Nhng kinh nghim mi trong k thut trng nm

rm bng cch khng y

Qua nhng nm gn y, ngi dn huyn Lai Vung tnh ng Thp
trng nm rm khng cn che y thnh cng, vn cho nng sut
kh tt, t cng chm sc, tng s mt m v khng cn y rm nn
lng rm lm s mt tng ln.
Vic xut khu nm rm mui hng nm ca Vnh Long t mc
doanh thu kh cao gp phn cho kinh t tnh nh ngy mt pht trin.
Nhng m bo sn lng nh vy nn cng ty xut khu phi mua
nm ti t cc tnh ln cn mi s lng nn nhp thm 90%, cn ti
tnh nh ch p ng 10% m thi. Trong khi Vnh Long c din tch
canh tc la kh rng hn 75.000 ha, li sn xut 2-3 v la/nm th s
lng rm r thi ra mt lng ln, nhng li b ph ch t ng hoc
thi b xung kinh mng lm nhim mi trng nc v khng kh,
lm nh hng n sc khe cng ng. Sau v gip ht th sc lao ng
nng thn d ra rt nhn ri lm xy ra nhiu t nn x hi khc.
gii quyt cc vn nu trn, ng thi cn lm tng thu nhp
thm cho nng h v kinh t ni ring cn gp phn cung cp thm
ngun phn hu c cho vn cy n tri pht trin tt, cng tng thm
ngun nguyn liu cho xut khu. V vy u nm 2002 y ban nhn dn
tnh Vnh Long ban hnh d n pht trin trng nm rm xut khu,
gii quyt cng lao ng nhn ri nng thn, tng thu nhp kinh t gia
nh, p ng phn no cho xut khu.
Trong v h thu 2002 bc u trin khai k thut trng nm rm
bng cch khng y thnh cng nhiu a phng trong tnh nh x
Tr Cn (Tr n), x Bnh Ninh (Tam Bnh), x Long An (Long H), x
Trung Hip, x Trung Ngi (Vng Lim). p 2, x Trung Ngi cho

nng xut kh c UBND tnh nh gi kh cao c th nhn rng m

hnh ny trong ton tnh trong v thu ng sp ti.
Nhng u im ca k thut trng nm rm khng y:
- Thc hin n gin, tn t cng lao ng trong khu chm sc v cht
m nm.
- Lm vi qui m ln v tn dng tt c c cc din tch di tn cy
n tri, v vy c th trng vi din tch i tr phc v cho xut khu.
- Sau thu hoch ph phm l lng phn hu c phc v cho cy
trng rt tt.
- Khng cn y rm t lm tng thm chiu di m ln.
- Nm rm pht trin t b dp hn l trng nm rm c y.

K thut trng
1. Chn a im:
Trng nm khng y ch cn nh sng rt t meo nm vn pht trin
tt, nn chn ni t thong mt, thot nc tt khi ma ln, trnh nh
nng mt tri chiu trc tip s lm nh hng n t nm. Khng nn
chn t cht m nm trc trc su thng trnh mm bnh ly lan,
100 cng rm ch cn 1.500 m2 t l .
2. rm - chn rm:
Khng nn chn loi rm qu mc nt, rung la b chy ry... cn li
tt c u dng c.
rm: y l khu quan trng nm cho nng sut cao, mc ch
lm rm chn, phn hy mt s c c trong rm khi ta canh tc c s
dng 1 s nng dc.
Kch thc m : chiu ngang 2 m,chiu cao 1,5 m, chiu di ty thuc
vo lng rm . Ta tin hnh cht thnh tng lp cao 2-3 tt ti nc

dm d, sau cht tip tc n khi c chiu cao 1,5 m l c. Sau

khong 7 ngy sau tin hnh o rm cho rm chn u c th ri vi
bt trong lc rm x l t v cho rm mau chn.
Ch : Khi cht rm , nn dm xung quanh ng rm, cn gia
ng rm nn dm s v ti nc m thi ch yu lm tng nhit
gia ng rm .
3. Chn meo ging:
Hin nay trn th trng c nhiu loi meo nm c bn do nhiu c
s sn xut khc nhau. Khi chn meo cn ch cc c im sau:
- Quan st thy t mc thng, nhnh t phn phi u khp bt c mu
trng, c hnh lng chim.
- Mt ng t dy.
- Ngi c mi nm rm.
Khng nn chn bt meo c c im sau:
- Bt meo nhim mc xanh, en, mc vng cam...
- y bt meo t nho.
- Ngi c mi chua.
Mt bt meo c th cht t 3-4 mt m. Nu thy 2 bt meo tt nh
nhau, ta bp thy bt meo no cng th c th ri di hn, cn bt mm
nn ri khong 2 mt m m thi.
Ch : Nn b meo nh nhng, khng nn v mnh lm t b dp nh
hng n s pht trin ca meo.
4. Cht m nm:
Sau khi rm chn, th tin hnh cht m. Loi b lp rm ngoi
xung quanh ng rm. Rm ly ra cun trn, tm gn 2 u nh ci
gi, ng knh cun rm 2-3 tt, cht thnh ging ni tip nhau sau
m rm xung quanh gn gng ti nc v ri meo, ri y li 1 lp rm

mng 0,5 phn ph lp meo li, nn ri meo gia ging. Nu trong ma

ma ta nn dng ng ln rm nc thot d cn i nc trong ging
nm.
Ch : Khi tin hnh cht m nn xem hng gi, ta s cht m dc
theo chiu gi khi gp ma dm gi lm cn i c lng nc
trong ging m.
5. Chm sc:
a) Ti nc ngy 1 ln c th ti bng my bm, moter, hoc bng
thng c gn bp sen.
- Nu ti tha nc ging s bc hi t iu chnh.
- Nu ti t nc nm s mc su trong ging.
b) S dng thuc dng nm:
- S dng HVP (dng cho nm), liu dng: 3 lt/1.000 mt m ti vo
3 giai on:
+ Ti trc khi ri meo.
+ 5 ngy sau khi ri meo.
+ chun b c nm: 9-10 ngy.
- Phun thuc kch thch: HQ 201, Atonik ln nm lc nm trng c
nm ln nhanh (liu dng nh hng dn bao b).
- C th s dng thuc tr mc, nn s dng thuc mau phn hy
trnh c hi, nn dng thuc Sumithion phun trc khi ri meo.
6. Thu hoch:
- Thu hoch ngy 2 ln lc sng v chiu mt.
- Sau khi cht m t 10-13 ngy l thu hoch, thu hoch nm khng
y kh hn c y, nm c mu en nn thu hoch d st.

- Nng sut bnh qun t 1,8-2 kg/m m, cn ty thuc vo k thut v

ty loi rm . Nu rm chn u, ng k thut th nng sut s cao
hn./.
Nguyn Vn Trng - TTKN - Bn tin NN Vnh Long
---

Gii php k thut nng cao nng sut nm

rm
Ngh trng nm rm t lu pht trin mnh ti nhng vng nng
thn Bn Tre, v ngh ny tn dng ngun ph phm ph l: rm thi ra
khi thu hoch la, li tn dng cng lao ng nhn ri gp phn tng thu
nhp cho ngi trng la. Tuy nhin phn ng b con nng dn trng
nm cha hiu thu o cc c tnh sinh hc cng nh cc iu kin
ngoi cnh (nhit , m ) trong khi trng nm v nht l cha pht
hin c tng giai on sinh trng ca meo nm, ngun meo ny cng
khng n nh c th lm rm ngy cng chua ng nh hng n cht
lng v sn lng nm. V nhng tc ng ny nn din tch v sn
lng nm rm trong nhng nm qua hu nh khng tng, ph phm tn
ng ngy cng nhiu do lm la tng v nh hng n sc khe con
ngi v nhim mi trng sinh thi. T thc trng ny Anh Nguyn
Hng Nhn (Trung tm khuyn nng tnh Bn Tre) cng vi cc cng s
nghin cu v xy dng qui trnh trng nm theo phng php khoa
hc bng cch ng dng nhng tin b k thut vo ngh trng nm rm
nhm gip ngi sn xut hiu c ct li ca qui trnh trng nm, nng
dn: din tch-nng sut-thu nhp nm theo thi gian
Theo qui trnh k thut gip b con nng dn nng cao nng sut nm
rm, trc ht trong khu lm ng phi: chn ngun rm nguyn liu
tt, xc nh r ngun rm tt phi dng giy th o pH ca rm

(o chua ca rm, x l vi ng liu lng); bn vi + DAP v x

khun (nu c) ph hp vi mc ch lm gia tng cht dinh dung v
gip rm phn hy nhanh. Khi chn ging nm phi chn ni cung cp
ging c uy tn chn loi meo nm t yu cu (pht trin nhanh,
khng su bnh..). c bit trong qu trnh trng nm nng dn nn trang
b mt s trang thit b k thut h tr nh dng: knh lp quan st
tng giai on pht trin ca t nm xem t nm c b thiu phn, b
nhim phn hay pht trin khng u chm sc v x l kp lc ng
thi pht hin nm tp tiu dit; s dng nhit k kim tra nhit
mi trng. C th s dng mng ph nng nghip, mt mt y ng
, n nh nhit iu ha m to mi trng tt cho nm pht trin
mt khc mng ph nng nghip c th che ma nng khi cn, lm o
m, chng to nhit, chn gibn cnh cc thit b k thut ny b con
nng dn c th s dng thm bnh phun : phun nc, ti phn, xt
thuc, phng tr su bnh
Cc phng php k thut ny gip ngi trng nm hiu c ct li
ca qui trnh trng nm rm, bit cch s dng mt s dng c tin b r
tin nh: knh lp, nhit k, giy o pH, mng ph nng nghip; cch
chn rm, meo ging t yu cu; cch bn phn cho ng . M hnh
c b con nng dn tch cc hng ng bc u mang li hiu qu
kinh t kh cao, theo tnh ton t m hnh th nghim: nu chi ph u t
vic trng nm trn 1000m2 rm l 100.000 ng (cha tnh cc dng c
k thut) c ng dng k thut s mang li li nhun l 340.000 ng/ 1
v tng hn 100.000 ng so vi khng u t tin b k thut, ri ro
trong trng nm t xy ra hn. Ngoi hiu qu kinh t khng nh, vic
ng dng tin b khoa hc trong vic trng nm rm cn gp phn ci
thin mi trng nng thn bng cch: tn dng trit ngun ph phm
ph bin chng thnh ni sn xut ra sn phm c gi tr kinh t cao,
ng thi to ngnh ngh mi lm cnh quan nng thn thm sinh ng,

c bit lm gim t l tht nghip sau khi thu hoch la. Bn cnh cc
dng c k thut h tr cho vic trng Nm chi ph khng cao, ph hp
ti tin nng dn li c th s dng cho nhiu v Nm, c ng dng
khng ch trn Nm rm m cn trn cc loi nm khc nh: bo ng
Vi k thut mi lm cho din tch v sn lng nm rm khng
ngng tng ln, gii php ny c chn l 1 trong 22 gii php cng
ngh t gii sng to k thut v ti t nghin cu ca Hi thi Sng
to Khoa hc K thut tnh Bn Tre ln th nht, do S Khoa hc v
Cng ngh Bn Tre va t chc. Gii php khuyn khch ngi trng
nm trang b cc dng c r tin, d p dng vo thc t phc v cho
ngh trng nm, ph bin cho nng dn qui trnh trng nm chi tit mang
li hiu qu kinh t- x hi cao hn so vi tp qun c m ra trin vng
cho ngh trng nm tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip trng nm ng
dng trn cc ph phm nng nghip ph khc nh: mn da, b ma
ang tn ng ngy cng nhiu Bn Tre.
--Trng nm rm kiu mi
C dn 2 huyn Tht Nt v Mn (Cn Th) xem trng nm rm l
ngh truyn thng ca h. Ngi c tui ngh t nht l 20 nm.
ng Hai Beo p Qui II, x Trung Kin c kinh nghim trng nm
rm gn 15 nm ni : Ti trng 2 cng nm (2.000m2) s dng 4 ghe
rm (ghe 26 tn) v 8 bao meo (1.040 bc), thu hoch c 2 tn, bn gi
9.000 ng/kg c 18 triu, li "4 triu". Tuy nhin, thi gian trng 1
t ko di mt 30 ngy, phi cn ti 14 lao ng. Nng sut ty vo thi
tit. Ring tin thu mt bng 2 cng t ln n 1,2 triu ng, nhng
ch trng c 1 t. Trng nm by gi c nhiu kiu. Ring ng
Nguyn Duy Hi, nng dn p Sn Lp x Vng ng (Thoi Sn - An
Giang) thnh cng m hnh trng nm rm trong nh kn. Theo ng

Hi, din tch nh kn 18m2, s dng 600 bnh rm (1 cng rm) v 70

bc meo, cho thu hoch t 170 - 180 kg nm. Bn c 1,6 triu ng, li
1,3 triu ng.K thut trng nm rm trong nh kn:
rm chn (rm t 3 ngy, rm kh 7 ngy), cho vo khung p
thnh bnh (c khung:30 x 22 x12cm), gi vo bao nilon em phi nng
1 ngy, ngui 1 m ri cy meo (1 bc meo cy t 7 - 10 bnh rm).
Cy xong, gi li ni thong mt. Sau 7 ngy m bao ra em bnh rm
vo nh kn, cht ln k. Dng bnh xt phun nc (bnh 8 lt phun cho
600 bnh rm), gi nhit 36o C. Nu nhit gim tip tc phun nc;
cn nhit tng, m ca s thot nhit. Sau 4 ngy, nm to bng ngn
tay, phun thuc tng trng KoMix (l 20cc pha bnh 8 lt phun cho 600
bnh rm). Sang ngy th 5 cho thu hoch v thu hoch ko di lin tip
10 ngy.
Thu hoch xong t, qut dn nh kn, kh trng bng vi bt trng
tip t sau. K thut trng nm trong nh kn cho php ngi trng nm
sn xut theo phng thc dy chuyn, mi t trng 15 ngy (thi gian
trong nh kn) v khng b nh hng thi tit. ng thi tit kim c
50% lng rm (so vi cch trng truyn thng), t tn cng chm sc,
cht lng nm thng phm cao, nng sut tng gp 2/3 ln...
Theo kinh nghim ng Hi, trong 5 ngy u bnh rm ln k
khng c x dch, v s lm t t nh hng n nng sut. Nm l
loi mn cm, khng ngi l vo, d b dp. Tuy nhin, c th kh
mi bng cch thp hng. Nu cho t l da vo nh kn, nm c mi
thm rt d chu. Nu thp n in, nm c mu trng mn, bn c
gi cao.
Mi y ng Hi th nghim thnh cng m hnh trng nm "sch".
Phng php trng tng t nm trong nh kn. Phun nc ng thay
cho thuc tng trng KOMIX, ngt nc ng bng cc loi nc

gii kht. Nh kn c th lm bng tre, l. 4 vch v trn nh c che kn

bn trong bng bao nilon. Nh lm vt liu tt thi gian s dng lu hn.
Nu trn nh lp, phi dng cc vt che mt nh: Tu da, rm, c...Ca
s thot nhit trn cnh n. K bnh rm lm bng thanh tre, trc. Nh
kn 18m2 (3 x 6m), hai bn b tr 2 k n, gia 1 k i. Mi k rng
40cm, cha li i 60cm. Tng k cch nhau 30cm v ty chiu cao nh
kn.
Anh Phan Vn Triu (x Thi Long huyn Mn), ch c s sn xut
nm rm kh cho bit: C s ca anh mi ngy tiu th t 400 600 kg
nm ti. Gi mua vo 4.200 ng/kg (loi nm d), chi ph than sy v
cng lm sch 800 ng/kg. Trung bnh 11kg nm ti cho 1kg nm kh.
Gi bn nm kh 60.000 ng/kg, li 5.000 ng. Hin nay, trong a bn
2 huyn ni trn c 4 c s chuyn sn xut nm rm kh, mi ngy tiu
th trn 2 tn nm ti (loi nm d, vc).
C th ni, nm nay khu vc BSCL c ma, c gi l vui ca
nhng ngi trng nm v cng xut hin nhiu kiu trng nm rm
mi .
---

Lm meo nm rm
Trong qui trnh lm nm rm, meo l thnh phn khng th thiu c.
Cht lng ca nm tt hay xu ph thuc vo cht lng ca meo. Song
khng phi ai cng SX c meo cht lng cao. Anh Nguyn Vn Mi
s nh 1/15 khu ph 1 phng Thnh M Li qun 2 TP.HCM, chuyn
SX meo trng nm. c s h tr ca khuyn nng cho anh vay
20.000.000 (hai mi triu ng) thc hin qui trnh SX meo. Lc
u anh ch SX meo nh trng v h tr cho nng dn a phng,
do cht lng meo tt "ting lnh n xa", cc a phng ti t hng

nhiu, hin nay ging meo ca anh i ti Long Khnh, Bnh Chnh,
Sc Trng, Ninh Thun, Hu... Anh tm s: "Lm meo nm cng n
gin lm".
Nguyn liu ch yu l rm, r, bt bp, ng ma, Agaz, la.
Phn lp ging: Chn tai nm ging tt khng b bnh, khng non
qu, gi qu. Cn ty trng mt ngoi tai nm, gt b phn rm r, lau
qua bng Alcol hoc dung dch HgCl2 0,2% ri ra li bng nc ct.
Ly dao ch tai nm ra ri ct thnh ming nh cy vo trong hp
lng (trong hp lng pha ch) theo cng thc bt bp 40g, ng ma
20g, Agaz 20g, nc 20g.
Khi t nm mc lan ra khp mt hp ta chn t nm thc th (khng
ln t nm tp) em cy truyn sang ng nghim.
Nhn ging ra chai hoc bch: Sau khi c ging nm thun khit,
cn pha ch thc n, nhn ra nhiu bch hoc chai lm meo nm rm,
rm r ct khc 2 3cm. Ngm nc vi mt n hai gi vt ra pha trn:
C 3,3kg trn 300g bp xay nhuyn, 100g vi. Ngm rm sao cho khi vt
khng chy thnh git l tt. em hn hp ny ng bch hoc chai, y
nt bng li em hp thanh trng. Sau khi thanh trng chuyn qua
phng v trng cy meo, bch meo cy xong em 7 ngy l bn
c.
Hin nay c s ca anh xut i bn ngy 15.000 bch vi gi 450
600/1 bch. Vi tng din tch 1.200m2 mt nm thu gn 200 triu ng.
To cng n vic lm thng xuyn cho 40 lao ng nng nhn ca a
phng, vi mc lng t 800.000 900.000/1thng