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Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Functions
ssc2014
Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - IV
Functions
Notes
16
and cosec =
20
c
a
c
, cos = , tan =
b
b
a
b
b
a
, sec = , cot =
c
a
c
Fig.16.1
sc
-c
gl
sin =
14
.in
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS - I
.s
We shall try to describe this knowledge gained so far in terms of functions, and try to
develop this lesson using functional approach.
In this lesson, we shall develop the science of trigonometry using functional approach.
We shall develop the concept of trigonometric functions using a unit circle. We shall
discuss the radian measure of an angle and also define trigonometric functions of the type
y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x, y = cot x, y = sec x, y = cosec x, y = a sin x, y = b cos x,
etc., where x, y are real numbers.
We shall draw the graphs of functions of the type
y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x, y = cotx, y = secx, and y = cosecx y = a sin x,
y = a cos x.
OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to :
define positive and negative angles;
61
MATHEMATICS
Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - IV
Functions
Notes
14
.in
gl
20
An angle is a union of two rays with the common end point. An angle is formed by the rotation
of a ray as well. Negative and positive angles are formed according as the rotation is clockwise or anticlock-wise.
sc
-c
.s
16.1.2 A Radian
A radian is another unit of measurement of an angle other than degree.
A radian is the measure of an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length
to the radius (r) of the circle. In a unit circle one radian will be the angle subtended at the centre
of the circle by an arc of unit length.
Fig. 16.2
Note : A radian is a constant angle; implying that the measure of the angle subtended by
an are of a circle, with length equal to the radius is always the same irrespective of the
radius of the circle.
62
MATHEMATICS
MODULE - IV
Functions
an angle of 2 radians.
Hence 2 radians = 360
radians = 180
Notes
radians = 90
2
radians = 45
4
radians =
radians
360
180
14
or 1 =
.in
360
180
1 radian =
=
(iv)
Solution :
(ii)
sc
.s
15 =
2
radians
360
90 = 2 90 radiansor
360
1 =
2
15 radians
360
(i)
gl
(iii)
-c
20
90 =
radians
2
or
15 =
radians
12
360
(iii) 1 radian =
360
radians =
6
2 6
radians = 30
6
360
(iv)
radians =
10
2 10
radians = 18
10
63
MATHEMATICS
Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - IV
Functions
2.
Notes
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
12
20
(iv)
60
(v)
2
3
3.
The angles of a triangle are 45, 65 and 70. Express these angles in radians
4.
5.
2
, ,
. Find the fourth angle in radians.
6 3 3
.in
.
6
14
20
gl
.s
(2)r
sc
r
2r
-c
4r
Therefore, =
l
r
1
2
2
4
or l = r
and
The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the centre of the circle is given by the ratio of the
length of the arc and the radius of the circle.
Note : In arriving at the above relation, we have used the radian measure of the angle
and not the degree measure. Thus the relation = l is valid only when the angle is
r
measured in radians.
64
MATHEMATICS
Solution :
=
=
or
l
radians
r
or
10
radians
35
Notes
2
radians
7
Example 16.3 If D and C represent the number of degrees and radians in an angle prove that
D C
=
180
14
Solution :
.in
360 180
1 radian =
or
-c
D C
=
180
sc
which implies
gl
180
D=C
20
180
C radians = C
.s
Example 16.4 A railroad curve is to be laid out on a circle. What should be the radius of a
circular track if the railroad is to turn through an angle of 45 in a distance of 500m?
radians
180
= 45 =
45
radians
4
l = 500 m
....(1)
....(2)
l = r gives r =
r=
500
m
= 500
4
m
65
MATHEMATICS
Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - IV
Functions
= 2000 0.32 m
= 0.32
= 640 m
Example 16.5 A train is travelling at the rate of 60 km per hour on a circular track. Through
5
what
angle
will
it
turn
in
15
seconds
if
the
radius
of
the
track
is
km.
Notes
6
Solution : The speed of the train is 60 km per hour. In 15 seconds, it will cover
60 15
km
60 60
l =
1
km
4
and
5
km
6
20
1
l 4
= = radians
r 5
6
r =
14
We have,
3
radians
10
sc
-c
gl
.in
1
km
4
.s
2.
1.
3.
4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Find the angle in radians and in degrees subtended by an arc of length 2.5 cm at the
centre of a circle of radius 15 cm.
A train is travelling at the rate of 20 km per hour on a circular track. Through what angle
will it turn in 3 seconds if the radius of the track is
1
of a km?.
12
5.
A railroad curve is to be laid out on a circle. What should be the radius of the circular
track if the railroad is to turn through an angle of 60 in a distance of 100 m?
6.
66
MATHEMATICS
(a)
1.25m
.......
135
(b)
30 cm
.......
(c)
(d)
0.5 cm
.........
2.5 m
6m
........
120
(e)
.........
150 cm
15
(f)
150 cm
40 m
........
(g)
........
12 m
(h)
(i)
1.5 m
25 m
0.75 m
........
........
75
Notes
20
MODULE - IV
Functions
.in
14
.s
sc
-c
gl
While considering, a unit circle you must have noticed that for every real number between 0 and
2 , there exists a ordered pair of numbers x and y. This ordered pair (x, y) represents the
coordinates of the point P.
(i)
(iii)
(ii)
(iv)
Fig. 16.3
67
MATHEMATICS
Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - IV If we consider = 0 on the unit circle, we will have a point whose coordinates are (1,0).
Functions
If =
, then the corresponding point on the unit circle will have its coordinates (0,1).
2
In the above figures you can easily observe that no matter what the position of the point,
corresponding to every real number we have a unique set of coordinates (x, y). The values of
x and y will be negative or positive depending on the quadrant in which we are considering the
Notes
point.
Considering a point P (on the unit circle) and the corresponding coordinates (x, y), we define
trigonometric functions as :
sin = y , cos = x
x
y
(forx 0) , cot = (for y 0)
y
x
sec =
1
1
(for x 0) , cosec = (for y 0)
y
x
14
.in
tan =
20
Now let the point P move from its original position in anti-clockwise direction. For various
positions of this point in the four quadrants, various real numbers will be generated. Wee
summarise, the above discussion as follows. For values of in the :
quadrant, both x and y are positve.
quadrant, x will be negative and y will be positive.
quadrant, x as well as y will be negative.
quadrant, x will be positive and y will be negative.
I quadrant
II quadrant
III quadrant
All positive
sin positive
tan positive
cosec positive cot positive
Where what is positive can be rememebred by :
All
sin
tan
Quardrant
I
II
III
If (x, y) are the coordinates of a point P on a
unit circle and , the real number generated
by the position of the point, then sin = y and
cos = x. This means the coordinates of the
point P can also be written as (cos , sin )
IV quadrant
cos positive
sec positive
.s
sc
-c
gl
I
II
III
IV
or
cos
IV
P (cos q, sinq)
Fig. 16.4
MATHEMATICS
MODULE - IV
Functions
and 1 y 1
1 x 1
1 sin 1
In other words, sin and cos can not be numerically greater than 1
Example 16.6 What will be sign of the following ?
(i) sin
7
18
(ii) cos
4
9
(iii) tan
Notes
5
9
Solution :
7
7
lies in the first quadrant, the sign of sin
will be posilive.
18
18
(ii) Since
4
4
lies in the first quadrant, the sign of cos
will be positive.
9
9
(iii) Since
5
5
lies in the second quadrant, the sign of tan will be negative.
9
9
14
.in
(i) Since
(i) sin
20
.s
sc
-c
gl
Solution : (i) From Fig.16.5, we can see that the coordinates of the point A are (0,1)
sin =1 , as sin = y
2
Fig.16.5
sin 2 1
(iii) tan =
= which is not defined
2 cos 0
2
MATHEMATICS
Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - IV Example 16.8 Write the minimum and maximum values of cos .
Functions Solution : We know that 1 cos 1
The maximum value of cos is 1 and the minimum value of cos is 1.
Notes
cos
2
3
(ii)
tan
5
6
(iii)
sec
2
3
(iv)
sec
35
18
(v)
tan
25
18
(vi)
cot
3
4
(vii)
cosec
(viii)
cot
7
8
sin0
(iii)
cos
2
3
(v)
sec 0
(vi)
tan
(viii)
c o s 2
14
8
3
.in
(i)
cos
(iv)
tan
3
4
(vii)
tan
3
2
(ii)
gl
(i)
20
-c
2.
sc
1.
.s
By definition
As tan =
y = sin
y
, (x 0)
x
sin
n
,
cos
2
and cot =
x
, ( y 0)
y
i.e., cot =
cos
1
=
sin tan
Similarly, sec =
1
cos
( n )
Fig. 16.6
70
MATHEMATICS
1
sin
MODULE - IV
Functions
( n )
Notes
14
.in
y 1
, for x 0
or 1 + =
x
x
20
gl
-c
sc
.s
= R.H.S.
Example 16.10 Prove that
Solution :
1 sin
= sec tan
1 + sin
1 sin
L.H.S. = 1 + sin
=
(1 sin ) (1 sin )
(1 + sin ) (1 sin )
(1 sin )2
1 sin 2
71
MATHEMATICS
Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - IV
Functions
(1 sin )2
cos 2
1 sin
cos
1
sin
cos cos
Notes
21
1
, prove that sec + tan = 2 , given that lies in the first
29
2
21
29
14
sin =
Solution :
.in
quadrant.
20
-c
21
20
29 21 29 + 21
+
=
20 20
20
5
1
=2
=R.H.S.
2
2
sec + tan =
.s
tan =
20
( cos is positive as lies in the first quardrant)
29
sc
cos =
20
=
29
gl
441 400
2
2
=
cos = 1 sin =1
841 841
2.
If tan =
3.
If cosec =
b
, find the other five trigonometric functions, if lies in the first quardrant.
a
4.
Prove that
1 + cos
= cosec +cot
1 cos
1
, find the other five trigonometric functions.
2
72
MATHEMATICS
MODULE - IV
Functions
5
13
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Prove that
cos
sin
+
=cos +sin
1 tan 1 cot
10.
Prove that
tan
sin
+
= cot +cosec sec
1 + cos 1 cos
Notes
14
sin
1
2
cos
1
2
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
-c
Function
gl
20
form of a table :
Real
Numbers
.in
.s
sc
tan
Not defined
As an aid to memory, we may think of the following pattern for above mentioned values of sin
function :
0
,
4
1
,
4
2
,
4
3
,
4
4
4
On simplification, we get the values as given in the table. The values for cosines occur in the
reverse order.
Example 16.12 Find the value of the following :
(a)
sin
(b)
4tan 2
cosec 2 cos 2
4
6
3
73
MATHEMATICS
Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - IV
Functions
Solution :
sin
(a)
1 1
1 3
=
2 2 2 2
Notes
cosec 2 cos 2
4
6
3
2
2 1
( 2 )
2
1
1
= 4 4 =
4
4
.in
= 4 (1)
14
2
(b) 4tan
3 1
2 2
gl
20
Example 16.13 If A =
-c
.s
sc
= cos + = cos = 0
3 6
2
R.H.S. = cos
1 3
3 1
2 2
2 2
3
3
=0
4
4
L.H.S. = 0 = R.H.S.
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
74
MATHEMATICS
MODULE - IV
Functions
sin 2
+ tan 2 +tan 2
6
4
3
sin 2
(ii)
cos sin
sin
(iii) cos
(iv)
3
3
3
3
6
2.
cos cos +
4
3
4 4
Show that
If =
14
20
(ii)
.s
(i)
tan A + t a n B
1 tan A tan B
-c
4.
tan ( A + B ) =
sc
(i)
, B = , verify that
3
6
gl
Taking A =
(i)
= 1 2sin 2
, verify that
6
= 2cos2 1
If A =
5.
.in
=sec2 sec 2
1 + tan tan + tan tan
6
3
6
3
6
3
3.
Notes
cos2A = 2cos 2 A 1
(ii)
tan2A =
2tanA
1 tan 2 A
(iii) sin2A = 2 s i n A c o s A
MATHEMATICS
Trigonometric Functions-I
20
14
.in
II Quadrant ,
2
Fig. 16.8
-c
gl
sc
from
Fig. 16.7
.s
3
III Quadrant ,
3
varies from to
. In this intervalsin decreases from 0 to 1. In this interval sin is
2
negative.
IV Quadrant
2 , 2
Fig. 16.10
MATHEMATICS
MODULE - IV
Let X'OX and Y'OY be the two coordinate axes of reference. The values of are to be measured Functions
16.4.2 Graph of sin as varies from 0 to 2 .
along x-axis and the values of sine are to be measured along y-axis.
2 = 1.41,
(Approximate value of
sin
.5
2
3
5
6
7
6
4 3
3
2
.87
.87
.5
.5 .87
Notes
5
3
11
6
1 .87
.5
Some Observations
gl
20
Fig. 16.11
14
.in
1
3
=.707,
=.87 )
2
2
sc
-c
3
and from
to 2 . It is decreasing from to
.
2
2
2
2
With the help of the graph drawn in Fig. 16.12 we can always draw another graph.
y = sin in the interval of [ 2 , 4 ] ( see Fig. 16.11)
1)
.s
The graph of y = sin in the interval [ 2 , 4 ] is the same as that in 0 to 2 . Therefore, this
graph can be drawn by using the property sin (2 + ) =sin . Thus, sin repeats itself when
Fig. 16.12
77
MATHEMATICS
MODULE - IV
Functions
WH
LET US SUM UP
An angle is generated by the rotation of a ray.
The angle can be negative or positive according as rotation of the ray is clockwise or
anticlockwise.
A degree is one of the measures of an angle and one complete rotation generates an
angle of 360.
If an arc of length l subtends an angle of radians at the centre of the circle with radius
r, we have l = r .
If the coordinates of a point P of a unit circle are (x, y) then the six trigonometric functions
Notes
4.
in
1
.
y
l2
cosec =
01
x
are defined as sin = y , cos = x , tan = y , cot = , sec = 1 and
y
x
x
ccg
, , , are given by
6 4 3 2
.s
s
sin
1
2
1
2
3
2
cos
3
2
1
2
1
2
MATHEMATICS
91
Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - IV
Functions
and
in ( 0, 2 ) .
2
2
Its period is .
The graph of cot has discontinuities (breaks) at 0, , 2 . Its period is .
sec cannot have any value numerically less than 1.
Notes
(i)
(ii)
3
and
. It repeats itself after 2 .
2
2
cosec cannot have any value between 1 and +1.
It has breaks at
gl
http://www.wikipedia.org
http://mathworld.wolfram.com
20
14
.in
-c
2.
Find the number of degrees subtended at the centre of the circle by an arc whose length
is 0.357 times the radius.
3.
The minute hand of a clock is 30 cm long. Find the distance covered by the tip of the hand
in 15 minutes.
.s
sc
1.
4.
Prove that
(a)
(c)
1 sin
= sec tan
1 + sin
tan
cot
= 2sin cos
1 + tan 2 1 + cot 2
(b)
1
= sec tan
sec + tan
(d)
1 + sin
2
= ( tan + sec )
1 sin
If =
, verify that
4
MATHEMATICS
MODULE - IV
Functions
Evaluate :
(a)
sin
25
6
(d)
sin
17
(b)
sin
21
4
(e)
3
tan
4
(c)
cos
19
Notes
.s
sc
-c
gl
20
14
.in
6.
MATHEMATICS
93
Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - IV
Functions
ANSWERS
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 16.1
1.
(i)
2.
(i) 45
(ii)
12
(ii) 15
13 14
,
,
4 36
36
3.
(iii)
5
12
(iv)
(iii) 9
14
6
(a) 36
(b)
3
(b) 30
5
6
(c) 20
1
radian; 9.55
6
4.
(a) 0.53 m
(d) 12.56 m
(g) 6.28 m
20
(c)
1
radian
5
5.
95.54 m
.s
sc
6.
(a)
gl
3.
-c
2.
3
2
(v) 120
5.
(v)
(iv) 3
5
6
4.
7
12
.in
Notes
(i) ive
(v) + ive
(ii) ive
(vi) ive
(iii) ive
(vii) + ive
(i) zero
(ii) zero
(iii)
(v) 1
1.
2.
(iv) + ive
(viii) ive
1
2
(iv) 1
(viii) 1
sin =
3.
sin =
tan =
94For
1
2
, cos =
, cot = 2 , cosec =
5
5
a
, cos =
b
a
b2
a2
b2 a 2
, sec =
b
cot =
b2 a2
a
5 , sec =
b
b2 a2
5
2
6.
2m
1 + m2
MATHEMATICS