1/28/2015

T1,T1c,T2,T3,T4

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T1,T1c,T2,T3,T4
T(n)QuickOverview
SomeElectricalCharacteristicsforTn
Cabling
codirectional
Mark
3.0Vdc
Space
0Vdc+/0.30Vdc
Pulsewidth 648ns+/15ns
Encoding AMI(bipolar)andB8ZS
T1:1544kbps+/50ppm
T1c:3152kbps+/50ppm
Speed
T2:6312kbps+/50ppm
T3:44736kbps+/50ppm
T4:274760kbps+/50ppm
Description
TheT1(trunk)digitallinesweredevelopedtoreplacetheanaloglinesthatinterconnectedthelocal
telephoneoffices(CO,centraloffice)intheUSA.TheCO'swereconnectedusing4wirelines,and
frequencydivisionmultiplexingtogetenoughbandwidthtohandleenoughcallsbetweenlocal
offices.Eachcallwasallocated3kHzofbandwidth,03,36,69,etc.onthetrunkline.Becauseof
thevariationwithtimeandtemperatureofthecharacteristicsofthediscretecomponentsused,these
linesneededalotofmaintenanceandstillwerenotfreeofcrosstalkduetooverlappingbands.Every
1830m/6000ftanamplifierwasneededthatalsoamplifiednoise.T1wasdecidedtosamplea4kHz
bandswidthatan8k(2xhighestfrequency)sampleratetaking8bitsamples.Thatresultedina64kbps
digitalsignal.Combining24channelsresultsin1.536Mbps.Addingaframingbitgivesthe
1.544MbpsthatT1isknownfor.TheoldanalogamplifierswerereplacedbyT1repeatersordigital
regenerators.Thedigitalsignalwasregeneratednotamplified,thusdiscardinganynoisethatwas
pickedup.
TheT1trunklinesarechangedovernowtocarrytheISDNnetworksignals.The2B+DBasicRate
Interfaceuses64kforeachBchannelplus16kfortheDchannel,the23B+DPrimaryRateInterface
uses64kforeachBchannelplus64kfortheDchannel,whichequals1.544Mbps,T1bandwidth.
ThePRIinEuropeuses31B+Dbecausethe2.048MbpsE1linesthereallowfor3264kchannels.
Howtheyinventedthespeeds
T1andupistheterminologyfordigital,twowaytransmissionofvoice,data,orvideooverasingle
highspeedcircuit.Thetransmissionrateisbasedonthebandwidthforonevoicechannelindigital
form.ThischanneliscalledDS0andconsistsof64kbpsofbandwidth.
ByTimeDivisionMultiplexing24DS0channels,T1isformed.Butthereismore.Toseparatethe
differentchannelsaframingbitisused.Forframing8000bpsareused.
T1givesyou24analogvoicechannelsplustheframingrate.ThismakestheT1speed:24x64000+
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T1,T1c,T2,T3,T4

8000=1.544Mbps.FortheotherTversionsanequalequasionisusedendingeverythinguptothe
specsgiveninthetablebelow.
Carrier SignalLevel #ofT1signals #ofVoiceChannels

Speed

T1
T1c
T2

DS1
DS1c
DS2

1
2
4

24
48
96

1544kbps
3152kbps
6312kbps

T3
T4

DS3
DS4

28
168

672
4032

44736kbps
274760kbps

TheDS1interface
ThereareseveraldifferentpossibleinterfacesforT1.ForcoppertheDS1interfacecantransmit
signals1828meter(6000feet)over24AWGtwistedpaircable.TheactualconnectorsareaSubD15
femaleoraRJ45female.
SubD15Female

SubD15 RJ45

RJ45Female

Signal

TransmitTip

3
9

2
4

ReceiveTip
TransmitRing

11

ReceiveRing

2and7

7and8 Ground

Framing
Forareceivingmultiplexertorecognizewhatiswhatintheincomingbitstreamsomesmartthingsare
done.Firstofallfromeverychannelonly8bitsatatimearesend.Eachofthose8bitsiscalledatime
slot,soT1consistsof24timeslotsintheframe.Theentireframeisthus192(24x8)bitsand1
controlbit(theframingbit)whichmakesup193bitsintotal.Atarepeatspeedof8000timesper
secondyougettheT1rateof1.544Mbps.
ThemodernT1linesuseoneoftwoframingschemes:SuperFrame(SF)orExtendedSuperFrame
(ESF).
SF
AlsoknownasD3/D4frame(CCITT:G.733).Eachsuperframeconsistsof12frames.The
193rdbithasdifferentmeanings.Intheoddnumberedframesitactsasaterminalframingbit
(FT),butintheevennumberedframesitactsasasignalingframingbit(FS).
FTframesareusedforsynchronization.
FSframesmaybeusedforsynchronizationorfordatalinkcommunicationbetweenterminals
orinSLC96applications.
Theframingbits(FTandFStogather)haveasequenceof100011011100.Oneoutof8bitsis
robbedforsignalingfromeachDS0throughDS24channelinthe6thand12thframeofeach
superframe.ThiswayofbitrobbingisreferedtoasA/Bsignaling:2bitcodesforonhook,off
hook,busyoridle.
Frame
Information Signaling Signaling
FT FS
Number
bits
bit
channel
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T1,T1c,T2,T3,T4

1
2

18
18

18

4
5

18
18

17

7
8

18
18

18

10
11

18
18

12

17

ESF
AlsoknownasD5frameorFe.Eachextendedsuperframeconsistsof24frames.TheESF
knows3differentframingtypes:
Synchronization:bitsequence001011inframes4,8,12,16,20,24
DataLink:frames1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23
CRC6:frames2,6,10,14,18,22
Oneof8bitsofeachDS0channelisrobbedforsignalingin6th,12th,18th,and24thframe.
ThisisalsocalledA/B/C/Dsignaling.Theoptionsdefineupto16features.
6outof24Sbitsareusedforsynchronization.ThearecalledFebits.Theremainingbitsare
usedfora4kbpsdatalinkandanESFblockcheckasshowninthetablebelow.
Frame
Sbits
Bituseineach Signalingbit
Number
channeltimeslot Useoptions
Fe DL CRC Traffic Signaling T 2 4 16

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2
3
4

18

m
0

C1

18
18
18

5
6
7

C2

18
17
18

A A A

8
9
10

0
m

C3

18
18
18

11
12
13

m
1
m

18
17
18

A B B

14
15
16

m
0

C4

18
18
18

17
18

C5

18
17

A A C

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19

20
21
22

1
m

18

C6

18
18
18

23
m
18

24
1
17
8
A B D
Thiswayonly25%ofthe8000bitbandwidthforframesynchronization,2kbpsisusedfor
framing,2kbpsisusedforerrorcheckingand4kbpsisusedfordiagnosticsandperformance
characteristics,whichiscalledtheFacilityDataLink.
Resources:

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