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  • Altruism

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    Liezel Lopega
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    This document discusses several theories that attempt to explain why humans help each other: 1) Social exchange theory proposes that human interactions aim to maximize personal rewards and minimize costs, and helping may be rewarded internally or externally. 2) Social norms, such as the reciprocity norm of returning help and avoiding harm, and the social responsibility norm of helping those in need, can motivate helping. 3) Evolutionary theory suggests that kin selection, the idea that evolution favors altruism towards close relatives to promote shared genes, and reciprocity, where the helper expects future help in return, explain why humans evolved to help each other.

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    Altruism

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    This document discusses several theories that attempt to explain why humans help each other: 1) Social exchange theory proposes that human interactions aim to maximize personal rewards and minimize costs, and helping may be rewarded internally or externally. 2) Social norms, such as the reciprocity norm of returning help and avoiding harm, and the social responsibility norm of helping those in need, can motivate helping. 3) Evolutionary theory suggests that kin selection, the idea that evolution favors altruism towards close relatives to promote shared genes, and reciprocity, where the helper expects future help in return, explain why humans evolved to help each other.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    33 views23 pages

    Altruism

    Uploaded by

    Liezel Lopega
    This document discusses several theories that attempt to explain why humans help each other: 1) Social exchange theory proposes that human interactions aim to maximize personal rewards and minimize costs, and helping may be rewarded internally or externally. 2) Social norms, such as the reciprocity norm of returning help and avoiding harm, and the social responsibility norm of helping those in need, can motivate helping. 3) Evolutionary theory suggests that kin selection, the idea that evolution favors altruism towards close relatives to promote shared genes, and reciprocity, where the helper expects future help in return, explain why humans evolved to help each other.

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    of 23

    ALTRUIS

    a motive to increase
    another's welfare
    without conscious
    regard for one's
    self-interests

    WHY DO
    WE
    HELP?

    SOCIAL EXCHANGE
    THEORY
    -human interactions
    are transactions that
    aim to maximize ones
    reward and minimize
    ones cost

    REWARDS
    Internal
    External

    GUILT
    EXCEPTIONS TO
    FEEL BAD-DO GOOD
    SCENARIO

    A helpful act will


    neutralize a bad
    feeling.
    Helping softens a bad
    mood and sustains a
    good mood.

    FEEL GOOD-DO
    GOOD

    Happy people are


    helpful people.
    Positive thinkers are
    likely to be positive
    actors.

    SOCIAL
    NORMS

    THE
    RECIPROCITY
    NORM

    To those who
    helped us, we
    should return
    help, not harm.

    THE
    SOCIAL
    RESPONSIBILITY

    An expectation
    that people
    will help those
    needing help.

    GENDER
    AND
    RECEIVING
    HELP

    Women help equally


    to male and female.

    Male offered help


    when the person who
    is need were females.

    EVOLUTIONA
    RY
    THEORY

    KIN SELECTION

    KIN SELECTION
    The idea that evolution has
    selected altruism towards
    ones closer relative to
    enhance the survival of
    mutually shared genes.

    RECIPROCITY

    Genetic self interest


    also predicts
    reciprocity.
    The giver expects
    later to be the
    receiver.

    COMPARING AND EVALUATING


    THEORIES OF HELPING
    THEORY

    LEVEL
    OF
    EXPLANATION

    EXTERNALLY
    REWARDING
    HELPING

    INTRINSIC
    HELPING

    Social
    Exchange

    Psychologica
    l

    External
    Rewards for
    helping

    Inner
    Rewards

    Social
    Norms

    Sociological

    Reciprocity
    Norm

    Social
    Responsibilit
    y Norm

    Evolutiona
    ry

    Biological

    Reciprocity

    Kin Selection

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