c phn ra cc c ht sau :
T 5 n 10 mm.
Ln hn 10 n 20 mm .
Ln hn 20 n 40 mm .
Ln hn 40 n 70 mm .
Trong thnh phn ht ca ct liu ln hm lng ht thoi, dt khng vt
qu 35% theo khi lng, hm lng ht mm yu v phong ha khng c
ln hn 10% theo khi lng.
Hm lng tp cht:
Theo quy phm hm lng tp cht sunfat v sunfit (tnh theo SO3) trong
dm, si v si dm khng c vt qu 1% theo khi lng.
Hm lng ht st, bn, bi xc nh bng cch ra khng vt qu tr s
bng 5-10. Trong cc st khng vt qa 0,25%. Khng cho php c mng
st bao ph cc ht dm, si v nhng tp cht bn khc nh g mc, l cy,
rc... ln vo.
Bng 5 - 10
Hm lng st, bn, bi cho php khng ln hn,
% khi lng
Loi ct liu
i vi b tng mc di i vi b tng mc 300
300
v cao hn
dm t mc ma
2
1
v bin cht
dm t trm tch
3
2
Si v si dm
1
1
* Ghi ch :
Ht thoi dt l ht c chiu rng hoc chiu dy nh hn hay bng 1/3
chiu di.
Ht mm yu l cc ht dm c gii hn bn khi nn trng thi bo
ha nc nh hn 200.105 N/mm2 .
89

Ht phong ha l cc ht dm ngun gc mcma c gii hn bn khi

nn trng thi bo ha nc nh hn 800.105 N/mm2, hoc cc ht dm
ngun gc bin cht c gii hn bn nn trng thi bo ha nc nh hn
400.105 N/mm2.
5.2.5 . Ph gia
Trong cng ngh ch to b tng hin nay, ph gia c s dng kh ph
bin. Ph gia thng s dng c 2 loi: Loi rn nhanh v loi hot ng b
mt.
Ph gia rn nhanh thng l cc loi mui gc clo (v d CaCl2, NaCl,
FeCl3...) hoc l hn hp ca chng. Do lm tng nhanh qu trnh thy ha m
ph gia rn nhanh c kh nng rt ngn qu trnh rn chc ca b tng trong
iu kin ca b tng trong iu kin t nhin cng nh nng cao cng b
tng sau khi bo dng nhit v tui 28 ngy.
Ph gia hot ng b mt mc d ch s dng mt lng nh nhng c kh
nng ci thin ng k tnh do ca hn hp b tng v tng cng nhiu tnh
cht khc ca b tng nh tng cng chu lc, tng kh nng chng thm
v.v... Trong a s cc trng hp ph gia do v siu do l polime tng hp:
cc dn xut ca nha melamin hoc ca axit naftalin sunforic v cc loi khc.
Chng nhn c trn c s ca sn phm ph ca qu trnh tng hp ho hc.
Ngoi ra trong cng ngh b tng ngi ta cn s dng ph gia a chc nnghn hp ca ph gia rn nhanh v ph gia hot ng b mt.
5.3. Tnh cht c bn ca hn hp b tng
Tnh cng tc hay cn gi l tnh d to hnh, l tnh cht k thut c bn
ca hn hp b tng, n biu th kh nng lp y khun nhng vn m bo
c ng nht trong mt iu kin m nn nht nh.
nh gi tnh cng tc ca hn hp b tng ngi ta thng dng hai
ch tiu: lu ng v cng.
5.3.1. lu ng
L ch tiu quan trng nht ca
hn hp b tng, n nh gi kh
nng d chy ca hn hp b tng
di tc dng ca trng lng bn
thn hoc rung ng. lu ng
Hnh 5-4: Khun nn ct
c xc nh bng st (SN, cm)

ca khi hn hp b tng trong khun hnh nn ct c kch

thc ty thuc vo
c ht ln nht ca ct liu (hnh 5-4 v bng 5-11).
Bng 5 - 11
Kch thc , mm
Loi khun
d
D
h
0
N1
100 2
200 2
300 2
o
N2
150 2
300 2
450 2
90

Cch xc nh lu ng ca hn hp b tng
Xc nh lu ng SN (cm) theo TCVN 3106 - 1993 .
Dng cn No1 th lu ng ca hn hp b tng hn hp b tng c
c ht ln nht ca ct liu ti 40 mm, cn No2 th hn hp b tng c c ht
ln nht ca ct liu bng 70 hoc 100mm. Trc khi xc nh phi ty sch b
tng c, dng gi t lau sch mt trong ca khun v cc dng c khc m
trong qu trnh th s tip xc vi hn hp b tng.
t khun ln nn m, cng, phng, khng thm nc. ng ln gi t
chn cho khun c nh trong qu trnh v m hn hp b tng trong
khun.
hn hp b tng qua phu vo
khun lm 3 lp, mi lp chim 1/3 chiu
cao ca khun. Sau khi tng lp dng
thanh thp trn 16 mm v di 60 cm
chc u trn ton b mt hn hp b tng
t xung quanh vo gia. Khi dng khun
No1 mi lp chc 25 ln, khi dng khun
No2 mi lp chc 56 ln, lp u chc sut
chiu su, cc lp sau chc xuyn su vo
lp trc 2 - 3 cm. Sau khi v m Hnh 5-5: Cch o st ca hn hp btng
xong lp th 3, nhc phu ra, thm hn
hp b tng cho y ly bay gt phng ming khun v dn sch xung quanh
y khun. Dng tay gh cht khun xung nn ri th chn khi gi t chn,
t t nhc khun thng ng trong khong thi gian 5 - 10 giy.
t khun sang bn cnh khi hn hp b tng v o chnh lch chiu cao
gia ming khun vi im cao nht ca khi hn hp (hnh 5 -5).
Khi dng khun No1 s liu o c lm trn ti 0,5 cm chnh l st ca
hn hp b tng cn th. Khi dng khun No2 s liu o c phi chuyn v
kt qu th theo khun No1 bng cch nhn vi h s 0,67.
Hn hp b tng c st bng 0 hoc di 1,0 cm c coi nh khng c
tnh lu ng khi c trng tnh do ca hn hp b tng c xc nh
bng cch th cng (C, s).
5.3.2. cng
cng ca hn hp b tng (C) l thi
gian rung ng cn thit (s) san bng v ln
cht hn hp b tng trong b khun hnh nn
ct v hnh lp phng (hnh 5- 6).
Xc nh cng (C, s) theo TCVN 31071993 bng phng php n gin.
Dng c chnh xc nh cng bao gm
khun hnh nn ct v khun hnh lp phng c
kch thc trong 200 x 200 x 200 mm (hnh 5-6).
91

Hnh 5-6: Dng c xc nh cng ca

hn hp b tng

Kp cht khun lp phng ln bn rung, t khun hnh nn ct vo trong

khun lp phng, hn hp b tng, m cht v nhc khun hnh nn ct
ln nh khi xc nh lu ng. Sau ng thi bt m rung v bm ng
h giy. Tin hnh rung cho ti khi hn hp b tng san y cc gc v to
thnh mt phng trong khun th tt ng h v m rung, ghi li thi gian o
c.
Thi gian o c nhn vi h s 0,7 chnh l cng ca hn hp b tng
(tnh theo cng xc nh bng nht k Vebe) .
Theo ch tiu lu ng v cng ngi ta chia hn hp b tng ra cc
loi (bng 5-12).
Bng 5-12
Loi hn hp
Loi hn hp
SN(cm)
C(s)
SN(cm)
C(s)
b tng
b tng
c bit cng
>300
Km do
1-4
15-20
Cng cao
150-200 Do
5-8
0-10
Cng
60-100
Rt do
10-12
Cng va
30-45
Nho
15-18
5.3.3. Kh nng gi nc
y l tnh cht nhm m bo ng nht ca hn hp b tng trong
qu trnh vn chuyn, khun v m nn. Khi m nn hn hp b tng do,
cc ht ct liu c khuynh hng chm xung v xch li gn nhau, nc b p
tch ra khi ct liu v ct thp, ni ln pha trn cng vi xi mng chui qua k
h ca cp pha ra ngoi, to thnh nhng l rng, lm kh nng chng thm
nc ca b tng gim. Mt phn nc tha ng li bn trong hn hp to
thnh nhng hc rng, nh hng xu n cu trc v tnh cht ca btng.
Vic gim lng nc nho trn v nng cao kh nng gi nc ca hn
hp btng c th thc hin bng s dng ph gia hot ng b mt v la chn
thnh phn ht ct liu mt cch hp l.
5.3.4. Cc yu t nh hng n tnh cng tc ca hn hp b tng
Lng nc nho trn: L yu t quan trng quyt nh tnh cng tc ca
hn hp b tng. Lng nc nho trn bao gm lng nc to ra h xi mng
v lng nc dng cho ct liu ( cn nc) to ra do cn thit cho
qu trnh thi cng.
Kh nng hp th nc ( cn nc) ca ct liu l mt c tnh cng
ngh quan trng ca n. Khi din tch b mt cc ht ct liu thay i, hay ni
cch khc t l cc cp ht ca ct liu, ln ca n v c trng b mt ca
ct liu thay i th cn nc cng thay i. V vy, khi xc nh thnh phn
b tng th vic xc nh t l ct liu nh-ct liu ln ti u m bo cho h
xi mng nh nht l rt quan trng.
m bo cho b tng c cng yu cu th t l nc - xi mng phi
gi gi tr khng i v do khi cn nc ca ct liu tng th dn n chi
ph qu nhiu xi mng.
92

Vic xy dng lng nc nho

trn phi thng qua cc ch tiu v tnh
cng tc c tnh n loi v ln ca
ct liu (hnh 5 - 7).
Khi lng nc cn qu t, di
tc dng ca lc ht phn t, nc ch
hp ph trn b mt vt rn m
cha to ra lu ng ca hn hp.
Lng nc tng ln n mt gii hn
no s xut hin nc t do, mng
nc trn b mt vt rn dy thm, ni
ma st gia chng gim xung, lu
ng tng ln. Lng nc ng vi lc
Hnh 5-7: Lng nc dng cho 1m3 b tng
hn hp b tng c lu ng tt nht
ph thuc vo ct liu.
m khng b phn tng gi l kh nng a) Hn hp b tng do; b)Hn hp b tng cng
1. dmax=70mm; 2. dmax=40mm;
gi nc ca hn hp b tng. i vi
3. dmax=20mm; 4. dmax=10mm
hn hp b tng dng xi mng
pooclng, lng nc khong 1,65 NTC (NTC-lng nc tiu chun ca xi
mng).
Loi v lng xi mng: Nu hn hp b tng c xi mng cng vi
nc lp y l rng ca ct liu, bc v bi trn b mt ca chng th do s
tng.
lu ng cn ph thuc vo loi xi mng v ph gia v c nghin mn,
v bn thn mi loi xi mng s c c tnh ring v cc ch tiu lng nc tiu
chun, mn, thi gian ng kt v rn chc.
Lng hn hp xi mng: Nu va xi mng (h xi mng + ct liu nh) ch
lp y l rng ca ct liu ln th hn hp b tng rt cng, qu trnh thi
cng s kh khn.
to cho hn hp c do cn thit th phi y xa cc ht ct liu ln
v bc xung quanh chng mt lp hn hp xi mng, do th tch phn hn hp
s bng th tch phn rng trong ct liu ln nhn vi h s trt (1,05 - 1,15
i vi hn hp b tng cng; 1,2 - 1,5 i vi hn hp b tng do) .
Ph gia hot ng b mt (ph gia do hoc siu do) mc d cho vo hn
hp b tng vi mt lng nh (0,15-1,2% khi lng ximng) nhng c tc
dng pha long hn hp b tng. Ph gia siu do cho php s dng ch to
cc sn phm b tng khi thi cng bng bm v vn chuyn b tng trong cc
ng ng, ng thi gim ng k t l N/X m vn m bo lu ng v c
th to ra cc loi b tng mc cao. Cng cn ch rng ph gia hot ng b
mt phn no lm ko di qu trnh thu ho ca xi mng v lm chm tc
pht trin ca b tng. Khi s dng cc loi ph gia do ta c th gim c 10
- 15% lng nc so vi b tng thng, nu l ph gia siu do th c th gim
c 15- 30% lng nc v nng cao cc c tnh k thut cho b tng.
Gia cng chn ng: L bin php c hiu qu lm cho hn hp b tng
cng v km do tr thnh do v chy, d khun v m cht.
93

5.3.5. Cch la chn tnh cng tc cho hn hp b tng

Khi thit k cp phi cng nh khi thi cng b tng, cn la chn cc ch
tiu tnh cng tc ca hn hp b tng cho thch hp. Chn cc ch tiu tnh
cng tc ca hn hp b tng phi tu theo loi kt cu, mt ct thp, phng
php ch to, khong cch vn chuyn v iu kin thi tit.
Da vo loi kt cu, mt ct thp, c th tham kho cch la chn
bng 5-13.
Bng 5 -13
st SN (cm)
Dng kt cu
Ti a
Ti thiu
Mng v tng mng b tng ct thp
9 10
34
Mng b tng, ging chm, tng phn ngm
9 10
34
Dm, tng, ct b tng ct thp
11 12
34
ng, nn
9 10
34
B tng khi ln, sn b tng ct thp
7 8
34
5.4. Cu trc ca b tng
5.4.1. S hnh thnh cu trc ca b tng
Sau khi to hnh cc cu t ca hn hp b tng c sp xp cht ch hn.
Cng vi s thu ho ca xi mng, cu trc ca b tng c hnh thnh. Giai
on ny gi l giai on hnh thnh cu trc.
Khong thi gian hnh thnh cu trc, cng nh cng u tin ca b
tng ph thuc vo thnh phn ca b tng, dng cht kt dnh v ph gia ho
hc. Hn hp b tng cng v km do vi t l nc-xi mng khng ln c
giai on hnh thnh cu trc ngn. Vic dng xi mng v ph gia rn nhanh rt
ngn giai on hnh thnh cu trc. Trong trng hp cn duy tr tnh cng tc
ca hn hp b tng trong lc vn chuyn cng nh thi tit nng c th dng
ph gia chm cng rn.
5.4.2. Cu trc v m v cu trc vi m
Cu trc v m: B tng l loi vt liu c cu trc v m phc tp. Trong
mt n v th tch hn hp b tng ln cht bao gm th tch ca ct liu
Vcl, th tch h xi mng Vh v th tch l rng kh Vk: Vcl + Vh + Vk = 1
Khi thi cng nu m nn tt th tch l rng kh s gim i, iu cho
php tng cng chu lc, tng kh nng chng thm v ci thin nhiu tnh
cht k thut khc. Cn lu n t l N/X, lng nc, lng xi mng phi
thch hp m bo cu trc ca b tng c c chc.
Cu trc vi m ca b tng c c trng bng cu trc ca vt rn,
rng v c trng ca l rng trong tng cu t to nn b tng (ct liu, xi
mng) cng nh cu to ca lp tip xc gia chng.
Lng nc nho trn mt phn dng bi trn ht ct liu, mt phn
dng to thnh h ca ximng, cn mt phn b ct liu rng ht vo. V
vy hn hp b tng do sau khi khun cn c xy ra s tch nc bn
94

trong, nc s ng li trn b mt ht ct liu ln v lm yu mi lin kt gia

chng vi phn va.
bn ca mi lin kt gia ct liu v xi mng ph thuc vo bn cht
ca ct liu, vo rng, nhm ca b mt, sch ca ct liu, cng nh
vo loi xi mng v hot tnh ca n; vo t l N/X v iu kin rn chc ca
b tng.
rng trong b tng bao gm nhng l rng nh li ti v l rng mao
qun. rng ca n c th ln ti 10 -15% v bao gm:
- L rng trong xi mng (l rng gen, l rng mao qun, l rng do kh
cun vo);
- L rng trong ct liu;
- L rng gia cc ht ct liu (khong khng gian gia cc ht ct liu
khng c chn h xi mng).
nng cao c ca b tng trong qu trnh thi cng cn lu cc bin php
k thut hn ch ti a l rng gia cc ht ct liu, nh c th ci thin
cu trc ca b tng theo hng c li.
5.5. Tnh cht c bn ca b tng
5.5.1. Cng chu lc
Khi nim v cng chu lc v mc ca b tng theo cng chu
nn
Cng chu lc l mt c trng c bn ca b tng. Trong kt cu xy
dng, b tng c th lm vic nhng trng thi khc nhau: nn, ko, un, trt
v.v... Trong b tng lm vic trng thi chu nn l tt nht, cn kh nng
1
1
chu ko ca b tng rt km ch bng ( ) kh nng chu nn. Cn c vo
15 10
kh nng chu nn ngi ta nh ra mc ca b tng.
Mc theo cng chu nn k hiu bng ch M l ch tiu c bn nht i
vi mi loi b tng kt cu, c s dng thit k cp phi b tng, thit k,
tnh ton kt cu cho cc cng trnh xy dng.
Ngoi vic quy nh mc theo cng chu nn ty thuc vo tng loi b
tng c yu cu khc nhau cn c quy nh v mc theo kh nng chu ko, kh
nng chng thm.
Mc b tng theo cng chu nn l tr s gii hn cng chu nn
trung bnh ca cc mu th nghim hnh khi lp phng cnh 15 cm c ch
to v bo dng 28 ngy trong iu kin tiu chun (nhit 27 2oC v
m 95 100%).
Theo TCVN 6025:1995 mc ca b tng nng xc nh trn c s cng
chu nn c phn loi nh trong bng 5 - 14.
Phng php xc nh cng chu nn Rn ( TCVN 3118 - 1993) .
xc nh cng nn ca b tng ngi ta c cc vin mu chun
hnh lp phng cnh 15 cm, cng c th c cc vin mu c hnh dng v kch
thc khc.
95

Kch thc cnh nh nht ca mi vin mu ty theo c ht ln nht ca

ct liu dng ch to b tng c quy nh trong bng 5 - 15.
Bng 5 - 14
Mc b tng
Cng nn tui 28 ngy khng nh hn, kG/cm2
M100
100
M125
125
M150
150
M200
200
M250
250
M300
300
M350
350
M400
400
M450
450
M500
500
M600
600
M800
800
C ht ln nht
ca ct liu
10 v 20
40
70
100

Bng 5 - 15
Kch thc cnh nh nht ca vin mu (cnh mu hnh lp
phng, cnh thit din mu lng tr, ng knh mu tr)
100
150
200
300

Khi tin hnh th nghim cng nn bng cc vin mu khc vin mu

chun ta phi chuyn v cng ca vin mu chun.
Cng nn ca vin mu chun c xc nh theo cng thc:
P
Rn = K
kG/cm2
F
Trong : - P : Ti trng ph hoi mu, kG (daN).
- F : Din tch chu lc nn ca vin mu, cm2
- K: H s chuyn i kt qu th nn cc mu b tng kch
thc khc chun v cng ca vin mu chun kch thc
150 x 150 x 150mm. Gi tr K ly theo bng 5 - 16.
Bng 5 - 16
Hnh dng v kch thc ca mu, mm
H s chuyn i
Mu lp
phng
Mu tr

100 x 100 x 100

150 x 150 x 150
200 x 200 x 200
300 x 300 x 300
71,4 x 143 v 100 x 200
150 x 300
200 x 400

0,91
1,00
1,05
1,10
1,16
1,20
1,24
96

Khi nn cc mu na dm gi tr h s chuyn cng c ly nh mu hnh

lp phng cng din tch chu nn.
Khi th cc mu tr c khoan, ct t cc cu kin hoc sn phm m t
s chiu cao so vi ng knh ca chng nh hn 2 th kt qu cng tnh theo
cng thc v h s K trn nhng c nhn thm vi h s K ly theo bng
5-17.
Bng 5 - 17
H
1,9 1,8 1,7 1,6 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,0
T l
d
Gi tr K 0,99 0,98 0,97 0,95 0,94 0,93 0,92 0,91 0,90 0,89
Cng chu nn ca b tng c xc nh t cc gi tr cng nn
ca cc vin trong t mu b tng nh sau:
So snh cc gi tr cng nn ln nht v nh nht vi cng nn ca
vin mu trung bnh nu hai gi tr u khng chnh lch qu 15% so vi
cng nn ca vin mu trung bnh th cng nn ca b tng c tnh
bng trung bnh s hc ca ba kt qu th trn ba vin mu. Nu mt trong hai
gi tr lch qu 15% so vi cng nn ca vin mu trung bnh th b c
hai kt qu ln nht v nh nht. Khi cng nn ca b tng l cng
nn ca mt vin mu cn li.
Trong trng hp t mu b tng ch c hai vin th cng nn ca b
tng c tnh bng trung bnh s hc kt qu th ca hai vin mu .
Cc yu t nh hng n cng chu lc ca b tng
X
xi mng (mc xi mng v t l
) c nh hng ln n cng ca
N
X
thc cht l ph thuc
b tng. S ph thuc ca cng b tng vo t l
N
vo th tch rng to ra do lng nc d tha. Hnh 5 - 8 biu th mi quan h
gia cng b tng v lng nc nho trn.
rng to ra do lng nc tha c
th xc nh bng cng thc:
N .X
.100%
r =
1000
Trong : N, X: Lng nc v lng
xi mng trong 1m3 b tng, kg.
: Lng nc lin kt ha hc tnh
bng % khi lng xi mng. tui 28
ngy lng nc lin kt ha hc khong
Hnh 5-8: S ph thuc ca cng
15 - 20%.
b tng vo lng nc nho trn
a-Vng
hn
hp b tng cngkhng m cht c;
Mi quan h gia cng b tng
b-Vng hn hp b tng c cng v c cao;
X
c-Vng hn hp b tng do;
vi mc xi mng, t l c biu th qua
d-Vng hn hp b tng chy
N
97

cng thc Bolomey-Skramtaev sau:

X
X

0 , 5 . (5-1)
= 1,4 2,5 th: R b = AR X .
i vi b tng c
N
N

X
> 2,5 th : R b = A 1 R X . X + 0,5 .
i vi b tng c
(5-2)
N
N

Trong :
Rb: Cng nn ca b tng tui 28 ngy, kG/ cm2.
RX: Mc ca xi mng (cng ), kG/cm2.
A, A1 l h s c xc nh theo cht lng vt liu v phng php xc
nh mc xi mng (bng 5-18).
X
: T l xi mng/nc .
N
Bng 5 - 18
H s cht lng vt liu A v A1
Cht
H s A v A1 ng vi phng
lng
php th mc xi mng.
Ch tiu nh gi
TCVN 6016:95 TCVN 4032:85
vt
A
A1
A
A1
liu
- Xi mng hot tnh cao khng trn ph
gia thu.
0.54
0.34
0.6
0.38
Tt
- Ct liu: sch, cng cao, cp
phi ht tt. Ct sch, Mdl = 2.4 2.7
- Xi mng hot tnh trung bnh, xi
mng poc lng hn hp cha 10
Trung 15% ph gia thu.
0.5
0.32
0.55
0.35
bnh - Ct liu: c cht lng ph hp
TCVN1771:1987.Ct ph hp TCVN
1770:1986, c Mdl = 2 2.4
- Xi mng hot tnh thp, xi mng poc
lng hn hp cha trn 15% ph gia
0.45
0.29
0.5
0.32
Km thu.
- Ct liu: c 1ch tiu cha ph
hp TCVN 1771:1987. Ct nh Mdl< 2.
Ct liu : S phn b gia cc ht ct liu v tnh cht ca n ( nhm, s
lng l rng, t din tch) c nh hng n cng ca b tng. Bnh thng
h xi mng lp y l rng gia cc ht ct liu v y chng ra xa nhau vi c
ly bng 2- 3 ln ng knh ht xi mng. Trong trng hp ny do pht huy
c vai tr ca ct liu nn cng ca b tng kh cao v yu cu ct liu
c cng cao hn cng b tng 1,5 - 2 ln. Khi b tng cha lng h xi
mng ln hn, cc ht ct liu b y ra xa nhau hn n mc hu nh khng c
tc dng tng h vi nhau. Khi cng ca xi mng v cng vng
98

tip xc ng vai tr quyt nh n cng b tng, nn yu cu v cng

ca ct liu mc thp hn.
Vi cng mt liu lng pha trn nh nhau th btng dng dm c
thnh phn ht hp quy phm s cho cng cao hn khi dng si.
Cu to ca b tng biu th bng c ca n, c nh hng n cng
ca b tng. c cng cao, cng ca b tng cng ln. Khi thit k
thnh phn b tng ngoi vic m bo cho b tng c c cao th vic la
chn do v phng php thi cng thch hp c ngha quan trng.
i vi mi hn hp b tng, ng vi mt iu kin m nn nht nh s
c mt t l nc thch hp. Nu tng mc m nn th t l nc thch hp
s gim xung v cng b tng tng ln.
Cng b tng ph thuc vo mc m cht thng qua h s ln Kl.
'
Kl = V
V
Trong :
- v : Khi lng th tch thc t ca hn hp b tng sau khi ln cht,
kg/m3
- v : Khi lng th tch tnh ton ca hn hp b tng, kg/m3.
Thng thng h s ln cht Kl = 0,9 - 0,95, ring vi hn hp b tng
cng, thi cng ph hp th h s ln cht c th t 0,95 - 0,98.
Ph gia tng do c tc dng lm tng tnh do cho hn hp b tng nn c
th gim bt lng nc nho trn, do cng ca b tng s tng ln ng
k.
Ph gia rn nhanh c tc dng y nhanh qu trnh thy ha ca xi mng
nn lm tng nhanh s pht trin cng b tng dng h trong iu kin t
nhin cng nh ngay sau khi dng h nhit.
Cng btng tng theo tui ca n: Trong qu trnh rn chc cng
btng khng ngng tng ln. T 7 n 14 ngy u cng pht trin nhanh,
sau 28 ngy chm dn v c th tng n vi nm gn nh theo quy lut logarit:
Ry
R 28

lgy
; vi 3 < y < 90.
lg2 8

(5-3)

Trong :
- Ry ; R28 : Cng b tng tui y v 28 ngy, kG/cm2.
-y
: Tui ca b tng, ngy.
iu kin mi trng bo dng: Trong mi trng nhit , m cao s
tng cng c th ko di trong nhiu nm, cn trong iu kin kh hanh
hoc nhit thp s tng cng trong thi gian sau ny l khng ng k.
Khi dng hi nc nng bo dng b tng lm cho cng b tng tng
rt nhanh trong thi gian vi ngy u nhng s lm cho b tng tr ln gin
hn v c cng cui cng thp hn so vi b tng c bo dng trong
iu kin tiu chun.
iu kin th nghim : Khi b nn, ngoi bin dng co ngn theo phng lc
tc dng, b tng cn b n ngang. Thng thng chnh s n ngang qu mc
99

lm b tng b ph v, nu hn ch c n ngang c th lm tng kh nng

chu nn ca b tng. Trong th nghim, nu khng b bi trn mt tip xc gia
cc mu v bn my nn th ti mt s xut hin lc ma st c tc dng cn
tr s n ngang v lm tng cng ca mu so vi khi bi trn mt tip xc.
nh hng ca lc ma st gim dn t mt tip xc n khong gia mu, v
vy mu khi vung c kch thc b s c cng cao hn so vi mu c
kch thc ln v mu lng tr c cng ch bng khong 0.8 ln cng
mu khi vung c cng cnh y. Nu th nghim vi mt tip xc c bi
trn b tng c t do n ngang s khng c s khc bit nh va nu.
Tc gia ti khi th nghim cng nh hng n cng mu. Khi gia
ti rt chm, cng b tng ch t khong 0,85 gi tr so vi trng hp gia
ti bnh thng.
5.5.2. Tnh thm nc ca b tng
Di p lc thu tnh nc c th thm qua nhng l rng mao qun. Thc
t nc ch thm qua nhng l rng c ng knh ln hn 1m, v mng nc
hp ph trong cc mao qun c chiu dy n 0,5m.
i vi cc cng trnh c yu cu v chng thm nc th cn phi xc
nh chng thm theo p lc thu tnh thc dng. Cn c vo ch tiu ny
chia b tng thnh cc loi mc chng thm: CT-2, CT-4, CT-6, CT-8, CT-10,
CT-12 (hoc B2, B4, B6, B8, B10, B12).
Tnh chng thm ca b tng c xc nh theo TCVN3116:1993.
kim tra mc chng thm ca b tng cn chun b 6 mu th
nghim hnh tr d = h = 150 mm. Sau khi lp cc mu vo thit b th nghim
(hnh 5-9) s bm nc to p lc tng dn tng cp, mi cp 2 daN/cm2. Thi
gian gi mu mi cp p lc nc l 16 gi. Tin hnh tng p ti khi thy
trn b mt vin mu no xut hin nc thm qua th kho van v ngng th
vin mu . Sau tip tc th cc mu cn li.

Hnh 5-9: Thit b xc nh tnh chng thm ca btng

1.Bm ; 2.Thng ng p ; 3.ng h p lc ; 4.Van chu p lc ; 5.Mu th ; 6. o mu.

chng thm nc ca b tng c xc nh bng p lc nc ti a

(atm) m p lc c 4 trong 6 mu th cha b nc thm qua.
100

5.5.3 . Tnh co n th tch

Trong qu trnh rn chc, b tng thng pht sinh bin dng th tch, n ra
trong nc v co li trong khng kh. V gi tr tuyt i co ln hn n 10
ln. mt gii hn nht nh n c th lm tt hn cu trc ca b tng, cn
hin tng co ngt lun lun ko theo hu qu xu.
B tng b co ngt do nhiu nguyn nhn, trc ht l s mt nc trong
cc gel xi mng. Khi mt nc cc mm tinh th xch li gn nhau v ng
thi cc gel cng dch chuyn lm cho b tng b co. Qu trnh cacbonat ha
hyrxi can xi trong xi mng cng l nguyn nhn gy ra co ngt, co ngt
cn l hu qu ca vic gim th tch tuyt i ca h xi mng - nc.
Do b co ngt nn b tng b nt, gim cng , chng thm, n
nh ca b tng v b tng ct thp trong mi trng xm thc.
V vy i vi nhng kt cu b tng c chiu di v din tch ln, trnh
nt ngi ta phn on to thnh cc khe co gin.
co ngt pht trin mnh trong thi k u v gim dn theo thi gian
sau tt hn.
Tr s co ngt ph thuc vo lng, loi xi
mng, lng nc, t l ct trong hn hp ct liu
v ch bo dng. co ngt trong xi mng
ln hn trong hn hp v b tng (hnh 5-10).
Ngoi ra co ngt cn ph thuc vo ch
bo dng. Khi bo dng nhit m co ngt
xy ra mnh v nhanh chng hn trong iu kin
thng nhng tr s cui cng li nh hn 10 15%. Nhit chng hp cng cao, co ngt
Hnh 5-10: co ngt:
1-Ca xi mng; 2-Ca va;
cui cng cng nh.
3-Ca b tng
Khi chng p, co ngt cn nh hn 2 ln
so vi trong khng kh.
Nu nh b tng trc y cng rn trong iu kin thng, sau em t
trong nc hay trong mi trng c m ln hn m ca b tng th th
tch ca n tng ln l hin tng bin dng n ca b tng. Bin dng n
ca b tng trong nc l do tng chiu dy ca mng nc hp ph ca cc
tinh th trong cu trc gel ca xi mng.
Cng nh co ngt, bin dng n pht trin mnh trong thi k u v gim
dn theo thi gian sau tt hn.
5.5.4. Tnh chu nhit
Khng nn s dng b tng nng trong mi trng chu tc dng lu di
ca nhit ln hn 2500C. Khi c nhit 2500C - 3000C tc dng lu di,
cng b tng gim i r rt do nc t do, nc lin kt trong xi mng b
tch ra lm cho xi mng co li dn n ph hoi cu trc ca b tng.
Khi nng nhit n 500 - 5500C hoc cao hn b tng s b ph hoi
nhanh.
101

Trong thc t b tng nng c th chu c nhit n 12000C trong mt

thi gian ngn do b tng gp nhit cao, lp ngoi cng ca kt cu b ph
hoi v to nn mt mng xp c tc dng cch nhit, lm cho nhit truyn vo
bn trong chm. Nhng nu nhit tc dng ln b tng cao hn hoc lu hn
th b tng s tip tc b ph hoi.
Nh vy khi xy dng cc cng trnh hay b phn kt cu thng xuyn
tip xc vi nhit cao ngi ta phi dng cc loi b tng chu nhit.
5.6. Thit k thnh phn b tng nng
5.6.1. Khi nim
Thit k thnh phn b tng l tm ra t l hp l cc loi nguyn vt liu
nc, xi mng, ct, hoc si cho 1m3 b tng sao cho t cc ch tiu k thut
v kinh t.
Thnh phn ca btng c biu thi bng khi lng cc loi vt liu
dng trong 1m3 b tng hay bng t l v khi lng (hoc th tch) trn mt
n v khi lng (hoc th tch) xi mng.
tnh ton c thnh phn ca b tng phi da vo mt s iu kin
nh :
Cng b tng yu cu (mc b tng): Thng thng ngi ta ly cng
chu nn ca b tng sau 28 ngy dng h lm cng yu cu.
Tnh cht ca cng trnh: Phi bit c cng trnh lm vic trong mi
trng no, trn kh hay di nc, c trong mi trng xm thc mnh
khng?
c im ca kt cu cng trnh: Kt cu c ct thp hay khng c ct
thp, ct thp dy hay tha, bit tit din ca cng trnh rng hay hp... Mc
ch l la chn do ca hn hp b tng v ln ca (si) cho hp
l.
iu kin nguyn vt liu : Nh mc v loi xi mng, loi ct, dm hay
si v cc ch tiu c l ca chng.
iu kin thi cng: Thi cng bng c gii hay th cng.
5.6.2. Phng php thit k thnh phn b tng
thit k cp phi b tng c th thc hin bng nhiu phng php nh
phng php ca Ban mi trng Anh, phng php ca Vin b tng M song
phng php Bolomey-Skramtaev ca Vin b tng v b tng ct thp Nga l
phng php c s dng ph bin Vit Nam v mt s nc.
Trong ni dung gio trnh s trnh by cch thit k thnh phn b tng trn
c s ca phng php Bolomey-Skramtaev c tnh n nhng iu kin thch
hp ca Vit Nam.
Nguyn tc ca phng php
Phng php ca Bolomey-Skramtaev l phng php tnh ton l thuyt
kt hp vi vic tin hnh kim tra bng thc nghim da trn c s l thuyt
"th tch tuyt i c ngha l tng th tch tuyt i (hon ton c) ca vt
liu trong 1m3 b tng bng 1000 (lt):
102

VX + VN + VC + V = 1000 (lt).

Trong :
VX, VN, VC, V: Th tch hon ton c ca xi mng, nc, ct, trong
3
1m b tng, lt.
Cc bc thc hin
Bc 1: Tnh s b thnh phn vt liu cho 1m3 b tng.
La chn tnh cng tc ( st, cng): Cn c vo c im kt cu
chn ch tiu st (SN, cm) theo bng 5-13.
Xc nh lng nc: Cn c vo ch tiu tnh cng tc la chn, loi
ct liu ln, c ht ln nht ca ct liu (Dmax), m un ln ca ct tra bng 5
- 19 tm lng nc cho 1m3 b tng.
Lng nc c tnh s b cho 1m3 b tng (lt)
Bng 5 -19
Kch thc ht ln nht ca dm, Dmax, mm
10
20
40
70
S

th
M un ln ca ct, Mdl
st,cm
t
1,5 2,0 2,5 1,5 2,0 2,5 1,5 2,0 2,5 1,5 2,0 2,5
1,9 2,4 3,0 1,9 2,4 3,0 1,9 2,4 3,0 1,9 2,4 3,0
1 1 2 195 190 185 185 180 175 175 170 165 165 160 155
2 3 4 205 200 195 195 190 185 185 180 175 175 170 165
3 5 6 210 205 200 200 195 190 190 185 180 180 175 170
4 7 8 215 210 205 205 200 195 195 190 185 185 180 175
5 9 10 220 215 210 210 205 200 200 195 190 190 185 180
6 11 12 225 220 215 215 210 205 205 200 195 195 190 185

Lng nc xc nh trong bng ng vi ct liu ln l dm, xi mng

pooclng thng thng v c gi tr khng i khi lng xi mng s dng tnh
c cho 1m3 b tng trong khong 200400 kg/m3.
Khi lng xi mng s dng tnh c cho 1m3 b tng ln hn 400 kg/m3
th lng nc tra bng s c iu chnh theo nguyn tc cng thm 1lt cho
10 kg xi mng tng. Ph gia s dng dng bt cng c tnh nh xi mng
iu chnh lng nc.
Khi s dng ct liu ln l si, lng nc gim i 10 lt.
Khi s dng xi mng pooclng hn hp, xi mng pooclng x th lng
nc cng thm 10 lt.
Khi s dng xi mng pooclng puzolan, lng nc cng thm 15 lt.
Khi s dng ct c Ml = 11,4 th lng nc tng thm 5 lt.
Khi s dng ct c Ml >3 th lng nc gim i 5 lt.
X
Xc nh t l
:
N
X
T l c tnh theo cng thc ca Bolomey-Skramtaev nh sau :
N
103

Rb
X
X
=
+ 0,5
= 1,4 2,5 :
A.R x
N
N
Rb
X
X
=
0,5
> 2,5 :
- i vi b tng cng cao
A 1 .R x
N
N

- i vi b tng thng

(5-4)
(5-5)

Trong :
- Rb : Cng ca b tng ( kG/cm2 ), ly bng mc b tng yu cu
theo cng nhn vi h s an ton l 1,1 i vi cc trm trn t ng; l
1,15 i vi cc trm trn cn ong th cng.
- Rx : Cng thc t ca xi mng, kG/cm2.
- A, A1: H s cht lng vt liu c xc nh theo bng 5 - 18.
X
. N , kg
Xc nh lng xi mng : X =
(5-6)
N
X
Trong : t l
v lng nc N xc nh trn.
N
em so snh lng xi mng tm c vi lng xi mng ti thiu (bng 52), nu thp hn th phi ly lng xi mng ti thiu tnh tip. gi nguyn
X
cng b tng theo thit k ban u th t l
phi khng thay i, do
N
lng nc cng phi tnh li.
Khi lng xi mng tnh c ln hn 400 kg cn hiu chnh li lng nc
theo nguyn tc cng thm 1 lt cho 10 kg xi mng tng. Sau gi nguyn t l
X
tnh c v tnh li lng xi mng theo lng nc c hiu chnh.
N
Hm lng ph gia (PG) c tnh theo % hm lng xi mng
Xc nh lng ct liu ln ( hoc si) v ct liu nh :
xc nh lng ct liu ln v nh phi da vo nguyn tc nu, tc
l th tch 1m3 (hoc 1000 lt) hn hp b tng sau khi m cht bao gm th
tch hon ton c ca ct liu v th tch h xi mng.
Gi th tch hon ton c ca xi mng, nc, ct, (si) ln lt l VX;
VN; VC; V ta c : VX + VN + VC + V = 1000

Hay

X
C

+ N +
+
= 1000
X
C

(5-7)

Mt khc va xi mng (xi mng, nc v ct) trong 1m3 hn hp cn phi

nht y cc l rng v c k n h s d va bao bc cc ht ct liu ln
cho hn hp b tng t c do cn thit. Xut pht t ta c th biu
din s tng quan ca cc i lng bng phng trnh sau :
X
C

+ N +
=
r
X
C
V

(5-8)

Trong :
- , V : Khi lng ring, khi lng th tch ca (si), kg/l .
- r : rng ca (si).
104

- : H s trt (h s d va)
i vi hn hp b tng cng = 1,051,15.
i vi hn hp b tng do cn SN =
212 cm th gi tr c tra theo biu
(hnh 5-11) hoc bng 5-20. xc nh gi
tr cn xc nh th tch ca h xi mng:
X
VH =
+ N(lt) (5-9)
X
T (5-7) v (5-8) ta tnh c lng ct
liu ln :
=

1000
.r
1 ,
+
V

hoc:
Lng ct:

kg

Hnh 5-11: Biu xc nh h s trt

(h s d va)

(5-10)

v
, kg
rD .( 1) + 1

(5-11)

C = 1000
+ N +

. C , kg

(5-12)

Trong :- X ; C : Khi lng ring ca xi mng, ct, kg/l

H s d va dng cho hn hp b tng do
Bng 5-20
M un H s d va ng vi gi tr th tch h xi mng V = X + N (l/m3) bng
H
x
ln
ca ct
225
250 275 300 325
350 375 400 425 450

3,0
2,75
2,4
2,25
2,0
1,75
1,5

1,33
1,30
1,26
1,24
1,22
1,14
1,07

1,38
1,35
1,31
1,29
1,27
1,19
1,12

1,43
1,40
1,36
1,34
1,32
1,24
1,17

1,48
1,45
1,41
1,39
1,37
1,29
1,22

1,52
1,49
1,45
1,43
1,41
1,33
1,26

1,56
1,53
1,49
1,47
1,45
1,37
1,30

1,59
1,56
1,52
1,5
1,48
1,40
1,33

1,62
1,59
1,55
1,53
1,51
1,43
1,36

1,64
1,61
1,57
1,55
1,53
1,45
1,38

1,66
1,63
1,59
1,57
1,55
1,47
1,40

H s d va trong bng dng cho hn hp b tng s dng ct liu ln l

dm, nu dng si gi tr trong bng cng thm 0,06.
Thnh phn cp phi cho 1m3 b tng c biu th bng khi lng tng
nguyn vt liu (kg) hoc bng t l pha trn theo khi lng, ly khi lng
ca xi mng lm chun.
Sau khi tnh c thnh phn vt liu cho 1m3 b tng cn lp 3 thnh phn
nh hng.
- Thnh phn 1 (thnh phn c bn) nh tnh trn.
- Thnh phn 2 l thnh phn tng 10% xi mng so vi lng xi mng
thnh phn 1. Lng nc nh thnh phn 1, nhng nu X > 400 kg th lng
105

nc phi hiu chnh li. Thnh phn ct liu ln v nh cng tnh li theo
lng xi mng v lng nc hiu chnh.
-Thnh phn 3 l thnh phn gim 10% xi mng so vi lng xi mng
thnh phn 1. Lng nc nh thnh phn 1. Thnh phn ct liu ln v nh
cng tnh li theo lng xi mng.
Bc 2: Kim tra bng thc nghim:
Bc tnh s b ta xc nh c lng xi mng, nc, ct, (si) cho
3
1m hn hp b tng. Song trong qu trnh tnh ta da vo mt s bng tra,
biu , cng thc, m iu kin thnh lp bng tra, biu v cng thc c
th khc vi vi iu kin thc t. V vy phi kim tra bng thc nghim
xem vi liu lng vt liu tnh ton trn hn hp b tng v b tng c t
cc yu cu k thut khng. Khi th nghim phi ng thi tin hnh kim tra 3
thnh phn tnh bc s b, thng qua chn thnh phn p ng yu cu
v cht lng b tng, iu kin thi cng v cho sn lng 1m3. Trnh t thc
hin nh sau:
Tnh liu lng vt liu cho mt m trn th nghim:
Ty thuc vo s lng mu, kch thc mu b tng cn c kim tra
cng m trn m hn hp b tng vi th tch chn theo bng 5 - 21.
Bng 5 -21
Mu lp phng
Th tch m trn vi s vin mu cn c, lt
kch thc cnh, cm
3
6
9
12
10 x 10 x 10
6
8
12
16
15 x 15 x 15
12
24
36
48
20 x 20 x 20
25
50
75
100
30 x 30 x 30
85
170
255
340
T liu lng vt liu ca 1m3 b tng tnh c bc tnh s b cho 3
thnh phn s xc nh c khi lng vt liu cho mi m trn theo th tch
cn c.
* Kim tra tnh cng tc ca hn hp b tng : t st hoc cng.
Khi kim tra st c th xy ra cc trng hp sau:
- st thc t bng st yu cu.
- st thc t nh hn hay ln hn st yu cu.
Khi kim tra cng cng c th xy ra cc trng hp tng t :
- cng thc t bng cng yu cu.
- cng thc t ln hn hoc nh hn cng yu cu.
Nu st thc t nh hn st yu cu khong 23cm th phi tng
thm 5 lt nc cho 1 m3 b tng.
Nu st thc t nh hn st yu cu 45cm tr ln th phi tng c
X
nc v xi mng sao cho t l
khng thay i cho ti khi no hn hp b
N
tng t tnh cng tc theo yu cu. tng mt cp st khong 2-3cm cn
thm 5 lt nc.
106

Nu st thc t ln hn st yu cu khong 2-3cm th phi tng thm

lng ct liu ct v (si) khong 23% so vi khi lng ban u.
Nu st thc t ln hn st yu cu khong 45cm tr ln th phi
tng thm ng thi lng ct liu ct, (si) v xi mng khong 5% so vi
khi lng ban u.
Trong qu trnh kim tra bng thc nghim cn ghi li lng vt liu
thm vo cc m trn sau ny iu chnh li bc 3.
* Kim tra cng :
kim tra cng ta ly hn hp b tng t c st hay
cng yu cu, em c mu bng cc khun c kch thc tiu chun hoc cc
khun mu c hnh dng, kch thc khc theo TCVN3105:1993. S mu c
thng l 3, cng c th l 6 hoc 9 mu ty thuc vo cng ca b tng
cn phi xc nh thm nhng tui no.
Sau khi bo dng trong iu kin tiu chun 28 ngy, cc mu c
xc nh cng chu nn theo TCVN 3118:1993. Nu cc mu th nghim c
hnh dng kch thc khng tiu chun th phi chuyn v cng ca mu
tiu chun.
Trn c s 3 thnh phn th nghim, chn mt thnh phn c cng
nn thc t (Rtt) vt mc b tng yu cu thit k theo cng nn. Nu trn
b tng bng cc trm trn t ng th ly vt mc khong 10%. Nu trn
b tng bng cc trm trn cn ong th cng th ly vt mc khong 15%.
Trong qu trnh kim tra bng thc nghim cn ghi li lng vt liu
thm vo m trn sau ny iu chnh li.
Ngoi vic kim tra 2 ch tiu quan trng l tnh do ca hn hp b tng
v cng ca b tng ta cn phi xc nh khi lng th tch ca hn hp b
tng ln cht v th tch thc ca m trn th nghim ( xc nh cho c 3
thnh phn).
* Khi lng th tch ca hn hp b tng ln cht :
m
mk
vh = k + bt
, kg / l
Vk
Trong :
- vh : Khi lng th tch ca hn hp b tng ln cht, kg/l
- mk + bt : Khi lng ca khun cha hn hp b tng khi c mu, kg.
- mk : Khi lng ca khun, kg.
- Vk : Th tch ca khun, lt.
* Th tch thc ca m trn th nghim :
Vm =

X 1 + N 1 + C1 + 1
, lt
vh

Trong : - Vm : Th tch thc ca m trn th nghim, lt.

- X1 ; N1 ; C1 ; 1 : Lng xi mng, nc, ct, (si) dng
m trn th nghim sau khi kim tra k c nguyn vt liu thm vo, kg.
Bc 3 : Xc nh li khi lng vt liu thc t cho 1m3 b tng:
107

* Thnh phn vt liu cho 1m3 b tng khi cha k n m ca ct liu

trn hin trng :
Trong qu trnh kim tra bng thc nghim c th ta thm nguyn vt
liu b tng t cc yu cu k thut nn liu lng vt liu cho 1m3 b tng
thay i do phi tnh li. Tin hnh tnh li liu lng vt liu theo cc
cng thc sau :
X1
1000, kg
Vm
N1
N' =
1000, lt
Vm
X' =

C1
1000, kg
Vm

; ' = 1 1000, kg
Vm

; C' =

Trong : - X1, N1,C1,1 : - Lng xi mng , nc, ct, (si) dng

cho m trn th nghim c th tch Vm lt sau khi kim tra, kg.
- X; N; C; : - Lng xi mng, nc, ct, (si) dng cho
3
1m b tng sau khi kim tra, kg.
* Thnh phn vt liu m :
Khi tnh ton s b thnh phn vt liu cho 1m3 b tng ta gi thit l
nguyn vt liu hon ton kh, nhng trong thc t ct v lun b m nn
phi tnh n iu chnh li lng nguyn vt liu cho chnh xc.
Lng nguyn vt liu m trn hin trng c tnh theo cc cng thc
sau :
Xht = X, kg
Cht = C.(1 + WC), kg
ht = .(1 + W), kg
Nht = N - (C.WC + .W), lt .
Trong - Xht, Cht, ht, Nht: lng xi mng, ct m, m v nc s s
dng cho 1m3 b tng hin trng, kg.
- X, C, , N: lng xi mng, ct, , nc, theo thit k iu kin ct
liu kh cho 1m3 b tng , kg.
- WC , W : m ca ct v , % .
Nh vy qua cc bc tnh s b, kim tra bng thc nghim v iu chnh
li ta xc nh c thnh phn vt liu cho 1m3 b tng. Ty theo iu kin
thi cng thc t m ta c th biu th cp phi theo nhng cch khc nhau. Nu
iu kin thi cng b tng khng c thit b nh lng cn (kg) th ta nn biu
th cp phi bng t l pha trn theo th tch, ly th tch t nhin ca xi mng
lm chun.
H s sn lng b tng v liu lng vt liu cho mt m trn bng
my :
H s sn lng b tng :
Trong thc t khi ch to b tng vt liu c s dng trng thi t
nhin (VVX; VVC; VV) cho nn th tch hn hp b tng sau khi nho trn (Vb)
lun lun nh hn tng th tch t nhin ca cc nguyn vt liu, iu c
th hin bng h s sn lng b tng .
108

V VX

Vb
+ V VC + V V

Khi bit lng nguyn vt liu cho 1m3 b tng ti hin trng th h s
sn lng b tng c xc nh theo cng thc sau :
=

X ht
VX ht

1000
C ht
ht
+
+
VC ht V ht

Trong - Xht, Cht, ht: - Khi lng xi mng, ct, (si) dng cho 1m3
b tng; kg .
- VXht ; VCht ; Vht : Khi lng th tch ca xi mng, ct, (si)
ti hin trng, kg/l.
Ty thuc vo rng ca ct liu, gi tr bng khong 0,55 - 0,7.
Xc nh liu lng vt liu cho mt m trn bng my
H s sn lng b tng c s dng trong vic tnh lng nguyn vt
liu cho mt m trn ca my c dung tch thng trn l Vo (l).
.V 0
.V 0
N0 =
N ht , kg
X0 =
X ht , kg ;
1000
1000
.V 0
.V 0
0=
ht , kg
C0 =
C ht , kg ;
1000
1000
Trong :
- X0, N0, C0, 0: - Lng xi mng, nc, ct, (si) dng cho mt m trn
- Xht, Nht, Cht, ht: - Lng xi mng, nc, ct, (si) dng cho 1m3 b
tng ti hin trng, kg
d p dng ngoi thc t ca cng trng khi khng c iu kin nh
lng cn t ng ta nn chuyn i khi lng ca ct, theo th tch.
V d:
Tnh ton thnh phn vt liu cho b tng mc 200 (theo cng chu
nn, kG/cm2) tui 28 ngy. Mu chun 150 x 150 x 150 mm. B tng khng
c yu cu g c bit, mi trng s dng thng thng. iu kin thi cng c
gii.
c im kt cu: sn BTCT, dy 10cm, gii hn Dmax 20 mm. Vt liu
ch to:
- Xi mng Nghi Sn PCB 30. Cng thc t: 37,8 N/mm2 (th nghim
theo TCVN 6016:1995). Khi lng ring : x= 3,1 g/cm3.
- Si c khi lng ring : = 2,56 g/cm3, khi lng th tch xp : v =
1520 kg/m3.
ng knh ht ln nht Dmax= 20mm. rng ca si Vr = 41,0%.
-Ct vng c khi lng ring: c = 2,62 g/cm3. M un ln: Ml = 2,5.
Khng c lng ht trn 5mm.
- Ph gia: khng s dng.
Trnh t tnh ton thnh phn b tng nh sau:
109

- Chn st: Cn c vo c im kt cu b tng tra bng 5-13, chn

SN=78cm.
- Xc nh lng nc N: Cn c vo st, m un ln ca ct v Dmax
tra bng 5-19 c N =195 lt, do dng si nn phi gim 10 lt v vy N
=185lt.
- Xc nh t l X /N: p dng cng thc (5-4) vi h s A = 0,50 (tra bng
5-18):
Rb
X
200.1,15
=
+ 0,5 =
+ 0,5 = 1,712
N A.R x
0,50.378
- Xc nh hm lng ximng X: p dng cng thc (5-6):
X
X = ( ).N=1,712.185 = 317 kg.
N
So snh lng xi mng tnh c vi lng xi mng ti thiu qui nh
(bng 5-2) thy t yu cu, khng phi iu chnh.
- Hiu chnh N: do X< 400 kg nn khng phi hiu chnh
- Xc nh hm lng ph gia : khng s dng
- Xc nh hm lng ct liu ln (si):
xc nh h s d va cn tnh th tch h xi mng, p dng cng
X
317
VH =
+N=
+ 185 = 287 (lt)
thc (5.9):
X
3,1
Xc nh h s d va : tra bng 5-20 : c = 1,38 nhng do dng si
nn phi thm 0,06, vy = 1,38+0,06 =1,44.
Xc nh hm lng ct liu ln : p dng cng thc (5.11):
v
1520
=
=
= 1287 kg
rd .( 1) + 1 0.41.(1,44 1) + 1
-Xc nh hm lng ct liu nh C: p dng cng thc (5-12):

X N
317 1287

+ . c = 1000
C = 1000 +
+
+ 185 .2,62 = 550(kg )
3,1 2,56

x n

Lp 3 thnh phn nh hng:

Ly thnh phn 1l thnh phn c s nh kt qu tnh ton ta tnh thm 2
thnh phn na lp thnh 3 thnh phn nh hng. Thnh phn 2 v thnh
phn 3 ng vi lng xi mng tng, gim 10% cn lng ct liu c tnh li
theo trnh t cc bc nh nu trn.
Sau khi tnh ton ta c 3 thnh phn nh hng nh sau:
Thnh phn vt liu cho 1m3 b tng
Thnh phn b tng
X,kg
C, kg , kg N, lt PG, lt
Thnh phn 1- C s
317
500
1287
185
Thnh phn 2-tng 10% xi mng
349
536
1274
185
Thnh phn 3-gim 10% xi mng
285
567
1297
185
-

110

Ngoi phng php tnh kt hp vi thc nghim, trong thc t cng c

th p dng phng php tra bng kt hp vi thc nghim. Nguyn tc xc
nh tng t nh phng php trn nhng bc 1 s s dng cc bng tra c
sn thay cho qu trnh tnh, sau cng kim tra bng thc nghim vi 3 thnh
phn ri chn thnh phn thch hp nht v iu chnh li thnh phn b tng
cho ph hp vi iu kin thi cng.
5.7. Mt s loi b tng khc
5.7.1. B tng nh
B tng nh c khi lng th tch t 300 - 1800 kg/m3 v cng
nn t 15 - 500 kG/cm2. Loi b tng nh ph bin nht thng c khi
lng th tch 90-1400kg/m3 v cng nn 50 - 200 KG/cm2.
B tng nh thng c s dng lm tng ngoi, trng ngn, trn ngn
nhm mc ch gim bt trng lng bn thn cng trnh v tng kh nng cch
nhit ca cc kt cu bao che.
Theo cng dng b tng nh c phn ra :
- B tng nh chu lc: Ch tiu quan trng ca btng loi ny l cng
chu nn.
- B tng nh chu lc, cch nhit: Cc ch tiu quan trng ca b tng loi
ny l cng chu nn v khi lng th tch.
- B tng nh cch nhit: Ch tiu quan trng nh gi loi ny l khi
lng th tch.
Cc ch tiu tnh cht ca b tng nh c gii thiu bng 5 - 22 .
Bng 5 - 22
Mc theo cng
H s dn nhit
v trng thi
Loi b tng
3
nn
kcal / m.0C.h
kh, kg/m
150, 200, 250,
Chu lc
1400 - 1800
300 v 400
Chu lc - Cch
500 - 1400
35, 50, 75 v 100
0,5
nhit
Cch nhit
300 - 500
10, 25 v 50
0,25
B tng nh ct liu rng
Nguyn liu ch to: ch to b tng nh ngi ta dng xi mng
pooclng thng, xi mng pooclng rn nhanh, xi mng pooclng x, ct liu
ch yu l ct liu rng v c hoc hu c. Ct liu rng v c c nhiu loi:
Loi thin nhin nh si bt, tp ni la, vi v s. Loi nhn to nh
keramzit, agloporit, x l cao n phng.
Cc loi ct liu ny c c tnh chung l cha nhiu l rng.
Tnh cht ca b tng nh ct liu rng :
Cng : Ty theo cng nn, btng nh ct liu rng c phn ra
cc loi mc M25; M35; M50; M75; M100; M150; M200; M250; M300; M350;
M400.
111

Cng ca n ph thuc nhiu yu t nh : Mc xi mng, cng v

c trng b mt ca ct liu.
Khi lng th tch c trng cho kh nng cch nhit v mc nh ca
b tng. Khi lng th tch ca b tng nh c th gim i nu ta la chn
thnh phn ct liu c rng cao, dng xi mng mc cao hoc s dng mt
lng nh ph gia to kh v to bt.
Tnh dn nhit ca b tng nh ph thuc ch yu vo khi lng th tch
v m ca n. Khi m tng ln 1% th dn nhit tng ln 0,014-0,03
kCal/m.oC.h.
B tng kh
Nguyn vt liu ch to : B tng kh c ch to t hn hp xi mng
pooclng (thng cho thm vi rn trong khng kh hoc Na2CO3), ct thch
anh nghin mn, tro nhit in, x l cao nghin mn v cht to kh. Cht to kh
thng dng l bt nhm, dung dch H2O2, bt vi, v axt clohyric.
Tnh cht ca b tng kh
B tng kh (hay b tng t ong) l mt dng c bit ca b tng nh v
c bit nh. Cu trc t ong gm nhng l rng nh kch thc 0,5 - 2mm phn
b u. Thnh l rng mng bn chc, nh m b tng c khi lng th tch
nh, dn nhit thp v kh nng chu lc tt.
B tng bt
Nguyn vt liu ch to. B tng bt c ch to bng cch trn hn hp
va xi mng v hn hp bt c chun b trc.
Hn hp hn hp xi mng c ch to t cht kt dnh (xi mng hoc vi),
ct thch anh nghin mn, tro nhit in hoc x ht l cao nghin mn v nc.
Hn hp bt c ch to t cht to bt nh alumsunfonaftan, keo nha
thng v cc cht to bt tng hp.
Tnh cht: Tnh cht c bn ca b tng bt tng t nh b tng kh
nhng l rng ca chng ln hn nn kh nng cch nhit km hn. H s dn
nhit ca b tng bt dao ng dao ng t 0,08 - 0,6 kCal/m.0C.h.
5.7.2 . B tng bn axit
Nguyn vt liu ch to
Cht kt dnh trong b tng bn axt l thy tinh lng - Loi silicat natri
hoc kali dng lng c khi lng ring khong 1,4 kg/l.
Cht n l bt khong bn axit nghin t ct thch anh tinh khit, bazan v
iaba.
Cht ng rn thng l floruasilicat natri (Na2SiF6 ).
Ct liu dng cho b tng bn axt l ct thch anh, dm nghin t
granit, anzit v.v... Thnh phn ht phi m bo ch to t b tng c c
cao.
Tnh cht :
B tng bn axit kh bn vng vi axt m c, km bn vng vi dung
dch kim. Nc c th ph hy b tng bn axt trong vng 5 - 10 nm.
112

B tng bn axt c dng lm lp bo v cho b tng ct thp v kim

loi, xy dng cc b cha, ng ng v cc thit b khc trong cng nghip
ha hc, thay th cho cc loi vt liu t tin nh ch l, gm chu axt.
5.7.3. Btng cng cao siu do
Khi nim chung
B tng cng cao siu do c th c coi l loi b tng cng cao
th h th nht. Loi b tng ny c st ln nh s dng ph gia siu do, c
t l X/N thp nn kh nng chu lc cao.
Vic s dng ph gia ho do cho xi mng v b tng c bt u t
lu v hin nay cng ph bin nht l cc nc cng nghip pht trin. nc
ta ph gia ho hc mi c s dng mc hn ch. Cc cng trnh thu
in Thc B, Sng trc y s dng ph gia ho do khi ch to b
tng.
B tng cng cao siu do thng c st t 8-20cm v c cng
tui 7 ngy bng khong 0,85 R28, tui 28 ngy c Rb =1 1,2 RX, t l N/X
=0,35 0,4. Do st ln (siu do) nn thch hp vi cng ngh xy dng
hin i bng phng php bm b tng. Loi b tng ny hin nay c s
dng ph bin trn th gii v bt u c s dng Vit Nam.
Cu trc ca b tng cng cao khi s dng ph gia siu do.
Ngy nay ngi ta khng cn xem thnh phn ca hn hp b tng ch l xi
mng, , ct, nc m cn c thm ph gia ... Ph gia tr thnh thnh phn
quan trng trong hn hp b tng hin i v n c tc ng n cu trc vi m
ca b tng.
Khi cho ph gia vo hn hp th ph gia s lm tng linh ng ca cc
ht xi mng, chng lm gim din tch tip xc gia cc ht, lm gim lc ma
st gia cc thnh phn ca hn hp b tng. Khi b hp th ln b mt xi mng
n s kim ch tc phn ng thu ho. Mt khc ph gia siu do c th cho
php gim nc khong 10 30% v vy c th tng cng c khong
30%.
Tm li : khi cho ph gia siu do vo hn hp b tng s lm tng linh
ng ca dung dch huyn ph v tng tnh nht ca b mt cc ht ximng,
gim c lng nc dng do ci thin c cu trc vi m. Kt qu l
gim thm, lin kt tt hn vi ct liu v ct thp, cng cao hn v
nng cao tui th ca kt cu cng trnh bng b tng ct thp.
5.7.4. B tng cng cao
Khi nim chung
K t khi xut hin xi mng, b tng xi mng, vic s dng b tng vo cc
cng trnh xy dng l ph bin v c hiu qu v yu cu k thut v kinh t.
Hin nay cc cng trnh xy dng thng s dng loi b tng c mc b tng
t 20MPa n 50MPa. Nh vy vic s dng b tng mc cao (mc 60MPa)
hin nay cn rt hn ch. Khi p dng cc b tng c cng cao c th lm
113

cho kt cu c gim nh m vn cho kh nng lc ca kt cu t yu cu

thit k v khai thc.
Trn th gii b tng c cng cao ngy cng c s dng ph bin
l mt th h mi nht ca cc vt liu to ra kt cu mi. Loi b tng ny c
th to ra c trn cng trng vi ct liu thng thng v va cht kt dnh
c ci thin bng cch dng mt vi sn phm tt nh mui silic v cht siu
do.
Nh vy b tng cng cao l loi b tng khng nhng c kh nng
chu lc cao m cn c st ln da trn c s s dng mui silic v cht siu
do.
Thnh phn tng qut ca b tng cng cao s l: lng xi mng c th
bin i trong khong t 400-550 kg/m3 liu lng mui silic trong khong t 5
- 15% khi lng xi mng, t l N/X khong 0,25 - 0,35, t l cht siu do t
1-1,2 lt/100 kg xi mng.
Mui silic l mt cht bt silic kh rt mn, n l sn phm ph ca cng
ngh sn xut silic. Mui silic c kch thc v cng nh t 0,1m n vi m,
n c tc dng kp v mt vt l v ho hc. u tin n c tc dng lp y
bng cch xen vo gia cc ht xi mng, cho php lm gim lng nc m tnh
d vn nh nhau. Ngoi ra mui silic (microsilica) phn ng vi
hiroxitcanxi t do bn trong b tng to ra thm silicat canxi thu ho
(dng keo), to ra s dnh kt cht ch hn gia h v ct liu.
Di y gii thiu mt s ph gia mui silic ang c s dng cho b
tng cng cao hin nay.
FORCE 10.000D: l loi ph gia b tng cht lng cao c s dng
tng cng chu nn v un ca b tng, tng bn mi mn v kh nng
chng thm.
T l pha trn FORCE 10.000D phi tnh bng % Microsilic trn trng
lng ca xi mng hoc bng s kg trn 1m3 b tng. Thng thng t l pha
trn 5-15% Microsilic theo khi lng xi mng.
Khi s dng FORCE 10.000D c th kt hp vi mt cht ph gia siu do
khc gi st to iu kin thun li cho vic vn chuyn khun v hon
thin.
MB-SF l ph gia c cht khong Silic siu mn, nn cht v kh dng
sn xut b tng c cht lng cao. Khi dng loi ph gia ny cng lm tng
cng chu nn, un, tng bn mi mn v chng li s co gin thng
xuyn cho b tng.
T l pha trn MB-SF phi tnh bng % trn trng lng ca xi mng:
Thng thng t l l 3 10% theo lng xi mng. Liu lng chnh xc phi
c th nghim thc t. Khi dng cho b tng do th s dng 3 5% theo
trng lng xi mng. Liu lng trn s dng cho hu ht cc hn hp b tng
trn bnh thng. Tu theo iu kin thi cng v c im ca vt liu thc t
m th nghim kim tra cho chnh xc.
SIKACGRETE-PPI: l loi ph gia b tng th h mi dng bt cha SiO2
hot tnh c tc dng lm tng c chc, tui th, cng nn, tnh bn
114

sunfat, gim s n mn ca Clo. y l loi ph gia rt ph hp cho b tng ct

thp v b tng d ng lc.
Liu lng pha trn thng l 5 10% theo trng lng xi mng.
Ph gia siu do :
y l sn phm c chia thnh 2 h ln l cc Naptalen sunfonat v cc
nha Menlamin. Chng lm cho cc ht nh trong b tng khng vn li c
bng cch ht bm xung quanh tng ht mn. Hot ng ny c tc dng lm
cho h ximng do hn, v vy c th gim t l N/X m vn gi c tnh d
tt, cng b tng li tng ng k nh gim bt lng nc d tha.
Di y gii thiu mt s loi ph gia siu do thng dng cho b tng.
Sikament-R4: l mt cht siu do c tc dng lm chm vic ng cng,
dng cho sn phm b tng chy vng kh hu nng v cng l tc nhn gim
nc to cng sm, tng cng chng thm cho b tng.
Liu lng pha trn tnh theo trng lng xi mng thng l 0,5 1,5%. T
l ny ph thuc vo cht lng, tnh cht ca xi mng, t l N/X v nhit ca
mi trng.
Sikament-RN: l loi ph gia siu do c tc dng lm chm ng kt xi
mng, dng sn xut b tng chy kh hu nng v cng l mt tc nhn
gip tng cng sm v cng cui cng cng tng cao. Dng loi ph
gia ny c th gim c ti 20% lng nc, gim bt s phn tng v duy tr
st lu di to iu kin d dng cho qu trnh thi cng.
Liu lng pha trn thng l 0,5 1,5 lt/100kg ximng. T l ny ph
thuc vo loi xi mng, ct liu, t l N/X v nhit ca mi trng.
Lu khi s dng ph gia
Trong cng ngh b tng hin nay vic s dng ph gia ci thin tnh
cht cng ngh v tnh cht k thut ca b tng tr thnh kh ph bin.
pht huy tc dng ca ph gia khi s dng cn lu mt s im sau:
- Lng ph gia s dng phi ph hp vi liu lng do nh sn xut quy
nh.
- Liu lng cc ph gia phi c cn ong chnh xc cho tng m trn .
- Nu thy cht ph gia c cung cp khng n nh v tnh cht phi
ngng ngay vic s dng.
Cc ph gia cha qua th nghim khng c s dng.
5.7.5. B tng ht nh
Cng vi s pht trin kt cu b tng kch thc ln bng b tng ct thp
xut hin nhng kt cu mi nhp ln dng vm, kt cu v mng vi chiu
dy 2030mm v nhng sn phm c chiu dy b khc dn n nhu cu v loi
b tng c chc, c cng cao, ct liu b vi c ht ln nht khng vt
qu 10mm v thc t ch nn 57mm (c khi 3mm).
c im ca b tng ht nh l c b mt ring ca ct liu cao v c th
tch rng gia cc ht ln, do cn tng hm lng h xi mng trong hn hp
so vi b tng thng. B tng ht nh cn c c im l c c ng nht
115

v cu to v c s phn b u n ca ht ct liu nh gim c ng sut

tp trung ti ch tip xc gia xi mng v ct liu.
gim lng dng h ximng trong hn hp b tng ht nh cn c bit
ch ti phm cht ct liu v cn xc nh mt cp phi ht ct liu tt nht,
ng thi gim lng nc nho trn bng cch s dng cc loi ph gia hot
tnh b mt v s dng loi hn hp cng v cng va bng cch tng cng
m cht c hiu qu khi to hnh gim chiu dy lp xi mng gia cc ht
ct liu v tng c mt th tch ct liu.
B tng ht nh c cng chu ko bng t 0,070,1 cng nn (vi
b tng mc t 6040).
Lc dnh kt gia b tng ht nh v ct thp khong 0,15Rnn (vi ct
trn) v 0,20,3 Rnn (vi ct c g).
Mun n hi vi loi b tng c N/X v c c ht ct liu ln trung bnh
s khng b hn s vi b tng thng.
5.8. Cu kin b tng v b tng ct thp
5.8.1. Khi nim v phn loi
Khi nim
B tng ct thp (BTCT) l loi vt liu xy dng m b tng v ct thp
cng lm vic trong mt th ng nht. B tng l loi vt liu gin cng
1 1

chu ko ch bng
cng chu nn, cn thp l vt liu do chu ko
15 10
tt. Do khi dng thp cng lm vic vi b tng vng chu ko ca kt
cu chu un l rt thch hp. Nh c lp b tng bo v bn ngoi nn hn ch
c hin tng n mn ct thp, b tng c kh nng lin kt rt tt vi thp
nn c th xem nh kt cu ng nht v mt chu lc. Mt khc, thp v b
tng c h s gin n nhit gn ging nhau nn m bo c tnh ton khi ca
BTCT.
Cc cu kin b tng v BTCT c sn xut trong nh my b tng hoc
bi cu kin. sn xut hng lot, cc cu kin c nh hnh ha v tiu
chun ha ngay t khu thit k. Cu kin cng c hon thin n mc cao
trc khi xut xng.
So vi b tng ti ch th cu kin BTCT c nhng u im sau:
-D c gii ha
-Nng cao cht lng ca b tng do khng ch c khu la chn v x
l nguyn vt liu v d kim tra qu trnh cng ngh, hn ch nh hng ca
thi tit.
-Tit kim nguyn vt liu lm vn khun.
-Ci thin iu kin lm vic, tng nng sut lao ng.
Bn cnh nhng u im trn, cu kin BTCT cng c nhc im nh chi
ph vn chuyn tng ln, khi thi cng cn kim tra cht ch cc mi ghp m
bo cht lng ca cng trnh.

116

Phn loi
Ty theo cch t ct thp ngi
ta chia cu kin BTCT thnh 2 loi: cu
kin BTCT thng thng v cu kin
BTCT ng sut trc. Trong cu kin
BTCT thng thng hay xy ra hin
tng nt trong b tng ti vng chu
ko v gin di ca b tng rt nh
(1- 2 mm/m), cn gin di ca thp
ln gp 5-7 ln so vi b tng. trnh
nt ngi ta c th nn trc b tng
vng chu ko bng cch ko cng ct

Hnh 5-12: Cc cu kin BTCT

dng cho nh dn dng:
a. Tm sn; b. Cu thang; c. Khi mng

thp trc khi b tng hoc sau khi

b tng.
Vic to ng sut trc trong cu
kin BTCT khng nhng ngn nga vt
nt trong vng ko m cn c tc dng
gim lng dng thp, h thp trng
lng ca cu kin, nng cao tnh bn
vng ca cng trnh.
Ty theo mc ch s dng cc Hnh 5-13: Dn BTCT dng cho nh cng nghip.
cu kin c chia thnh nhiu nhm
nh:
- Cu kin dng cho nh dn
dng: tm sn, cu thang, khi mng
(hnh 5-12).
- Cu kin dng cho nh cng
Hnh 5-14: Cc loi ng BTCT:
nghip: ct, dm, dn v ko (hnh 5a. Loi ming phu; b. Loi bng u; c. Loi git khc
13).
- Cu kin dng cho xy dng ng: tm lt ng, ct in, t vt.
- Cu kin dng cho cng trnh thy cng: ng, mng dn nc (hnh 5-14).
5.8.2. Cc loi cu kin b tng ct thp thng dng
Tm sn hp BTCT
Tm sn hp BTCT l loi cu kin c dng cho sn v mi nh dn
dng.
Hnh dng v cc kch thc c bn ca tm sn c qui nh theo TCVN
2276:1991( hnh 5-12 v cc bng 5-23, 5-24, 5-25).
Theo khi lng, tm sn c chia thnh 3 loi:
- Tm sn loi nh: Khi lng 1 tm nh hn 500kg. Loi ny bao gm
cc tm sn vi mt ct c 1 hoc 2 l rng, chiu cao 200mm, chiu di t 1500
n 4500 vi mun 300mm.

117

- Tm sn loi trung bnh: Khi lng mt tm t 500kg n 1000kg. Loi

ny bao gm cc tm sn vi mt ct c 2 l rng, chiu cao 200mm, chiu di
t 3000 n 4500mm vi mun 300mm.
-Tm sn loi ln: Khi lng mt tm sn trn 1000kg. Loi ny bao gm
cc tm sn vi mt ct c 2 l rng, chiu cao 250mm v 300mm, chiu di t
4800 n 7200mm vi mun 300mm.
Theo kh nng chu ti, tm sn c thit k theo 4 cp ti trng di y:
-Ti trng cp 1: Khng ln hn 4500 N/m2
-Ti trng cp 2: T 4510 n 6500 N/m2
-Ti trng cp 3: T 6510 n 8500 N/m2
-Ti trng cp 4: T 8510 n 10000 N/m2
(cc ti trng trn y khng bao gm khi lng bn thn ca tm sn)
K hiu cc tm sn hp c ghi bng 2 ch ci SH km theo cc ch s
hoc nhm ch s theo th t sau:
Ch s u tin ch cp ti trng ca tm sn;
Nhm ch s tip theo ch chiu di danh ngha ca tm sn tnh bng dm;
Nhm ch s hoc s cui cng ch chiu rng qui c ca tm sn tnh
bng dm.
V d: SH-2-24.9
L k hiu ca tm sn hp chu ti trng cp 2, c chiu di qui c 24dm
(2400mm), chiu rng qui c 9dm (900mm).
Tm sn c ch to bng b tng ct thp thng (khng dng ct thp
ng lc trc). B tng dng sn xut tm sn phi c mc khng nh hn
150. Cht lng thp, xi mng v ct liu b tng phi ph hp vi tiu
chun qui phm. Kch thc v mt s ch tiu c bn ca tm sn hp (bng 523; 5-24; 5-25)
Bng 5-23
Ti trng tnh ton.
Kch thc thit k
K hiu tm sn
(N/m2)
Di
Rng
Cao
SH-1-15.9
1480
880
200
4500
SH-2-15.9

6500
SH-3-15.9

8500
SH-4-15.9

10000
SH-1-15.12
1480
1180
200
4500
SH-2-15.12

6500
SH-3-15.12

8500
SH-4-15.12

10000
SH-1-18.9
1780
880
200
4500
SH-2-18.9

6500
SH-3-18.9

8500
SH-4-18.9

10000

118

K hiu tm sn
SH-1-30.9
SH-2-30.9
SH-3-30.9
SH-4-30.9
SH-1-33.9
SH-2-33.9
SH-3-33.9
SH-4-33.9
SH-1-36.9
SH-2-36.9
SH-3-36.9
SH-4-36.9

K hiu tm sn
SH-1-57.12
SH-2-57.12
SH-3-57.12
SH-4-57.12
SH-1-60.12
SH-2-60.12
SH-3-60.12
SH-4-60.12
SH-1-66.12
SH-2-66.12
SH-3-66.12
SH-4-66.12

Kch thc thit k

Di
Rng
Cao
2980
880
200

3280
880
200

3580
880
200

Kch thc thit k

Di
Rng
Cao
5680
1180
250

5980
1180
250

6580
1180
300

Bng 5-24
Ti trng tnh ton.
(N/m2)
4500
6500
8500
10000
4500
6500
8500
10000
4500
6500
8500
10000
Bng 5-25
Ti trng tnh ton.
(N/m2)
4500
6500
8500
10000
4500
6500
8500
10000
4500
6500
8500
10000

Yu cu k thut:
Sai s cho php ca kch thc thc t so vi kch thc thit k ca tm
sn hp theo qui nh nh sau:
Chiu di tm sn 10mm
Chiu rng tm sn 5mm
Chiu cao tm sn 3mm
Chiu dy lp b tng bo v khng nh hn 15mm i vi ct thp chu
lc, khng nh hn 10mm i vi ct ai v ct cu to.
cong ca mt tm sn (mt trn, mt di v mt bn) khng c ln
hn 3mm trn mi on di 2000mm v khng c ln hn 1/500 chiu di
ton b.
119

Mt di tm sn (thuc trn nh) nu khng trt trn cho php nhm

nh hn 1mm; nu trt trn cho php nhm trong phm vi t 1mm n 5mm.
Khng c dnh du m, giy, tre na v cc tp cht khc.
Khng c c cc l r b tng vi ng knh v chiu su ln hn 5mm
bn mt v bn y tm sn.
Bo qun: gc chng cc tm sn ny ln cc tm sn khc phi c cc
n k bng g, chiu dy n k phi khng nh hn 30mm v phi cao hn
chiu cao mc cu t nht l 5mm. .
Khi xp kho phi k sao cho cc tm sn tht n nh. Cc n k phi theo
cc qui nh trn v phi thng hng t trn xung di. Khng xp 1 chng cao
qu 10 tm sn.
Ct in BTCT ly tm
Ct in BTCT ly tm l loi cu kin BTCT tit din trn c sn xut
bng phng php ly tm dng lm ct in cc ng dy trn khng v trm
in. Theo chiu di, ct c chia lm 2 loi:
-Loi c lin i vi ct c chiu di nh hn 14 m.
-Loi ni gm 2 on vi chiu di ln hn hoc bng 14 m.
Nguyn vt liu ch to b tng phi tha mn qui nh hin hnh, b
tng c ct l b tng nng mc khng nh hn 300.
Theo TCVN 5846:1994, k hiu v nhn hiu ct c qui nh nh sau:
- K hiu ct bao gm cc ch ci v ch s, trong :
Hai ch ci in hoa ch cng ngh sn xut ct; LT: li tm.
Hai ch s tip theo ch chiu di ct tnh bng mt.
Ch A, B, C, D lin sau hai ch s ch kh nng chu lc ca ct theo
th t tng dn.
-Nhn hiu ct gm cc ch ci u ca tn c s sn xut hoc biu tng
hoc tn giao dch vit tt ng k v k hiu ct.
V d nhn hiu ct: QN LT 10A
Trong : QN nh my b tng Quy Nhn sn xut ct;
LT 10A Ct b tng li tm khng d ng lc trc di 10 m.
Yu cu k thut:
u ct c ng knh ngoi l 190mm. Chiu dy lp b tng bo v ct
thp u ct khng nh hn 50mm.
Chiu di ct, ng knh ngoi ca y ct phi theo cc qui nh (bng 526).
Chiu dy lp b tng bo v ct thp y ct khng nh hn 60mm.
Bng 5-26
K hiu ct
Chiu di ct, m
ng knh ngoi y ct, mm
10A;10B;10C
10
323
12A;12B;12C
12
350
14A;14B;14C
14
377
16B;16C
16
403
18B; 18C
18
430
20B; 20C; 20D
20
456
120

Cc yu cu k thut khc phi tha mn theo TCVN 5846:1994.

Bo qun v vn chuyn:
Ct lu kho xp theo l v theo loi. Mi l xp thnh nhiu tng, nhiu nht l
5 tng. Gia cc tng k c tng st t phi k g. im k phi tnh ton thch
hp.

121