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x Parada por Falha na Partida
Potencimetro para Ajuste de at 5%
(Lmpada Vermelha)
da tenso
x Parada por Sobrevelocidade
Ampermetro (Escala dupla)
(Lmpada Vermelha)
Voltmetro CA (Escala dupla)
x Pr-alarme de Alta
Freqencmetro/Tacmetro em dupla
Temperatura da gua
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(Lmpada Amarela)
Instrumentos do motor
x Pr-alarme de Baixa Presso
Parada por Alta Temperatura
do leo Lubrificante (Lmpada
(Lmpada Vermelha)
Amarela)
Alarme de Baixa Temperatura
x Indicador de Funcionamento
(Lmpada Amarela)
(Lmpada Verde)
Parada por Baixa Presso do leo
x Dois Contatos de Defeito
Lubrificante (Lmpada Vermelha)
Definidos pelo Cliente
(Lmpada Vermelha)
x Chave Seletora de Fases para
ampermetro e Voltmetro
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x
x
x
x
x
x
x
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Caractersticas Opcionais
Alarme Sonoro
Parada de Emergncia
Alarme de Baixa Tenso da
Bateria
Alarme ou Parada por Baixo
Nvel do Lquido de
Arrefecimento
Conjunto de sinalizao Remota
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Temporizador de Partida/Parada
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CATERPILLAR EMCP II +
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Indicao luminosa
Controles
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x
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x
x
x
Proteo
x
NEMA 1, IP 22
x Porta/tampa protetora
Rels de proteo
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Rels programveis:
o Sobre e sub-tenso;
o Rel de potncia inversa;
o Sobre e sub-freqncia e
o Sobre-corrente.
OPCIONAIS:
Controles diversos
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Protees
Governador eletrnico;
Controle de rotao Iscrono;
Divisor de carga (fornecido avulso);
Mdulos de alarme local (com buzina e boto
silenciador);
Controle de freqncia;
Alarme comum (contato seco para qualquer
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Sinal de alternador gerando (contato seco);
Auxiliar de partida a frio (ter);
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Link de comunicao digital para computador e
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http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br
Pgina
96
USCAMAQ
MAQUIGERAL
Disponvel nas verses standard e STR, para transferncia de carga em transio fechada em rampa.
A verso standard oferece as funes de USCA microprocessada, certificada pela Anatel para aplicaes em
telecomunicaes, dotada de interface serial RS-232 e RS-485, protocolo de comunicao aberto e
gerenciamento remoto via Internet.
A verso STR tem mdulo de comando microprosessado com as funes:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
No tem configurao padronizada. O cliente escolhe o nvel de tecnologia que deseja adquirir. Oferece uma
famlia de opes que permite configurar o controle conforme as necessidades da instalao. A partir de um
sistema econmico bsico at as mais sofisticadas funes de monitoramento distncia, as opes incluem
funes para:
x
x
x
x
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97
Modos de Operao
OPERAO AUTOMTICA
Rede Normal:
Se o grupo estiver desligado e com a tenso da rede
normal, o mesmo permanece desligado sendo
ativado o sinal para fechar o contator da rede.
Rede Anormal:
Se o grupo j estiver ligado e em carga, ao passar
para automtico o mesmo permanecer ligado se a
tenso de rede estiver anormal. Caso contrrio
desativado o sinal de fechamento do contator do
grupo e ativado o sinal de fechamento do contator da
rede, o grupo entra na temporizao de
arrefecimento. Caso a tenso da rede fique fora da
faixa permitida, a rede retirada de carga
imediatamente
sendo
ento
iniciada
uma
temporizao de Confirmao de rede Anormal
(TCRA). Finda esta temporizao, caracterizada a
condio de REDE ANORMAL, sendo iniciada a
seqncia de partida do grupo. So efetuadas 3
tentativas de partida com intervalo de 15 segundos
entre cada tentativa. Caso o grupo no parta,
sinalizado USCA ANORMAL.
Aps o grupo partir iniciada uma temporizao de
Espera de Estabilizao do grupo (TEG).
Ao final desta temporizao, o grupo colocado em
carga. Quando a tenso da rede retornar a condio
normal, iniciada uma temporizao de Retorno de
rede Normal (TRRN).
Finda esta temporizao, transferida a carga do
grupo para rede sendo iniciada uma temporizao de
Arrefecimento do grupo gerador (TARR).
Se durante a temporizao de arrefecimento a tenso
da rede voltar a ficar anormal, a carga transferida
da rede para o grupo sendo a temporizao de
arrefecimento cancelada.
Finda a temporizao de arrefecimento, o grupo
desligado.
O Smart Gen permite que o operador efetue o ajuste de
algumas destas temporizaes.
O valor default de cada temporizao mostrado
abaixo :
Tempo de Arrefecimento: 180 segundos;
Tempo de Confirmao de Rede Anormal: 5 seg
Tempo de Retorno de Rede Normal: 60 segundos;
Tempo de Estabilizao: 30 segundos;
Tempo de Espera de Parada do GMG: 30 segundos;
OPERAO MANUAL:
Ao se ativar o modo de operao manual atravs do
teclado do painel frontal, o Smart Gen entra no processo
de espera de comando do operador.
Neste modo de operao o operador tem total controle
sobre o sistema, podendo ligar ou desligar o grupo,
colocar rede ou GMG em carga.
Os sensores ficam ativos, retirando a rede de carga
automaticamente caso esta fique anormal, e desligando
o grupo caso este apresente algum defeito.
Reposio de alarmes:
Tanto em modo Manual ou Automtico, caso acontea
alguma falha grave por ex. temperatura alta, o grupo
ser desligado.
Para que o grupo possa partir novamente preciso que
a falha tenha sido eliminada, e que o operador pressione
a tecla de Reposio de Alarmes, dando assim cincia
do ocorrido . A partir deste momento o SmartGen
aceitar comando de partida do grupo (modo Manual) ou
partir o grupo automaticamente (modo automtico) .
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98
STEMAC ST2000
Opo MANUAL
Sistema de controle microprocessado para grupos geradores de operao manual, com medies de tenso,
corrente e freqncia; proteo contra sobrecorrente com atuao sobre a bobina de disparo do disjuntor
principal.
STEMAC ST2000
Opo AUTOMTICO
Disponvel nas opes ST2000A, ST2000B, ST2000S, ST2000P e ST2000C. Para aplicaes em
telecomunicaes, a STEMAC oferece a unidade Stelecom, para atender os requisitos das normas Telebrs.
Na verso ST2000A, encontram-se:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Superviso de rede;
Partida, parada e transferncia automtica;
Indicao digital de tenso (L-L e L-N), freqncia,
nmero de partidas, horas de operao,
temperatura do fluido de arrefecimento do motor,
horas para manuteno e tenso de bateria;
Proteo contra alta temperatura, baixa presso de
leo, tenso/freqncia anormais, falha na
partida/parada;
Controle do pr-aquecimento;
Funcionamento manual/automtico/teste e
Comunicao serial (opcional).
x
Indicao digital de potncia reativa e Watt-hora;
x
Proteo contra baixo nvel do combustvel x
(opcional);
x
Seis entradas/sadas analgicas e digitais
configurveis pelo cliente e comunicao serial
opcional.
Funcionamento em manual/automtico/teste;
Operao gerenciada atravs de PLC mestre para
paralelismo com outras unidades, paralelismo com
a rede e transferncia de carga em rampa (para
uma ou mais chaves de transferncia e/ou
entradas de rede);
Comunicao serial;
Controle automtico do pr-aquecimento;
Regulagem eletrnica digital de velocidade e
Possibilidade de controle de quantidade de grupos
e demanda, bem como monitoramento remoto.
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99
BOTOEIRAS:
x Interruptor geral tipo cogumelo
a) Falha Partida.
b) Tenso anormal do Grupo.
c) Presso Baixa.
d) Temperatura Alta.
e) Sobrevelocidade.
f) Falha na Parada.
g) Fluxo de gua Industrial (opcional).
h) Nvel de gua (opcional).
i) Sobrecarga/Sobrecorrente de neutro.
j) Freqncia Anormal do Grupo.
k) Vago.
l) Vago.
m) Falha no Retificador.
CARACTERSTICAS TCNICAS:
xDimenses................................96 x 96mm
x Alimentao...................... 12 Vcc ou 24 Vcc
x Relgio de tempo real
x Sada a transistor com protees.
x Entradas OPTO-ACOPLADAS
x Listagem de eventos e alarmes com data e horrio
x Conexo externa por meio de conector e pinagem ajustvel
x Teclado de contato por membrana
x Frontal em policarbonato
x Display em cristal lquido com:
- Duas linhas com 16 caracteres cada
- Display iluminado, verde.
Eng Jos Claudio Pereira
http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br
x Partida Manual.
x Parada Manual.
x Reposio de defeitos.
x Silencia Alarme
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100
RGAM - LOVATO
Controle microprocessado para grupos geradores, produzido pela LOVATO electric da Itlia e vendido no
mercado brasileiro aos diversos montadores que no dispem de tecnologia prpria. totalmente programvel e
disponvel em 12 ou 24 Volts e em trs verses:
o
RGAM Standard;
RGAM SW Verso completa, com microcomputador e software para operao remota atravs de porta
de comunicao RS-232/RS-485 ou modem (comum ou GSM).
Inclui as funes de superviso de funcionamento do grupo gerador e da rede e nas verses com recursos de
comunicao inclui a funo Autocall, para servios de mensagens SMS (Short Message Service) e e-mail via
Internet.
Supervisiona as trs fases da rede e comanda a partida do grupo gerador e transferncia automtica de carga
em caso de falha da rede.
Leitura digital de tenso, freqncia e corrente da rede e do grupo gerador, tenso da bateria e horas de
operao. Dimenses de 144 x 144 mm e peso aproximado de 1,1 kg.
dotado de controles e alarmes para as seguintes funes:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
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101
LEON HEIMER
DPC-560
Mdulo de controle digital para instalao no quadro de comando. Comandos externos para:
Controla partida, parada, transferncia e retransferncia. Como
x Desligado, automtico, manual,
padro, instalado na porta frontal do quadro de comando, onde
partida e reposio (reset).
tambm se encontra a chave de transferncia.
Tem funes de proteo com sinalizao luminosa e alarme Caractersticas principais:
contra:
x Alimentao de 12 a 38 VDC;
x Rede anormal;
x Freqncia de operao em 50 ou
x Falha de tenso do grupo gerador;
60 Hz;
x Presso de leo baixa;
x Consumo de corrente mximo de
x Temperatura alta;
200 mA;
x Falha de carga da bateria de 0 a 35
x Sobrecarga;
Volts (ajustvel via software);
x Rotao anormal;
x Entrada de superviso de freqncia
x Falha na partida;
de 10 a 130 VAC;
x Sadas: Coletor aberto de transistor
Avisos luminosos para:
NPN, 100 mA mximo;
x Carga de bateria;
x Temperatura de operao de 10 a
x Proteo ativada;
60C;
x Grupo gerador operando.
x Dimenses: (A x L x P) 50 x 98 x
130 mm e
x Peso de 0,30 kg.
LEON HEIMER
H606
Quadro de Comando com
monitorao distncia.
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102
DESARMES ELTRICOS
x
x
x
Sobre-corrente no alternador;
Potncia reversa no alternador e
Entradas auxiliares (configurveis pelo cliente)
PARADA DO MOTOR:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Falha na partida;
Parada de emergncia;
Baixa presso do leo;
Alta temperatura da gua do motor;
Sobrevelocidade;
Subvelocidade;
Alta freqncia do alternador;
Baixa freqncia do Alternador;
Circuito aberto do sensor de
presso de leo;
x Falta de aterramento do alternador e
x Entradas auxiliares (configuradas
pelo cliente).
Para todas as condies de parada acima
possvel configurar um pr-alarme, para
aviso antes da parada do motor.
O LCD configurado em pginas selecionveis por meio das teclas de navegao, podendo-se ter acesso :
PGINA DE STATUS:
x
PGINA DE EVENTOS:
PGINA DE ALARME:
Mostra
os
eventos
registrados,
permitindo visualizar o histrico de
operao do sistema.
LEON HEIMER
DPC-750
Mdulo de controle digital compatvel com a prtica TELEBRS. Dotado de um teclado alfanumrico de 24
teclas e um LCD de duas linhas de 40 dgitos. As mensagens so em portugus, ao contrrio do modelo
anterior. Conecta-se ao sistema por meio de 7 conectores padronizados de 8 pinos e no inclui recursos de
comunicao.
Alm dos itens tradicionais, tais como presso de leo, temperatura do motor e parmetros eltricos de rede e
grupo, supervisiona bomba de pr-lubrificao, ventilao da sala, ruptura de correias, fluxo de gua industrial,
temperatura do alternador, fusveis principais e secundrios de rede e grupo, rel taquimtrico (controle do
motor de partida) e bomba dgua do trocador de calor externo.
Permite configurao e calibrao de medies pelo operador, via teclado.
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103
SDMO
MICS Process II
O controle MICS Process II standard na linha POWER 2000 e opcional para as outras linhas de produtos
SDMO.
O controle bsico inclui as teclas F1 a F6 (esquerda) programveis de acordo com as necessidades do cliente.
O painel de controle constitudo pelas teclas 1 a 13 (centro) com as funes:
1 Modo Automtico
2 Modo Manual
3 Modo Fora de Servio
4 Partida do Motor
5 Parada do Motor
6 Carga de teste
7 Comando para fechamento do disjuntor principal
8 Comando para abertura do disjuntor principal
9 Teste com Carga
10 Silenciar alarme
11 Reposio (reset)
12 Teste dos LEDs
13 Mostrar eventos no display
O teclado numrico seleciona os parmetros e as teclas ao lado so de visualizao (navegao) do display.
O painel anunciador (direita) tem 12 indicadores luminosos (LEDs) programveis pelo cliente. O controle
modular, permitindo a adio de duas placas com as funes conforme a seguir:
Mdulo CARNAC (Opcional):
Protees adicionais:
x
Comunicaes:
x
Freqncia, tenso, potncia ativa total e por fase, potncia reativa total e por
fase, fator de potncia total e por fase, medio de energia ativa, medio de
energia reativa, indicao das defasagens de fases, tenso e freqncia.
Regulao
x
x
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104
SDMO
MICS TELYS
Para os grupos geradores de menor porte e potncias acima de 40 KVA, a SDMO est oferecendo o controle
microprocessado MICS TELYS, com at 150 parmetros configurveis, tenso de 208 a 600 Volts, dotados das
funes de superviso e controle do grupo gerador, porm de construo menos sofisticada e menor custo do
que o MICS Process II.
Para os grupos geradores das linhas PACIFIC, MONTANA, ATLANTIC e NEVADA a SDMO oferece os controles
M50, M150, S2500, R3000 e A400, cujas figuras podem ser vistas a seguir. So controles opcionais, com
funes de superviso e controle pr-definidas, aplicveis em funo de marca e modelo do motor, a escolha do
cliente, conforme suas necessidades. Os modelos M50 e M150 so controles manuais. A partir do controle
S2500, a SDMO emprega tecnologia digital e a partida automtica opcional no S2500 e standard nos demais
modelos, que podem ser implementados com diversos opcionais, cobrindo todas as necessidades de
monitoramento do grupo gerador.
M50
M150
R3000
S2500
A400
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Alm dos controles vistos anteriormente, a WOODWARD, no decorrer do ano de 2001, disponibilizou para os
montadores de grupos geradores a sua nova famlia de controles digitais que, de se esperar, ir contribuir
para que alguns montadores optem por utilizar estes produtos em detrimento da fabricao prpria.
WOODWARD
GCP-11
Controle digital para unidades isoladas, prov completo controle sobre o motor e alternador bem como
controle lgico sobre um contactor principal. Supervisiona partida e parada do motor e protege contra
sobrevelocidade, temperatura, presso, tenso, corrente, freqncia, sobrecarga e outras falhas. Inclui 12
entradas digitais, 2 entradas de sinal do motor, 1 entrada para pick-up magntico e 9 sadas de rel
configurveis pelo cliente.
WOODWARD
GCP-12
Controle digital para grupos geradores com as mesmas funes do GCP-11, para aplicaes em grupos
geradores de emergncia. Acrescenta as funes de superviso da rede e controle automtico para dois
contatores principais (rede e grupo). Alm das funes de proteo do GCP-11, monitora tenso e freqncia
da rede e do grupo gerador. Inclui 12 entradas digitais, 2 entradas de sinal do motor e 8 sadas de rels
configurveis pelo cliente.
WOODWARD
GCP-20
Controle digital para grupos geradores de emergncia, mas com as funes de atuao sobre o governador
de rotaes e o regulador de tenso para propiciar transferncia de carga sem interrupo entre grupo
gerador e rede e vice-versa. Monitora rede e grupo gerador e protege contra falhas de tenso, corrente,
freqncia, potncia ativa e reversa, desbalanceamento de carga e sobrecarga. Inclui 14 entradas digitais, 4
entradas de sinal do motor, 1 entrada de pick-up magntico e 4 sadas de rel configurveis pelo cliente.
Como opcionais, oferece controle remoto analgico de tenso e freqncia (rotao do motor).
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106
WOODWARD
GCP-21
Controle digital para grupos geradores com as funes dos modelos anteriores, porm, adicionalmente, com a
capacidade operao em paralelo com a concessionria, podendo ser utilizado em aplicaes de peak
shaving. Inclui proteo de seqncia de fases, um total de 14 entradas digitais, 4 entradas de sinal do motor,
1 entrada de pick-up magntico e 4 sadas de rels configurveis pelo cliente. Como opcionais, oferece
entradas e sadas adicionais, bem como ajuste remoto de tenso e freqncia.
WOODWARD
GCP-22
Controle digital para grupos geradores, como o modelo GCP-21, porm dotado da capacidade adicional de
controlar dois contatores principais, deteco de falha da concessionria e controle de chave de transferncia
automtica. Inclui tambm a capacidade de transferncia com transio fechada em rampa.
WOODWARD
GCP-31 e GCP-32
o controle eletrnico digital mais poderoso da famlia GCP Woodward. As unidades GCP-31 e GCP-32 so
similares aos controles GCP-21 e GCP-22, porm com a adio das funes de divisor de carga, capacidade
de alimentao de reativos e para operao de unidades mltiplas, em paralelo. Tambm adicionam um
sincronoscpio no painel frontal. Como padro, disponibilizam 16 entradas digitais, 7 entradas de sinal do
motor ou alternador, 1 entrada de pick-up magntico e 7 sadas de rels configurveis pelo cliente.
Opcionalmente, pode incluir entradas e sadas adicionais, ajustes remotos, grupo gerador remoto e ajustes
analgicos de tenso e freqncia remotos. Tambm disponvel relgio em tempo real e histrico de eventos.
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107
WOODWARD
Rels multifuno MFR-1
Uma famlia composta por 5 modelos de rels com as funes de proteo de rede e gerao distribuda.
Cada um dos 5 modelos disponveis protege contra determinada falha, monitora e exibe os sinais de corrente
alternada da rede ou do grupo gerador. Inclui um rel de alarme ANSI 74, 3 sadas de contatos secos e so
facilmente configurveis via interface RS-232.
O modelo MFR-13/GP protege o grupo gerador contra sub e sobre-tenso, sub e sobre-freqncia, potncia
inversa, sobrecarga, desbalanceamento de carga, perda de excitao, fator de potncia e sobre-corrente
independente de tempo.
O modelo MFR-15/SYN oferece proteo similar ao modelo MFR-13/GP, mas adiciona controles de
sincronizao para atuar um contactor nos casos de potncia ativa, fator de potncia e diviso de cargas ativa
e reativa. Tem ponto de ajuste externo e 3 sadas analgicas configurveis.
Modelo MFR-12/CP proteo para o alternador contra sobre-corrente independente de tempo, corrente de
tempo inverso e falta de terra calculada.
Modelo MFR-11/MP Proteo da rede contra sub e sobre-tenso, sub e sobre-freqncia falta assimtrica
de fase.
Modelo MFR-11/G59 inclui as protees do modelo MFR-11/MP e adiciona proteo de seqncia de fase.
WOODWARD
SPM-D
SINCRONIZADOR DIGITAL
O sincronizador incorpora controle lgico para um contator, exibio de dados de corrente alternada no painel
frontal, um teclado do usurio, um sincronoscpio interno e configurao via interface RS-232. Tambm tem
proteo da concessionria para sub e sobre-corrente, sub e sobre-freqncia e seqncia de fases. Proteo
do alternador para sobre e sub-tenso, sobre e sub-freqncia, sobrecarga, potncia inversa e carga reduzida.
http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br
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108
WOODWARD
EGCP-2 e EGCP-3
(Engine Generator Control Package)
CONTROLADOR DIGITAL PARA GRUPOS
GERADORES
O EGCP-2 um controlador digital para grupos geradores feito para trabalhar com um regulador de tenso de
ajuste remoto e um regulador de velocidade Woodward. Disponvel para geradores que operem com motores
Diesel ou gs. Executa controle do motor, sincronizao do grupo, seqenciamento automtico, controle de
carga ativa real (kW), controle de carga reativa (KVAr), proteo do gerador, proteo do motor e
comunicao serial Modbus.
Controle do Motor
x
x
x
x
x
x
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www.joseclaudio.eng.br
Pgina 110
Consumidores
Fonte 2 = gerador
DISTRIBUIO SECUNDRIA
R
S
NEUTRO
T
TRANSFORMADOR
CHAVE
GERAL
NEUTRO
ATERRAMENTO
R
S
T
CHAVE
REVERSORA
0 = (Centro) desligada
I = Fonte 1
II = Fonte 2
GRUPO GERADOR
ATERRAMENTO
Na maioria das aplicaes, o grupo gerador utilizado como fonte de emergncia para
atender apenas cargas essenciais, casos em que h um circuito de emergncia em
separado dos consumidores no essenciais:
Rede da
Concession ria
Medio e
Protees
Grupo
Gerador
Chave reversora ou
de transferncia
Consumidores
no essenciais
Consumidores essenciais
(Circuito de Emergncia)
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Pgina 111
Consumidores essenciais
(Circuito de Emergncia)
Medio e
Protees
Grupo
Gerador
Chaves reversoras
ou de transferncia
Consumidores
no essenciais
Prioridade 1
Prioridade 2
Prioridade 3
Gerador
T
K1
K2
Trava mecnica
L1 L2 L3
A trava mecnica impede que os dois contatores possam ser fechados simultaneamente.
Alm disso, as bobinas dos contatores K1 e K2 so intertravadas eletricamente por meio de
contatos ou rels auxiliares, de forma que impossibilite a alimentao de uma se a outra
estiver energizada. Adicionalmente, podemos acrescentar lmpadas de sinalizao para
indicar o estado da chave de transferncia:
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Pgina 112
Rede
R
Gerador
T
K1B
Liga
T
K2B
Desliga
K1
Rede
Alimentando
Liga
Desliga
K2
K2A
K1A
Gerador
Alimentando
Trava mecnica
L1 L2 L3
Nos sistemas automticos, as funes liga e desliga rede e gerador so executadas por
contatos de rels comandados pelo sistema de controle.
Na entrada do grupo gerador indispensvel um meio de desconexo e protees contra
curto-circuito. As empresas de telecomunicaes exigem que, tanto o lado da rede quanto o
do grupo gerador sejam protegidos com blocos de fusveis de ao retardada. Os
disjuntores termomagnticos, quando utilizados, devem ter tempo de desconexo de 5 Hz,
ou seja, cerca de 80 ms.
Para tornar o sistema automtico, devemos acrescentar um dispositivo sensor da rede,
capaz de perceber as falhas de tenso ou freqncia e fechar um contato para comando da
partida do grupo gerador. Este(s) sensor(es) deve(m) ter seus parmetros ajustveis,
incluindo um tempo de confirmao da falha, para evitar partidas do grupo gerador em
decorrncia de picos instantneos de tenso. Deve monitorar o retorno da rede
normalidade e acionar um contato para retransferncia da carga, devendo, a partir da, o
sistema de controle permitir o funcionamento do grupo gerador em vazio para resfriamento,
antes de acionar o dispositivo de parada. Quando no includos no sistema de controle,
sensores de tenso e freqncia para o grupo gerador tambm devem ser previstos. O
monitoramento ideal sobre as trs fases, sendo freqente o uso de sensores monofsicos
no lado do grupo gerador, principalmente. Em geral, ajusta-se os sensores para variaes
de 20% de tenso e 5% de freqncia, para mais ou para menos, e um tempo de
confirmao de dois a cinco segundos.
Por definio, os sensores de tenso e freqncia executam as seguintes funes de rels
ANSI:
N ANSI
Funo
27
59
Sobretenso. Rel que atua quando a sua tenso de entrada for maior que
um valor predeterminado.
81
Rel de freqncia. Dispositivo que opera quando a freqncia (ou sua taxa
de variao) est fora de limites determinados.
A maioria dos fornecedores de grupos geradores utiliza estes dispositivos como parte
integrante dos seus sistemas de controle ou USCAs, de fabricao prpria. No mercado,
podem ser encontrados diversos fornecedores destes dispositivos, tanto analgicos quanto
digitais, alguns dotados de mltiplas funes integradas.
Eng Jos Claudio Pereira
www.joseclaudio.eng.br
Pgina 113
Rede
S T
Gerador
R S T
27 59 81
27 59 81
K2B
K1B
Liga
Liga
Desliga
Desliga
K1
Comandos
(desconexo,
partida, etc.)
K2
K2A
Normal
Falha
Comandos
(desconexo,
parada, etc.)
K1A
Normal
Ligado
Ligado
Falha
L1 L2 L3
EXECUO EXTRAVEL:
INCLUSOS:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Rel de fechamento.
x
Rel de abertura.
x
x
x
Contatos auxiliares.
x
x
x
Rel antibombeamento.
OPCIONAL (A PEDIDO):
x
Indicador eltrico de
posio do disjuntor
(inserido, teste e extrado).
Rel de subtenso.
x
x
x
x
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Pgina 114
1
Falha da
Rede
8
Parar o grupo
gerador
7
Transferncia
para a rede
2
Detectar
Falha
3
Dar partida
no grupo
gerador
4
6
Checar tenso e
Retorno da Rede
Checar tenso e
freqncia
freqncia
5
Transferncia da
carga para o
gerador
Nos controles digitais, estas funes inclusas e apenas os pontos de ligao dos contatos
de comando so acessveis.
Considerando a possibilidade de manuteno ou reparos no sistema de transferncia,
conveniente a instalao tambm de uma chave de bypass. Esta chave, permite que as
cargas sejam alimentadas diretamente pela rede ou pelo grupo gerador, sem utilizar a
chave de transferncia, permitindo que esta possa ser desativada temporariamente ou
removida para reparos. A utilizao deste componente requer detalhamento do projeto junto
ao usurio para definir a seqncia de operao desejada, a fim de eliminar os riscos de
paralelismo acidental das fontes. possvel estabelecer o bypass s para a rede, para o
grupo gerador ou para ambos alternativamente, dependendo da configurao desejada. No
caso das chaves dedicadas, o bypass pode ser com ou sem interrupo da alimentao das
cargas de emergncia. Alguns fornecedores disponibilizam este item como opcional.
CHAVES DEDICADAS
Entende-se como chaves de transferncia dedicadas quelas construdas especificamente
para comutao entre duas fontes de energia, diferentemente da concepo anterior com
base em contatores ou disjuntores. Basicamente, um mecanismo que combina as aes
de massa e campo magntico para impulsionar os contatos no sentido de uma das fontes
ao mesmo tempo em que desconecta a outra, sem possibilidade de paralelismo acidental.
As concepes utilizadas variam de um para outro fabricante. A Cummins Power
Generation, uma das mais conceituadas marcas, utiliza um atuador linear bi-direcional para
a mudana de contatos entre as fontes, alm de prever o intertravamento eltrico dos
comandos e oferecer diversos recursos de superviso e controle microprocessados.
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PROBLEMAS DA TRANSFERNCIA
Cada circuito consumidor tem caractersticas prprias, resultantes dos dispositivos
alimentados. Um edifcio comercial difere fundamentalmente de uma indstria com a mesma
capacidade instalada. Enquanto no edifcio predominam cargas de iluminao, elevadores,
pequenos no-breaks, computadores e ar condicionado, na indstria a carga predominante,
provavelmente, ser de motores eltricos.
Quando ocorre uma falta de energia, o grupo gerador de emergncia dotado de sistema de
transferncia automtica acionado e no intervalo mdio de 10 a 15 segundos assume as
cargas. Este intervalo suficiente para que os motores em funcionamento parem de girar e
todos os circuitos se desenergizem. Entretanto, quando do retorno da concessionria, o
sistema aciona o desligamento do gerador e o ligamento da rede, um aps o outro, num
intervalo mdio de 100 a 200 ms. Isto faz com que, ao ser religada a rede, os motores, por
inrcia, ainda esto girando praticamente na mesma rotao. O mesmo ciclo acontece nas
transferncias onde se utilizam grupos geradores nos horrios de ponta, quando no incio se
transfere a carga da rede para o gerador e no final, quando ocorre a transferncia inversa.
Os motores em movimento, sem receber energia, geram tenso que percorre o circuito em
sentido inverso, no intervalo de transferncia, que ir se contrapor fornecida pela fonte
que assume a carga, produzindo um surto capaz de trazer perturbaes e queima de
equipamentos. Quando h este tipo de problema, a soluo fazer a transferncia num
intervalo de tempo programado, desligando-se uma fonte e aguardando um tempo suficiente
para que todos os motores parem, antes de efetuar o ligamento da fonte substituta. A isto,
habitualmente chamamos de transferncia com transio programada.
Para os edifcios comerciais com muitos elevadores, uma alternativa freqentemente
adotada incluir no sistema um rel programado para fechar um contato durante o tempo
suficiente para que todos os elevadores sejam desligados no andar trreo (ou no mais
prximo de onde se encontram), permanecendo desligados at que a transferncia se
realize. Esta providncia interessante porque, no caso da transferncia da rede para o
gerador, permite que os elevadores sejam acionados um aps o outro, reduzindo assim o
surto de corrente de partida que ocorreria com a partida simultnea de todos os elevadores
ao mesmo tempo. Esta funo um item opcional nas chaves Cummins Power Generation.
Uma outra forma de efetuar a transferncia sem perturbaes a transio fechada, em
paralelo com a concessionria, que pode ser instantnea ou com rampa de carga. Para
adotar esta soluo, necessrio consultar a concessionria e, conforme o caso, aditar o
contrato de conexo e uso, para prever esta funo. a forma mais conveniente para quem
utiliza grupos geradores para gerao nos horrios de ponta.
A transferncia instantnea significa aplicao de carga brusca e a rampa de carga s pode
ser utilizada nas transferncias com as duas fontes presentes e normais. No caso de uma
falta de energia, a entrada do grupo gerador na condio de emergncia feita em
barramento morto, assumindo todas as cargas que estiverem ligadas, instantaneamente.
Existem chaves que efetuam a transferncia em transio fechada com um tempo de
paralelismo menor do que 5 graus eltricos (0,00023 seg). Como as protees normalmente
exigidas pelas concessionrias tm tempos de atuao de 100 ms, estas se tornam
desnecessrias, porm, podem ser exigidas, a seu critrio, por condies contratuais.
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Podem ser exigidas as seguintes protees ANSI, alm de outras consideradas desejveis
pela concessionria:
N ANSI
FUNO
27
Rel de Subtenso Rel que atua quando a sua tenso de entrada menor
do que um valor predeterminado
32
47
59
Rel de Sobretenso Rel que atua quando sua tenso de entrada for
maior do que um valor predeterminado.
81
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FONTE 1
CARGA
CATODO
FONTE 2
DISTRIBUIO SECUNDRIA
R
S
NEUTRO
T
TRANSFORMADOR
CHAVE
GERAL
NO ESSENCIAIS
NEUTRO
R
S
T
52U
ATERRAMENTO
EMERGNCIA
NEUTRO
R
S
T
52G
COMANDO
TCs
EXCITAO
GRUPO GERADOR
COMBUSTVEL
(GOVERNADOR)
SISTEMA DE CONTROLE
ATERRAMENTO
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A transferncia com rampa de carga feita sincronizando o grupo gerador com a rede e, em
seguida, comandando o fechamento das chaves de paralelismo (52). O paralelismo, feito
por um sincronizador automtico, controla tenso e freqncia do grupo gerador e verifica a
seqncia de fases. No caso de falha da rede e entrada do grupo gerador na condio de
emergncia, teramos a seqncia:
Potncia no
grupo gerador
Sincronismo
com a Rede
Abre
52G
Parada
Partida
Falha da
Rede
Tempo
Retorno Transferncia
da Rede da carga
Carga
Resfriamento
do motor
Potncia no
grupo gerador
Abre
52U
Fecha
52U
Fecha
52G
Abre
52G
Parada
Partida
Tempo
Sincronismo Transferncia
com a Rede
da Carga
Sincronismo Transferncia
da carga
com a Rede
Resfriamento
do motor
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Em geral, o mesmo sistema pode ser utilizado para suprimento de energia em regime de
peak shaving. Isto , o grupo gerador permanece em paralelo com a rede suprindo a
energia que exceder demanda prefixada para a rede. As configuraes de operao so
oferecidas em diversas modalidades e praticamente todos os fornecedores atualmente
dispem de sistemas digitais que podem ser configurados para atender s necessidades do
cliente.
O grupo gerador poder tambm ser utilizado em paralelo com a rede para gerao de
potncia reativa (KVAr). Neste caso, o sistema de controle dever ser programado para
operar sob fator de potncia constante e fazer variar a excitao do alternador, gerando
mais ou menos potncia reativa. Para a gerao de potncia ativa o sistema atua sobre o
governador de rotaes, fornecendo mais ou menos combustvel, mantendo a rotao
constante e variando a quantidade de kW fornecidos s cargas.
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