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Uniform Approximation
Uniform Approximation
Uniform Approximation
M. M. 2007_v6
I = g ( x)eif ( x , ) dx
f ( x, ) = F ( x ) x
1. Stacionarne toke
f ' ( x s , ) = f ( x, )
=0
dx
x= xs
F ( xs ) = 0
Model:
<0
0 < <1
=1
>1
2. Mapiranje
Ako dvije stacionarne toke (x- i x+) tee jedna drugoj promjenom parametra , piemo
df df dx
dx u 2 2
=
=
= u2 2
du dx du
du
fx
f ( x) = 13 u 3 2 u + A
x + u + = x u =
(dx/du u stacionarnim tokama ostaje neodreenog oblika 0/0).
Konstante A i odreuju se iz jednadbi:
2 A = f ( x ) + f ( x+ )
4
3
= f (x ) f (x+ )
1 = exp(
2
1
3
i) = + i
3
2
2
2 = exp(
2
1
3
i) = i
3
2
2
g ( x )e
if ( x )
i ( 13 u 3 2 u )
dx
dx e g ( x(u )) e
du
C
du
i A
3 = sgn ( 3 ) 3 = sgn ( ) ,
sgn ( ) = sgn ( f ( x ) f ( x + ) )
3 A f
= 3 sin 4 sin 3 = sin(3 ) = sin
3
2
Zamjena f(x) - f(x) ne mijenja sin , zbog -, A -A.
u1 = 2 sin 13
u 2 = 2 sin 13 ( + 2 )
u 3 = 2 sin 13 ( + 4 )
Za x = x slijedi sin = 1 i = / 2
u1+ =
u1 =
u 2+ =
u 2 = 2
u 3+ = 2
u1 =
za x
u +
za x +
za x
za x +
Znai
= sgn ( )
g ( x )e
i f ( x )
= sgn ( ) .
i ( 13 u 3 2 u )
dx
dx e g ( x (u )) e
du
du
i A
(p
+ q j u (u 2 2 ) j
j =1
I = e iA ( p0
+ i ( 1 u 3 2 u )
3
du + q0
+ i ( 1 u 3 2 u )
3
Razmotrimo integrale
+
Ip = e
i ( 13 u 3 2u )
1
3
du , I q = e
1
3
s = u du = ds
i ( 13 u 3 2u )
udu
udu + R )
Ip =
1
3
+ i ( 1 s 3 3 2 s )
3
Iq =
ds ,
2
3
+ i ( 1 s 3 3 2 s )
3
sds
Ai ( x) =
1
2
i ( 13 s 3 + xs )
ds
Ai ' ( x ) =
d
dx
Ai ( x) =
i
2
i ( 13 s 3 + xs )
sds
slijedi
I 2 e
i A
p 0 Ai ( ) i q 0 A (
2
1
3
3
),
2
3
je realan i pozitivan.
6. Potrebno je odrediti koeficijente p0 i q0 ( 0 , p0 i q0 NISU vodei koeficijenti Taylorovog
razvoja. Sljedee relacije vrijede tono).
dx
g ( x + )( du
) x+ = p 0 + q 0 u + = p 0 + q 0
dx
g ( x )( du
) x = p 0 + q 0 u = p 0 q 0
Slijedi
dx
dt
g ( x )( du
) x + g ( x + )( du
) x = 2 p 0
p0 =
1
2
[g ( x
dx
dx
)( du
) x + g ( x + )( du
) x+
dx
dx
g ( x + )( du
) x+ g ( x )( du
) x = 2q 0
q0 =
1
dx
dx
g ( x + )( du
) x+ g ( x )( du
) x
2
dx
0
p0 g ( x0 )
du 0
dg ( x) dx
dx
d 2x
0 d
q 0 g ( x) =
+ g ( x) 2
2
du
du 0
dx du
du
u =0
dx
u stacionarnim tokama.
du
7. Treba odrediti
[u
d2
d2
f
x
=
(
)
du 2
du 2
d d
du du
d d
du dx
( dud dxd
d2
dx 2
f ( x )] =
1
3
[u
d
du
dx
]=
f ( x) du
dx
f ( x) )( du
)+
dx
f ( x)( du
) +
2
[u
d
dx
d
dx
2u + A
d
du
f ( x)
f ( x)
( ) = 2u
d 2x
du 2
( ) = 2u
d 2x
du 2
d
dx
dx
f ( x )( du
)x = 2u = 2
2
u(x) je realno u cijelom podruju pa je i dx/du realno. f "(x+) ima isti predznak kao i , a f "(x-)
suprotni.
= sgn ( ) = sgn ( f ( x + ))
f ( x, ) = F ( x),
f ( x, ) = F ( x)
Za = 0 x = x + = x0 .
& x R x < x0 < x + , F ( x + ) ( x + x0 ) F ( x0 ) .
Za 0
dx x + x
, x+ - x- > 0 sgn(dx/du) = sgn() =
du
2
Vrijedi i sljedee:
d2
dx 2
dx
) +
f ( x)( du
2
d
dx
f ( x)
( ) = 2u dud (
d 2x
du 2
d2
dx 2
dx
) +
f ( x)( du
2
2
d3
d2
d 3x
dx
dx d x d
f
(
x
)
3
f
(
x
)
+
f
(
x
)
=2
+
2
dx
dx 3
dx 2
du 3
du
du du
d
dx
f ( x)
( )) = 2
d 2x
du 2
dx
dx
f ( x0 ) = 2 sgn = sgn ( f ( x0 ) ) =
du x0
du x0
Za 0 realno i pozitivno i = 0 slijedi
za x
u +
za x +
za x
za x +
( dudx )x
2
f ( x )
2
f " ( x )
2u
=
f " ( x )
Openito
( dudx )x
2 0
f ( x )
p0 = g ( x )
2
q0 =
g(x )
+
2u
=
f " ( x )
2
f ( x )
2
f ( x + )
+ g ( x+ )
g ( x )
=
2
2
f ( x + )
2
f ( x )
2
f " ( x )
g ( x )
= g(x )
+
2
2
f ( x )
+ g ( x+ )
2
f ( x + )
g ( x )
2
f ( x + )
2
f ( x )
= 0 , (realno)
9. Poseban sluaj = 1
=1
g ( x )e
i f ( x )
dx e
i f ( x 0 )
dx
du
g ( x(u ))( )e
i 3 u 3
du
1
f (3) ( x0 ) 3
( x x0 )
u ( x) = 3 3( f ( x) f ( x0 )) = sign ( x) 3 3 f ( x) f (0) , u ( ) = , u ( x)
za xx0, f (1) ( x0 ) = f ( 2) ( x0 ) = 0 ,
= sgn f (3) ( x0 ) .
dx
p 0 = g ( x)
du u =0
dg ( x) dx 2
d 2x
q0 =
+ g ( x) 2
du
dx du
u =0
I = 2 e i f ( x0 )
1
3
3
p
Ai
(
0
)
iq
A (0 )
0
0
1 3
u = f ( x) f ( x 0 )
3
dx
u 2 = f (1) ( x)
du
2
2u = f
( 2)
d 2x
dx
( x) + f (1) ( x) 2
du
du
3
2= f
( 3)
dx d 2 x
dx
( 2)
( x) + 3 f ( x)
+ f
du du 2
du
0= f
d 3x
( x) 3
du
2
2
d 2x
dx d 3 x
d 4x
dx
dx d x
( 2)
( 2)
(1)
( x) + 6 f (3) ( x)
+
3
f
(
x
)
+
4
f
(
x
)
+
f
(
x
)
2
du 2
du du 3
du 4
du
du du
( 4)
(1)
3
dx
2
= ( 3)
du
f ( x ) x= x
u =0
3
2
dx
= (3)
du u = 0 f ( x0 )
2
d 2x
f ( 4 ) ( x0 ) dx
2
= ( 3)
du
6 f ( x0 ) du u = 0
u =0
dx du
=
du dx
d 2x
du
=
2
du
dx
2
dx
p0 = g ( x)
= g ( x0 ) (3)
du u =0
f ( x0 )
2
dg ( x) dx 2
3 f ( 4 ) ( x0 )
d 2x
2
2
g ( x0 ) (3)
q0 =
= g (1) ( x0 ) (3)
+ g ( x) 2
f ( x ) 6 f ( 3) ( x )
dx
du
du
f
(
x
)
0
0
0
u =0
2
3 g (1) ( x0 )
f ( 4 ) ( x0 )
2
q0 = g ( x0 ) (3)
6 f (3) ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) g ( x0 )
d 2u
dx 2
1 ( 3)
f ( x0 )( x x0 )3 .
6
1
3
d 2x
2
dx
2 0 . Slijedi
Dakle, f ( 4) ( x0 ) 0 i = (3)
du
du f ( x0 )
3
2
q0 = g (1) ( x0 ) (3)
f ( x0 )
dx
p0 = g ( x)
du u =0
dg ( x) dx 2
d 2x
q0 =
+ g ( x) 2
du
dx du
u =0
f = 13 u 3 2u + A
df df dx
dx u 2 2
2
dx
= u2 2
=
=
= (1)
du dx du
du
fx
f (x)
du u =0
f (x) = A
d 2x
d2
d df d df dx d 2 f dx
df d 2 x
f ( 2) ( x ) dx
f
(
x
)
=
=
=
2
u
=
+
du 2
du du du dx du dx 2 du
dx du 2
du 2
f (1) ( x ) du u =0
u=0
2
2
dx
dx
p0 = g ( x)
= g ( x ) = g ( x ) (1)
f (x)
du u =0
du u = 0
2
2
dg ( x) dx 2
d 2x
f ( 2 ) ( x ) dx
dx
(1)
q0 =
+
g
(
x
)
=
g
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
du 2
f (1) ( x ) du u = 0
du u =0
dx du
u =0
2
(1)
( 2)
2
dx g ( x ) f ( x )
(1)
q0 = g ( x )
(1)
=
g
(
x
)
f (x)
f ( x )
du u =0 g ( x )
g (1) ( x ) f ( 2 ) ( x )
g ( x ) f (1) ( x )
= p0 +
j =1
(p
+ q j u (u 2 2 ) j
j =1
p j ( 2 ) j + q0 +
q ( )
j
j =1
u + ...
= p0 + q0u + ...
aproksimacija)
b)
g ( x)e if ( x , ) dx
I=
I =e
if ( x0 , )
=e
if ( x0 , )
u3
i h ( x x0 )
dx i 3 tru
G ( x(u ))
e
du
du
(g ( x)e
)e
i ( x x0 ) f (1) ( x0 , ) + ( x x0 ) 3 f ( 3 ) ( x0 )
6
3
dx
2
= (3)
du f ( x0 )
3
2
tr = f (1) ( x0 , ) (3)
f ( x0 )
f (1) ( x 0 , ) +
[G( x )( ) + G( x )( ) ]
1
[G ( x )( ) G( x )( ) ]
=
2
p0 =
q0
1
2 f (1) ( x0 )
( x x0 ) 2 f (3) ( x0 ) = 0 ( x x0 ) =
2
f (3) ( x0 )
1
2
dx
du x
+
dx
du x+
dx
du x+
dx
du x
tr
G ( x ) G ( x0 ) + ( x x0 )G (1) ( x0 )
G ( x+ ) + G ( x ) = 2G ( x0 )
G ( x+ ) G ( x ) = 2( x+ x0 )G (1) ( x0 )
3
2
p0 = g ( x0 ) (3)
f ( x0 )
3
2
q0 = g (1) ( x0 ) (3)
f ( x0 )
dx
c)
p0 =
2
g(x )
g(x )
+
q0 =
2
f ( x )
+ g ( x+ )
2
f ( x + )
g ( x )
2
f ( x + )
2
f ( x )
= f (x ) f (x+ )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
3
1
1
f ( x, ) f ( x0 , ) + ( x x0 ) f (1) ( x0 , ) + ( x x0 )3 f (3) ( x0 ) +
( x x0 ) 4 f ( 4 ) ( x0 )
6
24
1
1
(1)
(1)
2 ( 3)
3 ( 4)
f ( x, ) f ( x0 , ) + ( x x0 ) f ( x0 ) + ( x x0 ) f ( x0 )
2
6
1
f ( 2 ) ( x) ( x x0 ) f (3) ( x0 ) + ( x x0 ) 2 f ( 4) ( x0 )
2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------f (1) ( x, ) = 0 2 + a3 = 0 2 ,
a = 0 ( a = 0) =
0 =
2
2 f (1)
,
f ( 3)
a=
1 f ( 4)
,
3 f ( 3)
2 f (1)
= 0
f ( 3)
+ = 0 , = 0
+ = 2 0 ,
+ + = 2 ,
a
= 0
2
+ = 2 02 ,
+ 2 + 2 = 2( 0 2 + 2 )
f(4) 0 opisuje asimetriju, stacionarne toke su pomaknute za isti iznos , no razmak meu
njima ostaje nepromijenjen: 20.
+ 3 3 = ( + )( + 2 + + + 2 ) = 2 0 ( 0 2 + 3 2 )
+ 4 4 = ( + )( + + )( + 2 + 2 ) = 8 0 ( 0 2 + 2 )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mali parametar je 0 .
1
1
f ( x+ ) + f ( x ) = 2 f ( 0 ) + ( + + ) f (1) + ( + 3 + . 3 ) f (3) +
( + 4 + 4 ) f ( 4)
6
24
2
2
f ( x+ ) + f ( x ) = 2 f ( 0 ) 2f (1) (3 0 2 + 3 ) f (3) +
( 0 4 + 6 0 2 2 + 4 ) f ( 4 )
6
24
1
1 2 ( 3) 1 4 ( 3)
(0)
(1)
A = ( f ( x+ ) + f ( x )) f f 0 f + 0 af + ...
2
2
8
A f
(0)
1 2 ( 3)
1
0 f = f ( 0) f (1)
4
2
A f ( 0)
1
1
f ( x+ ) f ( x ) = ( + ) f (1) + ( + 3 3 ) f (3) +
( + 4 4 ) f ( 4)
6
24
1
f ( x+ ) f ( x ) = 2 0 f (1) + 0 ( 0 2 + 3 2 ) f (3) 0 ( 0 2 + 2 ) f ( 4 )
3
3
3 ( 3)
3
(1)
2
2f
f
f ( 3)
2 f ( 4)
(1 + 2 ) (3)
f ( x+ ) f ( x ) = ( 3 ) 0 f ( 3 ) + 0
(1 + 3 2 ) 0
3
3
f
0
0 f
0 f ( 3)
a20
a20
a 2 0
+ 0 3 f ( 3)
0 3 f ( 3)
(1 +
)
3
4
2
4
2
3
3
f ( x+ ) f ( x ) = 0 3 f (3) (1 + a 2 0 2 + a 4 0 4 )
3
8
16
2 3 ( 3)
f ( x+ ) f ( x ) 0 f
3
3
f ( x+ ) f ( x ) = 0 3 f ( 3 ) +
3
4
3 = ( f ( x ) f ( x+ )) 03
( 3)
f ( 3) 3
f ( 3) 3
2 3
2 02
= f (1) (3)
0
f
2
2
1 2 ( 4)
1
f = 0 f (3) f (3) + ( 0 2 2 0 + 2 ) f ( 4 )
2
2
( 4)
( 4)
1
f
f
1 2 f ( 4)
0 ( 3) ( 3)
)
f ( 2 ) ( x ) = 0 f (3) (1 m
2 0 f ( 3)
0 2
f
f
a
3
3
3
f ( 2 ) ( x ) = 0 f (3) (1 m 0 a 0 a 2 0 2 a 3 0 3 )
2
2
2
8
f ( 2 ) ( x ) = f ( 3) +
3
3
f ( 2) ( x ) = 0 f (3) (1 a 0 a 2 0 2 a 3 03 )
2
8
f ( 2 ) ( x ) 0 f (3) (1 a 0 )
g ( x ) = g (0 ) + g (1) = g ( 0 ) 0 g (1) g (1) = g (0 ) (1 0
1
g (1) a 0 g (1)
)
2 g (0)
g (0)
2
2
3
2
g (1) a 0 g (1)
3
3
2
3
(0) 2
g ( x+ )
=
g
(
1
+
)(1 + a 0 a 2 0 + a 3 0 ) 2
0
(2)
( 3)
(0)
(0)
2 g
2
8
f ( x+ )
g
f
1
2
3
2
g (1) a 0 g (1)
1
3
3
2
3
( 0) 2
g ( x+ )
)(1 a 0 + a 2 0 a 3 0 )
= g (3) (1 + 0 ( 0 )
( 2)
(0)
2 g
2
4
16
f ( x+ )
g
f
1
2
(1)
3
2
g (1) a 0 g (1) 1
1
1 2 3 g (1) 3 2 2
2 g
(0) 2
g ( x+ )
g
(
1
+
a 0 ( 0) + a 0 +
+
0
0
0
f ( 3)
2 g (0) 2
2
4
f ( 2 ) ( x+ )
g ( 0)
g (0) 4
g
3 2 3 g (1)
3
3
a 0 (0 ) a 3 0 + ...)
4
16
g
1
(1)
(1)
3
2
g (1) 1
3
3
2 g
3 g
(0) 2
2
g ( x+ )
g
1
+
(
a
)
(
a
)
+
a
a) + ...
0
0
0
( 2)
( 3)
(0)
(0)
( 0)
2
4
16
f ( x+ )
g
g
g
f
2
3
2
g (1) a 0 g (1)
3
3
2
3
(0) 2
g ( x )
=
g
(
1
)(1 a 0 a 2 0 a 3 0 ) 2
0
(2)
( 3)
(0)
( 0)
2 g
2
8
f ( x )
g
f
1
2
3
2
g (1) a 0 g (1)
1
3
3
2
3
(0) 2
g ( x )
=
g
(
1
)(1 + a 0 + a 2 0 + a 3 0 )
0
(2)
( 3)
(0)
(0)
2 g
2
4
16
f ( x )
g
f
1
2
(1)
3
2
g (1) a 0 g (1) 1
1
1 2 3 g (1) 3 2 2
2 g
(0) 2
g ( x )
g
(
1
a 0 ( 0) + a 0 +
+
0
0
0
f ( 3)
2 g (0) 2
2
4
f ( 2 ) ( x )
g (0)
g ( 0) 4
g
3 2 3 g (1)
3
3
a 0 (0 ) + a 3 0 + ...)
4
16
g
1
(1)
(1)
3
2
g (1) 1
3
3
2 g
3 g
(0) 2
2
g ( x )
g
1
(
a
)
a
(
a
)
a
a) + ...
0
0
0
(2)
( 3)
(0)
(0)
(0)
2
4
16
f ( x )
g
g
g
f
(1)
3
2
2
3
2 g
(0) 2
g ( x+ )
g
(
x
)
2
g
1
(
a
)
+
...
+
0
f ( 3)
f ( 2) ( x+ )
f ( 2 ) ( x )
g (0) 4
2 3 g (1) 1
2
g (1) 3
2
g ( x+ )
g ( x )
2 0 g ( 0) (3) ( ( 0) a ) a 2 0 2 ( ( 0) a ) + ...
( 2)
( 2)
2
16
f ( x+ )
f ( x )
g
f g
13. Saetak
= sgn ( ) = sgn ( f ( x0 ) )
p0 =
2
g(x )
q0 =
g ( x+ )
2
2
f ( x )
2
f ( x + )
4
3
= f (x ) f (x+ )
2 A = f ( x ) + f ( x+ )
2
g ( x ) f ( x )
+ g ( x+ )
Mali parametar je 0 : 0 2 =
2
f ( x + )
2 f (1)
f ( 3)
a=
1 f ( 4)
3 f ( 3)
f ( 3) = f ( 3)
f ( 3) 3
2 3
1
1
(1 + a 2 0 2 ) = f (1) (3) (1 + a 2 0 2 )
2 0 2
4
4
f
2
1
(1)
3
3
2 g
( 0) 2
p0 = g (3) 1 a 0 ( ( 0 ) a) + ...
4
g
f
q0 =
f ( 3) 3
1
(1 + a 2 0 2 )
0
8
2
2
3
1
3
(1)
g (1) 1
3
2 g
2
0 g (3) ( ( 0) a ) a 0 ( ( 0) a ) + ...
2
16
g
f g
(0)
7 2 2 g (1) 1
g (1) 1
q0 = g ( 3) ( ( 0) a) a 0 ( ( 0) a) + ...
2
8
7
g
f g
(0)
2 3
f ( 3) 3
= f (1) (3)
0
f
2
2
p0 = g ( 0)
A f ( 0)
1
1
3
2 3
2
(0)
=g
( 3)
( 3)
f
f
2
3
2
3
2
2
g
1
g
q0 = g ( 0 ) (3) ( 0 ) a = g ( 0 ) (3) ( 0)
2
f g
f g
(1)
(1)
2 3 g (1) 1 f ( 4)
1 f
(0)
= g (3) ( 0 )
( 3)
( 3)
6 f
6
g
f
f
( 4)
f (1) ( x )
q0 = g ( x ) (1)
f (x)
g (1) ( x ) f ( 2 ) ( x )
g ( x ) f (1) ( x )
f (x) = A
1
A f ( 0 ) f (1)
2
f ( x ) f (0 ) + f (1)
a
1
= 0
2
4
1
f (1) ( x ) f (1) + 2 f (3)
2
2
0 =
2
2 f (1)
f ( 3)
1 2
f (1) = 0 f (3)
2
f ( 2 ) ( x ) f ( 3)
f ( 2 ) ( x ) f ( 3) a
(1) =
2
f (1) ( x )
f
1
f
2
(1)
2 3
(3)
f
2
2 3 g (1) a
q 0 = g ( 0) (3) (0 )
2
f g
15. Zakljuak
Za odreivanje toaka x, x potrebna je tonost do etvrtog lana Taylorovog razvoja
funkcije faze f(x) oko toke x0. Prijelazna aproksimacija je oblika kao u 13.
I 2 e
i f
(0)
2
g (0)
f (3)
3
2
Ai ( 3
tr
2
) i
f (3)
3 g (1 )
1 f
g (0 ) 6 f
(4)
(3)
2
A ( 3
tr