StatisticsUnitNotes

TableofContents:
Topic
StatisticalTerms
GraphingTips
TypesofGraphs
MeasuresofCentralTendency

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StatisticalTerms:
Population:
Asetofpersonsorobjectsconsideredinastatisticalsurvey
(allstudentsinaschoolforexample)
Sample:
Asubsetofapopulation(partoftheschool'spopulation,
i.e.allgrade7students)
Census:
Astatisticalsurveyinwhicheveryelementofapopulation
isanalyzed.
Survey:
Onlyasamplefromthepopulationisconsideredtogain
insightintothatpopulation.
Asampleissaidtoberepresentativeofthepopulationifit
possessesthesamecharacteristicsofthepopulationfrom
whichitwasselected,andgivesgoodinsighttothe
population.Ifnotrepresentative,thenitissaidtobe
biased.

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Study:
Astatisticalsurveyinwhichexpertsareconsultedonareas
thataretargetingbythesurvey.
TablesofValues:
Usedtosummarizedatacollectedduringastatistical
survey.
Size:
Totalnumberofelementsinthepopulationorsample.n
(samplesize)=fraction
N(PopulationSize)
Data:
Thefactsorinformationcollectedforanalysis
Variable:
Thecharacteristicofeachindividualmemberofthe
populationthatisbeingstudied.Avariablecanhave
differentvalues.
i.e.thevariable"numberofsiblings"hasavaluethatcan
be0,1,2,3,4,5,etc.
TwoTypesofVariables:
1.Quantitative:
expressaquantityandtakesnumericalvalues.
i.e.thevariablenumberofsiblingshasa
numericalvalueof0,1,2,etc.
2.Qualitative:

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expressaqualityanddoesnottakenumerical
values.i.e.eyecolourhasvaluesofblue,green,
etc.
Frequency:
Avalueindicatesthenumberoftimesthatthevalue
appearsinthedata.
RelativeFrequency:
Isequaltotheratiooffrequencytothetotalnumberof
values.Oftenexpressedasapercent.
GraphingTips:
Alwaysusearuler.
Labelbothaxisandmakeatitle.
Useconstantspacingandscaleoneachaxis.
Beneat.
TypesofGraphs:
BarGraphs:
Abargraphallowsfortheillustrationofaqualitative
variable.Wecanconstructabargraphfromafrequency
table.
CircleGraphs(orpiechart):
Allowsfortheillustrationofaqualitativevariable.A
circlegraphrepresentseachpartofthewhole(relative
frequency).Youwillneedtofindthefractionvaluefor
eachitemandthenturnittoapercent.Thenfindthe
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percentof360(wholecircle)tographsectorsforeach
item.
BrokenlineGraphs:
Usedtorepresentavariablethatevolvesinacontinuous
manner;variationsintemperatures,thegrowthofaplant,
thevalueofstockexchange.Composedofseveral
consecutivesegmentsconnectingsuccessivepoints.
Histogram:
Usedtorepresentdatathataregroupedinclasses.Bars
touchasclassesarecontinuous(onestartswheretheother
oneends).Forexampletestscoresgroupedbyintervalsof
percent,1020,2030,etc.
MeasuresofCentralTendency:
SampledatasetofGrade7Mathtestscores(%):
72,83,64,78,91,78,64,91,78
Mean(Average):
Youcanfindtheaveragebyfindingthetotalofthedata
itemsanddividingbythenumberofitems.
i.e.72+83+64+78+91+78+64+91+78=6999=77.67or
78%
Median:
Themedianisthemiddlenumberinthedataset.**The
numbersmustbeinorderfromsmallesttolargest.
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Ifthereisanoddnumberofdata:
n+1(n=thenumberofdata)

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(9+1=102=5sothe5thdataisthemedian)
i.e.64,64,72,78,78,78,83,91,91
Ifthereisanevennumberofdata:
Getthemedianbytakingtheaverageofthetwo
middlenumbers.Forexampletakethenumberofdata
forexample(82=4thdatasotaketheaverageofthe
4thand5thdata)
i.e.64,64,72,76,78,83,91,91
76+78=1542=77
Mode:
Themostfrequentlyoccurringdata.Themostpopulardata.
i.e.64,64,72,78,78,78,83,91,91
78
Range:Themeasureofthedispersionofthedata.The
differencebetweenthehighestandlowestvalues.
(maximumminimumvalue)
i.e.64,64,72,78,78,78,83,91,91
so9164=27(range)

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