HIDRATI DE CARBON

(ZAHARURI)
Cn(H2O)n.

Polihidroxialdehide i Polihidroxicetone
CHO
H C OH
CH2OH
Glicerinaldehida

CH2OH
C O
CH2OH
Dihidroxiacetona

Monozaharide
nr. de atomi de carbon trioze, tetroze, pentoze, hexoze, etc
functiunea carbonil aldoze, hexoze

Oligozaharide oligomeri ai monozaharidelor unite prin legaturi eterice

Polizaharide produsi macromoleculari cu rad mare de policondensare

Seria D a monozaharidelor
CHO
H C OH
CH2OH
D(+)-Glicerinaldehida
CHO

CHO

HO C H
H C OH

H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH

CH2OH

D(-)-Eritroza

D(-)-Treoza

CHO
H C OH
H C OH

OH C H
H C OH

H C OH

H C OH
HO C H

H C OH

H C OH

CH2OH
D(-)-Arabinoza

CH2OH
D(+)-Xiloza

CHO

CH2OH
D(-)-Riboza

CHO

CHO

CHO

CHO

H C OH
H C OH

HO C H
H C OH

H C OH
HO C H

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH
CH2OH

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

D(+)-Aloza

CHO

CHO

HO C H
HO C H

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

D(+)-Altroza

D(+)-Glucoza

D(+)-Manoza

CHO
H C OH
H C OH
HO C H
H C OH

HO C H
HO C H
H C OH
CH2OH
D(-)Lixoza

CHO
HO C H
H C OH
HO C H

CH2OH

H C OH
CH2OH

D(+)-Guloza

D(+)-Idoza

CHO

CHO

H C OH
HO C H

HO C H

HO C H

HO C H

H C OH
CH2OH
D(+)-Galactoza

HO C H
H C OH
CH2OH
D(+)-Taloza

Structura monozaharidelor
- Catena liniara
CHO
H C OH
2[H]
HO C H
(H C OH)2
CH2OH
D-Glucoza
(Hexoza)

CH2OH
H C OH
HO C H
(H C OH)2

CH3
HI
Prosu

CH2OH

CH I
(CH2)3
CH3
2-Iodohexan

Hexitol

- Existena grupei cetonice in cetoze

CH2OH
C O
HO C H HCN

CH2OH
HO C CN
HO C H

(H C OH)2

H C OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

D-Fructoza
(Cetoza)

Hexitol

CH3
HI

CH CN

Prosu (CH2)3

CH3
Nitril

CH3
H2O

CH COOH
(CH2)3
CH3

Acid 2-metilhexanoic

- Existenta grupelor hidroxil - dovedita prin reactii de eterificare si esterificare

- Existenta grupei carbonil in aldoze
-Reactii caracteristice- reactiv Tollens
- Nu apare in spectre IR !
Monozaharidele exista in forma ciclica semiacetalica aflata in echilibru cu forma aciclica

Hidroxil glicozidic

CHOH
H C OH

H
HO
H
H

HO C H O
H C OH
H C
CH2OH
D-Glucoza
(forma ciclica)

CH=O
C OH
2R-SH
C H
C OH
C OH
CH2OH

D-Glucoza
(forma aciclica)

Mercaptal

SR

CH=O

CH
Ac2O

H
AcO
H
H

C
C
C
C

H
HO
H
H

SR
OAc
H
OAc
OAc

CH2OAc
Pentaacetil
mercaptal

SR
CH
SR
C OH
C H Ac2O
C OH
C OH
CH2OH

HgO

H
AcO
H
H

C
C
C
C

OAc
H
+ 2R-SH
OAc
OAc

CH2OAc
PentaacetilD-Glucoza

- Cicluri piranozice i cicluri furanozice

CHO
H C OH
HO C H

H C OH

CH

H C OH

CH

HO C H

CH

H C OH

H C OH

CH

H C OH

H C

CH

CH2OH
D-Glucoza
(forma aciclica)

CH2OH
C O
HO C H

CH2OH
D-Glucopiranoza
(forma ciclica)

HO C

CH

HO C H

CH

H C OH

H C OH

H C

D-Fructoza
(forma aciclica)

Piran

CH2OH

H C OH
CH2OH

CH
CH

CH2OH
D-Fructofuranoza
(forma ciclica)

Furan

Mutarotaia monozaharidelor (anomeria , )

H C OH

CH=O

H C OH
HO C H

H C OH
H C
CH2OH

D-Glucoza
(forma ciclica)

H
HO
H
H

C
C
C
C

OH
H
OH
OH

CH2OH
D-Glucoza
(forma aciclica)

[]D= +1120
Apa, imediat dupa dizolvare

HO C H
H C OH
HO C H

H C OH
H C
CH2OH
-D-Glucoza
(forma ciclica)

[]D= +18.70
Recristalizare din AcOH, Py

[]D= +52.50
echilibru

Spectrul 1H- si 13C-RMN al unui amestec de echilibru de

- si -glucopiranoza

Formule de structur ale monozaharidelor

Formule perspectivice
Haworth

Formule plane
proiectie Fischer

Proprietati chimice
Reducere
- H2 /cat, electrochimic, [H]

Emulgatori, vitamina C,
umectanti, indulcitori, organogelifianti

Guma de mestecat

Oxidare
-oxidare blnd - cu ap de clor sau brom, oxid umed de argint Ag2O, reactiv Fehling
- sau ap oxigenat acizi aldonici
CHO

COOH

H C OH
HO C H
H C OH

H C OH
oxid.

H C OH

HO C H
H C OH
H C OH

CH2OH
D-Glucoza

-H2O

CH2OH
Acid D-Gluconic

O
H
HO
H
H

C
C OH O
C H
C
C OH
CH2OH
-Lactona

- oxidare energic - cu acid azotic concentrat - acizi zaharici

CHO

COOH

H C OH
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
D-Glucoza

H C OH
HNO3

HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
COOH
Acid zaharic

CHO

CHO

- acizi uronici

H C OH

H C OH
HO C H

HO C H

[O]

H C OH

H C OH

ox. C6

H C OH

H C OH

CH2OH

COOH
Acid D-glucuronic

D-Glucoza

COOH
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
COOH
Acid zaharic

CHO

CO

H C OH
-H2O

- enzime

H C OH O
HO C H
H C
H C OH
COOH
-Lactona

H C OH
2[H]

HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
COOH
Acid D-glucuronic

Aciunea acizilor i bazelor asupra monozaharidelor

Acizii minerali, la cald
CHOH

CHOH

CH2OH CHOH

HCl
-3H2O

CHO

HOCH2

CHOH

CHOH

CHOH

CHOH
CHO

CHO
O
Furfurol

HCl
-3H2O

HOCH2

CHO

H3C CO CH2 CH2 COOH + HCOOH

Acid levulic

Epimerizarea - baze slabe ( lapte de var)

Monozaharide epimere difera prin configuratia primilor 2 atomi de carbon
- ex: glucoza, fructoza, manoza

HO

C1H2OH

C1H-OH

C2 O

C2 O

HO C H
D-Fructoza
C1HO
C2 OH
HO C H

HO C H

C1HO
HO C2
H2O
+ HO C H

C1H OH
C2 O
HO C H

C1H O
C2 OH
HO C H

C1HO
C1HO
H C2 OH HO C2 H
HO C H + HO C H + HO
D-Glucoza

D-Manoza

Eterificarea grupelor hidroxil din monozaharide

Hidroxilul glicozidic
Grupe hidroxil poz. 2-6

- alcool metilic n prezen de acid clorhidric uscat

- iodur de metil n prezen de oxid de argint, sau sulfat
de metil i hidroxid de sodiu

H C OH

H C OCH3

H C OH

H C OH

HO C H

CH3OH
+

HO C H

H C OCH3
4CH3I
Ag2O

H C OCH3
O
H3CO C H

H C OH

H C OH

H C OCH3

H C

H C

H C

CH2OH

CH2OH

1,2,3,4,6-pentametil-D-glucoza
H C OH

H C OCH3
H C OCH3
O
H3CO C H

CH2OCH3

H2O
H

H C OCH3
O
H3CO C H

H C OCH3

H C OCH3

H C

H C

CH2OCH3

CH2OCH3

2,3,4,6-D-tetrametilglucoza

Antociani

Utilizare - stabilirea naturii piranozice sau furanozice a ciclurilor

H C OCH3
H C OCH3
O
H3CO C H

H2O

H C OH

CHO

H C OCH3
O
H3CO C H

H C OCH3
H3CO C H

H C OCH3

H C OCH3

H C OCH3

H C

H C

H C OH

COOH

H C OCH3
H C OH
CH2OCH3

COOH

CO

H C OCH3
H3CO C H

CH2OCH3

CH2OCH3

CH2OCH3
Ciclu piranozic

-H2O

H
H3CO
H
H

C OCH3
O
C H
C OCH3
C
CH2OCH3

lactona

[O]

H C OCH3
ox.

H3OC C H
H C OCH3
COOH
Acid trimetoxiglutaric
(xiloglutaric)

Cetalizarea grupelor hidroxil

- protejare
H C O

H C OH
H3C

H C OH
HO C H

H3 C

H C O
H3C

H3 C

HO C H

CH3
CH3
O

O C H
O C H
H C

H C

CH2OH
1,2,3,4-Diizopropilidengalactopiranoza

CH2OH
Galactopiranoza

CH2OH
OH
O

H3C
H3C

OH
OH
OH

C O

H 3C
H 3C

O
C

CH2OH
O
O
O
O C

CH3
CH3

Exemplu- sinteza Vitaminei C

CH2OH

CHO
H C
HO C

OH

H C

H2/Ni

HO C

OH

H C

OH

H C

OH

H C

OH

H C

OH

Acetobacter
xylinum

CH2OH
sorbitol

HO

C H

H C

HO

OH

HO

CH2OH
L-sorboza
CH2OH

CH2OH
HO

CH2OH

OH

HO

[O]

H C

CH2OH
D-glucoza

CH2OH

C H
C OH
C H
CH2OH

O C
CH3COCH 3

C OH

H2SO4

O C H
H

C H

KMnO 4/HO

C H

CH2OH
-L-sorbofuranoza
COOH
O C
O

O C H
H

CH2 O
2,3:4,6-di-O-isopropiliden--L-sorbofuranoza
O
C
COOH
HO C
C O
O
HO C
MeONa/MeOH
HO C H
HCl

C H
CH2 O
acid 2,3:4,6-di-O-isopropiliden--ceto-L-gulonic

H
HO

C OH
C H

CH2OH
acid 2-ceto-L-gulonic

H C
HO

C H

CH2OH
acid -L-ascorbic

Esterificarea grupelor hidroxil din monozaharide

Acetilare- reactie stereoselectiva

CH2OH

CH2OAc

O
OH
OH
OH
-D-Glucoza

OH

Ac2O
Py

OAc

OAc
OAc

OAc
-D-Glucoza-pentaacetat

ZnCl2 ,0o C

Aplicatii - sinteze de glicozide fenolice

CH2OAc

CH2OAc
O

OAc

HBr
AcOH

OAc
OAc

OAc
D-Glucoza-pentaacetat

OAc

OAc
OAc

Br

OAc
-Acetobromoglucoza

C6H5O-K+
- KBr

SN2
inversie

Br

OAc

OAc
-Acetobromoglucoza

CH2OAc
O

CH2OAc
O

O-C6H5

OAc
OAc

OAc
-Fenilglicozida

SN2
inversie

Reaciile monozaharidelor cu fenilhidrazina

CHO

CH=N-NH-C6H5

H C OH
HO C H

C6H5-NH-NH2

H C OH
H C OH

- H2O

CH2OH
D-Glucoza

H C OH
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH

H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH

C6H5-NH-NH2
(exces)
- C6H5-NH2
- NH3

CH2OH
Fenilhidrazona D-Glucozei

C O
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH

CH=N-NH-C6H5

CH=N-NH-C6H5
C O
HO C H

CH=N-NH-C6H5

C6H5-NH-NH2
- H2O

C N NH-C6H5
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
Osazona

Monozaharidele epimere dau aceeasi osazona !

C1HO
2
HO C H

HO C H

C1H=N-NH-C6H5
C6H5-NH-NH2

C1H=N-NH-C6H5
C2 O

2
HO C H C6H5-NH-NH2

- H2O

D-Manoza

HO C H

(exces)

HO C H

- C6H5-NH2
- NH3

Fenilhidrazona

C1H2OH

C1H2OH

C2 O

C1H N-NH-C6H5

C2 N-NH-C6H5 C6H5-NH-NH2

C2 N-NH-C6H5

HO C H

C6H5-NH-NH2
- H2O

(exces)

HO C H

D-Fructoza

- C6H5-NH2

HO C H
Osazona

Fenilhidrazona

Aplicatie - transformarea unei aldoze in cetoza epimera

C1H N-NH-C6H5

C1HO

C1H2OH

C2 N-NH-C6H5

C2

C2 O

HO C H
Osazona

H2O

HO C H
Osona

2 [H]

HO C H
Cetoza

Reacii de interconversie ale monozaharidelor

Reacii de scurtare de caten (reacii de degradare)
CHO
H
HO
H
H

CN

CH=N-OH

C OH
C H H2N-OH
- H2O
C OH
C OH
CH2OH

H
HO
H
H

D-Glucoza

C OH
Ac2O
C H
- H2O
C OH
C OH
CH2OH
Oxima

C OH
C H
C OH
C OH
CH2OH

D-Glucoza

C OAc
C H
2) - HCN
C OAc
C OAc
CH2OAc

CHO
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH

Wohl

D-Arabinoza

COOH

CHO
H
HO
H
H

H
AcO
H
H

1)+ 5 CH3OH /
CH3O-Na+
- 5 CH3COOCH3

ox.

H C OH
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
Acid D-gluconic

Sare de calciu

CHO
H2O2
Fe(OAc)3

HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
D-Arabinoza

Ruff

 Reacii de lungire de caten

CN
HC O
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH

HCN

H
HO
H
H

CN

C OH
C H
C OH
C OH
CH2OH

HO
HO
H
H

C H
+H2O
C H
C OH
C OH
CH2OH

D-Arabinoza
COOH
H
+ H2O HO
H
H

COOH

C OH HO C H
C H + HO C H
H C OH -H2O
C OH
H C OH
C OH
CH2OH
CH2OH

H
HO
H
H

CO

HO
C OH
C H O + HO
H
C
H
C OH
CH2OH

C H
C H O
C
C OH
CH2OH

-Lactone

Acizi aldonici

CHO

CHO
Na(Hg)

CO

H C OH
HO C H

HO C H
HO C H

Kiliani-Fischer
D-Glucoza

D-Manoza

Determinarea configuraiilor sterice ale monozaharidelor

CHO
H C OH
CH2OH
D(+)-Glicerinaldehida
CHO

CHO

HO C H
H C OH

H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH

CH2OH

D(-)-Eritroza

D(-)-Treoza

CHO

CHO
OH C H
H C OH

H C OH

H C OH
HO C H

H C OH

H C OH

CH2OH
D(-)-Arabinoza

CH2OH
D(+)-Xiloza

CH2OH
D(-)-Riboza

CHO
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
D(+)-Aloza

CHO

CHO

CHO

CHO

H C OH
H C OH

CHO

HO C H
H C OH
H C OH

H C OH
HO C H
H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

HO C H
HO C H

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

D(+)-Altroza

D(+)-Glucoza

D(+)-Manoza

CHO
H C OH
H C OH
HO C H
H C OH
CH2OH
D(+)-Guloza

HO C H
HO C H
H C OH
CH2OH
D(-)Lixoza

CHO
HO C H
H C OH
HO C H
H C OH
CH2OH
D(+)-Idoza

CHO
H C OH
HO C H
HO C H
H C OH
CH2OH
D(+)-Galactoza

CHO
HO C H
HO C H
HO C H
H C OH
CH2OH
D(+)-Taloza

Configuratia tetrozelor

COOH

COOH

HO C H

H C OH

H C OH

HO C H

COOH

COOH

Acid (-) tartric

Acid (+) tartric

COOH
HO C H

CHO
ox. HO

C H

H C OH

H C OH

COOH

CH2OH

Acid (-) tartric

(-) D-Treoza

CHO
H C OH
CH2OH
(+) D-Glicerin
aldehida

CHO
H C OH ox.
H C OH
CH2OH
(-) D-Eritroza

COOH
H C OH
H C OH
COOH
Acid mezotartric

Configuratia pentozelor

degradare

Epimere,
dau aceeasi osazona

Epimere,
dau aceeasi osazona
Acid zaharic
optic inactiv

Acid zaharic
optic inactiv

Configuratia hexozelor

H
HO
H
H

CH2OH
CHO
COOH
H C OH
C OH
H C OH
C H HNO3 HO C H HNO3 HO C H
C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
C OH
H C OH
CHO
CH2OH
COOH

D-Glucoza

CHO
HO C H
H C OH
HO C H
HO C H

L-Guloza

CH2OH

- procese anaerobe
- procese aerobe

Transformri biochimice ale hidrailor de carbon

C6H12O6

Fermentatia alcoolica
H
H
HO
H
H

C
C
C
C
C

OH
OH
O
H
OH

ATP

2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

H
H
HO
H

C
C
C
C
H C

CH2OPO3H2

OH
OH
O
H
OH

ATP

H C
HO C H
O
H C OH
H C
CH2OPO3H2

CH2OPO3H2

CH2OH

Ester Harden-Young

Ester Robinson
CH2OPO3H2
C O
CH2OH

enzime

CHO
H C OH
CH2OPO3H2

enzime

CH2OH
H C OH
CH2OH
Glicerina
COOH
C O
CH3
Acid piruvic

CH3 COOH + CO2

COOH
H C OH
CH3
Acid lactic

1/2 O2
2 [H]

CH2 COOH
HO C COOH

CH3COOH

CH2 COOH
Acid citric

CH3 CO COOH
Acid piruvic

- CO2

CO2

HOOC CH2 CO COOH

Acid oxalilacetic

CH3 CHO
2 [H]

CH3 CH2-OH

Oligozaharide
- hidraii de carbon cu molecule compuse din mbinarea a 2-6 resturi de
monozaharide prin legaturi de tip eteric (oligos = puin).

Modurile de unire a dou monozaharide :

-numai prin hidroxilii glicozidici din fiecare monozaharid (legtur dicarbonilic)
- oligozaharide nereducatoare: exemplu: zaharoza
-ntlnit n natur;
- printr-un hidroxil glicozidic dintr-o molecul i un hidroxil alcoolic al celeilalte
molecule
- oligozaharide reducatoare- exemplu: maltoza, lactoza, celobioza
- ntlnit n natur;
-ntre doi hidroxili alcoolici
- nentlnit n natur.

Stabilirea structurii unei dizaharide

Identificarea monozaharidelor constituente

Stabilirea naturii mono sau dicarbonilice a legturii dintre resturile de
monozaharid (se observ experimental dac monozaharida este reductoare
sau nu)
Determinarea naturii piranozice sau furanozice a ciclurilor din molecula
dizaharidei
Determinarea configuraiei sau a legturii glicozidice.

Zaharoza

H C

H C OH
O

HO C H

CH2OH
CH2OH
O

HO C H

H C OH

H C OH

H C

H C

OH
OH

CH2OH
Zaharoza
(formula ciclica plana)

CH2OH

HOCH2

OH

O
HO

OH

CH2OH

Zaharoza
(formula perspectivica)

Stabilirea structurii
1. Compozitie hidroliza glucoza si fructoza
2. Nu reactioneaza cu reactiv Tollens caracter nereducator- legatura dicarbonilicaformata de ambii OH glicozidici

3. Determinarea naturii piranozice sau furanozice a ciclurilor

H C

H C OH
HO C H

H C OH

H C OCH3

HO C H

H C OH

H C OH

H C

H C
CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OCH3

CH2OH

HO C

O
metilare H CO C H
H3CO C H
3
O
+
hidroliza
H C OCH3
H C OCH3
acida
H C
H C
CH2OCH3
CH OCH

Zaharoza

Concluzie
- glucoza ciclu piranozic
- fructoza ciclu furanozic

2,3,4,6-TetrametilD-glucopiranoza

1,3,4,6-tetrametil-fructofuranoza

4. Determinarea configuraiei sau a legturii glicozidice

- hidroliza enzimatica- enzime specializate- sau glicozidaze
Zaharoza- hidrolizata si de glicozidata ( maltaza) si de glicozidaza
(invertaza)
Indiciu

- glucoza (anomer sau )- dextrogira ( +112 si respectiv +18)

- fructoza levogira

Zaharoza hidroliza - solutie care mutaroteste in jos

concluzie glucoza a fost legatura dicarbonilica este in partea
glucozei si in partea fructozei

H C

H C OH
O

HO C H

CH2OH

HO C H

H C OH

H C OH

H C

H C
CH2OH
Zaharoza
(formula ciclica plana)

CH2OH

CH2OH
O

C
O

OH
OH

HOCH2

OH

O
HO
CH2OH

OH

Zaharoza
(formula perspectivica)

Maltoza

H C OH
H C OH
HO C H

H C OH

O
O

C H
O

HO C H

H C

H C OH

H C

H C

CH2OH

CH2OH
O

CH2OH
O

OH

OH

OH
OH

H, OH
OH

CH2OH

Maltoza
(formula ciclica plana)

Maltoza ()
(formula perspectivica)

Stabilirea structurii
1. Compozitie hidroliza 2 molecule de glucoza
2. Reactioneaza cu reactiv Tollens caracter reducator- legatura monocarbonilicaformata un OH glicozidic al unei molecule de glucoza cu un OH din catena al
celei de-a doua molecule

3. Determinarea naturii piranozice sau furanozice a ciclurilor

A. Metilare totala si hidroliza

- se obtine 2,3,6-trimetil glucoza si 2,3,4,6- tetrametilglucoza

Concluzie- glucoza care interactioneza cu OH glicozidic este in forma piranozica

B. Oxidare blnda urmata de metilare totala si hidroliza

H C OH
H C OH

O
O

HO C H

H C OH

H C OH

HO C H

HO C H

H C OH

H C OH

H C

H C OH

H C

H C

H C OH

H C

CH2OH
CH2OH
Acid maltobionic

CH2OH
Maltoza

COOCH3

C H

H C OCH3 O

H C OCH3

metilare
Acid
H3CO C H
maltobionic
H C

H C OCH3

HO C H

H C
CH2OH

H3CO C H

COOCH3
H C OCH3

OH O
2
H3CO C H

H C OCH3
H C

CH2OCH3
CH2OCH3
Acid maltobionic metilat

Concluzie

C H

COOH

C H

HO C H
H C OCH3

+ H3CO C H

H C OH

H C OCH3

H C OCH3

H C

CH2OCH3
Acid 2,3,5,6,-tetrametilD-gluconic

- ambele molecule de glucoza sunt piranozice

- legatura dse face cu OH din pozitia 4

CH2OCH3
2,3,4,6-TetrametilD-glucoza

4. Determinarea configuraiei sau a legturii glicozidice

- hidrolizata de invertaza- - glicozidaza legatura este

H C OH
H C OH
HO C H

O
O

C H
H C OH

HO C H

H C

H C OH

H C

H C

CH2OH

CH2OH
O

CH2OH
O

OH

OH

OH
OH

CH2OH

Maltoza
(formula ciclica plana)

Maltoza ()
(formula perspectivica)

H, OH
OH

Tema de casa
Urmand modelul de la zaharoza si maltoza aratati cum se stabileste structura
celobiozei

CH2OH
O
OH

OH
O
OH

H, OH
O

OH
OH

CH2OH
Celobioza ()
(formula perspectivica)

Polizaharide
Amidonul
-amestec de dou polizaharide:
-amiloza (10-20%) i amilopectina (80-90%),
- resturi de D-glucopiranoz unite prin legturi 1-4- -glicozidice
- unitate de baza - maltoza

Amiloza structura lineara care adopta o conformatie elicoidala

- formeaza complex cu iodul
- precipita la adaugare de n-butanol, n-pentanol sau ciclohexanol in solutia
Fierbinte de amidon

CH2OH
O
OH

OH

CH2OH
O
O

OH

OH

CH2OH
O
O

OH

OH

CH2OH
O
O

OH

OH
(n-2)/2

OH
OH

Amilopectina

- structura ramificata - legaturi 1-6

- formeaza coca

CH2OH
O
OH

CH2OH
O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH2OH
O

CH2OH
O

OH

OH

OH

1-4

(n-2)/2

CH2OH
O

CH2OH
O

CH2OH
O

OH

OH

OH

O
OH

1-6

CH2
O
OH

O
OH

O
OH

OH
OH

(n-2)/2

Structura amilopectina

Granule de amidon

Derivati de amidon cu aplicatii tehnice

Amidon reticulat
-crearea de puni ntre lanurile de polizaharid
- creterea gradului de organizare al acestora
- controlul texturii prin scderea capacitii de gonflare a granulelor,
- rezisten la temperatur, la atacul acizilor i la tratamente mecanice

Amidon esterificat si eterificat

Amidonul slab acetilat (grad de substituie ~ 0,5)

- temperatur de gelatinizare redus

- o tendin de retrogradare micorat dup formarea pastei i rcire
Amidonul inalt acetilat (grad de substituie ~ 2-3)
- solubil n solveni organici i nu formeaz geluri n ap.
- din amidon cu coninut ridicat de amiloz, etirabil , formeaz filme rezistente - ambalaje
1-Octenilsuccinilat de amidon

- stabilizator i emulgator pentru buturi aromatizate

-Hidroxipropilamidonul
-cu temperatur de gelatinizare mai mic dect a amidonului nativ,
-capacitate de umflare i dispersare la fierbere mrit
- utilizat ca stabilizator i agent de reinere a apei la temperatura sczut

Celuloza
- Structura lineara, unitati de glucopiranoza legate 1-4
CH2OH
O
OH

OH
O
OH

OH

O
OH

CH2OH

OH

CH2OH
O
O

O
OH

OH

O
OH

OH

CH2OH
(n-2)/2

Aplicaii industriale

Nitroceluloza
-In functie de gradul de nitrare
-- lacuri ( mic) sau explozivi ( mare)

- hartie
-fibre artificiale
-lacuri nitrocelulozice
- explozibili

Bioceluloza - Gluconacetobacter xylinus (=Acetobacter xylinum)

Derivati de celuloza cu aplicatii tehnice

Carboximetilceluloza
-solubil n ap la rece sau la cald
-soluii obinute , pseudoplastice sau tixotropice -grad de polimerizare i gradul de substituie

Metilceluloza
-proprieti tensioactive

- solubilitate in functie de gradul de substitutie

- mic (~0,6) determin - mediu alcalin ;
-medii (1,6-2,4) - hidrosolubile ;
->2,4 - solubile n solveni organici

Pectine
- grup de polizaharide hidrosolubile, cu structur majoritar (80%) de acid
poligalacturonic legat 1,4-, numit acid pectic, care este parial esterificat cu grupe metil

- pectine slab metoxilate, cu grad de esterificare <50%, - acid liber (-COOH) sau sare de sodiu (-COO- Na+);
- pectine puternic metoxilate, cu grad de esterificare >50%.

Chitina si chitosan