1.

BNC ( Cap ng truc )

1.1 Cu truc:
- Cp ng trc l loi mt loi dy truyn dn, cc mu cp c thit k cho tng yu cu
truyn thng c th v c cu trc nh sau:
- Mt dy dn trung tm hay cn gi l li dn tn hiu, li ny thng mt dy ng hoc gm
nhiu dy ng bn li vi nhau.
- Mt lp in mi khng dn in hay cn gi l lp xp cch in gia lp li kim loi chng
nhiu pha ngoi v dy dn trung tm pha trong
- Mt lp li kim loi bn bi 36; 48; 72 hoc 96 si kim loi. Lp ny c tc dng bo v dy
dn trung tm khi nhiu in t v c ni t thot nhiu.
- Ngoi cng l mt lp v plastic cch in bo v cp

1.2 c im:
C hai loi cp ng trc : mng v dy

- Cp mng c ng knh khong 0.25 inch, nh do v dai, gi r d lp t truyn tn hiu

trong khong cch 185 mt rt tt.
- Cp dy c ng knh khong 0.5 inch, cp cng nn kh lp t hn, tuy nhin n c th
truyn xa ti 500 mt.
c tnh ca cp ng trc:
-

Lp t:

Cp ng trc ci t theo hai hnh thc: kt xch (daisy - chain) v sao (hnh v bn di).
Mt c tnh quan trng ca cp ng trc l u cp c kt thc vi mt u ni c bit
(terminator). N c in tr hp vi c tnh ca cp. in tr c cng dng ngn tn hiu di
ngc li khi ng cui cp v gim nhiu.
Cp ng trc d lp t v chu ng bn b ngoi tri, cc u ni d lp t v r tin.
-

Di thng:

Mng cc b LAN dng cp ng trc c di thng gia 2,5 Mbps (ARCnet) v 10 Mbps
(Ethernet). Tuy nhin loi cp ny c c tnh k thut vi di thng ln hn nhiu.
-

c tnh chng nhiu m:

Cc mng dy ng thng nhy cm vi nhiu m d mng chn gip cp chng nhiu kh

hiu qu, do vy cp ng trc vn bc x vi mt phn tn hiu, do cc tn hiu d trm in
t c th pht hin tn hiu ny.
-

u ni (Connector):

C hai loi u ni : u ni BNC v u ni N

Cch ni vo mng c m t nh hnh v.

Hnh 1. Ni mng vi u ni BNC

Hnh 2. Ni mng vi u ni AUI

Mt ct ngang ca u ni BNC

Hnh 3. Hnh v ct ngang ca BNC

u ni N phi s dng thng qua gic ni AUI 15 chn ni vi card mng, di y l mt
ct ngang ca gic ni ny.

Hnh 4. Hnh v ct ngang ca AUI

Hin nay c cp ng trc sau:

RG -58,50 ohm: dng cho mng ThinEthernet

RG -59,75 ohm: dng cho truyn hnh cp
RG -62,93 ohm: dng cho mng ARCnet
Cp i dy xon:

Hin nay loi cp ny ang c s dng mt cch rng ri trong cc h thng mng LAN, v
gi thnh r v lp t tin li.
Mi si cp son i gm 2 si li ng son vo nhau c tc dng chng nhiu cho nhau, bt
bc x khi chy gn cc ng dy v thit b in t khc.

Hnh 5. Cp dy xon
C hai loi cp i dy xon: cp xon bc v cp xon trn
Cp c v bc:
Loi c v bc kim loi tng cng chng nhiu cn c gi l STP (Shield Twisted Pair),
c th c nhiu dy i v l thuyt loi ny c th truyn vi tc 500 Mbps nhng thc t ch
t vo khong 155 Mbps vi chiu di 100 mt. Tc thng thy nht ca n vo khong 16
Mbps.
Loi cp ny lp t kh khn cn phi c ngi c tay ngh vng.

Hnh 6. Cp STP
Cp khng c v bc:
Cp khng c v bc kim gi l UTP (UnShield Twisted Pair) cht lng km hn STP nhng
gi rt r v d lp t. N c chia thnh 5 loi khc nhau:
+ Type1 v 2: ph hp vi ting ni v tc d liu thp di 4 Mbps. Trc y c dng
trong mng in thoi nhng by gi do nhu cu thc t nn c thay th bng cp loi 3.
+ Type 3: thch hp vi tc 16 Mbps, by gi n l c s lp t cc mng in thoi.
+ Type 4: cho tc ln ti 20 Mbps.
+ Type 5: tc d liu t ti 100Mbps
Loi cp UTP 5 l cp m si ca n bao gm 4 cp dy xon vo nhau.

Hnh 7. Cp UTP
Tuy nhin trong 4 cp ny ngi ta mi ch s dng c 2 cp, 2 cp cn li phc v cho cc nhu
cu trong tng lai. Mi i u c mu c trng vi mt si c mu si cn li l mu pha ln
gia mu trng v mu ca dy kia.

Bn c th s dng bt k 2 trong 4 cp k trn, ch c s khc nhau v cch t dy trong

trng hp hai host lin kt trc tip v thng qua thit b trung tm nh l HUB chng hn.

1.3 ng dung:
Cp ng trc thng dng lm ng truyn cho tn hiu v tuyn. ng dng ca n bao gm
cc ng cp gia thit b thu pht sng v tuyn v ng ten ca chng, lm cp truyn hnh.

Ngoi ra, cp ng trc cn c s dng trong lnh vc an ninh gim st nh truyn tn hiu
camera, kt ni camera n u ghi v mn hnh tivi
Cp ng trc c mt u im l tn hiu s truyn trn cp ch tn ti bn trong li cp. Nh
ngi ta c th lp cp bn cnh cc vt liu kim loi m khng s tht thot nng lng thng
xy ra vi cc loi cp c hn. Tn hiu trong cp ng trc cng khng b gy nhiu t cc
ngun bn ngoi. Cp ng trc theo l thuyt c suy hao 200m nhng trong thc t l 50m.

2.

CAP RJ 45

2.2 CU TRUC:

u ni

Loi cp i dy xon s dng u ni RJ 45 (gic cho in thoi l RJ 11)

Hnh 8. u ni RJ - 45

Mt ct ngang ca u ni RJ 45 nh sau:
Hnh 9. Mt ct ngang ca u ni RJ - 45
Quy nh s hiu chn:
xc nh v tr chn, ta t jack ln bn sao cho phn tip im ng (pin) quay ln trn, u
c si cable (phn cm cable vo) hng v pha ngi quan st. Chn (pin) s 1 l chn tn
cng pha tay tri, chn s 8 l chn tn cng pha tay phi (hnh 10 a).

a) b)
Hnh 10. Mt ct ngang ca u ni RJ - 45
Tng ng vi u jack RJ45 l phn cm cable c thit k trn NIC hay HUB hoc mt
thit b kt ni khc ( ci) cng c quy nh s hiu chn tng ng (hnh 10 b).

Cable ni thng (STRAIGHT THROUGH CABLE)

Loi cable ny c dng ni my tnh vi Hub/Switch hoc patch panel vi Hub/Switch. C
th s dng chun T568A hoc T568B kp u cable.

Hnh 11. S chn cable ni thng

Cable ni cho
u cho gip cho 2 my tnh c th lin kt trc tip vi nhau, khi u ch nu mt u
u theo chun T568B th u cn li u theo chun T568A.
xc nh v tr chn ca ci, ta xoay cm sao cho phn gi u cable quay xung di, khi
chn tn cng bn tri l chn s 1, chn tn cng bn phi l chn s 8.
Quy nh cc cp dy c sp xp theo trt t sau:

Hnh 12. S kp dy trn u jack RJ45

Cc chun cp mng RJ45 l chun T568A v T568B gi tt l chun A v chun B.

S mu cho chun T568A:

1. Trng xanh l
2. Xanh l
3. Trng cam
4. Xanh dng
5. Trng xanh dng
6. Cam
7. Trng nu
8. Nu
S mu cho chun T568B:
1. Trng cam
2. Cam
3. Trng xanh l

4. Xanh dng
5. Trng xanh dng
6. Xanh l
7. Trng nu
8. Nu

2.2 C IM:
Trong cp RJ45 c 2 loi l cp thng (straight-through) v cp cho (cross-over)
- Cp thng: ch cn bm 2 u cng chun (v A A hoc B B)

S cap thng
- Cp cho: bm 2 u khc chun (v d u chun A, u chun B)

S cap cho
- Khi quan st s cp thng v cp cho ta c th thy rng trong 8 si dy ca cp UTP th
ch c 4 si c dng truyn v nhn d liu l th t dy 1, 2, 3, 6 tng ng vi 4 dy
tn hiu TX+, TX- (TX Transmit), RX+, RX- (RX Receive) ca card mng (NIC Network
Interface Card). V th khi bm cp cho bn cng khng cn phi nh ht c 2 chun A, B th
mi bm c, n gin ch cn bm 1 u chun A hoc B, u cn li hon i v tr 1 3 v 2
6 l xong.

2.3 NG DUNG:
Kt n cc thit b trong mng Ethernet v Token Ring Type 3 s dng cp xon i

3.
3.1 CU TRUC:
S chn:

CAP DB 9

Mu sc v hnh dng ca cp DB9

H n h 13. S chn cng ni tip

B tr chn ca cng COM

Cng COM c dng: u ni DB9 (9 chn) m t nh

hnh 14. ngha ca cc chn m t nh sau:

H ng tru y n M t

Tnhiu
TxD

DTEDCE

Transmitted data: d liu truyn

RxD

DCEDTE

Received data: d liu nhn

RTS

DTEDCE

Request to send: DTE yu cu truyn

d liu

D9

CTS

DCEDTE

DSR

DCEDTE

GND

DCD

DCEDTE

Data carier detect: DCE pht hin sng

mang

DTR

DTEDCE

RI

DCEDTE

Data terminal ready: DTE sn sng

lm vic
Ring indicator: bo chung

Clear to send: DCE sn sng nhn d

liu
Data set ready: DCE sn sng lm vic

Ground: ni t (0V)

3.2 C IM:
Cng ni tip c s dng truyn d liu hai chiu gia my tnh v ngoi vi, c cc u
im sau:
- Khong cch truyn xa hn truyn song song.
- S dy kt ni t.
Cc thit b ghp ni chia thnh 2 loi: DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) v DCE (Data
Communication Equipment). DCE l cc thit b trung gian nh MODEM cn DTE l cc thit
b tip nhn hay truyn d liu nh my tnh, PLC, vi iu khin, Vic trao i
tn hiu thng thng qua 2 chn RxD (nhn) v TxD (truyn). Cc tn hiu cn li c chc
nng h tr thit lp v iu khin qu trnh truyn, c gi l cc tn hiu bt tay
(handshake). u im ca qu trnh truyn dng tn hiu bt tay l c th kim sot ng
truyn.
Tn hiu truyn theo chun RS-232 ca EIA (Electronics Industry Associations). Chun RS-232
quy nh mc logic 1 ng vi in p t -3V n -25V (mark), mc logic 0 ng vi in p t
3V n 25V (space) v c kh nng cung cp dng t 10 mA n 20 mA. Ngoi ra, tt c cc ng
ra u c c tnh chng chp mch.
Chun RS-232 cho php truyn tn hiu vi tc n 20.000 bps nhng nu cp truyn ngn
c th ln n 115.200 bps.
Cc phng thc ni gia DTE v DCE:
- n cng (simplex connection): d liu ch c truyn theo 1 hng.

- Bn song cng ( half-duplex): d liu truyn theo 2 hng, nhng mi thi im ch c

truyn theo 1 hng.
- Song cng (full-duplex): s liu c truyn ng thi theo 2 hng.
nh dng ca khung truyn d liu theo chun RS-232 nh sau:

Khi khng truyn d liu, ng truyn s trng thi mark (in p -10V). Khi bt u truyn,
DTE s a ra xung Start (space: 10V) v sau ln lt truyn t D0 n D7 v Parity, cui
cng l xung Stop (mark: -10V) khi phc trng thi ng truyn. Dng tn hiu truyn m
t nh sau (truyn k t A):
Hnh14. Tn hiu truyn ca k t A Cc c tnh k thut ca chun RS-232 nh sau:
Chiu di cable cc i

15m

Tc d liu cc i

20 Kbps

in p ng ra cc i

25V

in p ng ra c ti

5V n 15V

Tr khng ti

3K n 7K

in p ng vo

15V

nhy ng vo

3V

Tr khng ng vo

3K n 7K

Cc tc truyn d liu thng dng trong cng ni tip l: 1200 bps, 4800 bps,
9600 bps v 19200 bps.

3.3. NG DUNG:
- C th truyn khng dy dng hng ngoi.
- C th ghp ni vi vi iu khin hay PLC (Programmable Logic Device).
- Cho php ni mng.
- C th tho lp thit b trong lc my tnh ang lm vic.
- C th cung cp ngun cho cc mch in n gin

4. CAP DB 15
4.1. CU TRUC:
4.2. C IM:
4.3. NG DUNG:

5. CAP RJ11
5.1. CU TRUC:

Hnh 15. Cp xon Ethernet, hay gi dn d l dy LAN

Cp xon Ethernet cu to t 8 si dy ng, c xon vo vi nhau theo tng cp to
thnh 4 cp dy. Loi c v bc chng nhiu (STP) ngoi cc lp cao su bn ngoi cng
v bn ngoi mi si ring l, cn c b sung mt lp bc chng nhiu trn tng cp
dy ny.

Hinh 16. Cap STP

Li c (solid) hoc Li bn (stranded):
Dy ng li c, nh ci tn m t, ch gm mt si nguyn khi, cn dy li bn do nhiu si
con to ny

Li c.

Li bn.

5.2. C IM:
Cap thng (Straight-through cable) v Cap cho (Crossover cable)
Ty theo cch u ni cc si t 1>8 2 u cp Ethernet m si cp s phc v cc chc
nng khc nhau. Cch nh chc nng u ni ca 2 loi cp cng rt n gin, ta chia cc thit b
trong nh thnh 2 nhm:
Nhm 1: Router, PC, Server, lap
Nhm 2: Switch, Hub v cc thit b mng khc

Nhng thit b cng nhm th ni vi nhau bng cp cho, khc loi th dng cp thng
Phn bit cap theo tc :
Cat 5: L loi c bn nht, cung cp tc 10 Mbps hoc 100 Mbps.
Cat 5e: Nng cp t Cat 5 h tr tc ti a 1000 Mbps.
Cat 6: Tc ln ti 10Gbs
RJ11 nh hn v t dy hn.
Nh vo lp bo v, STP ni tri hn cc mt nh kh nng chng nhiu v tc ng ca mi
trng, tn hiu truyn n nh hn trn khong cch xa hn.
Nhng cng v vy m STP t hn, nng hn, km linh hot hn, him gp hn, kh tm mua
hn..v.v..

5.3. NG DUNG:
u RJ11 ca ng dy in thoi thng c dng cm vo cng DSL trn modem.
Dng trong cc ng dy mng, dy i n thoi, kt ni my fax,vv
Cc tiu chun quc t RJ11 c s dng cho in thoi.