Bai giang CHI TIET MAY

Chng 3: Bo truyen xch

Chng 3

BO TRUYEN XCH
3.1. KHAI NIEM CHUNG
3.1.1. Nguyen ly lam viec
2

3
1

n2

n1

O1

O2

Hnh 3.1. S o bo truyen xch

Bo truyen xch lam viec theo nguyen ly an khp. Bo truyen xch bao gom banh dan 1, banh
b dan 2 c lap tren hai truc va xch 3 bao quanh hai banh xch. Nh s an khp gia xch
vi rang cua cac banh xch nen khi banh dan quay se truyen chuyen ong va c nang sang
banh b dan.
3.1.2. Phan loai
- Theo cong dung chung, xch c chia lam ba nhom chnh: xch keo, xch tai va xch truyen
ong. Trong chng trnh, chung ta ch khao sat xch truyen ong.

Hnh 3.2. Cac loai xch (hnh 5.2, trang 166, tai lieu [1])
Bm. Thiet ke may

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TS. Bui Trong Hieu

Bai giang CHI TIET MAY

Chng 3: Bo truyen xch

- Tuy theo cau tao cua xch, xch truyen ong c chia thanh 4 loai chnh: xch con lan, xch
ong, xch ong nh hnh va xch rang. Theo so day xch, co the phan ra xch mot day va xch
nhieu day.
3.1.3. u, nhc iem va pham vi s dung
a. u iem:
- Co the truyen ong gia cac truc xa nhau (en 8m).
- So vi bo truyen ai th bo truyen xch khong co hien tng trt, hieu suat cao hn, co
the lam viec khi co qua tai ot ngot, lc tac dung len truc va o nho hn.
- Kch thc bo truyen xch nho hn bo truyen ai khi truyen cung cong suat va so vong quay.
- Co the cung mot luc truyen cong suat va chuyen ong cho nhieu truc b dan.
b. Nhc iem:
- Co nhieu tieng on khi lam viec.
- T so truyen tc thi thay oi, van toc tc thi cua xch va banh b dan khong on nh.
- Yeu cau cham soc thng xuyen (boi trn, ieu chnh bo phan cang xch).
- Chong mon, nhat la khi lam viec ni nhieu bui va boi trn khong tot.
c. Pham vi s dung:
- Bo truyen xch thng c dung e truyen cong suat khong qua 100kW vi khoang cach
gia cac truc tng oi xa (en 8m). Bo truyen xch thng c bo tr sau hop giam
toc (banh dan lap vao au truc ra cua hop giam toc).
- S dung trong trng hp van toc thap va trung bnh v<15m/s va so vong quay n<500vg/phut.
T so truyen u 6 (co trng hp u<10). Hieu suat bo truyen xch 0,95 0,97 .
- Bo truyen xch c s dung rong rai trong cac may van chuyen (moto, xe ap, xch
tai), may nong nghiep, tay may
3.2. VAT LIEU VA KET CAU XCH TRUYEN ONG (Sinh vien t oc trong tai lieu [1])
3.2.1. Xch con lan
Cau tao cua xch ong con lan nh hnh 3.3. Ong 4 lap co khe h vi chot 3 tao thanh ban le.
Nh o khi xch vao khp, cac ma ngoai 2 lap chat vi chot 3 se xoay tng oi vi cac ma
trong 1 lap chat vi ong 4 (ma sat sinh ra trong ban le la ma sat trt). S an khp cua xch
vi rang 6 cua a xch thc hien qua con lan 5 (con lan 5 va ong 4 xoay tng oi vi nhau).
V co con lan 5 lan tren be mat rang cua a xch, nen ma sat sinh ra tren be mat rang mot
phan la ma sat lan va lam giam o mai mon cho rang.
Thong thng, so mat xch phai la so chan e co the dung cac ma ngoai noi chung lai vi
nhau. Neu so mat xch la le, ta phai dung cac ma cong e noi xch. Viec nay va phc tap
va lam xch b yeu do tai ay trong ma xch co them ng suat uon.
3.2.2. Xch ong
Cau tao giong xch con lan nhng khong co con lan 5, nen be mat rang cua banh xch b
mai mon nhanh. Khoi lng va gia thanh cua xch ong thap hn xch con lan.
Bm. Thiet ke may

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TS. Bui Trong Hieu

Bai giang CHI TIET MAY

Chng 3: Bo truyen xch

Hnh 3.3. Cau tao xch ong con lan (a) va noi xch (b)
1. Ma trong 2. Ma ngoai
3. Chot
4. Ong
5. Con lan
6. Rang cua a xch
3.2.3. Xch rang (sinh vien t oc trang 169, tai lieu [1])
3.2.4. a xch

Hnh 3.4. Bien dang va ket cau banh xch con lan
- Khi kch thc banh xch nho, co the dung phoi dap. Khi kch thc banh xch ln, co the
che tao phan banh va phan may rieng. Sau o ghep chung lai vi nhau bang phng phap
han hoac bang bulong.
Bm. Thiet ke may

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TS. Bui Trong Hieu

Bai giang CHI TIET MAY

Chng 3: Bo truyen xch

- Bien dang va kch thc rang banh xch phu thuoc vao loai va kch thc xch.
- Mot so kch thc hnh hoc cua banh xch:
Vong tron chia: i qua tam ban le xch
pc

sin

V t so

pc z

(3.1)

tng oi nho nen sin , do o:
z z
z
d

pc z

(3.2)

trong o pc la bc xch va z la so rang banh xch.

ng knh vong ngoai banh xch:

d a pc 0,5 cot g
z

(3.3)

3.2.5. Vat lieu xch va banh xch

- Vat lieu xch phai co o ben mon va o ben cao:
+ Ma xch con lan c che tao t thep co thanh phan carbon trung bnh hoac thep hp
kim: C45, C50, 40Cr, 40CrNi3A, va toi at o ran 4050HRC.
+ Ma xch rang c che tao t thep C50. Ma xch cong c che tao t thep hp kim.
+ Cac chi tiet: con lan, ong, mieng lot c che tao t thep tham carbon: C15, C20,
15Cr, 20Cr, 12CrNi3, 20CrNi3A va toi at o ran 5565HRC.
- Vat lieu banh xch phai co o ben mon va kha nang chu va ap cao:
+ Thep co thanh phan carbon trung bnh: C45, 45Cr, 40Mn2, 40CrNi c toi be mat
hoac toi the tch en at ran 4555HRC.
+ Thep tham than: C15, 20Cr, 12CrNi3A vi lp tham than 11,5mm va c toi
at o ran 5560HRC.
+ e giam tieng on va lam viec em, tang tuoi tho ta co the che tao vanh banh xch
t chat deo nh tectolit, poliamid (khi P 5kW va v8m/s).
+ Dung gang xam GX20, GX30 c toi khi van toc thap v3m/s va khong co tai trong
va ap.
3.3. THONG SO HNH HOC BO TRUYEN XCH
Cac thong so hnh hoc chu yeu:

pc

: bc xch (mm),

dc

: ng knh vong chia banh xch,

z1 , z2 : so rang banh xch,

a
: khoang cach truc,
: so mat xch.
X
Bm. Thiet ke may

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TS. Bui Trong Hieu

Bai giang CHI TIET MAY

Chng 3: Bo truyen xch

3.3.1. Bc xch

Hnh 3.5. Bc xch

- Bc xch pc la thong so c ban cua bo truyen xch. Xch co bc cang ln th kha nang tai cang
cao. Tuy nhien, tai trong ong, va ap va tieng on cang tang, nhat la khi lam viec van toc cao.
Do o, khi lam viec vi van toc cao, ta nen chon bc xch nho va tang so day xch (oi vi
xch con lan) hoac tang chieu rong xch (oi vi xch rang) e tang kha nang tai cua xch.
- Bc xch co gia tr t 850,8 (mm), co the chon theo bang 5.4, trang 181, tai lieu [1].
3.3.2. ng knh vong chia banh xch

pc
sin

pc z

3.3.3. So rang banh xch

- Neu so rang banh xch cang t th goc xoay tng oi cua ban le khi xch vao banh va ra khoi
banh cang ln (goc 2 z ) lam cho xch mon cang nhanh. Mat khac, va ap cua mat xch khi
tiep xuc vi rang cua banh cung tang len va xch lam viec cang on. Do o, ta can han che so
rang nho nhat cua banh dan z1 min 11 15 . oi vi bo truyen chu tai va ap th z1 min 21 .
Trong tnh toan thiet ke, co the chon z1 29 2u .
- So rang banh xch nen lay so le v khi o moi rang cua banh xch se an khp lan lt vi tat
ca mat xch, do o rang banh xch se mon eu hn.
3.3.4. Khoang cach truc va so mat xch
- Chon s bo khoang cach truc a theo cong thc:
(3.4)

a (30 50) pc

- Tnh so mat xch X :

Cong thc tnh chieu dai ai trong bo truyen ai:

L 2a

d2 d1 (d2 d1 )

4a

Ta co, chu vi vong chia bang chu vi a giac chia: d1 pc z1 ; d 2 pc z2 .

2
pc
z2 z1 z2 z1 . pc
2
2 a
2

Nen:
Bm. Thiet ke may

L 2a

-36-

(3.5)
TS. Bui Trong Hieu

Bai giang CHI TIET MAY

Chng 3: Bo truyen xch

Mat khac:

L X . pc

Suy ra:

(3.6)

L 2a z2 z1 z2 z1 pc

.
pc pc
2
2 a
2

(3.7)

Gia tr X c lam tron va nen chon so chan e thuan tien cho viec noi xch.
- Sau khi chon X , ta tien hanh tnh lai khoang cach truc a nh sau:

2a 2 ( z2 z1 ) a z2 z1
Xa

. pc
pc
2
2

(3.8)

2 2
z z
z z
a X 2 1 a 2 1 . pc 0
pc
2

(3.9)

Nghiem cua (3.9) chnh la khoang cach truc a:

z z
z z

z z
X 2 1 X 2 1 8 2 1
2
2

2
a
4
pc
2

2
2

z z
z z

z z
a 0,25 pc X 2 1 X 2 1 8 2 1
2
2

(3.10)

e bo truyen xch lam viec co o chung bnh thng, ta nen giam khoang cach truc a mot
khoang a (0,002 0,004) a .
3.4. VAN TOC VA T SO TRUYEN
3.4.1. Van toc va t so truyen trung bnh

v1
n2
n1

dc1 O1

dc2

O2

v2

Hnh 3.6. Van toc bo truyen xch

Bm. Thiet ke may

-37-

TS. Bui Trong Hieu

Bai giang CHI TIET MAY

Chng 3: Bo truyen xch

- Van toc trung bnh tren cac banh xch (m/s):

+ Tren banh dan:

v1

+ Tren banh b dan:

v2

d1n1
60000

d 2 n2
60000

pc z1n1
60000

(3.11)

pc z2 n2
60000

(3.12)

V khong co trt nen: v1 v2 .

- T so truyen trung bnh:
u

n1 z2

n2 z1

(3.13)

3.4.2. Van toc va t so truyen tc thi

- V xch an khp vi cac rang banh xch theo hnh a giac, nen ngay ca khi banh dan quay
eu vi van toc goc 1 th xch van chuyen ong khong eu. Nh vay, van toc cua xch va t
so truyen thay oi theo thi gian.

v1

vn

vx

Hnh 3.7. Van toc bo truyen xch

- Van toc tuyet oi cua ban le xch c chia lam hai thanh phan: thanh phan co phng doc
theo xch la van toc v x cua xch va thanh phan vuong goc vi xch vn .
+ Tren banh dan

+ Tren banh b dan:

Do o:

vi
z1
z1

(3.14)

vx v2 cos vi
z2
z2

(3.15)

vx v1 cos

v2 v1

cos
const
cos

(3.16)

( v2 thay oi do cos la ham tuan hoan).

Bm. Thiet ke may

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TS. Bui Trong Hieu

Bai giang CHI TIET MAY

Chng 3: Bo truyen xch

- Phng trnh (3.16) tng ng vi:

d c2

d c1
2

cos
cos

(3.17)

T so truyen tc thi:

utt

1 d c cos z2 cos

const
2 d c cos z1 cos

(3.18)

S thay oi cua t so truyen cang tang khi so rang cac banh xch cang nho. Trong mien cac
gia tr cho phep cua z, pc , a ... s thay oi cua t so truyen khong nen vt qua 12%.
3.5. LC TAC DUNG TRONG BO TRUYEN XCH
3.5.1. Lc tac dung len xch

F2

F0

T1
O2

O1

O2

O1

F1

F0

a) T1 0

b) T1 0

Hnh 3.8. Lc tac dung len bo truyen xch

- Lc cang ban au F0 cua xch bang trong lng cua nhanh xch t do:
(3.19)

F0 K f a qm g

trong o, a : chieu dai cua oan xch t do gan bang khoang cach truc, m,
qm : khoi lng cua mot met xch, kg/m (tra bang 5.1, trang 168, tai lieu [1]),
g : gia toc trong trng, m/s2,
K f : he so phu thuoc vao o vong cua xch, K f 6 khi bo truyen nam ngang,

K f 3 khi goc nghieng <400, K f 1 khi bo truyen thang ng.

- Khi bo truyen xch lam viec (khi tac ong moment xoan T1 len banh 1):
Tren nhanh cang :

F0

F1 : lc tren nhanh cang.

Tren nhanh chung:

F0

F2 : lc tren nhanh chung.

Lc quan tnh ly tam Fv qmv 2 .

Bm. Thiet ke may

-39-

TS. Bui Trong Hieu

Bai giang CHI TIET MAY

Chng 3: Bo truyen xch

Gia tr F2 F0 Fv . V F0 va Fv tng oi nho so vi lc vong Ft , nen khi tnh toan ta co

the lay gan ung:

F1 Ft
F2 0

(3.20)

3.5.2. Lc tac dung len truc va o

- Lc tac dung len truc va o:
Fr K m F1

(3.21)

trong o K m la he so trong lng xch, K m 1,15 khi bo truyen nam ngang hoac khi goc
nghieng <400, K m 1 khi bo truyen thang ng.
3.5.3. Tai trong ong

(sinh vien t oc trang 176, tai lieu [1])

3.5.4. ong nang va ap (sinh vien t oc trang 176, tai lieu [1])
3.6. CAC DANG HONG VA CH TIEU TNH
3.6.1. Cac dang hong
Bo truyen xch co cac dang hong sau:
Mon ban le: khi lam viec, ban le xch xoay tng oi va chu ap suat (ng suat tiep
xuc) ln. Ban le mon lam bc xch tang len va xch an khp khong chnh xac vi rang
cua banh xch. Neu b mon qua nhieu se dan ti hien tng tuot xch. Thong thng,
pc
lng mon cho phep la
(1,5 2)% . Mon ban le la dang hong chu yeu cua bo
pc
truyen xch.
Cac phan t xch b hong do moi: dan en xch b t, con lan b ro hoac v. Xch b
hong v moi do tac dung cua ng suat thay oi gay nen bi tai trong lam viec, tai trong
ong hoac va ap. Hong do moi ch xay ra cac bo truyen chu tai trong ln, van toc
cao va boi trn tot.
Mon rang banh xch.
3.6.2. Ch tieu tnh
Tnh theo o ben mon: e tranh hien tng tuot xch.
Tnh theo ong nang va ap: e tranh t xch, ro hoac v con lan.

Bm. Thiet ke may

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TS. Bui Trong Hieu

Bai giang CHI TIET MAY

Chng 3: Bo truyen xch

3.7. TNH TOAN BO TRUYEN XCH (Xch ong con lan)

3.7.1. Tnh theo o ben mon
- ieu kien ben:
(3.22)

p [ p]

Do:

Ft
F
Ft
t
A d 0b0 0,28 pc

va

[ p ] [ p0 ]

Kx
K

Ft
K
[ p0 ] x
0,28 pc
K

Nen:

(3.23)

trong o, d 0 : ng knh chot, mm,

b0 : chieu rong ong, mm,

A d0b0 : dien tch cua ban le xch mot day, mm2,

[ p0 ] : ap suat cho phep cua bo truyen lam viec trong ieu kien th nghiem, tra bang
5.3, trang 180, tai lieu [1].

K x : he so hieu chnh xet en so day xch x , neu x 1; 2; 3; 4 th tng ng

K x 1; 1,7; 2,5; 3 .
K : he so ieu kien s dung xch,

(3.24)

K K r . Ka . K0 . K dc. Kb . Klv

vi, K r : he so tai trong ong

Kr

Tai trong em
1

Tai trong va ap
1,21,5

Tai trong va ap manh

1,8

K a : he so xet en anh hng cua khoang cach truc hay chieu dai xch

a
Ka

25 pc

(30 50) pc

(60 80) pc

1,25

0,8

K 0 : he so xet en anh hng cua v tr bo truyen

K0

Goc nghieng < 600

1

Goc nghieng > 600

1,25

K dc : he so xet en anh hng cua kha nang ieu chnh lc cang xch
Truc ieu chnh
c

K dc

ieu chnh bang

banh hoac con lan
cang xch
1,1

Truc khong ieu chnh

c hoac khong co bo
phan cang xch
1,25

K b : he so xet en ieu kien boi trn

Kb
Bm. Thiet ke may

Boi trn lien tuc

Boi trn nho giot

0,8

1
-41-

Boi trn nh ky
(gian oan)
1,5
TS. Bui Trong Hieu

Bai giang CHI TIET MAY

Chng 3: Bo truyen xch

K lv : he so xet en che o lam viec

K lv

Lam viec 1 ca
1

Lam viec 2 ca
1,12

Lam viec 3 ca
1,45

a. Tnh bc xch trc tiep:

T cong thc ieu kien ben (3.23):
Ft
K
[ p0 ] x
0,28 pc
K

Neu cho trc moment xoan T1 , ta tien hanh tnh lc vong Ft :

Ft

2T1 2 T1

d c1
pc z1

(3.25)

Thay (3.25) vao (3.23), ta c:

2 T1
K
[ p0 ] x
3
0,28 pc z1
K

(3.26)

KT1
z1[ p0 ]K x

(3.27)

pc 2,82 3

Tra bang chon pc theo tieu chuan (tra bang 5.5, trang 182, tai lieu [1]).
Neu cho trc cong suat P1 va so vong quay n1 , ta tien hanh tnh moment xoan T1 trc:

T1 9,55.106

P1
n1

(3.28)

Cong thc (3.27) tr thanh:

pc 600 3

KP1
n1 z1[ p0 ]K x

(3.29)

Nen chon z1 29 2u .
Tra bang chon pc theo tieu chuan (tra bang 5.5, trang 182, tai lieu [1]).
b. Tnh bc xch bang cach tra bang: (dung pho bien)
T cong thc ieu kien ben (3.23):
Ft
K
[ p0 ] x
A
K

P1

Bm. Thiet ke may

P1

Ft .v1
A.[ p0 ]K x pc z1n1

1000
1000.K 60000
A.[ p0 ] pc z01n01 K x z1 n1

1000. 60000 K z01 n01

-42-

(3.30)

(3.31)
TS. Bui Trong Hieu

Bai giang CHI TIET MAY

Chng 3: Bo truyen xch

vi z01 : so rang banh xch dan cua bo truyen th nghiem, z01 25 ,

n01 : so vong quay truc dan cua bo truyen th nghiem, (tra bang 5.4, trang 181, tai lieu [1]).
at [ P]

A.[ p0 ] pc z01n01
: cong suat cho phep cua bo truyen th nghiem, (tra bang 5.4,
1000. 60000

trang 181, tai lieu [1]).

z01 25

z1
z1
n
K n 01
n1
Kz

: he so rang banh xch dan,

: he so vong quay truc dan.

Do o, (3.31) tr thanh:
[ P].K x
K . K z .K n

(3.32)

K . K z .K n
.P1 [ P]
Kx

(3.33)

P1

Cong suat tnh toan se la:

Pt

Theo gia tr Pt va tnh, tra bang 5.4, trang 181, tai lieu [1] ta chon bc xch pc theo cot
gia tr n01 .
3.7.2. Tnh theo ong nang va ap
- ieu kien ben:
i

z .n
[i]
15. X

(3.34)

trong o i : so lan va ap cua xch trong mot giay. Khi xch quay mot vong se xay ra 4 lan va
ap: 2 lan khi vao khp va 2 lan khi chuan b vao khp (mat xch nhan chan ong
t mat xch trc no mi vao khp truyen sang) vi rang cua banh dan va banh b
4 v 4. pc .z .n.1000
z .n

dan, nen i
,
L
60000. pc . X
15. X
[i ] : so lan va ap cho phep cua xch trong mot giay (tra bang 5.6, trang 182, tai lieu [1]).

3.7.3. Tnh theo he so an toan

- ieu kien ben:
s

Q
[ s]
F1 Fv F0

(3.35)

trong o, Q : tai trong pha huy cho phep cua xch (tra bang 5.1, trang 168, tai lieu [1]),
[s ] : he so an toan cho phep (tra bang 5.7, trang 183, tai lieu [1]).
Bm. Thiet ke may

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TS. Bui Trong Hieu

Bai giang CHI TIET MAY

Chng 3: Bo truyen xch

3.8. TRNH T THIET KE BO TRUYEN XCH

(Sinh vien t oc trong tai lieu [1])

Thong so au vao: cong suat P1 (kW ) , so vong quay truc dan n1 (vong/phut), t so truyen u .
Thc hien theo cac bc sau:
1. Chon loai xch tuy theo ieu kien lam viec.
2. Chon s bo so rang cua banh xch nho theo cong thc z1 29 2u . Nen chon z1 la so le
e xch mon eu.
3. Tnh so rang banh xch ln theo cong thc z2 u z1 vi ieu kien z2 z2 max . Tnh chnh
xac t so truyen u .
4. Tnh bc xch pc theo mot trong hai cach a neu.
5. Kiem tra xem bc xch nay co nho hn tr so gii han khong (tra bang 5.2, trang 176, tai
lieu [1]). Neu khong thoa th tang so day xch va giam bc xch roi tnh toan lai.
6. Tnh van toc trung bnh v theo cong thc (3.11) va lc vong co ch Ft theo (3.20).
7. Chon s bo khoang cach truc a (30 50) pc . Xac nh so mat xch theo cong thc (3.7)
(chon la X so chan).
8. Tnh chnh xac khoang cach truc a theo so mat xch va chon theo cong thc (3.10). e
xch khong qua cang, ta giam a mot lng a (0,002 0,004) a .
9. Kiem tra so lan va ap cua xch trong mot giay theo cong thc (3.34). Kiem tra xch theo
he so an toan dung cong thc (3.35).
10. Tnh ng knh cac banh xch theo cong thc (3.1).
11. Tnh lc tac dung len truc Fr theo cong thc (3.20).

Bm. Thiet ke may

-44-

TS. Bui Trong Hieu