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Class12 FM
Class12 FM
When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid experiences some resistance
due to which some of the energy of the fluid is lost.
Energy losses
Entry length
Near the beginning of the pipe, the flow is not fully developed.
If we have uniform velocity profile at the pipe entrance, how far down the pipe
must we go before entrance effects are negligible?
Entry length
Laminar flow:
Turbulent flow:
L Re
D 16
L
10 50
D
p1 A
2
p2 A
p1 v1
p
v
+
+ z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + h f
g 2g
g 2g
But z1 = z2 , and V1 = V2 , as the pipe is horizontal and the
diameter of the pipe is same in both sections.
hf =
p1
p
2
g g
(1)
dp f V 2
=
dx
2 Dh
f V 2 L
p1 p2 =
2 Dh
dp
Dh
f = dx
1
V 2
2
Hydraulic
diameter,
Dh =
4( Area)
Perimeter
L V2
hf = f
Dh 2 g
Darcy-Weishbach equation
L V2
LV2
hf = f
= 4C f
d 2g
d 2g
f =
64
( for Re < 2000)
Re
uavg d
Re =
1
18.7
= 1.74 2.0 log10 p +
f
R Re f
Moodys Diagram
A2p2
A1p1
1
2
Applying Bernoullis equations for real fluid at sections 1 and 2, we get
2
p1 v1
p2 v2
+
+ z1 =
+
+ z2 + he
g 2g
g 2g
2
p1 p2 v1 v22
he =
+
2g
g
(1)
Fx = p1 A1 p2 A2 + p '( A2 A1 )
where p is pressure of the liquid eddies in the area (A2-A1). Experimentally it is
known that p ' = p1 , hence
Fx = ( p1 p2 ) A2
A1v12
2
Momentum of liquid/sec at section 2= A2 v2
Change of momentum of liquid/sec = A2 v22 A1v12 = A2 ( v22 v1v2 ) = Fx
Momentum of liquid/sec at section 1=
p1 p2 v22 v1v2
=
g
g
Thus from (1), we obtain
he
v1 v2 )
(
=
2g
A1p1
A2p2
Continuity equation:
Ac vc = A2 v2
hc
(v v )
= c 2
2g
v vc
v 1
v22
=
1 = k
1 =
2 g v2
2 g Cc
2g
2
2
2
2
vc A2
1
=
=
v2 Ac Cc
v2
Head loss at the entrance of the pipe: hi = 0.5 ,
2g
where v is the velocity of the liquid in the pipe.
v2
Head loss at the exit of the pipe: h0 =
,
2g
where v is the velocity of the liquid at the outlet of the pipe.
kv 2
Head loss due to bend in pipe: hb =
,
2g
where v is the velocity of the flow, k is the coefficient of the bend which
depends on the angle of the bend, radius of curvature of the bend and
diameter of pipe.
kv 2
hf =
,
2g