Chapter 1

1.2
1.1

Review of Sections 1.2.1-1.2.2 Elastic Bar

Compare with the 1-D case.

1.2

CHAPTER 1. 1.2

Review of Sections 1.2.3 Examples

In the following, we derive the equilibrium equation for elastic bar in the continuous case.
Then we compute the exact solutions to two examples with particular boundary conditions.
Example 1.2.1.

Example 1.2.2.

uxx = x2 , 0 < x < 1,

u(0) = 0, ux |x=1 = 0.

(c ux )x = x2 , 0 < x < 1, (c 6= 1),

u(0) = 1, u(1) = 1.

1.3. REVIEW OF SECTIONS 1.3 INNER PRODUCT

1.3

Review of Sections 1.3 Inner Product

In this part, we facilitate our notations for inner products.

Axiom 1.3.1 (Inner Product Space). A vector space V is called an inner product space
if to each ordered pair of vectors x, y V there is a associated scalar (x, y), the so-called
inner product, s.t. the following rules hold:
1. (y, x) = (x, y);
2. (x + y, z) = (x, z) + (y, z) if x, y, z V ;
3. (ax, y) = a(x, y) if x, y V and a is a scalar;
4. (x, x) 0 for all x V ;
5. (x, x) = 0 iff x = 0.
Proposition 1.3.2. We have some immediate consequences from Axiom 1.3.1:
1. (2.1.3) implies that (0, y) = 0 for all y V ;
2. (2.1.2) and (2.1.3) may be combined into one statement: For every y V , the
mapping x 7 (x, y) is a linear functional on V ;
3. (2.1.1) and (2.1.3) imply that (x, ay) = a
(x, y);
4. (2.1.1) and (2.1.2) imply the second distributive law: (z, x + y) = (z, x) + (z, y);
p
5. By (2.1.4), we can define the 2-norm of x V , denoted by kxk2 , as kxk2 := (x, x).
Example 1.3.3. Here are some examples of inner product space.
P
1. (x, y) = ni=1 xi yi where x, y Cn ;
P
2. (x, y)A = (Ax, y) = y T Ax = ni,j=1 Aij xi yj where x, y Rn and A is symmetric
positive definite;
R1
3. (f, g) = 0 f (x)g(x)dx where f, g are square-integrable functions on [0, 1].
Remark 1.3.4 (Integration by parts in the form of inner product). Let u C 1 (0, 1), v
C01 (0, 1), then by integration by parts we have
1
Z 1
Z 1

,
ux vdx =
uvx dx + uv
0

x=0

which gives the inner-product form

(

d
d
u, v) = (u, v).
dx
dx

d
In fact, dx
is the adjoint operator of
d
AT is the discrete dx
.

d
.
dx

This illustrates why A is the discrete

d
dx

and