Module2 0

P
sing terli
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Signal Processing
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P
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t
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r
g
a
i
tal S i and M
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Module 2: Discrete-time signals
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Pra
2
aolo
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Video Introduction
Module Overview:
sing terli
Vet
P
l
n
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a
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Mar
the discrete-time complex
l Sig exponential
d
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Dig doni a 13
n
the Karplus-Strong
20
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Pao
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Module 2.1: discrete-time signals and operators
roce
Module 2.2:
Module 2.3:
sing terli
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Signal Processing
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P
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tal S i and M
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Module 2.1: Discrete-time signals
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Pra
2
aolo
Overview:
2.1
discrete-time signals
signal classes
elementary operators
shifts
energy and power
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Discrete-time signals
Economics: the Dow Jones industrial average
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10000
5000
P
0
1891
1916
1941
1966
1991
2016
year
2.1
Astronomy: monthly solar spot activity, 1749 to 2003
200
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100
P
0
1749
1875
2000
month
2.1
History: world population (billions)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
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P
1AD
1700AD
2030AD
year
2.1
Discrete-time signals have a long tradition...

Meteorology (limnology): the floods of the Nile
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Representations of flood data: circa 2500 BC and today

2.1
More formally...
Discrete-time signal: a sequence of complex numbers
2.1
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notation: x[n]
i
S
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i and 3
two-sided sequences: x : ZD C ndon
201
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n is dimension-less time
Pao
one dimension (for now)
analysis: periodic measurement
synthesis: stream of generated samples
More formally...
2.1
sing terli
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notation: x[n]
i
S
M
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igita
i and 3
201
ra
P
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Pao
More formally...
2.1
sing terli
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a
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notation: x[n]
i
S
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igita
i and 3
201
ra
P
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Pao
More formally...
2.1
sing terli
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art
notation: x[n]
i
S
M
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igita
i and 3
201
ra
P
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Pao
More formally...
2.1
sing terli
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art
notation: x[n]
i
S
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igita
i and 3
201
ra
P
o
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Pao
More formally...
2.1
sing terli
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l
a
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art
notation: x[n]
i
S
M
l
igita
i and 3
201
ra
P
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Pao
The delta signal
x[n] = [n]
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15
2.1
P
b
10
10
15
The unit step
x[n] = u[n]
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15
2.1
P
b
10
10
15
The exponential decay
x[n] = |a|n u[n],
|a| < 1
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0
b
15
2.1
P
b
10
10
b
b
15
10
The sinusoid
x[n] = sin(0 n + )
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10 Pra5
02
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15b
b
b
b
b
2.1
15
b
b
b
b
11
Four signal classes
2.1
finite-length
infinite-length
periodic
finite-support
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12
Four signal classes
2.1
finite-length
infinite-length
periodic
finite-support
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12
Four signal classes
2.1
finite-length
infinite-length
periodic
finite-support
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12
Four signal classes
2.1
finite-length
infinite-length
periodic
finite-support
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12
Finite-length signals
2.1
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vector notation: x = [x0 x1 . . . xN1
l S]Tig nd Ma
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Dig doni a 13
practical entities, good for numerical
20 (Matlab and the like)
ran packages
P
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sequence notation: x[n],
n = 0, 1, . . . , N r1oces
13
2.1
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l S]Tig nd Ma
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Dig doni a 13
ran packages
P
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Pao
n = 0, 1, . . . , N r1oces
13
2.1
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Dig doni a 13
ran packages
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n = 0, 1, . . . , N r1oces
13
Infinite-length signals
2.1
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P
sequence notation: x[n], n Z
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abstraction, good for theorems
Digi doni an 13
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14
Infinite-length signals
2.1
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sequence notation: x[n], n Z
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abstraction, good for theorems
Digi doni an 13
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14
Periodic signals
2.1
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same information as finite-length
lofSilength
d
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Dig doni an 13
n infinite2lengths
natural bridge between finiteraand
0
P
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Pao
N-periodic sequence: x[n] = x[n + kN],
ces Z
n, rk,oN
15
Periodic signals
2.1
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lofSilength
d
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n infinite2lengths
0
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ces Z
n, rk,oN
15
Periodic signals
2.1
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lofSilength
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Dig doni an 13
n infinite2lengths
0
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ces Z
n, rk,oN
15
Finite-support signals
2.1
Finite-support sequence:
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x[n] if
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x[n] = l Sign
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D
3
and 201
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P
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same information as P
finite-length
of length N
another bridge between finite and infinite lengths
16
2.1
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x[n] if
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D
3
and 201
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finite-length
of length N
16
2.1
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x[n] if
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x[n] = l Sign
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n
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D
3
and 201
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finite-length
of length N
16
Elementary operators
scaling:
y [n] = x[n]
sum:
product:
Pa
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yig
[n]
n = x[n]M+az[n]
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y [n] = x[n] z[n]
shift by k (delay):
y [n] = x[n k]
2.1
17
scaling:
y [n] = x[n]
sum:
product:
Pa
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yig
[n]
n = x[n]M+az[n]
rt
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y [n] = x[n] z[n]
shift by k (delay):
y [n] = x[n k]
2.1
17
scaling:
y [n] = x[n]
sum:
product:
Pa
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yig
[n]
n = x[n]M+az[n]
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o
y [n] = x[n] z[n]
shift by k (delay):
y [n] = x[n k]
2.1
17
scaling:
y [n] = x[n]
sum:
product:
Pa
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l
a
yig
[n]
n = x[n]M+az[n]
rt
S
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Digi doni an 13
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o
y [n] = x[n] z[n]
shift by k (delay):
y [n] = x[n k]
2.1
17
Shift of a finite-length: finite-support
[x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6ing
x7 ]
b
b
b
b
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Digi doni an 13
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b
b
0
0
2.1
18

x[n]
. . . x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6ingx7 . . .
1
b
b
b
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b
b
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b
b
0
0
2.1
18

x[n]
... 0
1
b
b
b
b
b
0 x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6ingx7
0 i0
s
s
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b
b
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0
0
2.1
0 ...
18

x[n 1]
... 0
1
b
b
b
b
b
x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5ingx6 x7
s
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c
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b
b
2.1
b
b
b
b
0
0
0 ...
18

x[n 2]
... 0
1
b
b
b
b
b
0 x0 x1 x2 x3 x4ingx5 x6 xi 7
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b
b
2.1
b
b
b
b
0
0
0 ...
18

x[n 3]
... 0
1
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
0
0
b
b
b
b
2.1
x0 x1 x2 x3ingx4 x5 xi 6 x7 . . .
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18

x[n 4]
... 0
1
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
0
0
2.1
0 x0 x1 x2ingx3 x4 xi 5 x6 . . .
ess etterl
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18
Shift of a finite-length: periodic extension
[x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6ing
x7 ]
b
b
b
b
ess etterli
c
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g
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Digi doni an 13
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b
b
0
0
2.1
19

x[n]
. . . x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6ingx7 . . .
1
b
b
b
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Digi doni an 13
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b
b
b
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b
b
0
0
2.1
19

x[n]
. . . x5 x6 x7 x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6ingx7 x0 xi 1 x2 . . .
1
b
b
b
ess etterl
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b
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0
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2.1
19

x[n 1]
1
b
b
b
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b
b
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b
b
0
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2.1
b
b
19

x[n 2]
1
b
b
b
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b
b
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b
b
0
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2.1
b
b
19

x[n 3]
1
b
b
b
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b
b
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b
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0
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2.1
19

x[n 4]
1
b
b
b
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b
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2.1
19
Energy and power
2 ng
|x[n]|
essi
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t
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Digi doni an 13
N
ran 120 X
P
o
l
|x[n]|2
ao Px = lim
Ex =
n=
2.1
2N + 1
n=N
20
Energy and power
2 ng
|x[n]|
essi
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t
c
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Digi doni an 13
N
ran 120 X
P
o
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|x[n]|2
ao Px = lim
Ex =
n=
2.1
2N + 1
n=N
20
Energy and power: periodic signals
sing terli
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nd
Digi doni aN1
013 2
an
2
r
1 X
P
Px
|
x [n]|
aolo
Ex =
2.1
n=0
21
Energy and power: periodic signals
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art
i
S
M
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ta
nd
Digi doni aN1
013 2
an
2
r
1 X
P
Px
|
x [n]|
aolo
Ex =
2.1
n=0
21
sing terli
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Digi doni an 13
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END OF MODULE 2.1

P
sing terli
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Signal Processing
ro in VeDigital
P
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a
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a
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tal S i and M Module 2.2: the complex exponential
i
g
i
D
don 2013
n
a
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P
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Overview:
2.2
sing terli
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c
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P
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a
periodicity
gn
art
i
S
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d
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wagonwheel effect and maximum
Digi speed
ni an 13
o
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ran 20
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digital and real-world frequency
Pao
the complex exponential
22
The complex exponential
sing terli
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c
The most important discrete-time signal in the world:
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn jn+
art
i
S
M
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ta x[n] = ed
Digi doni an 13
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Pao
2.2
23

Recall: e j = cos + j sin
Im
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Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
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P
1
aolo 1
1
2.2
24

Rotation factor: z = z e j
Im
sing terli
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Re
Digi doni an 13
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a
2
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P
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b
2.2
25

Rotation factor: z = z e j
Im
sing terli
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c
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P
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Re
Digi doni an 13
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a
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z
b
2.2
25
The complex exponential generating machine

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
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Re
Digi doni an 13
x[0]
n
0
a
2
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b
2.2
26

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
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Vet
P
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l Sig nd Ma
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Re
Dig doni a 13
n
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a
2
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b
2.2
26

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
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S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
x[2]
2.2
26

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
x[3]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro
Vet
P
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Re
Dig doni a 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
2.2
26

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
Pro
Vet
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Re
Dig doni a 13
n
0
a
2
r
olo P
x[4]
Pa
2.2
26

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
x[5]
l
a
ign
art
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
2.2
26

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
x[6] an
0
2
r
P
aolo
b
2.2
26

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
x[7]
2.2
26

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
x[8]
2.2
26

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
x[9]
2.2
26

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
2.2
x[10]
26

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
x[11]
b
b
2.2
26

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
x[12]
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
2.2
26

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro inx[13]
Vet
P
l
a
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Re
Dig doni a 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
2.2
26

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
art
gn
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
x[14]
b
b
2.2
26
Initial phase
x[n] = e jn+ ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n],
x[0] = e j
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
x[0]
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
2.2
27
Initial phase
x[n] = e jn+ ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n],
x[0] = e j
Im
ng erli
six[1]
s
e
c
ro in Vett
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
2.2
27
Initial phase
x[n] = e jn+ ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n],
x[0] = e j
Im
x[2]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
2.2
27
Initial phase
x[n] = e jn+ ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n],
x[0] = e j
Im
x[3]
sing terli
s
e
c
Pro
Vet
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Re
Dig doni a 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
2.2
27
Initial phase
x[n] = e jn+ ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n],
x[0] = e j
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
Vet
l Pro
n
i
a
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Re
Dig doni a 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
x[4]
2.2
27
Initial phase
x[n] = e jn+ ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n],
x[0] = e j
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
n
art
x[5]
Sig
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
2.2
27
Initial phase
x[n] = e jn+ ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n],
x[0] = e j
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
oP
aolx[6]
b
2.2
27
Initial phase
x[n] = e jn+ ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n],
x[0] = e j
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
x[7]
2.2
27
Initial phase
x[n] = e jn+ ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n],
x[0] = e j
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
x[8]
2.2
27
Initial phase
x[n] = e jn+ ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n],
x[0] = e j
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
x[9]
2.2
27
Initial phase
x[n] = e jn+ ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n],
x[0] = e j
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
2.2
x[10]
27
Initial phase
x[n] = e jn+ ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n],
x[0] = e j
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
x[11]
b
b
b
2.2
27
Initial phase
x[n] = e jn+ ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n],
x[0] = e j
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
x[12]
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
b
2.2
27
Initial phase
x[n] = e jn+ ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n],
x[0] = e j
Im
ng erli
six[13]
s
e
c
ro in Vett
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
b
2.2
27
Initial phase
x[n] = e jn+ ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n],
x[0] = e j
Im
x[14]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
b
2.2
27
Careful: not every sinusoid is periodic in discrete time

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
x[0]
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
2.2
28

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
ing erli
sx[1]
s
e
c
ro in Vett
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
2.2
28

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
x[2]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
2.2
28

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
x[3]
o
Vet
al Pr
n
i
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Re
Dig doni a 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
2.2
28

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
oP
aolx[4]
b
2.2
28

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
x[5]
2.2
28

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
x[6]
2.2
28

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
x[7]
b
b
2.2
28

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art x[8]
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
2.2
28

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
x[9]
b
b
2.2
28

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
Pro
Vet
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Re
Dig doni a 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
x[10]
b
b
b
2.2
28

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
M
x[11] al Si
d
t
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
2.2
28

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
x[12]
b
b
2.2
28

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
x[13]
2.2
28

x[n] = e jn ;
x[n + 1] = e j x[n]
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Re
Digi doni an 13
n
0
a
2
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
b
2.2
x[14]
28
Periodicity
M sing
s M, NtteNrli
e2,
c
o
N
r
Ve
P
e jn periodic =
l
gna Martin
i
S
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
an= e j(+2k)
20 k N
rj
P
e
o
l
ao
2.2
29
Periodicity
M sing
s M, NtteNrli
e2,
c
o
N
r
Ve
P
e jn periodic =
l
gna Martin
i
S
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
an= e j(+2k)
20 k N
rj
P
e
o
l
ao
2.2
29
Quiz
2.2
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
is the signal e jn periodic?
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
30
One point, many names

Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro ineVet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
Re
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b
2.2
31

Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro ineVet
P
l
a
t
gn
ar2
i
S
M
+ Re
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b
2.2
31

Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro ineVet
P
l
a
gn
art 6 + Re
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b
2.2
31

Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro ineVet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
Re
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b
2.2
32

Im
sing terli
s
e
c
2 +
ro ineVet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
Re
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b
2.2
32
How fast can we go?
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
2.2
33
How fast can we go?

= 2/12
Im
x[2]sing
s
erli
e
t
c
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martinx[1]
x[5]
g
i
S
d
tal
Digi doni an 13
Re
n
0
2
x[6]Pra
x[0]
aolo
x[3]
x[4]
x[7]
x[11]
b
x[8]
b
b
x[10]
x[9]
2.2
34
How fast can we go?

= 2/6
Im
x[1]sing
s
erli
e
t
c
t
o
e
r
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
d
tal
Digi doni an 13
Re
n
0
2
x[3]Pra
x[0]
aolo
x[2]
x[4]
2.2
x[5]
35
How fast can we go?

= 2/5
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
x[2]
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
an 20
r
x[0]
P
aolo
x[1]
b
x[3]
b
x[4]
2.2
36
How fast can we go?

= 2/4
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
n
0
2
x[2]Pra
x[0]
aolo
x[1]
b
x[3]
2.2
37
How fast can we go?

= 2/3
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
an 20
r
x[0]
P
aolo
x[1]
x[2]
2.2
38
How fast can we go?

= 2/2 =
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
an 20
r
x[0]
P
aolo
b
2.2
39
How fast can we go?

= 2/2 =
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
n
0
2
x[0]Pra
aolo
b
2.2
39
How fast can we go?

= 2/2 =
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
an 20
r
x[1]
P
aolo
b
2.2
39
How fast can we go?

= 2/2 =
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
n
0
2
x[2]Pra
aolo
b
2.2
39
How fast can we go?

= 2/2 =
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
an 20
r
x[3]
P
aolo
b
2.2
39
How fast can we go?

= 2/2 =
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
n
0
2
x[4]Pra
aolo
b
2.2
39
How fast can we go?

= 2/2 =
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
an 20
r
x[5]
P
aolo
b
2.2
39
What if we go faster?
< < 2
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
an 20
x[0]
r
P
aolo
b
2.2
x[1]
40
What if we go faster?
< < 2
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
an 20
x[0]
r
P
aolo
b
x[1]
2.2
40
Lets go really too fast

= 2 ,
small
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
an 20
r
x[0]
P
aolo
b
2.2
41

= 2 ,
small
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
an 20
r
P
x[1]
aolo
b
2.2
41

= 2 ,
small
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
an 20
r
P
aolo
b
2.2
x[2]
41

= 2 ,
small
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
an 20
r
P
aolo
b
x[3]
2.2
41

= 2 ,
small
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
an 20
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
x[4]
2.2
41

= 2 ,
small
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
n
art
ig
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
an 20
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
b
x[5]
2.2
41

= 2 ,
small
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
Re
an 20
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
b
x[6]
2.2
41

= 2 ,
small
Im
sing terli
s
e
c
Pro tin Vet
nal
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig doni a 13
Re
an 20
r
P
aolo
b
b
b
b
x[7]
2.2
41
The wagonwheel effect
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
2.2
42
Digital vs physical frequency
Discrete time:
sing terli
s
e
c
Vet
l Prorepeats
periodicity: how many samples beforenpattern
n
i
a
t
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig doni a 13
Real world:
ran 20
P
o
l
before pattern repeats
periodicity: how many
seconds
Pao
n: no physical dimension (just a counter)
frequency measured in Hz (s 1 )
2.2
43
Discrete time:
sing terli
s
e
c
Vet
l Prorepeats
n
i
a
t
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig doni a 13
Real world:
ran 20
P
o
l
seconds
Pao
2.2
43
Discrete time:
sing terli
s
e
c
Vet
l Prorepeats
n
i
a
t
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig doni a 13
Real world:
ran 20
P
o
l
seconds
Pao
2.2
43
Discrete time:
sing terli
s
e
c
Vet
l Prorepeats
n
i
a
t
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig doni a 13
Real world:
ran 20
P
o
l
seconds
Pao
2.2
43
Discrete time:
sing terli
s
e
c
Vet
l Prorepeats
n
i
a
t
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig doni a 13
Real world:
ran 20
P
o
l
seconds
Pao
2.2
43
Discrete time:
sing terli
s
e
c
Vet
l Prorepeats
n
i
a
t
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig doni a 13
Real world:
ran 20
P
o
l
seconds
Pao
2.2
43
How your PC plays sounds
x[n]
sing terli
s
e
c
sound card
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
o
Pa
2.2
44
How your PC plays sounds
x[n]
sing terli
s
e
c
sound card
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
o
Pa
2.2
Ts
system clock
44
2.2
sing terli
s
e
c
periodicity of M samples periodicity ofPMT
ro s seconds
Vet
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig doni a 13
real world frequency:
20 1
ran
P
f
=
o
l
MTs
Pao
set Ts , time in seconds between samples
45
2.2
sing terli
s
e
c
ro s seconds
Vet
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig doni a 13
20 1
ran
P
f
=
o
l
MTs
Pao
45
2.2
sing terli
s
e
c
ro s seconds
Vet
l
n
i
a
t
n
r
l Sig nd Ma
a
t
i
Dig doni a 13
20 1
ran
P
f
=
o
l
MTs
Pao
45
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
END OF MODULE 2.2

P
sing terli
s
e
c
t
Signal Processing
ro in VeDigital
P
l
a
t
n
r
g
a
i
tal S i and MModule 2.3: the Karplus-Strong algorithm
i
g
i
D
don 2013
n
a
r
P
aolo
Overview:
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
n
gloops
art
i
S
M
moving averages and simple feedback
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
a sound synthesizer
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
DSP building blocks
46
Overview:
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
Averages and moving averages
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
Recursion: Revisiting your bank
taaccount d
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
Building a simple recursive synthesizer
P
o
l
Pao
Examples of sounds
DSP as Lego: The fundamental building blocks
47
DSP as Lego
x[n]
b
b
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vzet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
c
Digi doni an 13 +
n
0
Pra
2
aolo
1
2.3
y [n]
z 3
z 1
48
Building Blocks: Adder

x[n]
+
x[n] + y [n]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
y [n]
2.3
49

x[n]
+
x[n] + y [n]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao8 10
y [n]
b
b
b
b
b
b
0
0
0
2.3
1
0
10
49

x[n]
+
x[n] + y [n]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13 1
ran 20
P
o
l
ao8 10
y [n]
b
b
b
b
0
0
0
2.3
1
0
0
6
10
10
49
Building Blocks: Multiplier

x[n]
x[n]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
2.3
50
x[n]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
x[n]
b
b
0
b
2.3
10
50
x[n]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
ar1t
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
x[n]
b
b
0
b
10
b
b
0
0
b
b
10
= 0.5
2.3
50
Building Blocks: Unit Delay

z 1
x[n]
x[n 1]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
2.3
51

z 1
x[n]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
x[n 1]
b
b
b
b
0
0
2.3
10
51

z 1
x[n]
x[n 1]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d 1
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
2.3
b
b
0
2
10
10
51
Building Blocks: Arbitrary Delay

z N
x[n]
x[n N]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
2.3
52

z N
x[n]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
x[n N]
b
b
b
0
b
2.3
10
52

z N
x[n]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d 1
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
x[n N]
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
0
b
10
0
b
10
N =4
2.3
52
The 2-point Moving Average
simple average:
a + b ssing
erli
e
t
c
t
o
e
r
lP 2
nV
m=
na Marti
d
Digi doni an 13
20+ x[n 1]
rany [n] =x[n]
P
o
l
o
2
moving average: take a localta

average
l Sig
Pa
2.3
53
The 2-point Moving Average
simple average:
a + b ssing
erli
e
t
c
t
o
e
r
lP 2
nV
m=
na Marti
d
Digi doni an 13
20+ x[n 1]
rany [n] =x[n]
P
o
l
o
2
moving average: take a localta

average
l Sig
Pa
2.3
53
The 2-point Moving Average Using Lego
sing +terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
1 20
ran z
P
o
l
ao
b
x[n]
1/2
y [n]
2.3
54
Lets average...
x[n] = [n]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
a6 o 8 10
2.3
55
Lets average...
x[n] = [n]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro 1 in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20 0
P
o
l
2
0
2
a6 o 8 10
0
b
2.3
10
55
Lets average...
x[n] = u[n]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
a6 o 8 10
2.3
56
Lets average...
x[n] = u[n]
1
b
sing terli
s
e
c
ro 1 in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20 0
P
o
l
2
0
2
a6 o 8 10
0
b
2.3
10
56
Lets average...
x[n] = cos(n),
= /10
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
a6 o 8 10
b
b
b
0
b
b
b
b
2.3
57
Lets average...
x[n] = cos(n),
= /10
sing terli
s
e
c
ro 1 in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20 0
P
o
l
2
0
2
a6 o 8 10
b
b
b
0
b
2.3
b
b
b
10
b
b
b
b
57
Lets average...
x[n] = cos(n),
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
a6 o 8 10
2.3
58
Lets average...
x[n] = cos(n),
1
b
sing terli
s
e
c
ro 1 in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20 0
P
o
l
2
0
2
a6 o 8 10
2.3
10
58
What if we reverse the loop?
sing +terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
1 20
ran z
P
o
l
ao
b
x[n]
1/2
y [n]
2.3
59
What if we reverse the loop?
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran z210
P
o
l
ao
+
x[n]
y [n]
2.3
59
A simple model for banking
A simple equation to describe compound interest:
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
interest accrues on Dec 31
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
itan: x[n]
deposits/withdrawals during
Digyear
ni an 13
o
d
ran 20
P
balance at year n:
o
l
Pao
y [n] = 1.05 y [n 1] + x[n]
constant interest/borrowing rate of 5% per year
60
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
itan: x[n]
Digyear
ni an 13
o
d
ran 20
P
balance at year n:
o
l
Pao
y [n] = 1.05 y [n 1] + x[n]
60
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
itan: x[n]
Digyear
ni an 13
o
d
ran 20
P
balance at year n:
o
l
Pao
y [n] = 1.05 y [n 1] + x[n]
60
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
itan: x[n]
Digyear
ni an 13
o
d
ran 20
P
balance at year n:
o
l
Pao
y [n] = 1.05 y [n 1] + x[n]
60
First-order recursion
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta1.05
Digi doni azn1 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
x[n]
y [n]
y [n] = 1.05 y [n 1] + x[n]
2.3
61
Example: the one-time investment

x[n] = 100 [n]
y [0] = 100
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
y [2] = 110.25, y [3] = 115.7625 etc.
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni and
In general: y [n] = (1.05)n 100
Digu[n]
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
200
Pao
y [1] = 105
100
0
2.3
10
62

x[n] = 100 [n]
y [0] = 100
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
y [2] = 110.25, y [3] = 115.7625 etc.
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni and
In general: y [n] = (1.05)n 100
Digu[n]
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
200
Pao
y [1] = 105
100
0
2.3
10
62

x[n] = 100 [n]
y [0] = 100
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
y [2] = 110.25, y [3] = 115.7625 etc.
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni and
In general: y [n] = (1.05)n 100
Digu[n]
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
200
Pao
y [1] = 105
100
0
2.3
10
62

x[n] = 100 [n]
y [0] = 100
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
y [2] = 110.25, y [3] = 115.7625 etc.
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni and
In general: y [n] = (1.05)n 100
Digu[n]
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
200
Pao
y [1] = 105
100
0
2.3
10
62

x[n] = 100 [n]
y [0] = 100
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
y [2] = 110.25, y [3] = 115.7625 etc.
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni and
In general: y [n] = (1.05)n 100
Digu[n]
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
200
200
Pao
y [1] = 105
100
0
b
2.3
100
b
10
10
62
Example: the saver

x[n] = 100 u[n]
y [0] = 100
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
y [2] = 315.25, y [3] = 431.0125 etc.
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ta
and
In general: y [n] = 2000 ((1.05)
Digin+1 do1)
niu[n]
an 2013
r
P
lo
200
Pao
y [1] = 205
100
0
2.3
10
63
Example: the saver

x[n] = 100 u[n]
y [0] = 100
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
y [2] = 315.25, y [3] = 431.0125 etc.
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ta
and
In general: y [n] = 2000 ((1.05)
Digin+1 do1)
niu[n]
an 2013
r
P
lo
200
Pao
y [1] = 205
100
0
2.3
10
63
Example: the saver

x[n] = 100 u[n]
y [0] = 100
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
y [2] = 315.25, y [3] = 431.0125 etc.
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ta
and
In general: y [n] = 2000 ((1.05)
Digin+1 do1)
niu[n]
an 2013
r
P
lo
200
Pao
y [1] = 205
100
0
2.3
10
63
Example: the saver

x[n] = 100 u[n]
y [0] = 100
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
y [2] = 315.25, y [3] = 431.0125 etc.
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ta
and
In general: y [n] = 2000 ((1.05)
Digin+1 do1)
niu[n]
an 2013
r
P
lo
200
Pao
y [1] = 205
100
0
2.3
10
63
Example: the saver

x[n] = 100 u[n]
y [0] = 100
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
y [2] = 315.25, y [3] = 431.0125 etc.
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ta
and
In general: y [n] = 2000 ((1.05)
Digin+1 do1)
niu[n]
an 2013
r
P
lo
1500
200
Pao
y [1] = 205
100
0
1000
500
b
2.3
0
b
10
10
63
Example: The independently wealthy

x[n] = 100 [n] 5 u[n 1]
y [0] = 100
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
y [2] = 100, y [3] = 100 etc.
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni and
In general: y [n] = 100 u[n]Dig
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
100
Pao
y [1] = 100
2.3
b
b
10
64

x[n] = 100 [n] 5 u[n 1]
y [0] = 100
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
y [2] = 100, y [3] = 100 etc.
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni and
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
100
Pao
y [1] = 100
2.3
b
b
10
64

x[n] = 100 [n] 5 u[n 1]
y [0] = 100
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
y [2] = 100, y [3] = 100 etc.
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni and
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
100
Pao
y [1] = 100
2.3
b
b
10
64

x[n] = 100 [n] 5 u[n 1]
y [0] = 100
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
y [2] = 100, y [3] = 100 etc.
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni and
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
100
Pao
y [1] = 100
2.3
b
b
10
64

x[n] = 100 [n] 5 u[n 1]
y [0] = 100
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
y [2] = 100, y [3] = 100 etc.
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita ni and
o
and 2013
r
P
lo
200
100
Pao
y [1] = 100
100
b
b
0
2
2.3
10
10
64
A simple generalization
x[n]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni aznM13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
y [n]
y [n] = y [n M] + x[n]
2.3
65
Example
M = 3, = 0.7, x[n] = [n]
y [0] = 1, y [1] = 0, y [2] = 0
y [3] = 0.7, y [4] = 0, y [5] = 0
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
y [6] = 0.72 , y [7] = 0, y [8] = 0, etc.
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
1
Pao
b
2.3
10
66
Example
M = 3, = 0.7, x[n] = [n]
y [0] = 1, y [1] = 0, y [2] = 0
y [3] = 0.7, y [4] = 0, y [5] = 0
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
y [6] = 0.72 , y [7] = 0, y [8] = 0, etc.
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
1
Pao
b
2.3
10
66
Example
M = 3, = 0.7, x[n] = [n]
y [0] = 1, y [1] = 0, y [2] = 0
y [3] = 0.7, y [4] = 0, y [5] = 0
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
y [6] = 0.72 , y [7] = 0, y [8] = 0, etc.
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
1
Pao
b
2.3
10
66
Example
M = 3, = 0.7, x[n] = [n]
y [0] = 1, y [1] = 0, y [2] = 0
y [3] = 0.7, y [4] = 0, y [5] = 0
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
y [6] = 0.72 , y [7] = 0, y [8] = 0, etc.
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
1
1
Pao
b
2.3
10
b
b
b
b
10
66
Example
M = 3, = 1, x[n] = [n] + 2 [n 1] + 3 [n 2]
y [0] = 1, y [1] = 2, y [2] = 3
y [3] = 1, y [4] = 2, y [5] = 3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
n
art
y [6] = 1, y [7] = 2, y [8] = 3, etc. l Sig
M
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20 3
3
P
o
l
2
2
Pao
b
1
0
2.3
b
b
10
1
0
b
b
b
b
b
b
10
67
Example
M = 3, = 1, x[n] = [n] + 2 [n 1] + 3 [n 2]
y [0] = 1, y [1] = 2, y [2] = 3
y [3] = 1, y [4] = 2, y [5] = 3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
n
art
y [6] = 1, y [7] = 2, y [8] = 3, etc. l Sig
M
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20 3
3
P
o
l
2
2
Pao
b
1
0
2.3
b
b
10
1
0
b
b
b
b
b
b
10
67
Example
M = 3, = 1, x[n] = [n] + 2 [n 1] + 3 [n 2]
y [0] = 1, y [1] = 2, y [2] = 3
y [3] = 1, y [4] = 2, y [5] = 3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
n
art
y [6] = 1, y [7] = 2, y [8] = 3, etc. l Sig
M
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20 3
3
P
o
l
2
2
Pao
b
1
0
2.3
b
b
10
1
0
b
b
b
b
b
b
10
67
Example
M = 3, = 1, x[n] = [n] + 2 [n 1] + 3 [n 2]
y [0] = 1, y [1] = 2, y [2] = 3
y [3] = 1, y [4] = 2, y [5] = 3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
n
art
y [6] = 1, y [7] = 2, y [8] = 3, etc. l Sig
M
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20 3
3
P
o
l
2
2
Pao
b
1
0
2.3
b
b
10
1
0
b
b
b
b
b
b
10
67
We can make music with that!
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
r0o n <inMVet
choose a signal x[n] that is nonzero only for
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
choose a decay factor
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
input x[n] to the system
P
o
l
Pao
play the output
build a recursion loop with a delay of M
68
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
r0o n <inMVet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
play the output
68
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
r0o n <inMVet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
play the output
68
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
r0o n <inMVet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
play the output
68
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
r0o n <inMVet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
play the output
68
How do we play it, really?
2.3
M-tap delay M-sample periodicity
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
periodic signal of frequency
gn 1Mart
i
S
l
d Hz
ta
Digi donfi a=nMT
an 2013
r
P
lo
example: T = 22.7s,aM
P o = 100
f 440Hz
associate time T to sample interval
69
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn 1Mart
i
S
l
d Hz
ta
Digi donfi a=nMT
an 2013
r
P
lo
P o = 100
f 440Hz
69
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn 1Mart
i
S
l
d Hz
ta
Digi donfi a=nMT
an 2013
r
P
lo
P o = 100
f 440Hz
69
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn 1Mart
i
S
l
d Hz
ta
Digi donfi a=nMT
an 2013
r
P
lo
P o = 100
f 440Hz
69
Playing a sine wave
M = 100, = 1, x[n] = sin(2 n/100) for 0 n < 100 and zero elsewhere
1
0
b
bbbbbbbbb
bbb
bb
bb
bb
bb
bb
bb
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
1
0
2.3
16
32
48
bb
b
bb
bb
bb
bb
bbb
bb
bbbbbbbbb
64
80
96
70
Playing a sine wave
M = 100, = 1, x[n] = sin(2 n/100) for 0 n < 100 and zero elsewhere
1
0
b
bbbbbbbbb
bbb
bb
bb
bb
bb
bb
bb
b
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13 0
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
1
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
P
1
0
2.3
16
32
48
bb
b
bb
bb
bb
bb
bbb
bb
bbbbbbbbb
64
80
1
96
166
332
498
664
830
996
70
Introducing some realism
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
controls envelope (decay)
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
x[n] controls color (timbre) ran
20
P
o
l
Pao
M controls frequency (pitch)
71
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
20
P
o
l
Pao
71
2.3
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
20
P
o
l
Pao
71
A proto-violin
M = 100, = 0.95, x[n]: zero-mean sawtooth wave between 0 and 99, zero elsewhere
1
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
b
b
b
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
b
b
b
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
b
b
b
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
b
b
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
b
b
b
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
2.3
16
32
48
64
80
96
72
A proto-violin
M = 100, = 0.95, x[n]: zero-mean sawtooth wave between 0 and 99, zero elsewhere
1
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13 0
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
b
b
b
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
b
b
b
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
b
b
b
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
b
b
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
b
b
b
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
bbb
2.3
16
32
48
64
80
96
1
0
166
332
498
664
830
996
72
The Karplus-Strong Algorithm
M = 100, = 0.9, x[n]: 100 random values between 0 and 99, zero elsewhere
1
b
b b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
bb
16
32
2.3
48
b
b
b
b
b b
b
b
b
bb
b
b
b
b
b
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b
b b
b b
b b
b b
bb
64
b
b
80
96
73
The Karplus-Strong Algorithm
M = 100, = 0.9, x[n]: 100 random values between 0 and 99, zero elsewhere
1
b
b
b
bb
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
bb
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
2.3
32
48
P
b
bb
16
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
bb
64
b
b
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13 0
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
b
b
b b
b
b b
80
96
b b
b
b
bb b
b b
b
bb b b bb
b b b
b b bb b b bb b b b
b b
b b b
b b b
b b bb b b bb b b b
b bb b
b b b
b b b
b b bb b b bb b b b
b b b
b bb b
b b b
b b b
b bb
b b bb b b bb b b b
b
b
b b b
b bb b b b
b b b
b bb b b b b b b b b b
bb b b b b b b b
b bb
b b
b
bb b b
b bb b b b b b b b b b b
b b
b b bb
b bb b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
bb b b
b b b b b b b b b b b b bb b
b
b
b
bb b
bb
b b
b
b
b b
b
b b b
b b bb b b
b
b bb b b b b b b b b bb b b b b b b b b b b b b b
b b b b b b b b b b b b bb b b b b b b b b b bb bb b b b b b b
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b bb b
b
b
bb
b b b b b b b bb b b b b bb b b b
b b b b bb b b b b b b b b b b bb b b b b b b b b
b
b
b
b
b
b b b
bb b b b
b b b b b b b b b bb b b b b b b b b
b b
b b
b b b
b b b b bb b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b bb b b b b b b b b b b b b b
b bb
bb
b bb b
bb
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b bb b b b b b b bb b b b b bb
b bb
b bb
b bbb b
b bbb b
b bbb b
b bbb b
b bbbb
b bbbb
b bbbb
b bbbb
b b b b b bb b b b b b b bb b b b
b b
b b
b b
b bb
b
b bb
b bb b
b bb
b bb
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b bb b b
b b b b b b b bb b b b b b b b
b b b b b b b b bb b b b b b b
b
b b b b bb
b b b
b b b b b b b bb b b b b b
bb
b
b
b b b
b bb
b
b b b
b b
b bb b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b b
b b
b
b
b b b
bbb b
b bb
b b b
b bb b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
bbb b b
b bb
b b b
b bb b b b
b b b
b b
b
b b bb
b bb
b bb b b b
b b b b b bb b b
b
bbb b
b
b b b
b bb b b b
b b b b b bb b b
b
bbb b
bb b b b
b
b
b
b
bbb
b b b b b b b b b bb b b b b b
b b
b b b
bbb
b
b b
b b b
b bbb b
bbb
b b
b b b
b
bbb
b b
bb
b
b
b
b
166
332
498
664
830
996
73
Recap
We have seen basic elements:

adders
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
delays
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
a
We have seen two systemsDigit
ni an 13
o
d
moving averages
ran 20
P
o
l
o
recursive systems Pa
multipliers
2.3
We were able to build simple systems with interesting properties
to understand all of this in more details we need a mathematical framework!
74
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
END OF MODULE 2.3

P
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
END OF MODULE 2
P
Exercises (2.1)
Q1 Sketch the signal u[n 1]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn X
art
i
S
M
l
ta = i and x[k][n k]
Digi x[n]
don k=
n
013
a
2
r
P
olo
Q2 Sketch the signal u[n] u[n 4]

Q3 Prove that
Q4 Prove that
Pa
u[n] =
n
X
[k]
k=
2.3
75
Answers: Q1
x[n] = u[n]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
15
2.3
P
b
10
10
15
76
Answers: Q1
x[n] = u[n 1]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
15
2.3
P
b
10
10
15
76
Answers: Q2
x[n] = u[n] u[n 4]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
n
0 5
10 Pra5
02
10
o
l
ao
15
15
2.3
77
Answers: Q2
x[n] = u[n] u[n 4]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
n
0 5
10 Pra5
02
10
o
l
ao
15
2.3
15
77
Answers: Q2
x[n] = u[n] u[n 4]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
n
0 5
10 Pra5
02
10
o
l
ao
15
15
2.3
77
Answers: Q3
x[n] =
x[k][n k]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ta
i and 3
Digi d
n
o
1 if2n01
ran
P
=k
o
l
o
[n
k]
=
nZ
a
P
k=
0 otherwise
Therefore, the only term in the sum that is not killed is the one for k = n, i.e. x[n].
2.3
78
Answers: Q4
n
X
ng
[k]
essi
erli
t
c
t
o
e
r
k=
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
l
gita oni and
Pn
i
D
Call y [n] = k= [k].
nd
013
a
2
r
P
If n < 0 all the terms in the sum

lo are zero, so y [n] = 0 for n < 0
Pao
u[n] =
If n > 0, the sum will have just one nonzero term for k = 0, so y [n] = 1 for n 0.
Therefore y [n] = u[n]
2.3
79
Quiz (2.2)
What is the minimum period P (in samples) of the signal n

e j(M/N)2n
g
i
s
li for the following values
r
s
e
e
t
of M, N?
c
t
e
ro
V
nal P Martin
g
i
S
d
tal
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
o
Q1 M = 1, N = 3?
Q2 M = 5, N = 7?
Q3 M = 35, N = 15?
2.3
Pa
80
Answers
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
ao
Q1 P = 3
Q2 P = 7
Q3 P = 3
2.3
81
Quiz (2.3)
sing terli
s
e
c
Compute the moving average for the signal
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d 1] + 3[n 2]
x[n]g=
ta[n] + 2[n
Di i doni an 13
ran 20
P
o
l
Pao
2.3
82
Answer
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita 0,i and1, 2, 3, 0,
= D.i.g. 0,don
13
n
= o. .P.ra 0, 0, 200,
1,
2,
3,
aol
n=0
x[n]
x[n-1]
(x[n] + x[n-1])/2
2.3
...
0,
0,
1/2,
3/2,
5/2,
3/2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
...
...
0,
0,
...
83
Answer
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
ita 0,i and1, 2, 3, 0,
= D.i.g. 0,don
13
n
= o. .P.ra 0, 0, 200,
1,
2,
3,
aol
n=0
x[n]
x[n-1]
(x[n] + x[n-1])/2
2.3
...
0,
0,
1/2,
3/2,
5/2,
3/2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
...
...
0,
0,
...
83
Answer
0
for e
n s<si0ng
erli
t
c
t
o
e
r
1/2
for n =in
al P for
t 01 V
n3/2
r
g
a
i
n
=
S
M
y [n]
tal= i5/2
andfor n = 2
Digi do
n
13n = 3
3/220for
an
r
lo
0
for n > 3
Pao
2.3
84
Quiz (2.3)
Compute the output of the system below when the input is
x[n] = [n] + 2[n 1] + 3[n 2]
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
gita oni and
+Di
and 2013
r
P
aolo
b
x[n]
y [n]
1/2
z 1
2.3
85
Answer
y [n] = 0 for n < 0
sing terli
s
e
c
et
ro2 + 0.5in=V2.5
P
l
y [1] = x[1] + y [0]/2
=
a
t
Sign nd Mar
l
a
t
i
y [2] =
i a = 33+ 1.25 = 4.25
Digx[2] d+oyn[1]/2
n
2=010 + 2.175
ra + y [2]/2
y [3]o=Px[3]
l
Pao
y [0] = x[0] + y [1]/2 = 1
...
y [n] = 4.25 (0.5)n2 for n 2
2.3
86
Quizzes
sing terli
s
e
c
o it isn simple
A major reason for using the KS algorithm P
isrthat
Vet since it uses one
l
i
a
t
n
multiplication and addition per output
it requires M memory elements!
ar
MHowever,
l Sig sample.
d
a
t
n
i
Suggest an architecture forDthe
which uses only M/2 memory elements
ig violinonsynthesis
ia
3= 8.
d M, like
1
n
and write out an example for arasmall
M
0
2
lo P
o
a
P
Hint: Use M even, and think of up- and down-triangles!
Q1 Write the recursive equation for the KS algorithm

Q2
2.3
87
Answers to questions
A1: yn = ynM+1 + xn
sing terli
s
e
c
ro in Vet
P
l
+
a
gn
art
i
S
M
l
d
ta
Digi doni an 13
n
20
ra1
P
o
l
ao
M
A2: Use the idea is that a single triangle can be used with alternating signs.
b
x[n]
y [n]
For ex., for a period of 8 samples, M = 4, xn = 0, 1, 2, 1 and = 1

yn = 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, ....
2.3
88

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P

energy and power

Discrete-time signals have a long tradition...

Representations of flood data: circa 2500 BC and today

Discrete-time signal: a sequence of complex numbers

analysis: periodic measurement

synthesis: stream of generated samples

Discrete-time signal: a sequence of complex numbers

analysis: periodic measurement

synthesis: stream of generated samples

Discrete-time signal: a sequence of complex numbers

analysis: periodic measurement

synthesis: stream of generated samples

Discrete-time signal: a sequence of complex numbers

analysis: periodic measurement

synthesis: stream of generated samples

Discrete-time signal: a sequence of complex numbers

analysis: periodic measurement

synthesis: stream of generated samples

Discrete-time signal: a sequence of complex numbers

analysis: periodic measurement

synthesis: stream of generated samples

The delta signal

The unit step

The exponential decay

x[n] = |a|n u[n],

Four signal classes

Four signal classes

Four signal classes

Four signal classes

sequence notation: x[n],

sequence notation: x[n],

sequence notation: x[n],

N-periodic sequence: x[n] = x[n + kN],

N-periodic sequence: x[n] = x[n + kN],

N-periodic sequence: x[n] = x[n + kN],

another bridge between finite and infinite lengths

another bridge between finite and infinite lengths

another bridge between finite and infinite lengths

Shift of a finite-length: finite-support

Shift of a finite-length: finite-support

Shift of a finite-length: finite-support

Shift of a finite-length: finite-support

Shift of a finite-length: finite-support

Shift of a finite-length: finite-support

Shift of a finite-length: finite-support

Shift of a finite-length: periodic extension

Shift of a finite-length: periodic extension

Shift of a finite-length: periodic extension

Shift of a finite-length: periodic extension

Shift of a finite-length: periodic extension

Shift of a finite-length: periodic extension

Shift of a finite-length: periodic extension

Energy and power

Energy and power

Energy and power: periodic signals

Energy and power: periodic signals

END OF MODULE 2.1

The complex exponential

The complex exponential

The complex exponential

The complex exponential

The complex exponential generating machine