Notes Physics 340 Modern Physics 2012

K. Oskar

Textbook: N. Zettili, Quantum Mechanics Concepts and Applications

John Wiley & Sons, 2nd

Ch.1 Origins of Quantum Physics

1.2 Particle Aspect of Radiation
1.2.1 Black Body Radiation
(1.8) Derive (1.8), on page 8. That is show that
P
hEi =

n=0

nhExp[ nh
]
kB T

nh
nN Exp[ kB T ]

h
]
Exp[ nh
kB T

P
n
Proof. Recall the geometric series
nN ar for |r| < 1. This has a sum, we will
derive this sum. Let the sum of the first g terms be denoted by: Sg = a + ar +
ar2 + . . . + arg2 + arg1 . Now if we multiply this sum by the common ratio we get,
rSg = ar + . . . + arg1 + arg . Let explore the difference, Sg rSg = (1 r)Sg = a arg .
g)
Now if we solve for Sg we get that Sg = a(1r
. If we let g we get that
1r
a
k
limg Sg = 1r since the r will go to zero, this is easily proved by utilizing the
Bernoulli inequality.
Now
problem at hand, we will find find the sum of each part starting with
P for thenh
Exp[
].
nN
kB T
Let the sum of the first g terms be labeled:
Sg = 1 + Exp[

2h
(g 2)h
(g 1)h
h
] + Exp[
] + . . . + Exp[
] + Exp[
].
kB T
kB T
kB T
kB T

We will proceed as before,

Exp[

(g2)h
(g1)h
2h
h
h
h
h
h
]Sg = e kB T + 1 + e kB T e kB T + . . . + e kB T e kB T + e kB T e kB T
kB T
h

= e kB T + 1 + e kB T + . . . + e

(g3)h
kB T

+e

(g2)h
kB T

Now
h

e kB T Sg Sg = (e kB T 1)Sg = e kB T + e
h

Sg =

e kB T + e

(g2)h
kB T

e kB T 1
h

lim Sg =
g

e kB T
h

e kB T 1

(g2)h
kB T

Notes, Physics 340 Modern Physics, Fall 2012, K. Oskar

h

Thus we have that

entiate the bottom series,

[
kB T

h
e kB T
h
e kB T 1

]=

So we have that
fore we have:

kB T

n=0

khnT

h
e kB T

. To get the top series we will differ-

nh

kB T
=
n=0 e

2h
he kB T
h
(1+e kB T )2 (kB T )2
hn
e kB T hn
n=0
kB 2 T 2

e kB T

nh
nN Exp[ kB T ] =

n=0 kB T e

h
he kB T
h
(1+e kB T )2 (kB T )2

1
kB 2 T 2

n=0

khnT
B

hn =

Combining both of these we get:

h

hEi =

he kB T
h

(1+e kB T )2
h
e kB T
h
e kB T 1

n=0

hn
kB T hn
kB 2 T 2

h
h

1 + e kB T

hn =

(1+e kB T )2

h
he kB T
h
(1+e kB T )2 (kB T )2
h
e kB T h
h
(1+e kB T )2 (k

he kB T

nh
kB T

. There2
BT )